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THE 500 MOST INFLUENTIAL MUSLIMS = 2010 THE 500 MOST INFLUENTIAL MUSLIMS = 2010 third edition - 2010 CHIEF EDITORS Dr Joseph Lumbard and Dr Aref Ali Nayed PREPARED BY Usra Ghazi DESIGNED AND TYPESET BY Simon Hart CONSULTANT Siti Sarah Muwahidah WITH THANKS TO Aftab Ahmed, Emma Horton, Ed Marques, Lamya Al-Khraisha, Mohammad Husni Naghawi, Kinan Al-Shaghouri, Farah El- Sharif, Jacob Washofsky, Mark B D Jenkins and Zahna Zurar Copyright © 2010 by The Royal Islamic Strategic Studies Centre All rights reserved. No part of this book may be used or reproduced in any manner without the prior consent of the publisher. Image Copyrights: #27 Andrew Medichine / AP (Page 78); #28 Bazuki Muhammad / Reuters (Page 79); #33 Ibrahim Usta / AP (Page 80); #38 Hussein Malla / AP (Page 84); #44 Amel Emric / AP (Page 87); #88 Ben Curtis / AP (Page 88); #48 Wang zhou bj / AP (Page 89) اململكة اﻷردنية الهاشمية رقم اﻹيداع لدى دائرة املكتبة الوطنية )2009/9/4068( يتحمل املؤلف كامل املسؤولية القانونية عن محتوى مصنفه و ﻻ يعبر هذا املصنف عن رأي دائرة املكتبة الوطنية أو أي ّ . جهة حكومية أخرى ISBN: 978-9975-428-37-2 املركز امللكي للبحوث والدراسات اﻹسﻻمية )مبدأ( the royal islamic strategic studies centre CONTENTS = introduction 1 the diversity of islam 7 the diversity of islam - chart 16 top 50 25 runners-up 91 the lists 95 1. Scholarly 97 2. Political 107 3. Administrative 115 4. Lineage 127 5. Preachers 129 6. Women’s Issues 133 7. Youth 139 8. Philanthropy 141 9. Development 143 10. Science, Technology, Medicine, Law 153 11. Arts and Culture 157 Qur’an Reciters, 163 12. Media 165 13. Radicals 169 14. International Islamic Networks 171 15. Issues of the Day 175 glossary 179 appendix 185 Majority Muslim Countries 187 Muslim Population Statistics 189 not listed in 2010 201 index 209 note on format 223 INTRODUCTION = introduction As an inaugural endeavor, The 500 Most Influential Muslims—2009 challenged the definition of influence in the Muslim world while reporting on the contributions of those leaders and change-agents who have shaped social development and global movements in the past few years. With around 150,000 downloads of the e-book, it is no surprise that the list of Muslim leaders has been both widely scrutinized and praised. Major critiques of The 500 Most Influential Muslims—2009 address the methodology which informed the selection process of influential candidates. The individuals in this publication have been nominated and selected because they are influential as Muslims, deriving their influence from their religious identity. They are considered influential because their work impacts all fields of work and particularly, the religious endeavors of the Muslim world. Their influence and accomplishments have been weighed against others in their respective fields and the heralds who have made it to the top ranks this past year are profiled in the following pages. However, like any other superlative-themed ranking, there is bound to be a degree of subjectivity and this publication is no exception. Comparing the work of leaders across continents and diverse fields of work is a mammoth task structured on the premise that there is no absolute common measure between the people in these pages. Despite this reality, the benefit of such a list is that it elucidates the multiplicity of challenges and successes facing the Muslim world and the beacons at the forefront of these developments. In many cases, the leaders’ influence is derived from political and religious authority—which is common to most of the individuals in the top 50. These people possess powerful positions but it is the potency of their work and the roles they play in the lives of the average citizen that garner influence. Naturally, heads of state and leading scholars comprise the highest ranks. Leaders from last year’s edition, such as His Majesty Sultan Qaboos bin Sa‘id al Sa‘id or US Representative Keith Ellison, are presented again for 2010 because they continue to affect global society through their capacities as political leaders. The other major criterion that warrants inclusion is if the leaders have had a major impact on the world in the past year. 3 Introduction In total, we present 500 leaders in 15 categories of influence—Scholarly, Political, Administrative, Lineage, Preachers, Women’s Issues, Youth, Philanthropy, Development, Science/Technology/Medicine/Law, Arts and Culture, Media, Radicals, International Islamic Networks, and Issues of the Day. Changes in rank, and new entries are denoted by corresponding icons. Leaders are listed in alphabetical order by country and name. Disclaimer and Invitation to Participate We thank all those who submitted nominations for The 500 Most Influential Muslims—2010. RISSC will continue to keep the process as open as possible and we ask you to please submit nominations at www.rissc.jo. Demography of Influence Influence in the Muslim world is particular to its context. There is not a clear hierarchy or organized clergy for Muslims through which they identify a leader, such as a Patriarch for Orthodox Christians or a Pope for Catholics. Islam as a religion is based on the individual’s relationship with God, without an intermediary. Influence in the Muslim world is derived from two sources: scholarship, and respect and trust. Scholars are able to educate the masses or give esteemed opinions, and respected and trusted persons carry the weight of social and historical capital as leaders in their societies. As you will see, three types of people—monarchs, religious scholars, and leaders of religious networks—dominate the Top 50 list. Monarchs are well represented because of the influence they gain from their political power, the length of time they spend in office, their lineage in light of the institution of monarchy, and the deeply rooted establishments that they may inherit. Religious scholars are also strongly present in the list because they may be able to make religious rulings, and due to the simple fact that Muslims, of every hue, need figures from whom they can source concrete answers to practical questions. In a globalized world, networks of people and of institutions permeate our international society and accordingly have great power because of their ability to affect people’s lives, whether it be through funds or services. The Muslim world is no different and leaders of Islamic networks are represented in the top rungs of our list of 500. 4 Introduction The one clear exception to this rule however is Amr Khaled who through sheer force of popularity and innovation—as the Muslim world’s first televangelist— exerts tremendous influence as a Muslim. Khaled has been able to chart his own course as a key figure in the Muslim world through the vehicle of mass media, and although as a layperson his religious authority is still somewhat limited he remains the great ‘start-up’ of the list. Another important exception is Fethullah Gülen, a preacher, thinker and educator. Although, he assumed the leadership of a religious movement started by Said Nursî (1878-1960) and thus leads an expansive network, he has gone on to become a global phenomenon in his own right. Gülen’s popularity and authority in Turkey have been the driving force of the social movement that is widely thought to have brought around the social and eventually political changes of which politician Recep Tayyip Erdogan has been the ultimate heir—that is the enfranchisement of Muslim politics in Turkey. Geography is also an important issue in terms of influence, with the Middle East and North America and Europe holding disproportionate influence in relation to the quantity of Muslims in these regions. It is important to clarify that individuals from the Middle East have a disproportionate influence in the Muslim world, due to the fact that the region has many of the oldest and most well-esteemed institutions for Muslims, and most importantly is home to the holy sites in Mecca and Medina. Europe and North America are host to a large proportion of the world’s most highly respected educational institutions and draw talented, influential people from around the world, with global outreach through their wealth and high academic standing. Many important international institutions are also based in Europe and North America, which adds to this asymmetry. 5 THE DIVERSITY OF ISLAM i. the house of islam 9 The Essence of Islam 9 The Canon of Islam 11 Islam in History 12 ii. major doctrinal divisions within islam 14 a. Sunni 14 b. Shi‘i 15 c. Ibadi 15 iii. major ideological divisions within islam 17 a. Traditional Islam 18 b. Islamic Modernism 21 c. Islamic Fundamentalism 21 I. the house of islam This section reprinted by permission of Vincenzo Oliveti © 2001 (with the exception of President Obama’s speech) The religion of Islam is based on belief in the One God (who in Arabic is called Allah). It was founded by the Prophet Muhammad (570-632 CE) in the ancient cities of Mecca and Medina, in the west coast of the Arabian Peninsula (known as the Hijaz). God revealed to the Prophet Muhammad the Holy Qur’an, the Sacred Book of Islam. The religion this created, however, was not a new message but simply a final restatement of God’s messages to the Hebrew Prophets and to Jesus. The Holy Qur’an says: Say ye: we believe in God and that which is revealed unto us and that which was revealed unto Abraham, and Ishmael, and Isaac, and Jacob, and the Tribes, and that which Moses and Jesus received, and that which the Prophets received from their Lord. We make no distinction between any of them, and unto Him we have submitted.
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    Post-Islamism A New Phase or Ideological Delusions? 2 Post - Islamism The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan The Deposit Number at The National Library (2018/12/6029) 324.2182 AbuRumman, Mohammad Suliman Post Islamism: A New Phase or Ideological Delusions?/ Mohammad Sulima- nAbuRumman; translated by William Joseph Ward. – Amman: Friedrich- Ebert-Stiftung, 2018 (232) p. Deposit No.: 2018/12/6029 Descriptors: /Religious Parties//Political Parties// Arab Countries/ ﻳﺘﺤﻤﻞ اﳌﺆﻟﻒ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ اﳌﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺔ اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﻋﻦ ﳏﺘﻮ￯ ﻣﺼﻨﻔﻪ ﻭﻻ ﹼﻳﻌﱪ ﻫﺬا اﳌﺼﻨﻒ ﻋﻦ رأﻱ داﺋﺮة اﳌﻜﺘﺒﺔ اﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ أﻭ أﻱ ﺟﻬﺔ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ أﺧﺮ￯. Published in 2018 by Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung Jordan & Iraq FES Jordan & Iraq P.O. Box 941876 Amman11194 Jordan Email:[email protected] Website:www.fes-jordan.org Not for Sale © FES Jordan & Iraq All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reprinted, reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means without prior written permission from the publishers. The views and opinions expressed in this publication are solely those of the original author. They do not necessarily represent those of the Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung or the editor. Translation: Industry Arabic Cover design: Yousef Saraireh Lay-out: Eman Khattab Printing: Economic Press ISBN: 978-9957-484-91-0 Foreword 3 Post-Islamism A New Phase or Ideological Delusions? Editor: Dr. Mohammed Abu Rumman 4 Post - Islamism Foreword 5 TABLE OF CONTENTS Foreword 7 Introduction 9 Chapter 1 — Post-Islamism: Problems of the Term and Concept 21 Study 1: From Islamism to Post-Islamism: An Examination of Concepts and Theses, Hassan Abu Hanieh 23 Study 2: “Post-Islamism”: Lessons from Arab Revolutions, Luz Gómez 57 Study 3: The Failure of Political Islam: Ideological Delusions and Socio- logical Realities, Dr.
  • What Drives Europeans to Syria, and to Insights From

    What Drives Europeans to Syria, and to Insights From

    WHAT DRIVES EUROPEANS TO SYRIA, AND TO IS? INSIGHTS FROM THE BELGIAN CASE EGMONT PAPER 75 WHAT DRIVES EUROPEANS TO SYRIA, AND TO IS? INSIGHTS FROM THE BELGIAN CASE Rik COOLSAET March 2015 The Egmont Papers are published by Academia Press for Egmont – The Royal Institute for International Relations. Founded in 1947 by eminent Belgian political leaders, Egmont is an independent think-tank based in Brussels. Its interdisciplinary research is conducted in a spirit of total academic freedom. A platform of quality information, a forum for debate and analysis, a melting pot of ideas in the field of international politics, Egmont’s ambition – through its publications, seminars and recommendations – is to make a useful contribution to the decision-making process. President: Viscount Etienne DAVIGNON Director-General: Marc OTTE Series Editor: Prof. Dr. Sven BISCOP Egmont – The Royal Institute for International Relations Address Naamsestraat / Rue de Namur 69, 1000 Brussels, Belgium Phone 00-32-(0)2.223.41.14 Fax 00-32-(0)2.223.41.16 E-mail [email protected] Website www.egmontinstitute.be © Academia Press Eekhout 2 9000 Gent Tel. 09/233 80 88 Fax 09/233 14 09 [email protected] www.academiapress.be All authors write in a personal capacity. Lay-out: punctilio.be ISBN 978 90 382 2484 8 D/2015/4804/92 U 2335 NUR1 754 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the permission of the publishers. Table of Contents Introduction .