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Japanese Honorific Language in Various Domains

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Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, volume 166 4th PRASASTI International Conference on Recent Linguistics Research (PRASASTI 2018) Japanese Honorific Language in Various Domains Ely Triasih Rahayu Japanese Literature Study Program, Faculty of Humanities Jenderal Soedirman University Purwokerto, Indonesia [email protected] Abstract - Language belongs to human. In a Language has been used as a barometer of human communication, human as language owner may behavior in society. Ogden and Richards suggest in this position themselves as messenger (speaker), message case by uttering one of four functions of language, i.e. recipient (interlocutor) or as a person who is the object expressions of attitude to referent (Morris, 1955:70). of speech (object of conversation). In Japanese speech Therefore, language and its use cannot be observed community, human must implement their position in separately, rather it is always connected to its activity in communication based on honorific language usage the society (Wardhaugh, 1986, Matthew, 1997). Based on principle. They must proficiently choose language with linguists’ opinions, it can be concluded that language in regard to lexical and grammatical concerns, as well as playing its role is highly influenced by human behavior as consider social factor underlying the communication. a social creature to reflect human attitude. Thus, what is Expressions human use in Japanese honorific language spitted from human’s mouth which is called as langue is principle significantly influences the convenience of uttered in compliance with the linguistic norms applicable communication, as the determinant whether or not they in the society. are acceptable in the community. This study will analyze In Sociolinguistics, linguistic norms are tigtly Japanese honorific language journey by domains. related to social factors. Language as a means of Honorific language (known as keigo) first appears in conveying (message) to speech partner is interpreted by the literary work Genji Monogatari. Its language choice Sudaryanto (2017:38) as the language which serves the and sentence patterns show their difference with function of maintaining cooperation. This cooperation common/neutral language, particularly to specialize the relationship refers to the horizontal function of language, language referred to the Emperor. The next domain is that is, as the maintainer of cooperation among humans. family, in which Japanese quite differently calls their Humans as the owner of language in this case play the own family (uchi) from other’s family (soto), but this role of message conveyor (speaker/O1) and the message shifts along with time. The education domain receiver is called as hearer or O2. It is this concentration differentiates the language referred to student and which has once been suggested by Kabaya (2009) that a teacher. This also takes place in business/office domain, process of communication involves relationship among in which language is quite differently used based on humans, as speakers or hearers. A speaker is the first one’s position in a company. Due to the religious person which in Japanese can take the form of boku, ore, domain, human being as the servants of Allah show watashi, and watakushi and in Indonesia it takes the form their respect to the Creator by praising Allah through a aku and saya in singular context. A hearer is a person respectful language contained in Al Quran which is which in Japanese can take the form omae and anata and translated into Japanese language as the realization of when translated into Indonesian it becomes kamu and Islamic followers to communicate with Allah anda. Rahayu (2013) adds that a communication agent (habluminallah). can be a person which is being discussed and symbolized as O3. In Japanese this can be called as kare (he), kanojo Keywords: Honorific Language, Domain, D Language (she) or the pronoun anokata to refer to the reference to Choice, Language Marker, Social Factor someone respected (when translated into Indonesian it is equivalent with beliau). The details of posititonal awareness of a social agent will be studied in the research I. INTRODUCTION on the implementation of honorific language in Japanese. In addition to social agent’s positional awareness Language serves a genuine function irreplaceable (hereinafter it will be studied in ningenkankei studies), by any other tool, that is, as a means of communication. social or non-language factors (Suwito, 1985:30) are As a means of communication, language has something to related to those factors beyond language which ground do with human behavior and attitude (Pei, 1963:162). the use of language. In relation to these non-language Copyright © 2018, the Authors. Published by Atlantis Press. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/). 25 Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, volume 166 factors, Hymes (1973) suggests the components of speech relationship between the communication agents, where well-known with their accronym, SPEAKING the communication is made, content or theme of (scene/setting, participants, ends, act sequence, key, discussion, and form of speech (Kabaya,2009:3). When instrumentalities, norms and genres). An expert in the hearer is a leader, then the speech will be different Sociolinguistics from Indonesia, Poedjosudarmo (1979) from when the speech is addressed to a peer. The speech has also explained thirteen components of speech which form at the office or receptionist will be different from have been adjusted to the situation of language in that in market or beach. A speaker utters more formal Indonesia, particularly in Java. These thirteen components utterances when the theme being discussed is politic or of speech are; (1) speaker’s personality, (2) emotional education as compared to when they talk about hobbies. type, (3) speech intention, (4) speaker’s perception to Communication will run smoothly when the agents are hearer, (5) presence of third person, (6) speech tone and aware of their own positions and play their roles properly situation, (7) speech scene, (8) speech theme, (9) speech according to their positions by choosing the appropriate facility, (10) speech order, (11) conversational ecology, language. The choise of using formal language will of (12) discourse form, and (13) other linguistic norms. course be weird when the communication agents talk When a comparison is made between Poedjosudarmo’s about their hobies on a beach. On the contrary, a (1979) and Hymes’s (1973) opinions, Poedjosudarmo company’s leader will find it inconvenient when his/her seems to emphasize more on speech participant aspect. staff provides an explanation of their production using This can be seen from several aspects of speech non-formal language in a meeting. Kabaya (2009:3) participants which are stated in a row namely speaker’s formulates a communication situation in this honorific personality, emotional type, speech intention, perception language domain by detailing the communication to hearer, and presence of third person. Meanwhile, variables into two variables in Japanese term, i.e. ningen Hymes (1973) seems to give more emphasis on speech kankei (人 間 関 係) and ba (場) as shown in the setting, which constitutes a component with insignificant following chart; influence on speech form. Hymes views topic of speech as the center of speech act while Poedjosudarmo (1979) deems topic of speech merely as one of speech 人間関係 ‘relationship between components whose role is mainly influenced by other communication actors’ speech components by incorporating speech scene as one How is the relationship between speech component, something which Hymes places speaker, hearer, and the person they they are talking about’ beyond speech components together with speech situation. 場面 The language which has something to do with ‘scene’ 場 ‘place’ human’s social behavior based on the linguistic norms in The atmosphere, context, and Japanese speech community by taking into account the non-language factors above will be studied in this circumstance in which the honorific language is uttered . research, given the scope of Japanese Honorific Language study based on time sequence. Chart 1. Communication Variables (Kabaya, 2009:3) The speech community with linguistic norms existing in Japanese will be studied using The following illustrations depict the process of the data in the form of dialogs or utterances communication based on how the relationship between containing Japanese honorific language marker. speakers, hearers, and the person they are talking about The data are taken from Japanese honorific (ningenkankei) in office domain is. language studies literature and Al Quran translated in Japanese language. This research is qualitative - A subordinate (O1) will exalt his/her superordinate since the research does not study numbers which O2 as a hearer using respecful language (R). relate to population, while its study is descriptive O2 in nature. R II. CHARACTERISTIC OF JAPANESE HONORIFIC LANGUAGE The linguistic norm which governs the use of O1 Japanese language lies in keigo studies. Keigo is a Japanese term which refers to honorific language. The - A subordinate (O1) when communicating with (O2), term keigo is related to a speaker’s positional awareness will exalt his superordinate (O3) as a pokok in communicating with his/her hearer. This speaker’s pembicaraan. positional awareness has something to
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