Back to a Strange Land research to examine what denominations other than one's own are doing. Besides looking at three Roman Catholic missionary In 1990, after attending the Global Forum on the Environment orders of women, three of men, and three of lay missionaries, I held in Moscow, I found myself back in the strange land of the also surveyed the policies and practices of the mission boards of United States. Arriving witha varietyof ecumenicalexperiences, the Evangelical Lutheran Church, the United Methodist Church, Iusedthemwithinmy workin the MissionResearchDepartment the Presbyterian Church, and the Southern Baptist Convention. of the Maryknoll Sisters. I continued my ecumenical involve­ In 1997 I took up residence in a Maryknoll convent in West ment, especiallyin the promotionof Common Witness and serving Haven, Connecticut. The proximity to the Day Missions Library on the Roman Catholic-Anglicandialoguefor the Archdiocese of and the other library facilities at Yale University makes research NewYork. My work involved facilitating meetings in the United almost a given. A chance sentence in an article sent me off into a States, Peru, Ecuador, and Guatemala, always observing the period of historical research concerning the only Catholic input ecumenical activity or lack thereof. In 1994 I went to Albania to into the Edinburgh Conference of 1910. The paper deals with a investigate the possibility of short-term Maryknoll presence. long-forgottenmessagesentby Bishop GeremiaBonomelli, bishop Four sisters have since served there, one for five years. of Cremona, Italy (Ecumenical Review, July 2000). I also continue After my time in the research office, I spent a semester at the to be involved in a variety of ecumenical activities, including Institute of Ecumenical and Cultural Research at St. John's Uni­ membership on the Roman Catholic-Southern Baptist Conver­ versity in Collegeville, Minnesota. Besides surviving-20-degree sation and as an observer to the Church World Service and weather, I completed research on ecumenical formation. An Witness Committee of the National Council of Churches. article on this later appeared in the Ecumenical Review(October Any journey or pilgrimage is conditioned by a number of 1996). The work resulted in an invitation to join the advisory factors. The influence of the fellow pilgrims is one. The signposts board of a Lilly sponsored research project administered by the directing one along the way are also important. These for me are World Council office in New York. The project looked at the not only the signs of the times but the discernment of their ecumenical experience of the U.S.participants who had attended meaning inspired by Scripture and my religious tradition. Any the Ecumenical Institute of the World Council of Churches. The pilgrimage must have some means of sustaining the pilgrims positive findings of the survey were later published in an issue of over the rough parts of the journey. This in the Catholic tradition the Theological Journal (Autumn 1997). is the liturgical life of the church and the sustenance of the A series of circumstances enabled me to spend a stimulating Eucharist, whichis oftenreferred to as food for the journey,or the year at the Overseas Ministries StudyCenter. While there I wrote food of pilgrims. Because it has been a pilgrimage in mission, the "The View from 490ProspectStreet," a historyof theadministra­ context has always been significant. Over the years the religious tive building. I also began a project concerning the Catholic and experience of fellow pilgrims has become more varied, the Protestant recruitment and training of missionaries. Myexperi­ discernment more scriptural, and the liturgical life more ecu­ ence over the years had made me aware of the frequent failure in menical and inculturated.

The Legacy of the Gulicks, 1827-1964 Clifford Putney

mong the families associated withAmericanProtestant "Exciting volumes could be written of the experiences and A overseas missions, none are more noteworthy than the achievements of the Gulicks," he concluded.' Gulicks, perhaps the most well-traveled clan in nineteenth­ century American history. Stationed in such disparate places as Peter and Fanny Gulick in Hawaii Hawaii, Spain, and Japan, the Gulicks (pronounced Gyew-licks, notGoo-licks) servedas missionariesfrom 1827to 1964.Through­ The first Gulicks to be employed as missionaries by the ABCFM out this time, their primaryemployer was the American Board of were Peter and his wife, Fanny. Fanny Gulick was born Frances Commissioners for Foreign Missions (Congregational; hence­ Hinckley Thomas in Lebanon, Connecticut, on April 16, 1798. forth ABCFM), the nation's oldest foreign missionary society. Her parents, MajorJohn and Elizabeth (Hinckley) Thomas, were For well over a century, ABCFM publications carried stories farmers and Congregationalists, and her father was a veteran of about the Gulicks, making them a household name, at least the War of 1812. By the time Fanny was twelve, both her parents within Congregational circles. One Congregationalist farmer in had died, leaving Fanny with a small inheritance. In subsequent CalifornianamedW. P. Gulick remarkedin 1898,"Everyonethat years this money helped her (and some of her children) to obtain hearsournameasks ifwe are relativesof the missionaryCulicks."! an education. In Fanny's case, that education was in Massachu­ Another Congregationalist, ABCFM executive vice president setts at Westfield Academy, one of the first coeducational insti­ Fred Goodsell, estimated in 1957 that thirty-two Gulicks had tutions in theUnited States. Westfield prepared Fannyto become served the ABCFM as missionaries for a total of 756 years. a teacher in Middletown, New York, which was near the ''burnt over" district of upstate New York, an area famous for its revivalists. Of these, the most famous was Charles G. Finney, Clifford Putney teaches historyat BentleyCollege, Waltham, Massachusetts. whomFannywentto hearat Utica in 1825.As a resultof this visit,

28 INTERNATIONAL BULLETIN OF MISSIONARY RESEARCH Fanny, described by Finney as "an energetic, highly cultivated, and proud young lady," underwent a religious conversion. Anxious to convert others, she returned to Middletown, where she met Peter Gulick in the summer of 1827.3 Peter Johnson Gulick, the son of John and Lydia (Combs) Gulick, was born at Freehold, NewJersey, on March 12, 1797. His father was a farmer of modest means, and his father's ancestors were Dutch, the Gulicks having left Holland for America in 1653. As a youth, Peter worshiped near Freehold at the Old Tennent [Presbyterian] Church, which he joined upon a profession of faith at the age of twenty. Five years later he entered the College of New Jersey (Princeton), his intent being to study for the ministry. Graduating from Princeton in 1825, Peter went on for two more years of study at Princeton [Presbyterian] Theological Seminary, where he heard the secretary of the ABCFM (which in its early years was both Congregational and Presbyterian) give a talk on foreign missions. Inspired by the talk, Peter enlisted as a missionarywith theABCFM, which urged him to seekouta wife. He did so and was married to Fanny Thomas on September 5, Peter and Fanny Gulick 1827. A month later Peter was ordained, and the next month later he and Fanny set sail from Boston aboard the Parthian, the third Photo courtesy HawaiianMissionChildren's Society missionary vessel sent by the ABCFM to the Sandwich Islands Luther, Orramel, John, Charles, William, Theodore, Thomas, (Hawaii)." and Julia . All but two of these children eventually became The Sandwich Islands Mission, one of the first missions ABCFM missionaries.The exceptionswereCharles FinneyGulick undertaken by the ABCFM, had begun in 1819 and was proving (born on April 10, 1834, at Honolulu) and Theodore Weld Gulick to be a great success. It was successful in large part because (born at sea near Honolulu on May 8,1837, and named after the Hawaii's chiefs saw the need for Western teachers, people who famous evangelist). Charles died on January 18, 1854, at a water­ could show the Hawaiians how to avoid being exploited by cure establishment near Glen Haven, New York. His early death whalers and traders. Those teachers ended up being ABCFM was probably due in part to an eating disorder characterized by missionaries such as the Gulicks, who reached Hawaii in 1828. the deliberate purging of food." For the next fifteen years the Gulicks werestationed on the island As for Theodore Gulick, he wanted to live like the apostle of Kauai, first at Waimea (1828-35); then at Koloa (1835-43). Paul, paying his way as a missionary without support from the While on Kauai, Fanny opened up the island's first school. She ABCFM. Toward this end, he studied dentistry and theology, the also taught women how to sew and make hats, while her hus­ latter at Union Theological Seminary. Upon leaving Union, band taught men how to use plows and wheeled vehicles,"Both Theodore married Agnes Thompson in 1867. The couple had Gulicks suffered in Kauai-and for the remainder of their days­ three sons (John, Walter, and James), and Theodore supported from persistent ill health, Peter's signature complaint being his family by working as a missionary dentist in such places as chronic headaches (a malady that was to afflict many of his Hawaii, Siberia, and Japan. Itwas in Japan that Agnes suffered a descendents). Yet in spite of their problems, the Gulicks took breakdown, forcing her and Theodore to return to the United heart when Kauai was sweptup in Hawaii's "GreatAwakening" States, whereshedied at theage of sixty-five in 1902.Twenty-two of 1836-37, a period during which thousands of Hawaiians were years later, on April 7, 1924, in Long Beach, California, Theodore converted to Christianity," also died after having spent some of his last productive years Six years after the awakening on Kauai, the Gulicks were trying to convert Jews in Minnesota." reassigned to Kaluaaha, Molokai, where Peter served as the island's superintendent of schools. In 1846 the Gulicks moved Luther and Louisa Gulick in Micronesia again, this time to Waialuah, Oahu. While there, Peter was elected to serve in the first Hawaiian House of Representatives. The oldest and reputedly most brilliant of Peter and Fanny He also became financially independentof the ABCFM by taking Gulick's children was Luther Halsey Gulick. Born in Honolulu up cattle ranching. When the ranching life became too taxing, on June 10, 1828, Luther (or Halsey, as he preferred to be called) Peter and Fanny retired to Honolulu, Oahu, in 1857. In Honolulu was sent at the age of twelve to be educated in America by his (which has a major street named after the Gulicks), Peter became parents' friends, the Rev. Dr. and Mrs. Luther Halsey. After a a trustee of the newly founded Punahou School, the alma mater lonely adolescence spent with the Halseys mainly in New York of most of his children. These children remembered their father and New Jersey, Luther entered New York University Medical as "austere in his religion, a man of action, decisive, and of strong College in 1848 with the intention of becoming a missionary convictions." As for their mother, they remembered her as doctor. "thoughtful and poised, reluctant to change, and quick to see Following the completion of his M.D. thesis on the diseases possible difficulties, but of unconquerable determination."? of Hawaii, Luther Gulick graduated from NYU in 1850. The next Peter and Fanny Gulick intended to live out their days in year he took the step of being ordained at the Broadway Taber­ Honolulu, but their ill health forced them in 1874 to join their son nacle as a minister in the Congregational Church, whose rela­ Orramel, who was an ABCFM missionary in Kobe, Japan. The tively liberal theology appealed to him more than the conserva­ Gulicks died in Japan (Peter on December 8,1877, Fanny on May tive Old School Presbyterianism of his father. He also took the 24, 1883), thereby ending lives full of accomplishments. The step of getting married in 1851 to Louisa Lewis, the daughter of Gulicks were proudest of having raised eight pious children: a merchant, Sidney Lewis, and his wife, Sarah Lewis. Louisa had

January 2001 29

------been born in New York City on November 10, 1830, and had workon behalfof the Chinese Recorder and the Chinese Medical spent part of her young adult life attending Rutgers and doing Journal caused him to become "prematurely worn OUt."14 As a city missionary work." result, he retired from missionary service in 1889, dying shortly As a pious couple interested in missionary work, the Gulicks thereafter in Springfield, Massachusetts, on April 8, 1891. qualified for service with the ABCFM,which placed them among Following her husband's death, Louisa Gulick moved from itsfirstcontingentofmissionariesto the far-offislandsofMicronesia. Springfield to Japan, where she labored alone for three years as Toget to Micronesia, the Gulicks sailed from Boston in 1851aboard a missionary. Before her death in Takanabe on June 14, 1894, she the EstherMay,the last ABCFM-charteredshipto makethe perilous observed regretfully that her husband had never managed to voyage around Cape Horn. It arrived in Honolulu on March 24, convert anybody." Whether or not that statement was true, 1852, and for the next four months Luther worked to create the Luther did manage to earn an honorary doctorate from Knox Hawaiian Mission Children's Society (HMCS), whose first task College for being a gifted linguist and institutionbuilder. He also was financing the Micronesia Mission," helped Louisa raise eight children: Sarah, Harriet, Sidney, Ed­ After the foundation of the HMCS, the Gulicks resumed ward, Luther (cofounder of the Camp Fire Girls), Orramel, Pierre their voyage to Micronesia, which they reached on August 15, (who committed suicide), and Kate (who was adopted). 1852.Threeweekslater, theylandedon the Micronesianislandof Pohnpei, where they were stationed for the next six years. While Orramel and Ann Gulick in Japan on Pohnpei, Luther preached the Gospel, inoculated the island­ ers (but not their priests) against smallpox, translated the Peter and Fanny Gulick's second child was Orramel Hinckley Pohnpeian dialect into English, set up the first printing press in Gulick, who wasborn in Honolulu on October 7, 1830.Orramel's Micronesia, and wrote a numberof articles about Pohnpei and its future wife, Ann Eliza Clark, was also born in Honolulu (on inhabitants." He and Louisa then spent a year (about 1859) on August 8, 1833). Both Orramel and Ann were the children of Ebon, where they helped to initiate the ABCFM mission in the ABCFM missionaries (Ann's parents were Ephraim and Mary Marshall Islands. Clark). As the children of missionaries, they were known as Following their brief stay on Ebon, the Gulicks returned to cousins, a term coined by Orramel in 1852 to describe the off­ America, where Luther lectured extensively on behalf of foreign spring of Hawaii's ABCFM missionaries. Like other cousins, missions. He enjoyed lecturing but was willing to return to Ann and Orramel attended Punahou, where they both made confessions of faith in 1848. Seven years later, they were married in Honolulu. Luther Gulick lectured on Before getting married, Ann Clark attended Mt. Holyoke College in Massachusetts. Her future husband spent his prenup­ behalf of missions, then tial years working as the recording clerk and interpreter for the served as the first president Hawaiian House of Representatives (a position he held from 1850to 1860).Orramelalso didcattleranchingon Molokai,buthe of the Hawaiian Evangelical gave up this work in order to run a store in Honolulu." The store Association. failed shortly after Orramel's marriage to Ann, and to payoffhis debts Orramel took to the sea, operating a little coast schooner around the Hawaiian Islands. His sailing experience enabled Hawaii in 1864 to become the first secretary of the Hawaiian himin 1857 to become an officer on TheMorning Star,a celebrated Evangelical Association (HEA), the successor to the ABCFM ABCFM vessel that carried supplies to Micronesia and other Sandwich Island Mission." While Luther worked for the HEA, missionary outposts in the South Seas. editing a Hawaiian-language newspaper and trying to increase Orramel Gulick sailed aboard The Morning Star until 1862, the authority of native Hawaiian Congregational ministers, his when his piety and fluency in Hawaiian got him ordained as wife opened a school for girls in about 1864. Her school eventu­ pastor of the native church at Kau, Hawaii. He served there for ally became the Kawaiahao FemaleSeminary (later incorporated three years before moving to Waialua, Oahu, where he founded into the Mid-Pacific Institute). the Kaumakapili Church and edited Ke Alaula, a Hawaiian­ The Gulicks stayed in Hawaii until 1870, when Luther quit language newspaper. He also helped his wife to establish a the HEA, which had resisted his efforts to empower native boarding school in Waialua for native girls, whom the Gulicks Hawaiians. His next employer was the ABCFM. It hired Luther taught until they moved to the central Japanese city of Kobe in as its New England district secretary in 1870, and then it asked 1871. him to found a mission in Spain. Evangelizing Spain and other The Gulicks were the second ABCFM couple to arrive in "papal lands" had been the task of the American and Foreign Japan. They arrived there during the Meiji Restoration, a time Christian Union, but the ABCFM took over the task in 1871. when Japan, recently forced to trade with the West, was trying Whenthe ABCFMtookresponsibilityfor evangelizingSpain, hardto Westernizeitself. This emphasison Westernizationhelped the Gulicks had been poised to leave for Japan, but they changed U.S. missionaries (whose language and technical skills were their plans and sailed to Spainin 1871.For the next two and a half coveted by the Japanese), but it did not stop Japanese authorities years, they built up a viable Spanish mission. They also tried in from persecuting Japanese Christians. One such Christian was 1873 to establish a mission in Italy, but that mission failed. As a Orramel's language tutor, Ishikawa, who was arrested in 1871 result, the Gulicks returned to the United States, where Luther for helping Orramel translate portions of the Bible intoJapanese. took up work for the American Bible Society, which sent him to One year later, Ishikawa died of neglect in prison, becoming the Japan in 1876 as its agent for the publication and distribution of first Japanese Protestant martyr and creating an international Bibles in the Far East. In Japan, Luther founded the Bible House incident. Partly because of Ishikawa's death, the U.S. govern­ in Yokohama. He then moved to Shanghai, China, where his ment was unwilling to waive extraterritoriality for its citizens in preaching and administrative duties, together with his editorial Japan until the Japanese lifted their proscription against Chris­

30 INTERNATIONAL BULLETIN OF MISSIONARY RESEARCH tianity, which they did in 1873. The Gulick brothers, left to right, Emboldened by Japan's newfound Theodore, Orramel, William, Luther. tolerance for Christianity, Orramel Photo courtesy Hawaiian Mission Gulick helped to build a church in Children's Society Kobe in 1873. Two years later he founded Japan's first Christian newspaper, Shichi-Ichi-Zappo. It was published in Kobe, raised five children, three of where Orramel and Ann whom they adopted, Eliza­ were stationed until 1883. beth, Paul, and Katherine. From that year until their retirement from Japan in John and Emily 1893, the Gulicks worked in Gulick in China a number of Japanese cities, including the northern city of Peterand FannyGulick's third Niigata (where they were head­ child, John Thomas Gulick, was quartered for five years.)'? arguablytheir mostaccomplished. Orramel Gulick's service in Ja­ A future missionary scientist, he was pan was lengthy, but that of his sister bornin Waimea,Kaui,onMarch13, 1832. Julia Ann Eliza Gulick was even longer. Born Nine years later he entered Punahou Acad­ on June 5,1845, Julia attended school at Punahou and emy, where he stayed until 1847. At that point, over­ in Philadelphia. She took care of her parents and moved with work and eye problems forced him to drop out. To recover his them to Kobe in 1874. For the next few years, Julia taught at a health, he was sent by his parents in 1848 to the temperate girls' school (the forerunner of Kobe College) and studied Japa­ territory of Oregon. There he lived until the California Gold Rush nese. Once she had thoroughly mastered that language, she took of 1849 swept him into California, where he panned for gold, upevangelicalworkin centraland southernJapanfor the ABCFM. obtained some, and then lost it all to a thief. Itwas heremployer until 1907, the year in which Julia, who never With his gold gone, John Gulick moved to San Francisco, married, retired and moved to Honolulu, where she died on May where he made enough money working as a stevedore to buy 2,1936.18 passage back to Hawaii in 1850. His income as a stevedore also Honolulu was the place of retirement not only for Julia enabled him to buy some Hawaiian land, the income from which Gulick but also for her brother Orramel, who moved there with helped his parents and siblings and provided for his own educa­ his wife in 1894. That was one year after the Hawaiian Revolu­ tion and retirement. Hawaii not only made money for John; it tion, whose leaders, many of them cousins, overthrew the native also became a place of exploration for the scientifically minded Hawaiian monarchy and established a white-led republic. Its young man, who took breaks from ranching to collect land snails presidentwasSanford Dole, a good friend of the Gulieks, most of in the valleys of Oahu. His snail collecting was interrupted in whom supported the revolution. The only Gulick who vocifer­ 1852, when he traveled with his brother Luther to the Micronesian ouslyopposed the revolution, together with the whole Hawaiian island of Pohnpei. ThereJohn became the first Westerner to make missionary enterprise, was Orramel's cousin, Charles Thomas scientific drawings of the ruined city of Nan-Matal, the largest Gulick, a minister of the interior for the old monarchy. The son of megalithic monument in Oceania. William and Eliza Gulick (William being Peter Gulick's brother After returning to Hawaii from Micronesia, John Gulick and Eliza being Fanny Gulick's sister), Charles tried un success­ was converted to evolutionism by reading Charles Darwin's fully to restore Queen Liliuokalani to power in the Rebellion of Voyage of the Beagle in the spring of 1853. Later that year he left 1895. For taking part in the rebellion, he was immediately impris­ Hawaii to undertake academic studies, first at New York oned. Two years later, he died of cancer in his home at the age of University's preparatory school (1853-55); then at Williams Col­ fifty-six.'? lege (1855-59). While at Williams, where his classmates included Charles Gulick's death occurred long before the deaths of Washington Gladden, John read Darwin's Origin of the Species Ann and Orramel Gulick, whose golden years were full of and paid a visit to Herman Melville, whose unflattering por­ activities. These for Orramel included doing missionary work trayal of missionaries in Typee had offended John. among Japanese immigrants (who flooded into Hawaii to work As his visit to Melville showed, John Gulick cleaved to both on sugar plantations), heading the Japan Division of the Hawai­ evolutionary science and Christianity. His interest in the latter ian Evangelical Association, opposing legalization of the hula led to his enrollmentat UnionTheological Seminaryin 1859.Two dance (which Orramel, who wa s quite conservative, viewed as years later, severe eye strain forced him not only to leave Union licentious), editing a Hawaiian-language newspaper entitled Ka but also to stay out of the Civil War. His plan at this juncture in Hoaloha, and writing a book with his wife entitled The Pilgrimsof his life was to collect shells in Colombia, but a revolution there Hauiaii?" As for Ann, she was heavily involved in a number of persuaded him to sail on to Japan, which he reached in 1862. organizations, including the Daughters of Hawaii and the While in Japan, John lived near Yokohama, taught English, and Women's Christian Temperance Union." took the first photographs ever taken in Tokyo. He also tried to The Gulicks lived to advanced ages. Orramel, who was convince the ABCFM to set up a mission in Japan, but that described as "a gentle hearted, sweet tempered, pure souled, organization, its funds temporarily depleted by the Civil War, high minded Christian gentleman," died in Honolulu on Sep­ said no . tember 18, 1923, at the age of 92.22 His wife lived on for another Although the ABCFM was unwilling for the moment to fifteen years, dying in Honolulu on October 9,1938, at the age of create a new mission in Japan, it was willing to expand its existent 105.She and Orramel had no childrenof theirown, although they mission in China, so that is where John Gulick went. His arrival

January 2001 31 in Hong Kong in 1863was followed by his courtship of Emily de how quickly isolated communities could mutate into different la Cour, a thirty-year-old English missionary. Emily (warm and forms. He also came close to expressingthe views of modern-day arduous) and John (quiet and reserved) were married in Hong biologists, one of whom states, "Gulick's writings more than a Kong on September 3, 1864.23 After their marriage and John's century ago might describe current views on genetic shifts."26 subsequent ordination as a Congregational minister, they sailed Followingthe publicationof Evolution, the Gulicks moved to for Peking but were shipwrecked along the way and rescued by Honolulu, Hawaii, in 1906. During the next seventeen years, Chinese pirates. Their second attempt to reach Peking suc­ John spoke out on behalf of Christian socialism, dabbled in ceeded, and they spent seven months studying Chinese in the poetry, wrote about evolution, and took pride in his two honor­ imperialcity beforeheadingnorthwestfor Kalgan (Zhangjiakou), ary doctorates (one from Oberlin, the other from Western Re­ a border city near the Great Wall. serve University). By the time of his death, which occurred at his Whenthe Gulicks reached Kalgan in 1865,theyencountered home in the Manoa Valley on April 14, 1923, he had written at a lot of hostility, but it did not prevent them from establishing an least forty-two technical and religious articles. He and his wives ABCFM mission. From this mission, reportedly the first Protes­ had also raised four children. These included Hanna and Martha tant mission in inland China, they made numerous forays into (Chinese children adopted by John and Emily), plus Addison Mongolia. Their health eventually became so bad, however, that and Louise, children whom John had with Frances, who died in they were forced to go .onfurlough from Kalgan in 1871.In 1872 Honolulu on April 29, 1928.27 they arrived in London. There Emily, who had suffered some miscarriages, convalesced with her family while John showed William and Alice Gulick in Spain his Hawaiian snail shell collection to the Royal Society, talked with evolutionists such as Charles Darwin and Alfred Wallace, Peter and Fanny Gulick's aforementioned fourth child, Charles andpublished his first article on evolutionin the journalNature. 24 Gulick, died young. Their fifth child, William Hooker Gulick, The fact that John Gulick was being feted in London for his fared better. Born on November 18, 1835, at Koloa, Kauai, he contributionsto evolutionarytheorydidnot impressthe ABCFM's attended Punahou and became a professing Christian at the age leaders, whotookthe unusualstepof publiclycensuringJohn for of twenty. While still in his twenties, he moved to America, remaining too long away from his post. Crushed by this censure, where he took up business in New York City in the 1860s. Later John and Emily hurried back to Kalgan in 1873.Two years later, on in the 1860s, he moved from New York to Latin America, where he did business and lay missionaryworkfor threeyears in Colombia and Venezuela." His work in those countries taught himSpanish,andhis knowledgeofSpanishgot hima jobwiththe While John Gulick was being ABCFM, which in 1871asked him to assist his brother Luther in feted in London, the ABCFM evangelizing Catholic Spain (a "nominal Christian land," in publicly censored him for ABCFM parlance). Before moving to Spain, William Gulick studied theology at being away from his post. Andover Seminary. He also married Alice Winfield Gordon, the vivacious daughterofJames Gordon,an ABCFMtreasurer. Alice wasbornin Bostonon August8, 1847.Hercollege educationwas they again left Kalgan for health reasons, their destination this at Mt. Holyoke, from which she graduated in 1867. For the next time being Kobe, Japan, where Emily died in childbirth on year she taught music in Boston, and then in 1868 she began December 17, 1875.Her death promptedJohn to switch his field teaching philosophy at Mt. Holyoke. of operations from China to Japan, where he labored with his Alice Gordon's tenure at Mt. Holyoke ended in 1870 when brother Orramel in Kobe from 1875 to 1881. she married Alvah Kittredge, an Amherst College tutor, on While based in Kobe, John Gulick made trips to Kyoto, October3.The next dayAlvahdiedof tuberculosis, leavingAlice wherehe lecturedon naturalselectionat DoshishaUniversity, an free to marry William Gulick. The two were married in ABCFM school. His lectures failed to get him a professorship at Auburndale, Massachusetts, on December 12, 1871. One week Doshisha, whose leaders viewed John as too liberal theologi­ later they sailed for Spain with William's brother and sister-in­ cally, soJohn returned to Kobe, where he courted FrancesAmelia law, Luther and Louisa Gulick. The Gulicks arrived in Spain in Stevens, an Oberlin graduate and girls' school teacher." The two February 1872. For the next five months William and Alice were married in Osaka on May 31, 1880, and the next year they traveled around the country, finally settling in the northeastern were transferred from Kobe to Osaka, where Frances did mis­ coastal city of Santander. Their colleagues, Luther and Louisa, sionary work among Japanese women and John taught at a settled some distance away in the southeastern coastal city of Christian boys' school. John also spent time in Osaka corre­ Barcelona. spondingextensivelywiththe EnglishscientistGeorgeRomanes The Gulicks owed their presence in Spain to an 1868revolu­ about how to achieve a reconcilation between religion and sci­ tion that had expelled Queen Isabella II and turned Spain into a ence. republic. Before the revolution, religions other than Catholicism Except for a sabbatical in 1888, the Gulicks stayed in Osaka were illegal in Spain. After the revolution, Spain gained some until their retirement from missionary service in 1899.They next religious freedom, together with a huge influx of Protestant took up residence in Oberlin, Ohio, where John spent five years missionaries such as William and Alice Gulick. They came to writing his magnum opus, Evolution, Racial and Habitudinal. Santander with high hopes for conversions but soon found that Published by the Carnegie Institute in 1905, the work drew Spain's newfound religious toleration did not preclude their heavily uponJohn's research into Hawaiian land snails. Its most beinginsulted and spat on in the streets. In spite of suchhostility, importantaccomplishment was to distinguish Gulick's views on William managed to open a small chain of home churches and evolution from those of Charles Darwin. Whereas Darwin had schools alongSpain'snortherncoast. His wife, Alice, focused her stressedthe importanceofinterbreedingover time, Gulick showed energies on educating Spanish girls, for whom in 1877 she

32 INTERNATIONAL BULLETIN OF MISSIONARY RESEARCH opened a small boarding school. This was the basis for what Hay, Harvard president Charles Eliot, and Hull House founder eventuallybecamethe celebratedInternationalInstitutefor Girls. Jane Addams. These individuals agreed with Alice that Spanish The Gulicks' work in Santander was made easier in 1873 by girls deserved to be educated, and they undoubtedly welcomed the arrival of William's brother, Thomas Lafon Gulick. Born on the construction of College Hall, the International Institute's first April 10, 1839, in Koloa, Kauai, Thomas attended a number of permanent building in Madrid. The building's opening cer­ educational institutions, including Punahou, Rutgers, Williams emony in 1903 attracted many dignitaries, but Alice was not (from which he graduated in 1865), Union, and Andover (from among them. She was hospitalized in Switzerland with tubercu­ which he graduated in 1868). Following the completion of his losis, from which she died in London on September 4, 1903.31 schooling, Thomas received ordinationas a Congregationalmin­ After Alice Gulick's death, herhusband,William,wholacked ister. He also married Alice Elmira Walbridge, a schoolteacher herdiplomatic skills, tried unsuccessfully to keep peace between from Ithaca, New York. The two were married in 1872, and one the two schools that occupied College Hall: the International year later they were working for the ABCFM alongside William Institute and the mission's elementary school for girls. When the and Alice Gulick in Santander. After two years in Santander, International Institute moved into an imposing new building, ThomasandAlice movedto the centralSpanishtownofZaragoza, Alice Gulick Memorial Hall, in 1910, it bid adieu to the mission where they lived for eight years. During that time, Thomas was school, which moved to suburban Barcelona. Both schools con­ nearly shot dead by anti-Protestant zealots. He and Alice also tinued to receive clerical visits from William, who retired in 1919 suffered from ill health, which prompted them to leave Spain in and died three years later in Boston, Massachusetts, on April 14, 1883. 1922.32 His legacy, the mission school, foundered in Barcelona, After leaving Spain, Thomas Gulick put his knowledge of but his wife's legacy, the International Institute, flourished in Spanish to use in Cuba (where he worked for the American Bible Madrid until the Spanish Civil War. Following that war, the Society in 1884) and Las Vegas, Nevada (where he worked as a institute was kept closed for decades by the fascist dictator home missionary in 1885). He then moved with Alice to Hawaii, Francisco Franco, whose death in 1975 brought the institute where he pastored a white (as opposed to native) church at partially back to life. Its primary function today is to rent out Makawao, Maui, from 1886 to 1893. When Queen Liliuokalani space to American university programs." was overthrown in 1893, Thomas wrote letters to American newspapers in support of the overthrow. He then left Hawaii, Additional Generations of Missionary Gulicks moving with Alice to Pennsylvania, where the two directed operations at the Home for Convalescents and the Home for Peter Gulick was proud of the fact that all but one of his children Incurables in Devon. That job lasted from 1896 to 1904, when became missionaries. Many of Peter's ABCFM colleagues in Thomas traveled as a tourist to Africa. He died there at Kijabe, Hawaii had children who chose to make fortunes in the sugar Kenya, on June 15.29 His wife, Alice, died seven years later in business, but Peter's children chose instead to make Christian Honolulu." She and Thomas had no children. converts in Asia and elsewhere. They also strove to raise godly Thomas Gulick was more peripatetic than his brother Will­ children, most of whom gravitated, unlike their parents, toward iam, who remained in Spain for forty-eight years. William's work in secular fields. One such field was organized camping, ministryin Santanderendedin 1881,whenhe andhis wife, Alice, whose pioneers included Luther Gulick's sons Edward (1862­ moved to the more cosmopolitan town of San Sebastian. There 1931) and Luther (1865-1918). Both of these men aimed to save Alice reestablished her school for girls and dreamed of it one day children not from Satan but from idleness and obesity. To do so, becoming a Mt. Holyoke College for girls in Spain. Incorporated they founded several camps in northern New England that are in 1892 as the International Institute for Girls, the school did still operational, a fact that helps to explain why many people much to advance the cause of women's education in Spain. Its today associate the Gulick name more with organized camping triumphs, however, were offset by setbacks such as having to than with overseas missionary work." move to Biarritz, France, for the duration of the Spanish-Ameri­ Had Peter Gulick lived to see the majority of his grandchil­ can War. At the outset of that warAlice was lecturingin America, dren choose secular careers, he might have been disappointed. but she stopped lecturing in order to care for Spanish prisoners He viewed missionary work as a definite duty, and he would of war in Portsmouth, New Hampshire. When the prisoners have applauded those of his grandchildren who remained in the were sent home at war's end, Alice briefly rejoined William in missionary field." Foremost among these grandchildren was Biarritz, but soon she was back in America, where she helped Luther Gulick's son Sidney (1860-1945). Arguably the most Harvard College run a training program for Cuban and Puerto famous of all the missionary Gulicks, Sidney wrote twenty Rican teachers in the summer of 1900. books, earned three honorary doctorates, and worked from 1887 Alice Gulick stayedin theUnitedStates until 1901,whenshe to 1913 as an ABCFM missionary in Japan. After leaving Japan, returned to Europe and proceeded with help from her husband he became a prominent spokesman for racial tolerance, the to move the International Institute from Biarritz to Madrid, Federal Council of Churches, and the world peace movement." Spain. The move tired Alice, who had been weakened emotion­ He also soughtin 1926to improveAmerica'srelations withJapan ally by the death in 1899 of her son James, the inspector of public by creating a doll exchange program, which is today directed by instruction for Puerto Rico. Three years after James's death, his Sidney's grandson, Sidney "Denny" Gulick." brother Frederic committed suicide, leaving the Gulicks with Sidney Gulick may have been the most famous of Peter two living children: Grace and Elizabeth. Three other Gulick Gulick's missionary grandchildren, but his missionary service children, William, Arthur, and Alice, did not live beyond child­ was eclipsed chronologically by that of his sister Harriet (1856­ hood. 1922). For over three decades Harriet worked with her husband, Having lost so many biological children, Alice Gulick re­ Cyrus Clark, for the ABCFM in Japan. She also gave life to a long solved not to lose her conceptual child, the International Insti­ line of "missionary Clarks," at least one of whom is still active. tute, for which she campaigned extensively. Her efforts earned But in spite of her contributions to the missionary field, Harriet her support from such U.S. luminaries as Secretary of State John evidently found that field to be overly taxing, since she suffered

January 2001 33 like her father, Luther, from crippling periods of depression and people: (1) John Gulick's granddaughter the Rev. Anna Gulick, ill health. During the last of these periods, she went on vacation who rebelled against her father Addison's atheistic teachings to Shanghai, China, where she died." Had she lived, she might and worked from 1951 to 1961 as a missionary in Japan for two have been able to visit her cousin Louise Whitaker, who was Christian organizations, the Evangelical Lutheran Church and stationed by the ABCFM in Shantung, China. The daughter of the nondenominational Japan Evangelistic Band:" (2)Theodore John Gulick, Louise Whitaker lived from 1884 to 1976. At the age Gulick's grandson Edward Vose Gulick, whose "missionary" of thiry-six, she moved with her husband, Robert, to China, and service consisted of teaching for Yale in war-torn China from for muchof the next two decades the Whitakers labored inChina, 1937 to 1939; and (3) Pierre "Leeds" Gulick, the last missionary which they were forced to leave in 1941 by World War II. After Gulick. The son of Sidney Gulick, Leeds (1894-1975), worked as the war, the Whitakers returned to China, where they experi­ an ABCFM missionary in Japan from 1921 until the eve of World enced the Communist Revolution. This event prompted them to War II (1938). During the war years, he served the U.S. govern­ retire from the missionary field, but it did not end the missionary ment as an expert on Japan, and after the war he returned to careers of their daughter Frances and her husband, Edward Japan, where he worked as a missionary from 1955 until his Riggs, both of whom left China and worked until recently in retirementin 1964.41 FouryearsbeforeLeedsGulick'sretirement, India as medical missionaries for the United Church Board for his distant cousin Walter Gulick took up work for the United World Ministries (the body that replaced the ABCFM).39 Church Board in Turkey. As the great-grandson of Theodore While the missionaries Frances Riggs and her Clark cousins Gulick, Walter, who left Turkey in 1963, was a fifth-generation Edward and Grover were the great-grandchildren of Peter and missionary Gulick." He was also a fifth-generation Gulick em­ Fanny Gulick, they lacked the Gulick name. They had three ployee of the United Church Board." Its long-term support for cousins, however, who were both missionaries and Gulicks. This the Gulicks helped to transform that family into one of America's fourth generation of missionary Gulicks includes the following greatest evangelical dynasties. Notes------­ 1. W. P. Gulick to Sidney L. Gulick, June 14, 1898, Gulick Papers who asked arrameIabout "the islands and the doings of the French (Sources 1, Box2),NewYorkGenealogical and BiographicalSociety there last year" (Orramel Gulick, "Journal" [10 Oct. 1850], Gulick Library. Papers [Box 2], Houghton Library, Harvard Univ.). 2. Fred Goodsell, TheyLivedTheirFaith (Boston: ABCFM, 1961),p. 123. 17. "The Gulick Golden-Wedding," Friend 63 (June 1905): 9-12. 3. See Luther Gulick, "In Memorium: Mrs. Peter J. Gulick," Missionary 18. Fred Lockley, "Impressions and Observations of the Journal Man," Herald 79 (August 1883):296-97; and Garth M. Rosell and Richard A. Portland Oregon Journal, September 29, 1929. G. Dupuis, eds., The Memoirs of Charles G. Finney (Grand Rapids, 19. "Death of a Patriot," Independent, November 8, 1897, p. 3, col. 2. Mich.: Zondervan, 1989), p. 179. Charles Gulick and his wife, Sarepta, had no children. 4. See Alumni Association of Princeton Theological Seminary, 20. "1830-Qrramel Hinckley Gulick-1923," Friend (October 1923): "NecrologicalReport" (Philadelphia: Grant,Faires & Rodgers, 1878), 232-33. pp. 14-15; and Peter Gulick, "Autobiography" (pp. 1-10), 1990, 21. "Mrs. Orramel Gulick," Missionary Herald 135 (1939):36-37. Transcription, Hawaiian Mission Children's Society Library. 22. "Hawaii's Grand Old Man," Friend 69, no. 5 (May 1911):5. 5. Orramel Gulick, "Memories of Kauai," Friend 66, no. 12 (December 23. "Mrs. Emily (Delacour) Gulick," Missionary Herald 72, no. 5 (May 1909): 16-17. 1876):145. Emily was born on April 3, 1833, in Frinsbury, England. 6. Hiram Bingham, A Residence of Twenty-One Years in the Sandwich 24. John Gulick, "On the Variation of Species as Related to Their Islands (Hartford, Conn.: Hezekiah Huntington, 1847), pp. 337-39. GeographicalDistribution,Illustratedby the Achatinellinae," Nature 7. Addison Gulick, Evolutionist and Missionary: John Thomas Gulick 6 (July 18, 1872): 222-24. (Univ. of Chicago Press, 1932), pp. 3,5. 25. "BelovedMissionaryPasses," Friend (May 1928):101.Frances Stevens 8. Luther Gulick to Peter and Fanny Gulick, July 28, 1851, Gulick was born in Akron, Ohio, on June 28, 1848. Papers (Box 2), Houghton Library, Harvard Univ. 26. Hampton L. Carson, "The Process Whereby Species Originate," 9. See "HawaiianMission Children's Society [News]," Friend 60,no. 11 Bioscience 37(November1987):715.Formoreon Gulick'scontributions (November1902):12;and TheodoreGulick, "Reminiscences," Gulick to science, see Masao Watanabe, "John Thomas Gulick: American Papers (Sources 2, Box2), New York Genealogical and Biographical Evolutionist and Missionary in Japan," Japanese Studiesin theHistory SocietyLibrary. As an old man, TheodoreGulick madean unfavorable of Science, no. 5 (1966), pp. 140-49. impression on his grandsons, one of whom remembered Theodore 27. "Missionary Scientist Passes," Friend (May 1923): 108-9, 114-15. as "a self-righteous and austere fundamentalist" (Luther Gulick to 28. "The William H. Gulick Reception," Hawaiian Mission Children's Clifford Putney, December 3, 1995). Society Annual Report 61 (1913):67. 10. "Mrs. Louisa Gulick," Friend 52, no. 8 (August 1894):60. 29. John H. Hewitt, Williams College andForeign Missions(Boston: Pilgrim 11. Ann Gulick, "The Organization of the Hawaiian Mission Children's Press, 1914), pp. 488-92. Society," Friend 69 (May 1912): 115-16. 30. "Mrs. Alice E. Walbridge Gulick," Friend 69, no. 2 (February 1911): 12. Luther Gulick did not inoculate the priests of Pohnpei in part 17-18. Alice E. W. Gulick was born in Ithaca, New York, on Feb. 21, because he hoped that their deaths would pave the way for 1843. She died in Honolulu on January 14, 1911. Christianity in Micronesia (Luther Gulick, "Journal" [August 30, 31. See "Mrs. Alice Gordon Gulick," Missionary Herald 99 (November 1854], Gulick Papers [Box 1], Houghton Library, Harvard Univ.). 1903): 491-93; and "Alice Gordon Gulick," Friend 61, no. 11 13. John Erdman, "The Hawaiian Board of Missions," Friend 107, no. 4 (November 1903):4. (April 1937):65-66. 32. "The Passage of a Pioneer," Missionary Herald 118 (1922):218. 14. "Rev. Luther Halsey Gulick, M.D.," Friend 49, no. 5 (May 1891):37. 33. Carmen de Zulueta to Clifford Putney, November 3, 1995. 15. Stephanie Wallach, "Luther Halsey Gulick [II] and the Salvation of 34. Ethel Dorgan, LutherHalsey Gulick, 1865-1918 (New York: Columbia the American Adolescent" (Ph.D. diss., Columbia Univ., 1989), p. Univ. Teachers College, 1934). 157. 35. PeterGulick, "Autobiography" (p. 8),1990.Transcription,Hawaiian 16. Before opening his store, Orramel visited America in 1850. During Mission Children's Society Library. his visit he met in Washingtonon October10withPresidentFillmore, 36. "Dr. Sidney L. Gulick, 1860-1945," Funeral Oration, 1946, Oberlin

34 INTERNATIONAL BULLETIN OF MISSIONARY RESEARCH College Archives. missionary. She works at the Kodaikanal School in India. 37. Hironori Ofuji, Gyurikku-ke No Hitobito ToNihon: Aoi Me No Ningyo 40. Anna D. Gulick to Clifford Putney, April 11, 1997. Anna Gulick was No Kizunall Hencho (Tokyo: Marusha, 1988), p. 82. born in 1918. Her cousin Edward Vose Gulick was born in 1915. 38. "In Memorium: HarrietGulick Clark," FuneralOration,King Papers, 41. "Biography of Rev. Leeds Gulick" (April 28, 1975), Oberlin College Oberlin College Archives. Harriet Clark's great-granddaughter Archives. Nancy (Clark) Fowler does missionary work in Honduras. 42. Phone Conversation Between Walter B.Gulick and Clifford Putney, 39. Frances Riggs, "Mother and Daddy's Story" (unpublished November 11, 1995. manuscript, 1994). Frances was born in 1921. Her husband, Edward 43. In June 2000 the United Church Board changed its name to Wider Riggs,is, likehis wife,afourth-generationCongregationalmissionary. Church Ministries. The Riggses' daughter,Martha]ane (Riggs)Knoll,isa fifth-generation

Bibliography Selected Works by the Missionary Gulicks Selected Works About the Missionary Gulicks Gulick, Ann and Orramel. ThePilgrims ofHawaii: TheirOwn StoryofTheir Anderson, Gerald, ed. Biographical Dictionary ofChristian Missions. New Pilgrimage from New England and Life Work in the Sandwich Islands, York: Macmillan, 1997. This work contains highly useful biographi­ Now Knownas Hawaii. New York: F. H. Revell, 1918. cal entries on the Culicks by David Stowe. Gulick, Anna D. This Bread, This Cup: An Introduction to the Eucharist. Clark, Carl C. "Descendents of Peter Johnson Gulick (1797-1877) and Ridgefield, Conn.: Morehouse Publishing, 1992. Frances Hinckley Thomas (1798-1883)." Unpublished manuscript. Gulick, Edward Vose. Teaching in Wartime China: A Photo-Memoir, 1937­Those with information about the missionary Gulicks should con­ 1939. Amherst: Univ. of Massachusetts Press, 1994. sider writing either to Carl Clark (23 Seminole Ave.; Baltimore, MD Gulick, John T. Evolution, Racial and Habitudinal. Washington, D.C.: 21228) or to Clifford Putney (29 Durham St., #1; Somerville, MA Carnegie Institute, 1905. 02143; [email protected]). Gulick, Leeds, et al. Japanese Conversational Vocabulary. Chicago: Univ. of Creegan, Charles C. Pioneer Missionaries oftheChurch. New York: Ameri­ Chicago Home Study Dept., 1945. can Tract Society, 1903. Contains a profile of Luther Gulick. Gulick, Louisa and Luther. Kosoi Saraui Potapot AkaiMen Katitikion Kiten Gordon, Elizabeth. AliceGordon Gulick: Her Lifeand Workin Spain.New KotaKoten Wiawia Kailanaio Koto. Honolulu: [Hawaiian Evangelical York: F. H. Revell, 1917. Association], 1865. Contains Bible stories in the Ponape language. Gulick, Addison. Evolutionist and Missionary: John Thomas Gulick. Chi­ Gulick, Luther. TheClimate, Diseases, andMateria Medica of theHawaiian cago: Univ. of Chicago Press, 1932. Islands. New York: Holman & Gray, 1855. Gulick, David. Gulicks of the U.S.A. Los Altos, Calif., 1961. --.NotesontheGrammar ofthePonape Dialect. Honolulu: Commercial Hanlon, David. UponaStoneAltar:A HistoryoftheIsland ofPohnpei to1890. Advertiser Press, 1858. Honolulu: Univ. of Hawaii Press, 1988. Gulick,Orramel. The Gospel Ministry. Honolulu: Hawaiian Evangelical Jewett, Frances Gulick. Luther Halsey Gulick, Missionary in Hawaii, Association, 1902. Micronesia, Japan, andChina. Boston: Congregational Sunday-School Gulick, Peter. "Autobiography." Typewritten Transcription (1990). Ha­ and Publishing Society, 1895. waiian Mission Children's Society Library (Honolulu, Hawaii). Ofuji, Hironori. The People of the GulickFamily and Japan: Bondage of the Gulick, Sidney. Evolution oftheJapanese: A Study ofTheirCharacteristics in Blue-eyed Dolls(in Japanese). Tokyo: Marusha, 1988. Relation to thePrinciples ofSocial andPsychic Development. New York: Taylor, Sandra. Advocate ofUnderstanding: SidneyGulickandtheSearch for F. H. Revell, 1903. This is among Sidney Gulick's best known books; Peace with Japan. Kent, Ohio: Kent State Univ. Press, 1984. altogether he wrote nineteen other books. Williams, Isabella Riggs. By theGreat Wall,Letters fromChina. New York: F. H. Revell, 1909. Contains many references to John and Emily Gulick. Zulueta, Carmen de. Missionaries, Feminists, and Educators: Historyofthe International InstituteforGirls(in Spanish). Zurbano, Spain: Castalia, 1984.

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