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The Legacy of the Gulicks, 1827-1964 Clifford Putney

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The Legacy of the Gulicks, 1827-1964 Clifford Putney Back to a Strange Land research to examine what denominations other than one's own are doing. Besides looking at three Roman Catholic missionary In 1990, after attending the Global Forum on the Environment orders of women, three of men, and three of lay missionaries, I held in Moscow, I found myself back in the strange land of the also surveyed the policies and practices of the mission boards of United States. Arriving witha varietyof ecumenicalexperiences, the Evangelical Lutheran Church, the United Methodist Church, Iusedthemwithinmy workin the MissionResearchDepartment the Presbyterian Church, and the Southern Baptist Convention. of the Maryknoll Sisters. I continued my ecumenical involve­ In 1997 I took up residence in a Maryknoll convent in West ment, especiallyin the promotionof Common Witness and serving Haven, Connecticut. The proximity to the Day Missions Library on the Roman Catholic-Anglicandialoguefor the Archdiocese of and the other library facilities at Yale University makes research NewYork. My work involved facilitating meetings in the United almost a given. A chance sentence in an article sent me off into a States, Peru, Ecuador, and Guatemala, always observing the period of historical research concerning the only Catholic input ecumenical activity or lack thereof. In 1994 I went to Albania to into the Edinburgh Conference of 1910. The paper deals with a investigate the possibility of short-term Maryknoll presence. long-forgottenmessagesentby Bishop GeremiaBonomelli, bishop Four sisters have since served there, one for five years. of Cremona, Italy (Ecumenical Review, July 2000). I also continue After my time in the research office, I spent a semester at the to be involved in a variety of ecumenical activities, including Institute of Ecumenical and Cultural Research at St. John's Uni­ membership on the Roman Catholic-Southern Baptist Conver­ versity in Collegeville, Minnesota. Besides surviving-20-degree sation and as an observer to the Church World Service and weather, I completed research on ecumenical formation. An Witness Committee of the National Council of Churches. article on this later appeared in the Ecumenical Review(October Any journey or pilgrimage is conditioned by a number of 1996). The work resulted in an invitation to join the advisory factors. The influence of the fellow pilgrims is one. The signposts board of a Lilly sponsored research project administered by the directing one along the way are also important. These for me are World Council office in New York. The project looked at the not only the signs of the times but the discernment of their ecumenical experience of the U.S.participants who had attended meaning inspired by Scripture and my religious tradition. Any the Ecumenical Institute of the World Council of Churches. The pilgrimage must have some means of sustaining the pilgrims positive findings of the survey were later published in an issue of over the rough parts of the journey. This in the Catholic tradition the Theological Journal (Autumn 1997). is the liturgical life of the church and the sustenance of the A series of circumstances enabled me to spend a stimulating Eucharist, whichis oftenreferred to as food for the journey,or the year at the Overseas Ministries StudyCenter. While there I wrote food of pilgrims. Because it has been a pilgrimage in mission, the "The View from 490ProspectStreet," a historyof theadministra­ context has always been significant. Over the years the religious tive building. I also began a project concerning the Catholic and experience of fellow pilgrims has become more varied, the Protestant recruitment and training of missionaries. Myexperi­ discernment more scriptural, and the liturgical life more ecu­ ence over the years had made me aware of the frequent failure in menical and inculturated. The Legacy of the Gulicks, 1827-1964 Clifford Putney mong the families associated withAmericanProtestant "Exciting volumes could be written of the experiences and A overseas missions, none are more noteworthy than the achievements of the Gulicks," he concluded.' Gulicks, perhaps the most well-traveled clan in nineteenth­ century American history. Stationed in such disparate places as Peter and Fanny Gulick in Hawaii Hawaii, Spain, and Japan, the Gulicks (pronounced Gyew-licks, notGoo-licks) servedas missionariesfrom 1827to 1964.Through­ The first Gulicks to be employed as missionaries by the ABCFM out this time, their primaryemployer was the American Board of were Peter and his wife, Fanny. Fanny Gulick was born Frances Commissioners for Foreign Missions (Congregational; hence­ Hinckley Thomas in Lebanon, Connecticut, on April 16, 1798. forth ABCFM), the nation's oldest foreign missionary society. Her parents, MajorJohn and Elizabeth (Hinckley) Thomas, were For well over a century, ABCFM publications carried stories farmers and Congregationalists, and her father was a veteran of about the Gulicks, making them a household name, at least the War of 1812. By the time Fanny was twelve, both her parents within Congregational circles. One Congregationalist farmer in had died, leaving Fanny with a small inheritance. In subsequent CalifornianamedW. P. Gulick remarkedin 1898,"Everyonethat years this money helped her (and some of her children) to obtain hearsournameasks ifwe are relativesof the missionaryCulicks."! an education. In Fanny's case, that education was in Massachu­ Another Congregationalist, ABCFM executive vice president setts at Westfield Academy, one of the first coeducational insti­ Fred Goodsell, estimated in 1957 that thirty-two Gulicks had tutions in theUnited States. Westfield prepared Fannyto become served the ABCFM as missionaries for a total of 756 years. a teacher in Middletown, New York, which was near the ''burnt over" district of upstate New York, an area famous for its revivalists. Of these, the most famous was Charles G. Finney, Clifford Putney teaches historyat BentleyCollege, Waltham, Massachusetts. whomFannywentto hearat Utica in 1825.As a resultof this visit, 28 INTERNATIONAL BULLETIN OF MISSIONARY RESEARCH Fanny, described by Finney as "an energetic, highly cultivated, and proud young lady," underwent a religious conversion. Anxious to convert others, she returned to Middletown, where she met Peter Gulick in the summer of 1827.3 Peter Johnson Gulick, the son of John and Lydia (Combs) Gulick, was born at Freehold, NewJersey, on March 12, 1797. His father was a farmer of modest means, and his father's ancestors were Dutch, the Gulicks having left Holland for America in 1653. As a youth, Peter worshiped near Freehold at the Old Tennent [Presbyterian] Church, which he joined upon a profession of faith at the age of twenty. Five years later he entered the College of New Jersey (Princeton), his intent being to study for the ministry. Graduating from Princeton in 1825, Peter went on for two more years of study at Princeton [Presbyterian] Theological Seminary, where he heard the secretary of the ABCFM (which in its early years was both Congregational and Presbyterian) give a talk on foreign missions. Inspired by the talk, Peter enlisted as a missionarywith theABCFM, which urged him to seekouta wife. He did so and was married to Fanny Thomas on September 5, Peter and Fanny Gulick 1827. A month later Peter was ordained, and the next month later he and Fanny set sail from Boston aboard the Parthian, the third Photo courtesy HawaiianMissionChildren's Society missionary vessel sent by the ABCFM to the Sandwich Islands Luther, Orramel, John, Charles, William, Theodore, Thomas, (Hawaii)." and Julia . All but two of these children eventually became The Sandwich Islands Mission, one of the first missions ABCFM missionaries.The exceptionswereCharles FinneyGulick undertaken by the ABCFM, had begun in 1819 and was proving (born on April 10, 1834, at Honolulu) and Theodore Weld Gulick to be a great success. It was successful in large part because (born at sea near Honolulu on May 8,1837, and named after the Hawaii's chiefs saw the need for Western teachers, people who famous evangelist). Charles died on January 18, 1854, at a water­ could show the Hawaiians how to avoid being exploited by cure establishment near Glen Haven, New York. His early death whalers and traders. Those teachers ended up being ABCFM was probably due in part to an eating disorder characterized by missionaries such as the Gulicks, who reached Hawaii in 1828. the deliberate purging of food." For the next fifteen years the Gulicks werestationed on the island As for Theodore Gulick, he wanted to live like the apostle of Kauai, first at Waimea (1828-35); then at Koloa (1835-43). Paul, paying his way as a missionary without support from the While on Kauai, Fanny opened up the island's first school. She ABCFM. Toward this end, he studied dentistry and theology, the also taught women how to sew and make hats, while her hus­ latter at Union Theological Seminary. Upon leaving Union, band taught men how to use plows and wheeled vehicles,"Both Theodore married Agnes Thompson in 1867. The couple had Gulicks suffered in Kauai-and for the remainder of their days­ three sons (John, Walter, and James), and Theodore supported from persistent ill health, Peter's signature complaint being his family by working as a missionary dentist in such places as chronic headaches (a malady that was to afflict many of his Hawaii, Siberia, and Japan. Itwas in Japan that Agnes suffered a descendents). Yet in spite of their problems, the Gulicks took breakdown, forcing her and Theodore to return to the United heart when Kauai was sweptup in Hawaii's "GreatAwakening" States, whereshedied at theage of sixty-five in 1902.Twenty-two of 1836-37, a period during which thousands of Hawaiians were years later, on April 7, 1924, in Long Beach, California, Theodore converted to Christianity," also died after having spent some of his last productive years Six years after the awakening on Kauai, the Gulicks were trying to convert Jews in Minnesota." reassigned to Kaluaaha, Molokai, where Peter served as the island's superintendent of schools.
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