Medical Terminology and Oral Facial Anatomy 101

Medical Terminology And Oral Facial Anatomy 101 Online Course 2015 About the Speaker Dawn W. Jackson, DrPH, RHIA, CCS-P, FAHIMA Ms. Jackson is a Professor and Program Director for the Health Services Administration program at Eastern Kentucky University. She obtained her bachelor’s degree from East Carolina University (Greenville, NC) in Health Information Management, her master’s degree from Eastern Kentucky University (Richmond, KY) in Allied Health Education, her doctor of public health degree in Health Services Management from the University of Kentucky (Lexington, KY), and most recently attained Fellowship status with the American Health Information Management Association. Her areas of expertise include: healthcare reimbursement systems, coding and billing processes, medical law, and health care management. As a certified coding specialist, Ms. Jackson has trained physicians and their staff for over 20 years. Of particular significance, she has been presenting coding courses for the American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons for over 18 years. able of Contents T Introduction to Word Structure ...................................................................................................1 The Language of Medicine ..................................................................................................1 Learning Methods ................................................................................................................2 Word Components ...............................................................................................................3 Medical Word Analysis .......................................................................................................4 Combining Forms and Suffixes ....................................................................................................7 Suffixes Meaning “Pertaining to” ........................................................................................7 Suffixes Meaning “Condition or Process” ...........................................................................8 Illustrative Overview of the Human Body .........................................................................10 Combining Forms Relating to Anatomical Sites ...............................................................14 Suffixes Relating to the Study of Specialties .....................................................................25 Combining Forms Relating to Specialties .........................................................................25 Pleural Endings ..................................................................................................................29 Common Prefixes .........................................................................................................................35 Directional Prefixes ...........................................................................................................35 Miscellaneous Prefixes ......................................................................................................37 Diagnosis and Treatment Terms ................................................................................................47 Suffixes Relating to Treatment ..........................................................................................47 Miscellaneous Combining Forms ......................................................................................51 Suffixes Relating to Diseases and Conditions ...................................................................55 Oral and Maxillofacial Terms.....................................................................................................71 Illustrative Overview of the Cranial Cavity .......................................................................71 Combining Forms Relating to Orofacial Areas .................................................................73 Alphabetic Index to Word Components ....................................................................................87 Introduction to Word Structure 1 The Language of Medicine Medical terminology is a professional language – the language of medicine. Rich in history, most medical terms stem from the ancient Latin and Greek languages. Generally, terms describing diagnoses and procedures have Greek origins, whereas terms describing the anatomical structure of the body have Latin origins. A Historical Connection Vein (from Latin vena) Nose (from Latin nasus) Mandible (from Latin mandibula) Biopsy (from Greek bio and opsis) Pulpectomy (from Latin pulpa and Greek tomas) Given this heritage, medical terminology is often considered a foreign language. And, in many ways, it is. Imagine going to a different country where you are unable to communicate effectively. That is how patients feel whenever they come into contact with physicians, nurses, and other healthcare workers. Learning medical terminology will likely be confusing and frustrating – at least occasionally. However, once you know the most common prefixes, roots, and suffixes, you will be able to combine them in different ways to create numerous medical terms. As you expand your knowledge, you will be able to: • Better understand medical record documentation, • Communicate more effectively with clinicians and patients, and • More easily perform work responsibilities. © 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons 1 Learning Methods This course focuses on the prefixes, suffixes, and roots most commonly used in the field of oral and maxillofacial surgery. Beyond this, you will be introduced to roots describing all of the ma- jor anatomical structures of the body. In total, you will learn over 290 word components. To a great extent, you will accomplish this on your own, through a variety of learning methods. 1. The Word Components section provides a list of prefixes, suffixes, or roots that need to be learned. Each list contains definitions and sample words using the word component. 2. The automated Flash Cards found at the course web- site will help you visualize and retain the information you are learning. In addition, many of these flash cards contain pronunciations of the terms. Remember, effective communication depends on written and oral abili- ties. 3. The Exercises found in each chapter of the training manual offer you an opportunity to apply your knowledge in a variety of ways. The answers to the exercises provide instant feedback so that you can determine how well you are learning. 2 © 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons Word Components Most medical terms can be divided into smaller word components. Understanding these components is the first step in learning medical terminology. • Root (stem) – The root is the foundation that establishes the basic meaning of the word. For example, in the word hepatic, the root (stem) hepat means liver. • Combining form – A combining form is a root connected to a combining vowel (nor- mally an “o”). This combining vowel links the root to a suffix or to another root. For example, in the word radiology, the combining form is radi/o. The combining vowel is linking the root to the suffix –logy. • Suffix – A suffix is located at the end of the word that modifies the meaning of the root. For example, in the word appendectomy, the suffix is –ectomy (excision; to remove). The root is append (appendix). The suffix changed the meaning of the root to “excision of the appendix.” • Prefix – A prefix is located at the beginning of the word and modifies the meaning of the root. For example, in the word postprandial, the prefix is post- (after). The root is prand (meal). The prefix changed the meaning of the root to “after meals.” Combining Vowel Rules Rule 1: When two vowels come together, the combining vowel is dropped. Example: Consider the term “Cardiac” (cardi/ac). The combining form of this word is cardi/o and the suffix is –ac. Notice that the combining vowel (“o”) has been dropped because the suffix begins with a vowel. Rule 2: The combining vowel is kept when connecting two roots. Example: Consider the term “Adenocarcinoma” (aden/o/carcin/oma). Notice the combining vowel (“o”) is kept between the roots “aden” and “carcin”. However, the combing vowel (“o”) is dropped between “carcin” and the suffix –oma, because the suffix begins with a vowel. © 2015 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons 3 Medical Word Analysis Medical word analysis is the process of dissecting a medical term and identifying the roots, prefix, suffix, and combining vowels. The following are examples of identifying the components of a word. 1. ELECTROCARDIOGRAM (electr/o/cardi/o/gram) electr/o = combining form (root + combining vowel) meaning electricity/electrical cardi/o = combining form (root + combining vowel) meaning heart -gram = suffix meaning record Therefore, the word electrocardiogram means “a record of the electrical impulses of the heart.” 2. MAXILLOFACIAL (maxill/o/faci/al) maxill/o = combining form (root + combining vowel) meaning maxilla or upper jaw faci = root meaning face -al = suffix meaning pertaining to Therefore, the word maxillofacial means “pertaining to the maxilla and face.” 3. RETROGNATHIA (retro/gnath/ia) retro- = prefix meaning behind or backward gnath = root meaning jaw -ia = suffix meaning condition Therefore, the word retrognathia means “a condition in which the jaw (lower) is in a backward or recessed position.” 4. THROMBOSIS (thromb/o/sis) Thromb/o = combining form (root + combining

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