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Pacific Childhoods in the Rafu: Multiple Transnational Modernisms and the Los Angeles Nisei, 1918-1942

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Pacific Childhoods in the Rafu: Multiple Transnational Modernisms and the Los Angeles Nisei, 1918-1942 Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Doctoral Dissertations Graduate School 2014 Pacific hiC ldhoods in the Rafu: Multiple Transnational Modernisms and the Los Angeles Nisei, 1918-1942 Bruce Makoto Arnold Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_dissertations Part of the History Commons Recommended Citation Arnold, Bruce Makoto, "Pacific hiC ldhoods in the Rafu: Multiple Transnational Modernisms and the Los Angeles Nisei, 1918-1942" (2014). LSU Doctoral Dissertations. 888. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_dissertations/888 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized graduate school editor of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please [email protected]. PACIFIC CHILDHOODS IN THE RAFU: MULTIPLE TRANSNATIONAL MODERNISMS AND THE LOS ANGELES NISEI, 1918-1942 A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in The Department of History by Bruce Makoto Arnold B.A., University of Arizona, 2005 M.A., University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2006 M.A., Sam Houston State University, 2007 August 2014 © Copyright 2014 Bruce Makoto Arnold All rights reserved ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Firstly, I’d like to thank my parents who, above all, instilled in me a desire to learn and gain as much knowledge as I can through education. Although it took a long time to hit my stride as a scholar, it was never because I doubted their emphasis on education or their insights into the world. I also want to thank them for my sense of stubborn pursuit. It has served me well, helping me to achieve my goals and to hold fast in the face of hardship and in ease. I’d like to thank my friends who were with me throughout this often lonely experience. Eric, always a source of encouragement, even through the darkest and loneliness phases of this process. Josh, for giving me some great memories of the last great adventure I undertook before beginning my new career; and, as always, thank you for taking care of George for me while I’ve been away. To Nick, for being just helping me be dumb and silly at a time when I needed to let loose. Leonard, for always having a moment for me to chat and vent. Also, thanks to all of the friends I made while a student at LSU, roaming the third floor, including Kristi, Marc, Katie, Mike and his wife Kat, Allen, Michael and his wife Margaret, and so many more from my cohort and those who came before and after. All of you helped make me a better scholar and researcher and I hope our paths cross someday in the future. And, lastly, I wish to thank Gabriel Watkins who brought a new skill to me and renewed love of music into my life. I really would have gone insane without your tutelage during this process. I will forever miss you and look forward to hearing you play the piano in the hereafter. I’d like to thank all of the faculty members that have aided me in translating my love of history into a vocation. I thank Dian Li, Diana Wright, B. Winston Kahn, and Kimiko Gunji; from Wisconsin: Louise Young, Sarah Thal, Jeremi Suri, and Michael Cullinane; from Sam Houston State iii University: Susannah Ural, Robert Bruce, Ty Cashion, Tracey Steele, Nicholas Pappas, Rosanne Barker, and Terry Billhartz; from LSU: Gaines Foster, David Culbert, Andrew Burstein, Charles Royster, Roland Mitchell, Susanne Marchand, Paul Paskoff, and Caroline Lewis. A part of you and the lessons you instilled within me is in every chapter here that I have written and every chapter I will write hereafter. I would like to thank several other professors who have had substantial influence in my life including: Louis Marvick, whose lectures in Western Civilizations helped me to discover, for the first time, the higher-level humanities that touched my heart and soul in a way science could not. H. Byron Earhart, whose class was the first I took when re-tooling for my new career. If your class would have been anything less than incredible and your support anything but encouraging, I might have never made the switch to history. Gail Lee Bernstein who provided me with a firm historical foundation and helped guide me through most of my first upper division history classes, my first grant proposal, and my first large-scale research project. J. Philip Gabriel whose professional guidance and personal friendship helped shape my interdisciplinary outlook toward the humanities. Adam Nelson, whose kindness, understanding, and encouragement helped me through a really difficult and punishing period in my life. Thank you for being kind to me when it seemed as if few others were even willing to entertain the notion in the least. Gibril R. Cole, under whose tutelage I began to truly understand the possibilities (and problems) that transnationalism presented to me in a study of this sort. James Olson, whose work and mentoring habits provided the base for my entire outlook on cultural history and my future interactions with graduate students. And, lastly, Brian J. McVeigh, whose ethnographic training and personal mentoring has taught me a great deal about how to observe, understand, and describe human nature. iv I’d like to also thank the many academics, professionals, pastors, archivists, curators, and librarians who have helped me directly on my project: the Interlibrary Loan departments of the University of Missouri and the Louisiana State University and A&C College; Rev. Mark Nakagawa, the Senior Minister of Centenary United Methodist Church; Rev. Annette Kakimoto, Assistant Pastor at Gardena Valley Baptist Church; Stephanie George, Archivist at the California State University Fullerton Center for Oral and Public History; Raymond D. Chong, historian; Simon Elliott, archivist and librarian at the University of California, Los Angeles Department of Special Collections; Kerry Kunitomi Cababa of the Manzanaar Committee; Bill Watanabe, the Executive Director of the Little Tokyo Service Center; Thomas Philo, archivist at the California State University Dominguez Hills University Library; Eric Milenkiewicz, archivist at the University of California, Riverside Rivera Library; Sheila Levrant de Bretteville, artist and professor at the Yale University School of Art; and Hillary Jenks, Director, Center for Social Justice and Civil Liberties at Riverside Community College . I thank David K. Yoo and Lon Kurashige for taking time out of their busy schedules to meet with me to discuss this project. I’d like to especially thank Jane Nakasako, Project Manager and Reference Assistant at the Japanese American National Museum and the entire staff of the Manabi & Sumi Hirasaki National Resource Center. I simply would not have been able to gain as much information without your assistance and helpfulness. Also, I sincerely apologize to the same staff for making you reshelf so many books! In the same vein, I offer my warmest and most heartfelt thanks and appreciation to the Nisei and Kibei I had the pleasure of meeting and interviewing while living in Los Angeles. Not only did you share your stories with me, but you allowed me to observe, firsthand, the lives of the subjects I hope to understand in this study. I only can hope that I do my best to honor that which you’ve so generously shared with me. v While in Los Angeles, I had the pleasure and honor of staying with Mr. George Shindo, who welcomed me into his home for the duration of my research. To this day, I have never been so productive as a researcher in my entire life. Regular breakfasts with you ensured that I was up, energized, and ready to go for the day and warm conversations with you in the evening distressed me and prepared me for the sleep I found necessary in order to prepare me for the next day. I must also thank my mother, separately, for helping me immensely with my research, particularly in helping me translate pre-World War II, non-standard, regional, and hand-written Japanese into characters, words, and phrases that made sense to my primitive understanding of Japanese. Without your help in these areas, it would have been exceptionally difficult, if not simply impossible to uncover some of the richness provided by these otherwise incomprehensible words, phrases, and sentences. I offer immense thanks and appreciation to Dr. Charles Shindo, who guided me through the entire process of my Ph.D. coursework and candidacy. Given the levels of frustration I feel towards myself chasing unpromising leads, following random rabbits down even more random and ridiculous holes, and giving away energies to all of the last-minute ideas that I wish I hadn’t had, I can’t imagine what it must have been like to work with me for these seven years. Thank you so much for your incredible patient, firm, but evenhanded and concrete support, and willingness to offer sensible, but yet still flexible guidance during my matriculation at LSU. I will always be indebted and hope to offer to return your kindness by paying forward to students of my own someday. And, most of all, I owe a deep and profound thanks to my wife, Noelle, who had to put up with me through this entire process. In many ways, this study is as much yours as it is mine—but only the best parts of it. Thank you so much for your encouragement and incredible patience as I know this vi process took time and energy from you that I hope I can one day repay.
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