Psocoptera Em Cavernas Do Brasil: Riqueza, Composição E Distribuição

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Psocoptera Em Cavernas Do Brasil: Riqueza, Composição E Distribuição PSOCOPTERA EM CAVERNAS DO BRASIL: RIQUEZA, COMPOSIÇÃO E DISTRIBUIÇÃO THAÍS OLIVEIRA DO CARMO 2009 THAÍS OLIVEIRA DO CARMO PSOCOPTERA EM CAVERNAS DO BRASIL: RIQUEZA, COMPOSIÇÃO E DISTRIBUIÇÃO Dissertação apresentada à Universidade Federal de Lavras, como parte das exigências do programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia Aplicada, área de concentração em Ecologia e Conservação de Paisagens Fragmentadas e Agroecossistemas, para obtenção do título de “Mestre”. Orientador Prof. Dr. Rodrigo Lopes Ferreira LAVRAS MINAS GERAIS – BRASIL 2009 Ficha Catalográfica Preparada pela Divisão de Processos Técnicos da Biblioteca Central da UFLA Carmo, Thaís Oliveira do. Psocoptera em cavernas do Brasil: riqueza, composição e distribuição / Thaís Oliveira do Carmo. – Lavras : UFLA, 2009. 98 p. : il. Dissertação (mestrado) – Universidade Federal de Lavras, 2009. Orientador: Rodrigo Lopes Ferreira. Bibliografia. 1. Insetos cavernícolas. 2. Ecologia. 3. Diversidade. 4. Fauna cavernícola. I. Universidade Federal de Lavras. II. Título. CDD – 574.5264 THAÍS OLIVEIRA DO CARMO PSOCOPTERA EM CAVERNAS DO BRASIL: RIQUEZA, COMPOSIÇÃO E DISTRIBUIÇÃO Dissertação apresentada à Universidade Federal de Lavras, como parte das exigências do programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia Aplicada, área de concentração em Ecologia e Conservação de Paisagens Fragmentadas e Agroecossistemas, para obtenção do título de “Mestre”. APROVADA em 04 de dezembro de 2009 Prof. Dr. Marconi Souza Silva UNILAVRAS Prof. Dr. Luís Cláudio Paterno Silveira UFLA Prof. Dr. Rodrigo Lopes Ferreira UFLA (Orientador) LAVRAS MINAS GERAIS – BRASIL ...Então não vá embora Agora que eu posso dizer Eu já era o que sou agora Mas agora gosto de ser (Poema Quebrado - Oswaldo Montenegro) AGRADECIMENTOS A Deus, pois com Ele nada nessa vida é impossível! Agradeço aos meus pais, Joaquim e Madalena, pela oportunidade e apoio. Sempre ao meu lado, confiando em meu trabalho e me incetivando. E ao meu irmão, Bruno, pelo amor e carinho. Ao meu orientador, Rodrigo Lopes Ferreira, por ter me apresentado ao fantástico mundo das cavernas e dos psocópteras. Já são 4 anos de ensinamentos, não só na área acadêmica, mas para a vida! Muitas histórias incríveis, risadas...Obrigada por tudo. Aos professores Dr. Marconi Souza Silva e Dr. Luís Cláudio Paterno Silveira pela participação na banca de qualificação e pelas sugestões. Ao Dr. Charles Lienhard, da Suíça, que sempre com boa vontade respondeu a todas as minhas dúvidas e ajudou muito nas identificações. Vários resultados dessa dissertação se devem à ajuda que recebi dele. Agradeço a Ludimilla, pela grande ajuda e disposição na confecção dos mapas que enriqueceram muito essa dissertação. Ao Prof. Paulo Pompeu, na ajuda com as análises estatísticas. Aos meus novos colegas do Mestrado em Ecologia. Ao meu amor, Raphael, que me incentivou muito nesses dois anos. Sempre me apoiando e acreditando no meu trabalho. Se não fosse por você, provavelmente não teria iniciado esse mestrado. Aos meus velhos amigos, alguns distantes, outros mais próximos, e que deixam minha vida muito mais feliz. As minhas queridas amigas Eneida, Camila e Nathália. O trio que deixa minhas passagens por BH muito mais interessantes e engraçadas. Já são aproximadamente 10 anos de uma amizade que se iniciou na infância, cresceu, e permanece até hoje. Aos meus dois raios de sol, Camila e Vivian, que depois de seis anos, muitas reviravoltas, ainda estão muito presentes na minha vida. Desde o início comigo...E espero que seja pra sempre!! E a todos que de alguma forma me ajudaram na realização desse trabalho. SUMÁRIO RESUMO ........................................................................................................i ABSTRACT ...................................................................................................ii 1 INTRODUÇÃO .........................................................................................01 2 REFERENCIAL TEÓRICO ......................................................................04 2.1 Ordem Psocoptera ...................................................................................04 2.2 Ecossistemas cavernícolas ......................................................................12 2.2.1 Características gerais dos sistemas cavernícolas .................................12 2.2.2 Fauna subterrânea ................................................................................16 2.3 Psocópteros em cavernas ........................................................................19 3 MATERIAL E MÉTODOS .......................................................................25 3.1 Área de estudo ........................................................................................25 3.2 Procedimentos ........................................................................................28 3.3 Análise de dados .....................................................................................29 4 RESULTADOS .........................................................................................31 4.1 Psyllipsocidae .........................................................................................37 4.2 Ptiloneuridae ...........................................................................................43 4.3 Liposcelididae .........................................................................................44 4.4 Lepidopsocidae .......................................................................................46 4.5 Epipsocidae .............................................................................................48 4.6 Psocidae ..................................................................................................50 4.7 Lachesillidae ...........................................................................................51 4.8 Peripsocidae ............................................................................................52 4.9 Prionoglarididae ......................................................................................53 4.10 Asiopsocidae, Caeciliusidae, Pachytroctidae e Philotarsidae ...............54 4.11 Cladiopsocidae, Dolabellopsocidae, Ectopsocidae, Myopsocidae, Pseudocaeciliidae, Trichopsocidae e Trogiidae ............................................56 4.12 Biomas ..................................................................................................59 4.13 Litologias ..............................................................................................61 5 DISCUSSÃO .............................................................................................64 6 CONCLUSÕES .........................................................................................80 REFERÊNCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS .........................................................82 ANEXOS ......................................................................................................89 RESUMO CARMO, Thaís Oliveira do. Psocoptera em cavernas do Brasil: riqueza, composição e distribuição. 2009. 98 p. Dissertação (Mestrado em Ecologia Aplicada) – Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, MG.* A Ordem Psocoptera apresenta ampla distribuição em todo o mundo, porém poucos são os trabalhos que abordam essa ordem, sendo que essas informações são ainda mais escassas no Brasil. Até o momento não existe nenhum trabalho específico que aborde a relação destes insetos com o ambiente cavernícola brasileiro. Portanto, para aumentar o conhecimento acerca dessa ordem, este trabalho relacionou os psocópteros com as cavernas do Brasil. O presente estudo buscou conhecer quais famílias e gêneros de Psocoptera ocorrem em cavernas brasileiras, onde esses insetos são comumente encontrados no interior das cavernas, e se a riqueza é influenciada pela litologia das cavernas ou pelo bioma em que as mesmas estão inseridas. Para tal, foram inventariadas 192 cavernas, em 70 municípios de quinze estados brasileiros, inseridas nos biomas Caatinga, Cerrado e Mata Atlântica. Foram identificadas 148 espécies, pertencentes a 38 gêneros, distribuídas em 21 famílias. Novos registros de ocorrência para famílias e gêneros da ordem Psocoptera no país e em cavernas foram encontrados nesse trabalho. As famílias Prionoglarididae e Trichopsocidae foram registradas pela primeira vez no Brasil, dezesseis gêneros de outras famílias também tiveram seu primeiro registro no país, e onze famílias e 29 gêneros tiveram seu primeiro relato de ocorrência em cavernas. Além desses novos registros, um novo gênero (pertencente à Prionoglarididae) e 21 novas espécies (pertencentes à Prionoglarididae e Psyllipsocidae) foram encontrados. Esses insetos foram coletados em toda extensão das cavernas, mas a grande maioria foi encontrada nas proximidades das entradas das mesmas, podendo ser importantes componentes das comunidades para-epígeas. A maior parte das coletas ocorreu no bioma Cerrado e em cavernas calcárias. O tipo de rocha formadora da caverna e o bioma onde a mesma está inserida não influenciam na riqueza dos psocópteros encontrados em cavernas do país. Como o presente trabalho é o primeiro a abordar especificamente as famílias e gêneros de Psocoptera associadas aos ambientes cavernícolas brasileiros, muitas das informações apresentadas constituem importantes registros de organismos dessa ordem não só em cavernas brasileiras, mas também no país. _________________ *Comitê Orientador: Rodrigo Lopes Ferreira - UFLA (Orientador), Marconi Souza Silva - UNILAVRAS e Luís Cláudio Paterno Silveira – UFLA i ABSTRACT CARMO, Thaís Oliveira do. Psocoptera in caves of Brasil:
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