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Horsemanship Quiz Challenge Study Guide 1 © United States Hunter Jumper Association, Inc. Dear Horsemanship Quiz Challenge Participant: Welcome to the USHJA Horsemanship Study Guide, which was created to accompany the Horsemanship Quiz Challenge. The answer to every exam question (other than current events, rules and history of the sport) is located within the study guide. For more information regarding current events and history of the sport, visit the EAP Current Events Study Guide. For more information regarding the rules of the sport, including current USEF rules, visit the USHJA Rules Resource. The manual is broken into the following topics: Anatomy and Physiology Nutrition Bandaging Pasture Management Conditioning Riding Theory First Aid Shipping Grooming and Blanketing Shoeing Horse Handling Stable Management Horse Health Tack Horse Identification Welfare Longeing This Study Guide is not intended to be an all-encompassing source of information. Since the study guide was built around the questions for the Horsemanship Quiz Challenge, some areas are covered in more depth than others. As the HQC grows and evolves, so will the study guide. Should you find any errors, please bring them to the attention of the USHJA staff at [email protected] so that they may be corrected. Thank you for your interest in horsemanship and the Horsemanship Quiz Challenge. Good luck! USHJA Horsemanship Quiz Challenge Program Committee 2 © United States Hunter Jumper Association, Inc. Table of Contents ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY...........................................................7 Skeleton 9 Bone diseases and problems 9 Joints 10 Ligaments 11 Muscles 11 Tendons 11 General conformation 12 Leg conformation 17 Blemishes 26 Athleticism 28 Conformation types 28 Locomotion 29 Forequarters 30 Hindquarters 30 Systems of the horse 31 BANDAGING...........................................................................................38 Bandage bows 39 Types of bandages 39 Hoof bandaging 43 Wound bandaging 43 CONDITIONING......................................................................................45 General conditioning 46 Aerobic 48 Anaerobic 49 Cooling 49 FIRST AID.................................................................................................51 Anaerobic bacteria 51 Injections 51 Bandaging 53 Fever 53 Hemorrhage 54 Proud flesh 54 Topical products 54 GROOMING AND BLANKETING.......................................................58 General grooming 58 Skin problems 62 Blanketing basics 64 HORSE HANDLING................................................................................67 Behavior 67 Blind spots 69 Bridle tying 69 Cool down 69 3 © United States Hunter Jumper Association, Inc. Leading 71 Learning and ground manners 71 Pastured and turning out horses 72 Stall safety 73 Pasture safety 73 Restraining horses 74 Safety 76 Young horses 77 HORSE HEALTH.....................................................................................78 General health 78 Vital signs 80 Vaccinations 81 Inflammation 81 Edema 82 Dehydration 82 Shock 82 Medications 83 Parasites 83 Lameness 86 Hooves 86 Laminitis 87 Scratches 87 Tying up 88 EPM 88 Colic 89 Choke 91 Respiratory 91 Young horses 92 HORSE IDENTIFICATION...................................................................94 Colors 94 Face and leg markings 99 Breeds 101 LONGEING..............................................................................................103 Equipment 103 Technique 106 Long lining 110 NUTRITION............................................................................................111 Feeding practices 111 Carbohydrates 113 Protein 114 Fats 114 Metabolism 115 Energy needs 115 Body condition 115 Concentrates 115 Roughage 117 4 © United States Hunter Jumper Association, Inc. Pasture 119 Supplements 119 Electrolytes 120 PASTURE MANAGEMENT.................................................................122 Fencing 122 Drainage 123 Shelter 123 Water 123 Grasses and forage 124 Concentrates, hay and salt 125 Trees and toxic plants 125 Common sense pasture practices 126 Herd behavior 126 Pasture care 126 RIDING THEORY.................................................................................128 Safety 128 Tacking 128 Mounting 129 Dismounting 130 Untacking 130 Position 131 Seat 133 Aids (natural and artificial) 134 Natural aids 135 Artificial aids 136 Gaits 136 Contact 137 Half-halt 137 Flatwork 137 Jumping 143 Releases 146 SHIPPING...............................................................................................147 Length of trip 149 Paperwork 149 Precautions 150 SHOEING................................................................................................151 Shoeing basics 153 Shoeing terms 155 Mechanics 157 Heels 157 Metals and types of shoes 158 Pads 159 STABLE MANAGEMENT....................................................................160 Arena 160 Facilities 161 5 © United States Hunter Jumper Association, Inc. Stable routine 161 Bedding 163 Manure 164 Pests 171 TACK.......................................................................................................172 Bits 172 Boots 179 Breastplates and martingales 180 Cruppers and head bumpers 181 Girths 181 Halters 181 Parts of the saddle 182 Saddle fit 183 Stirrup leathers and irons 184 Parts of the bridle 184 Tack cleaning 186 Tanning 187 WELFARE..............................................................................................188 GR803 188 HU126 188 GR839 188 HU102 188 JP102 189 6 © United States Hunter Jumper Association, Inc. ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY Anatomy refers to the structure of the horse, including all of the internal systems. Physiology refers to the functions of the horse or any of its parts. The different anatomical systems work together for the horse to function as a whole. Anatomical terminology • Limb: Appendage from the trunk of the horse that includes the leg • Leg: Portion of the limb from the knee or hock down • Digit: Portion of the leg from the fetlock down • Dorsal: Front aspect of the legs and the horse’s back • Ventral: Situated on or toward the lower, abdominal plane of the body • Plantar: Back surface of the hind legs • Palmar: The back surface of the front legs • Solar: Sole of the foot or the bottom aspect of the coffin bone inside the hoof. • Cranial: Referring toward the direction of the head and to the front surface of the upper limbs • Caudal: Referring toward the direction of the tail and to the back surface of the upper limbs • Rostral: Referring specifically to locations on the head that are in front of the cranium (i.e. nostrils, mouth) • Proximal: Used in reference to the limb, referring to areas above a point of interest • Distal: Used in reference to the limb, referring to areas below a point of interest • Axial: Used in describing where something is on a limb. If a pin dropped dead center down the inside of the limb, something near that pin would be axial • Abaxial: Used in describing where something is on a limb. If a pin dropped dead center down the inside of the limb, this would describe something farther away from that line or to the outside of the limb • Medial: To the inside of the limb • Lateral: To the outside of the limb • Near: Left side of the horse • Off: Right side of the horse1 1 Gregory’s Textbook of Farriery, Gregory, Chris CJF, FWCF, 2011, p. 45 - 46 7 © United States Hunter Jumper Association, Inc. Dorsal Cranial Caudal Rostral Proximal Ventral Axial Axial Plantar Palmar Limb Aba xial Abaxial Leg Digit Solar Distal Off Near Lateral Medial 8 © United States Hunter Jumper Association, Inc. Skeleton The musculoskeletal system, which gives the body its structure and movement, is comprised of bones, joints, muscles, ligaments, tendons and connective tissues. The axial skeleton consists of the skull, vertebral column and rib cage. The appendicular skeleton consists of the front and hind limbs. Axial Skeleton Skull • Mandible: Contains lower jaw teeth • Maxilla: Sides of nasal cavity that contain upper canine, pre-molars and molars • Incisive: Under nasal cavity that contains upper incisor teeth • Nasal: Front of head • Frontal: In between eyes • Parietal: Top of head • Hyoid bone Vertebral column • 7 cervical (neck) vertebrae. The first is known as the atlas and the second is the axis • 18 thoracic (chest) vertebrae • 6 lumbar (back) vertebrae • 5 sacral (loin) vertebrae, which are fused together in the sacrum • 18 to 23 coccygeal (tail) vertebrae Rib cage • 18 pairs of ribs, each one connected to a thoracic vertebra • Sternum (breastbone)2 The horse’s body contains just over 200 bones. The alignment of these bones determines the horse’s conformation, movement, mechanics and efficiency. Injuries, inactivity and high doses of corticosteroids can result in bone loss. Bone remodeling is the body’s process of removing or adding bone, and remodeling can be caused by compression, tension or flexion. Such remodeling enables bones to develop, mend and strengthen. Deliberate conditioning that includes progressive loading of anaerobic speed work for very brief intervals of time can improve a horse’s bone strength and his long term skeletal health. 2 The United States Pony Club Manual of Horsemanship Advanced Horsemanship B, HA, A Levels, Harris, Susan E. 1996 p. 225 9 © United States Hunter Jumper Association, Inc. Bone Diseases and Problems The horse’s leg structure makes it subject to many soundness issues, particularly those associated with the bone structures. Listed below are a few of the many problems
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