Introduction to Medical Terminology

PART© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC I© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR IntroductionDISTRIBUTION to MedicalNOT FOR SALE Terminology OR DISTRIBUTION

Chapter 1 Concepts,© Jones Suffix & Bartlettes, and Learning, Prefixes LLC of Medical © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC TerminologyNOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Chapter 2 Body Structure Chapter 3 Disease and Treatment © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

9781284216837_CH01_Cohen.indd 1 12/11/19 5:11 PM Concepts, Suffixes, and Prefixes © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION of MedicalNOT FORTerminology SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 1CHAPTER © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONPretest NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Multiple Choice. Select the best answer, and write the letter of your choice to the left of each number. To check your answers go to Appendix 11. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 1. TheNOT main FOR part of SALEa word is OR called DISTRIBUTION the a. origin b. prefix c. root d. extension © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones &2. BartlettA word part Learning, at the end of aLLC word is the NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALEa. prefix OR DISTRIBUTION b. adjective c. insertion d. suffix 3. The ch in the word chemical is pronounced like the © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC letter © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION a. s NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION b. h c. k d. f © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC 4. The© wordJones belo w& that Bartlett has a hard Learning, g is LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION a.NOT grip FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION b. page c. gem d. judge 5. The suffixes -ic, -ous, -al, and -oid are found in © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartletta. adjectives Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALEb. nouns OR DISTRIBUTION c. verbs d. roots 6. The singular of ova (eggs) is a. ovi © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC b. ovae © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION c. ovum NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION d. ovas 7. The prefix in the word microscopic is a. mic- b. scop- © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC c.© micro- Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION d.NOT pic- FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 8. The opposite of hypoglycemia (low blood sugar) is a. hypoglucemia b. hyperglycemia © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlettc. hypocalcemia Learning, LLC d. hypoglycemic NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

9781284216837_CH01_Cohen.indd 2 12/11/19 5:11 PM © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC Learning ObjectivesNOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION After careful study of this chapter, you should be able to:

1 Explain the purpose of medical terminology. P4 5 List three features of medical dictionaries. P8 2 Name© Jones the languages & Bartlett from which Learning, most medical LLC word parts 6 Recogniz©e andJones apply &some Bartlett general noun,Learning, adjective, LLC and areNOT derived. FOR P4 SALE OR DISTRIBUTION plural suffixesNOT used FOR in medicalSALE terminology. OR DISTRIBUTION P9 3 Define the terms root, suffix, and prefix. P4 7 Recognize and define prefixes used in medical terminology. P18 4 Explain what combining forms are and why they are 8 Analyze the suffixes and prefixes used in chapter case used. P5 studies. PP3, 34 © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Case Study: David’s Digestive Problems

Chief© CJonesomplaint & Bartlett Learning, LLCClinical Course © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC David, a 22 y/o college student, The gastroenterologist saw David and ordered a spe- visitedNOT the FOR university SALE health OR clinic DISTRIBUTION cial x-ray procedure, a bariumNOT swallow FOR radiograph, SALE OR to DISTRIBUTION and stated he had a 4-month history of a burning pain in rule out any structural problems with the esophagus. the middle of his chest (heartburn). He notices it more at The barium provides contrast to enable the radiolo- night and has difficulty sleeping because of the pain. He gist to take x-rays of the esophagus. Since the results said he© isJones under stress & Bartlett due to the Learning, intensity of LLChis college of this test ©proved Jones to be & inconclusive Bartlett Learning, for GERD, David LLC coursesNOT and FOR has gained SALE 20 poundsOR DISTRIBUTION over the last 6 months. was scheduledNOT for FOR an esophageal SALE OR gastroduodenoscopy DISTRIBUTION He also said that the pain seems to occur more frequently (EGD). An EGD allows the gastroenterologist to visually following late-night college gatherings where pizza, spicy examine the upper GI tract, showing the esophagus, chicken wings, and beer are served. stomach, and duodenum (the upper part of the small intestine). Results of the EGD showed no evidence of Examination bleeding, ulcerations, or strictures. Since David still © Jones &A well-nourished Bartlett Learning, 22 y/o male LLC complaining of (c/o) epigas-© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC complained of mild heartburn he was sent home with a NOT FORtric SALE (upper OR abdominal) DISTRIBUTION pain no longer relieved by antac- NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION prescription of Prevacid and given educational material ids; orthopnea—currently sleeping with three pillows to on GERD, including dietary, exercise, and stress reduc- aid in breathing; occasional swallowing problems, or dys- tion recommendations. He was told he needed to be phagia; ETOH (alcohol) consumption is six to eight beers reevaluated in 3 months. per week; nonsmoker; no© Jonesneurologic, & musculoskeletal,Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC genitourinary, or respiratory deficits. David was referred NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONCase Study Revisited: OnceNOT you complete FOR SALE this OR DISTRIBUTION to a gastroenterologist for ↑ acid production and possible chapter, please review the case follow-up on p. 27. gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD).

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC AncillariesNOT FOR At-A-Glance SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Visit the web resource to access the following resources.

Learning Resources © Jones &■■ BartletteBook Learning, LLC © Jones■■ TestPrep & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR■ ■SALEA&P Module OR with DISTRIBUTION Heart & Lung Sounds NOT■ FOR■ Animations SALE OR DISTRIBUTION ■■ Image Bank ■■ Audio Pronunciation Glossary

Chapter 1 ■ Concepts, Suffixes, and Prefixes of Medical Terminology 3

9781284216837_CH01_Cohen.indd 3 12/11/19 5:11 PM 4 Part I ■ Introduction to Medical Terminology

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FORIntroduction SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Medical terminology is a special vocabulary used by healthcare professionals for effective and accurate communica- Stomach tion. Every health-related field requires an understanding of medical terminology, and this book highlights selected Duodenum healthcare occupations© in Jones special &boxes Bartlett (BOX 1-1 Learning,). While LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC studying this chapter, youNOT will FOR learn aboutSALE the OR general DISTRIBUTION con- NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION cepts of medical terminology and explore the specific role of suffixes and prefixes in words.

Concepts© Jones of& BartlettMedical Learning, Terminology LLC Gastroduodenostomy© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC BecauseNOT it is FORbased mainlySALE on OR Greek DISTRIBUTION and Latin words, med- NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION ical terminology is consistent and uniform throughout the world. It is also efficient; although some of the terms are FIGURE 1-1 Gastroduodenostomy. A communication (-stomy) long, they often reduce an entire phrase to a single word. between the stomach (gastr) and the first part of the small intestine, The one word gastroduodenostomy, for example, means “a or duodenum (duoden). © Jones &communication Bartlett Learning, between the LLC stomach and the first part ©of Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FORthe SALE small intestine”OR DISTRIBUTION (FIG. 1-1). The part gastr means stomach;NOT they FOR appear. SALE By ORlearning DISTRIBUTION these meanings, you can analyze duoden represents the duodenum, the first part of the small and remember many words. intestine; and ostomy means a communication. The medical vocabulary is vast, and learning it may seem like learning the entire vocabulary of a foreign lan- Word Parts guage. Moreover, like the© Jonesjargon that & Bartlettarises in all Learning, changing LLCWord components fall into three© Jones categories: & Bartlett Learning, LLC fields, it is always expanding.NOT FOR Think SALE of the terms OR DISTRIBUTIONthat have NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION been added to our vocabulary in relation to computers, such 1. The root is the fundamental unit of each medical word. as software, search engine, flash drive, app, and blog. The It establishes the basic meaning of the word and is the task may seem overwhelming, but there are methods to aid part to which modifying word parts are added. in learning and remembering words and even to help make 2. A suffix is a short word part or series of parts added informed© Jones guesses & about Bartlett unfamiliar Learning, words. MostLLC medical at the end© Jonesof a root & to Bartlett modify its Learning, meaning. This LLC book terms can be divided into component parts—roots, prefixes, indicates suffixes by a dash before the suffix, such as -itis and suffixes—thatNOT FOR SALE maintain OR the DISTRIBUTION same meaning whenever (inflammation).NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

Patient medical records are used as the basis for all medical planning to pursue this career may obtain a certificate in health care delivered. Every time a patient receives medical treat- information technology or complete an associate’s degree in ment, information is added to the patient’s medical record, health information technology at a community college. Those which includes the medical© Jones history, & dataBartlett about Learning,symptoms, LLCwanting to move into an administrative© Jones role & may Bartlett complete Learning, LLC test results, diagnoses,NOT treatments, FOR and SALE follow-up OR care. DISTRIBUTION Health advanced studies and a bachelor’sNOT degree FOR in health SALE informat OR- DISTRIBUTION information technicians (HITs) organize and manage these ics at a university. A certification examination is required to records and work closely with physicians, nurses, and other become certified as a registered health information technician health professionals to ensure that they provide a complete (RHIT). Many institutions prefer to hire individuals who are and accurate basis for quality patient care. professionally certified. © AccurateJones medical & Bartlett records areLearning, essential for LLC administrative Most HITs© workJones in hospitals & Bartlett and long-term Learning, care facilities. LLC purposes,NOT FORthird-party SALE payers, OR and DISTRIBUTION researchers. HITs assign a Others may NOTwork inFOR medical SALE clinics, OR government DISTRIBUTION agencies, code to each diagnosis and procedure a patient receives, and insurance companies, and consulting firms. Because of the this information is used for accurate patient billing. In addi- growing need for medical care, health information technol- tion, HITs analyze medical records to reveal trends in health ogy is projected to be one of the fastest growing careers in the and disease. This research can be used to improve patient care, United States. manage costs, and help establish new medical treatments. For more information about this profession, contact © Jones & BartlettTo read Learning, and interpret LLC medical records, HITs need ©a Jonesthe American & Bartlett Health Information Learning, Management LLC Association at NOT FOR SALEthorough OR background DISTRIBUTION in medical terminology. StudentsNOT ahima.org. FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

9781284216837_CH01_Cohen.indd 4 12/11/19 5:11 PM Chapter 1 ■ Concepts, Suffixes, and Prefixes of Medical Terminology 5

© Jones 3.& BartlettA prefix is aLearning, short word part LLC added before a root to mod©- JonesNote & Bartlett that the same Learning, root may have LLC different meanings in NOT FOR SALEify its meaning.OR DISTRIBUTION This book indicates prefixes by a dashNOT different FOR SALE fields ofOR study, DISTRIBUTION just as the words web, spam, cloud, after the prefix, such as pre- (before). cookie, and tweet have different meanings in common vocabulary than they do in “computerese.” The root myel means “marrow” and may apply to either the bone marrow Prefix Root Suffix or the spinal cord. The root scler means “hard” but may © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLCalso apply to the white of the© eye. Jones Cyst means & Bartlett “a filled Learning, sac LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONor pouch” but also refers specificallyNOT FOR to the SALE urinary ORbladder. DISTRIBUTION You will sometimes have to consider the context of a word before assigning its meaning. Prefix Root Suffix 1 A compound word contains more than one root. The words eyeball, bedpan, frostbite, and wheelchair are exam- © Jones & BartlettWord Learning, LLC ples. Some examples© Jones of &compound Bartlett medical Learning, words areLLC car- WoNOTrds are FOR formed SALE from roots,OR DISTRIBUTION suffixes, and prefixes. diovascular NOT(pertaining FOR toSALE the heart OR andDISTRIBUTION blood vessels), urogenital (pertaining to the urinary and reproductive systems), and lymphocyte (a white blood cell found in the lym- The simple word learn can be used as a root to illus- phatic system). trate. If we add the suffix -er to form learner, we have “one who learns.” If we add the prefix re- to form relearn, we © Jones &have Bartlett “to learn Learning, again.” LLC © JonesCOMBINING & Bartlett FORMS Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALENot all OR roots DISTRIBUTION are complete words. In fact, most medicalNOT When FOR a SALEsuffix orOR another DISTRIBUTION root beginning with a consonant roots are derived from other languages and are meant to be is added to a root, a vowel is inserted between the root and used in combinations. The Greek word kardia, for example, the next word part to aid in pronunciation. This combining meaning “heart,” gives us the root cardi. The Latin word pulmo, vowel is usually an o, as seen in the previous example of meaning “lung,” gives us the root pulm. In a few instances, gastroduodenostomy, but may occasionally be a, e, or i. both the Greek and Latin© roots Jones are used & Bartlettfor the same Learning, structure. LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC We find both the Greek NOTroot nephr FOR and SALE the Latin OR root DISTRIBUTION ren used NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION in words pertaining to the kidney (FIG. 1-2). Root O Suffix

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © JonesRoot & BartlettO Suffix Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Word A combining vowel may be added between a root and a word part that follows.

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © JonesThus, & Bartlett when the Learning, suffix -logy , LLCmeaning “study of,” is NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOTadded FOR to SALE the root OR neur DISTRIBUTION, meaning “nerve or nervous system,” a combining vowel is added: neur + o + logy = neurology (study of the nervous system) Roots shown with a combining vowel are called com- © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLCbining forms. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALEKidney OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Ureter Root O Bladder © Jones & Bartlett Learning,Urethra LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FORRoot SALE OOR DISTRIBUTION

Combining form A root with a combining vowel is called a combining form.

© Jones &FIGURE Bartlett 1-2 Structur Learning,es named LLC with more than one word © JonesThis & Bartletttext gives rootsLearning, with their LLC most common combin- NOT FORroot. SALE Medical OR terminology DISTRIBUTION uses both the Greek root nephr and the NOTing FOR vowels SALE added OR after DISTRIBUTION a slash and refers to them simply as Latin root ren for the kidney, an organ of the urinary system. roots, as in neur/o. A combining vowel is usually not used if

9781284216837_CH01_Cohen.indd 5 12/11/19 5:11 PM 6 Part I ■ Introduction to Medical Terminology

© Jones the& Bartlettending begins Learning, with a vowel. LLC For example, the root neur© Jones“pertaining & Bartlett to the throat”; Learning, coccyx LLC (terminal portion of the NOT FORis SALEcombined OR with DISTRIBUTION the suffix -itis, meaning “inflammationNOT spine) FOR becomes SALE coccyOR gDISTRIBUTIONeal (kok-SIJ-e-al), to mean “pertain- of,” in this way: ing to the coccyx.” If a vowel comes before the x, such as ax or ix, you neur + itis = neuritis (inflammation of a nerve) change the x to a c. Thus, thorax (chest) becomes thoracic This rule has some exceptions, particularly when they (tho-RAS-ik), to mean “pertaining to the chest”; and cervix affect pronunciation or© meaning, Jones and & youBartlett will observe Learning, these LLC(neck) becomes cervical (SER-vih-kal© Jones), to &mean Bartlett “pertaining Learning, LLC as you work. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONto a neck.” NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

Word Derivations SUFFIXES BEGINNING WITH rh When you add a suffix beginning with rh to a root, the r is As mentioned,© Jones most & Bartlettmedical word Learning, parts come LLC from Greek doubled. For© example: Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC (G.) and Latin (L.). The original words and their meanings are includedNOT FOR in this SALE text only OR occasionally. DISTRIBUTION However, they hem/o (blood)NOT +FOR rhage SALE(bursting OR forth) DISTRIBUTION = hemorrhage are interesting and may aid in learning. For example, muscle (a bursting forth of blood) comes from a Latin word that means “mouse” because the men/o (menses) + rhea (flow, discharge) = menorrhea movement of a muscle under the skin was thought to resem- (menstrual flow) ble the scampering of a mouse. The coccyx, the tail end of © Jones &the Bartlett spine, is named Learning, for the cuckoo LLC because it was thought to© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FORresemble SALE theOR cuckoo’s DISTRIBUTION bill (FIG. 1-3). For those interested inNOT Pronunciation FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION the derivations of medical words, a good medical dictionary This text provides phonetic pronunciations at every oppor- will provide this information. tunity, even in the answer keys. The web resource has a large audio pronunciation dictionary. Take advantage of these WORDS ENDING IN x aids. Repeat each word aloud as you learn to recognize it in © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLCprint or hear it on the web resource.© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC When you add a suffix to a word ending in x, the x is NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONThe following definitionsNOT apply FOR to pronunciation: SALE OR DISTRIBUTION changed to a g or a c. If there is a consonant before the x, such as yx or nx, the x is changed to a g. For example, phar- Vowel: There are five English vowels; a, e, i, o, u. Each has a ynx (throat) becomes pharyngeal (fah-RIN-je-al), to mean specific sound when pronounced. Syllable: A unit of pronunciation having one vowel sound, © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC forming© the Jones whole or & part Bartlett of a word. Learning, The number ofLLC times NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION you hearNOT a vowel FOR (a, e,SALE i, o, u) ORin a DISTRIBUTIONword is equal to the number of syllables contained in the word.

No special marks are needed to follow the pronuncia- Cervical vertebrae tion if you keep a few simple rules in mind. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © JonesRule 1 & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOTAny FOR vowel SALE that appears OR DISTRIBUTION alone or at the end of a syllable gets a long pronunciation. The alphabet sounds (when the vowel “says its name”) are called long vowels. They are called Thoracic “long” because we hold them longer than the short sounds. vertebrae © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLCVowel Long Pronunciation© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONa as in say, ate, taNOTpe FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION e as in tea, eat, seat i as in lie, mite, might o as in hose, oat, moat Lumbar vertebrae u as in sue, mute, cube © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC Rule 2 © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Any vowelNOT that appearsFOR SALE within ORa syllable DISTRIBUTION gets a short Sacrum pronunciation: Vowel Short Pronunciation a as in hat, pan, mat Coccyx e as in met, pen, bed © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones i& Bartlettas in Learning,bin, pin, mitt LLC NOT FORFIGURE SALE 1-3 OR Word DISTRIBUTION derivations. The coccyx of the spine is namedNOT FORo SALEas OR in n oDISTRIBUTIONt, cot, rot by its resemblance to a cuckoo’s bill. u as in run, mutt, hug

9781284216837_CH01_Cohen.indd 6 12/11/19 5:11 PM Chapter 1 ■ Concepts, Suffixes, and Prefixes of Medical Terminology 7 © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones Rule& Bartlett 3 Learning, LLC ■■ A hard c, as in candy, will be written as k (KAN-de). NOT FORIf SALEa vowel ORis at DISTRIBUTIONthe end of a syllable but needs a short proNOT- FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION ■■ A soft g, as in page, will be written as j (paje). nunciation, an h is added, as in vah-nil-ah for vanilla. ■■ A hard g, as in grow, will be written as g (gro). Rule 4 If a vowel within a syllable needs a long pronunciation, an e is added, as in re-pete for© Jonesrepeat. & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONSILENT LETTERS AND UNUSUALNOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Rule 5 PRONUNCIATIONS The accented syllable in each word is shown with capital A silent letter or an unusual pronunciation can be a prob- letters, as in AK-sent. 1 lem, especially if it appears at the start of a word that you Be aware that word parts may change in pronunciation are trying to look up in the dictionary. See BOX 1-2 for some when they are combined in different ways. Note also that © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC examples. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC accepted pronunciations may vary from place to place. Only The combinations in BOX 1-2 may be pronounced dif- one pronunciationNOT FOR forSALE each ORword DISTRIBUTION is given here, but be pre- NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION ferently when they appear within a word, as in diagnosis pared for differences. (di-ag-NO-sis), meaning determination of the cause of disease, in which the g is pronounced; apnea (AP-ne-ah), mean- SOFT AND HARD c AND g ing cessation of breathing, in which the p is pronounced; © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jonesnephro &pt osisBartlett (nef-rop-TO-sis Learning,), meaning LLC dropping of the kidney, in which the p is pronounced. NOT FOR■ ■SALEA soft cOR, as inDISTRIBUTION racer, will be written in pronunciations asNOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION s (RA-ser).

Letter(s) Pronunciation Example Definition of Example

ch © Jones k& Bartlett Learning,chemical LLC pertaining to the elements© Jones and their & interactionsBartlett (rootLearning, chem/o means LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONKEM-ih-kal “chemical”) NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION dys dis dysfunction difficult or abnormal (dys-) function dis-FUNK-shun

eu u euphoria exaggerated feeling of well-being (eu- means “true” or “good”) © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC u-FOR-e-ah © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALEgn OR DISTRIBUTIONn gnathic pertainingNOT FOR to the SALEjaw (gnath/o) OR DISTRIBUTION NATH-ik

ph f phantom illusion or imaginary image FAN-tom

pn n © Jones &pneumonia Bartlett Learning,inflammation LLC of the lungs (pneumon/o) © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALEnu-MO-ne-ah OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

ps s pseudonym false name (-nym) SU-do-nim

pt © Jones t& Bartlett Learning,ptosis LLC dropping, downward© displacement Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC TO-sis NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION rh r rhinoplasty plastic repair of the nose (rhin/o) RI-no-plas-te

x z xiphoid pertaining to cartilage attached to the sternum (from Greek xiphos, © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC ZI-foyd meaning© Jones “sword”) & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

9781284216837_CH01_Cohen.indd 7 12/11/19 5:11 PM 8 Part I ■ Introduction to Medical Terminology © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC SYMBOLS NOT FORAbbreviations SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Shortened words or initials can save time in writing medical Symbols are commonly used as shorthand in case histo- reports and case histories. We commonly use TV for televi- ries. Some examples are L and  for left and right and ↑ sion, Jr. for junior, F for Fahrenheit temperature readings, UV and ↓ for increase and decrease. A list of common symbols for ultraviolet, and Dr. for doctor. A few of the many medical appears in Chapter 3 and in Appendix 1. abbreviations are mL for© Jonesthe metric & measurement Bartlett Learning, milliliter; LLCSymbols and abbreviations© Jonescan save time,& Bartlett but they Learning,can LLC dB for decibels, units ofNOT sound FOR intensity; SALE CA for OR cancer; DISTRIBUTION hgb also cause confusion if they areNOT not universallyFOR SALE understood. OR DISTRIBUTION for hemoglobin; and ECG for electrocardiogram. Usage varies in different institutions, and the same abbreviation may have different meanings in different fields. For example, the acronym CRF can mean chronic renal failure PHRASE ABBREVIATIONS or case report form, and MS can represent mitral stenosis An acronym is an abbreviation formed from the first let- or multiple sclerosis. Again, as with roots having multiple ter of© each Jones word & in Bartlett a phrase. Learning, Some everyday LLC acronyms meanings, if© the Jones acronym & isBartlett not defined, Learning, its interpretation LLC are ASAPNOT (as FOR soon SALE as possible), OR DISTRIBUTION ATM (automated teller depends on NOTits context. FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION machine), and a computer’s RAM (random access mem- Some abbreviations and symbols are subject to error ory). Acronyms have become popular for saving time and and should never be used. These appear in “Do Not Use” space in naming objects, organizations, and procedures. lists published by organizations that promote patient safety, They abound in the names of government agencies: FDA such as the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Health- © Jones &(Food Bartlett and Drug Learning, Administration), LLC USDA (United States© Jonescare Organizations & Bartlett Learning,(JCAHO) and LLC the Institute for Safe NOT FORDepartment SALE OR of DISTRIBUTION Agriculture), and NIH (National InstiNOT- Medical FOR SALE Practices OR (ISMP). DISTRIBUTION Most institutions have a policy tutes of Health). Some medical acronyms are BP for blood manual that details the accepted abbreviations for that facil- pressure, MRI for magnetic resonance imaging, AIDS for ity. Only the most commonly used symbols and abbrevia- acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, CNS for the central tions are given here. nervous system, and RN for registered nurse. Acronyms and abbreviations that© appear Jones in a& chapter Bartlett are Learning,listed and LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC defined at the end of NOTthat chapter. FOR SALEAppendix OR 2 isDISTRIBUTION a more Medical DictionariesNOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION complete list of commonly used abbreviations and acro- With few exceptions, you can do all the exercises in this nyms with their meanings. An abbreviation dictionary is book without the aid of a dictionary, but medical dictio- also helpful. naries are valuable references for everyone in health-related

The terms listed below are emphasized in this chapter. Knowing them will help you organize and prioritize your learning. © Jones &These Bartlett boldface Learning, terms are alsoLLC found, collectively, with all© chapter Jones key & terms Bartlett in the Learning,Glossary. LLC NOT FOR SALEacronym OR DISTRIBUTIONAn abbreviation formed from the first letterNOT of FOReach word SALE in a phrase OR DISTRIBUTION AK-ro-nim

combining forms A word root combined with a vowel that links the root with another word part, such as a suffix or another kom-BI-ning root; combining forms are shown with a slash between the root and the vowel, as in neur/o

compound word A© word Jones that contains & Bartlett more than Learning, one root LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC KOM-pownd NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION prefix A word part added before a root to modify its meaning PRE-fix

root The fundamental unit of a word rute© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC suffixNOT FOR SALEA word OR part DISTRIBUTION added to the end of a root to modify its meaningNOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION SUH-fix

9781284216837_CH01_Cohen.indd 8 12/11/19 5:11 PM Chapter 1 ■ Concepts, Suffixes, and Prefixes of Medical Terminology 9

© Jones fields.& Bartlett These Learning,include not onlyLLC complete, unabridged ver©- Jonesof the & bone Bartlett marrow. Learning, Adding another LLC root, gen, which NOT FORsions, SALE but ORalso DISTRIBUTION easy-to-carry short versions and dictioNOT- represents FOR SALE genesis OR or origin,DISTRIBUTION and the adjective ending -ous naries of medical acronyms and abbreviations. Many of forms the word myelogenous, meaning “originating in these dictionaries are also available on the internet, and as bone marrow.” applications for smartphones and tablets. Dictionaries give The suffixes given in this chapter are general ones that information on meanings, synonyms, derivations, and are used throughout medical terminology. They include end- related terms. Those dictionaries© Jones intended & Bartlett for nursing Learning, and LLCings that form: © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC allied health professionsNOT include FOR more SALE complete OR DISTRIBUTION clinical NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION information, with notes on patient care. ■■ Nouns: a person, place, or thing Dictionaries vary in organization; in some, almost all ■■ Adjectives: words that modify nouns 1 terms are entered as nouns, such as disease, syndrome, pro- ■■ Plurals: endings that convert single nouns to multiples cedure, or test. Those with a more clinical approach enter some ©terms Jones according & Bartlett to their firstLearning, word, which LLC may be an Additional© Jones suffixes &will Bartlett be presented Learning, in later chapters LLC as adjectiveNOT or FORproper SALE name, ORfor example, DISTRIBUTION biomedical engi- they pertainNOT to disease FOR states, SALE medical OR treatments, DISTRIBUTION or specific neering, Cushing disease, and wind chill factor. This format body systems. makes it easier to look up some terms. All dictionaries have directions on how to use the book and interpret the entries, NOUN SUFFIXES as shown in Appendix 9, taken from Stedman’s Medical Dictionary, 28th ed. The following general suffixes convert roots into nouns. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © JonesTABLE 1-1& Bartlettlists suffixes Learning, that represent LLC different conditions. NOT FOR SALEIn addition OR DISTRIBUTION to information on individual terms andNOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION phrases, medical dictionaries have useful appendices on Note that the ending -sis may appear with different com- measurements, clinical tests, drugs, diagnosis, body struc- bining vowels as -osis, -iasis, -esis, or -asis. The first two of ture, information resources, and other topics. these denote an abnormal condition. TABLE 1-2 lists endings that convert roots into medical specialties or specialists. The suffix -logy applies to many © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLCfields other than medicine. It© contains Jones the & rootBartlett log/o taken Learning, LLC Suffixes NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONfrom the Greek word logos, whichNOT means FOR “word,” SALE and OR gen DISTRIBUTION- A suffix is a word ending that modifies a root. A suffix erally means a field of study. Some examples are biology, may indicate that the word is a noun or an adjective and archeology, terminology, and technology. Terms with this often determines how the definition of the word will begin ending are also used to identify an institutional department (BOX 1-3). For example, using the root myel/o, meaning or a specialty, as in cardiology, dermatology, radiology, and “bone© marrow,” Jones &the Bartlett adjective endingLearning, -oid forms LLC the word others. The ©two Jones endings & -iatrics Bartlett and - iatryLearning, contain theLLC root myeloidNOT, which FOR means SALE “like OR or DISTRIBUTIONpertaining to bone mar- -iatr/o, basedNOT on aFOR Greek SALE word forOR healing DISTRIBUTION and meaning row.” The ending -oma forms myeloma, which is a tumor “physician” or “medical treatment.”

Suffixes sometimes take on a color of their own as they are In science and medicine, the ending -tech is used to added to different words. The suffix -thon is taken from the imply high technology, as in the company name Genen- name of the Greek town© Marathon,Jones &from Bartlett which news Learning, of a bat- LLCtech, and -pure may be added© to Jonesinspire confidence, & Bartlett as in Learning, LLC tle victory was carriedNOT by a long-distance FOR SALE runner. OR It DISTRIBUTIONhas been the naming of the Multi-Pure waterNOT filter. FOR The SALEending - mateOR DISTRIBUTION attached to various words to mean a contest of great endur- suggests helping, as in helpmate, defined in the dictionary ance. We have bike-a-thons, dance-a-thons, telethons, and as a helpful companion, more specifically, a wife, or some- even major charity fundraisers called thon-a-thons. times, a husband. The medical device HeartMate is a pump The adjective ending -ish is used, as in boyish or childish, used to assist a damaged heart. In current terminology, the to suggest traces of certain characteristics. People tack it onto ending -ome refers to the objects in a comprehensive topic words© Jones to indicate & thatBartlett they are Learning, estimates, not LLCright on target, of study such© asJones microbiome & Bartlett (total microbiologic Learning, popula LLC- as NOTin forty-ish FOR or blue-ishSALE. AOR vague DISTRIBUTION time for a lunch appoint- tion associatedNOT with FOR an individual), SALE genomeOR DISTRIBUTION (study of all the ment could be noon-ish. genes in an individual), and proteome (the entire protein makeup of an individual).

9781284216837_CH01_Cohen.indd 9 12/11/19 5:11 PM 10 Part I ■ Introduction to Medical Terminology

Suffix Example Definition of Example -ia dementia loss of (de-) intellectual de-MEN-she-ah function (from L. mentis: © Jonesmind) & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC -ism racism NOT FORdiscrimination SALE based OR onDISTRIBUTION race NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION RA-sizm Thrombosis -sis thrombosis having a blood clot throm-BO-sis (thrombus) in a vessel FIGURE 1-4 Thrombosis. This term refers to having a blood clot (FIG. 1-4) (thrombus) in a vessel. The word thrombosis has the noun suffix -sis, -y© Jones atony & Bartlettlack Learning, (a-) of muscle LLC tone meaning “condition© Jones of.” & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOTAT-o-ne FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

Complete the exercise. To check your answers go to Appendix 11.

Write the suffix that means “condition of” in the following words. Remember to use the phonetics to pronounce each word as you work through© Jones the exercises. & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC 1. phobia (unfoundedNOT fear; FORfrom G. SALE phobos OR: fear) DISTRIBUTION NOTia FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION FO-be-ah 2. psoriasis (skin disease) so-RI-ah-sis 3. ©egotism Jones (exaggerated & Bartlett self-importance; Learning, from LLC ego: self) © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOTE-go-tizm FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 4. dystrophy (changes due to lack of nourishment; root: troph/o) DIS-tro-fe

5. anesthesia (loss of sensation; root: esthesi/o) (FIG. 1-5) © Jones & Bartlettan-es-THE-ze-ah Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE6. parasitism OR DISTRIBUTION (infection with parasites or behaving as a NOTparasite) FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION PAR-ah-sit-izm 7. stenosis (narrowing of a canal) steh-NO-sis 8. tetany (sustained muscle© Jones contraction) & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC TET-ah-ne NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 9. diuresis (increased urination; root: ur/o) di-u-RE-sis

9781284216837_CH01_Cohen.indd 10 12/11/19 5:11 PM Chapter 1 ■ Concepts, Suffixes, and Prefixes of Medical Terminology 11

Spinal 1

FIGURE 1-5 Injection sites for anesthesia. The word anesthesia FIGURE 1-6 Pediatrics is the care and treatment of children. uses the noun suffix -ia, meaning “condition of. ” The dura is a The ending -ics indicates a medical specialty. In this photo, a layer of the meninges, the membranes that cover the brain and pediatrician, one who practices pediatrics, is testing an infant’s spinal cord. One who administers© Jones anesthesia & Bartlett is an anesthetist Learning, or LLCreflexes. The root ped/o means “child.”© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC anesthesiologist. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

Table 1-2 Suffixes for Medical Specialties

Suffix© Jones Meaning & Bartlett Learning,Example LLC Definition ©of JonesExample & Bartlett Learning, LLC -ianNOT FOR specialist SALE in a field OR of study DISTRIBUTION physician practitioner ofNOT medicine FOR (from SALE root physi OR/o ,DISTRIBUTION meaning “nature”) fih-ZISH-un -iatrics medical specialty pediatrics care and treatment of children (ped/o) (FIG. 1-6) pe-de-AT-riks -iatry medical specialty psychiatry study and treatment of mental (psych/o) disorders © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC si-KI-ah-tre © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR -icsSALE OR medical DISTRIBUTION specialty orthopedics NOT studyFOR and SALE treatment OR of theDISTRIBUTION skeleton and joints (from root ped/o, or-tho-PE-diks meaning “child,” and prefix ortho, meaning “straight”) -ist specialist in a field of study podiatrist one who studies and treats the foot (pod/o) po-DI-ah-trist -logy study of physiology study of function in a living organism (from root physi/o, © Jones & Bartlettfiz-e-OL-o-je Learning, LLCmeaning “nature”) © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

Exercise 1-2

Complete© Jones the exercise.& Bartlett To check Learning, your answers LLC go to Appendix 11. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Write the suffix in the following words that means “study of,” “medical specialty,” or “specialist in a field of study.”

1. cardiologist (specialist in the study and treatment of the heart; root: cardi/o) ist kar-de-OL-o-jist © Jones & Bartlett2. neurology Learning, (the study LLCof the nervous system; root: neur/o)© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE nu-ROL-o-je OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

(continued)

9781284216837_CH01_Cohen.indd 11 12/11/19 5:11 PM 12 Part I ■ Introduction to Medical Terminology

3. geriatrics (study and treatment of the aged; root: ger/e) (FIG. 1-7) jer-e-AT-riks 4. dermatology (study© Jones and treatment & Bartlett of the skin, Learning, or derma) LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC der-mah-TOL-o-jeNOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 5. optician (one who makes and fits corrective lenses for the eyes; root: opt/o) op-TISH-an

6. ©anesthetist Jones &(one Bartlett who administers Learning, anesthesia) LLC (see FIG. 1-5) © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOTah-NES-theh-tist FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Write a word for a specialist in the following fields.

7. anatomy (study of body structure) anatomist © Jones & Bartlett ah-NAT-o-me Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE8. pediatrics OR DISTRIBUTION (care and treatment of children; root: ped/o)NOT (see FOR FIG. 1-6 SALE) OR DISTRIBUTION pe-de-AT-riks 9. radiology (use of radiation in diagnosis and treatment) ra-de-OL-o-je 10. psychology (study© ofJones the mind; & Bartlettroot: psych/o) Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC si-KOL-o-je NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 11. technology (practical application of science) tek-NOL-o-je 12. obstetrics (medical specialty concerning pregnancy and birth) ©ob-STET-riks Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOTADJECTIVE FOR SALE SUFFIXES OR DISTRIBUTION The suffixes below are all adjective endings that mean “pertaining to,” “like,” or “resembling” (TABLE 1-3). There are no rules for which ending to use for a given noun. Familiarity comes with practice. When necessary, tips on proper usage © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLCare given in the text. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONNote that for words endingNOT with FOR the suffix SALE -sis, theOR first DISTRIBUTION s is changed to a t before adding -ic to form the adjective, as in genetic, pertaining to genesis (origin); psychotic, pertaining to psychosis (a mental disorder); or diuretic, pertaining to diuresis (increased urination). © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

FIGURE 1-7 Geriatrics is the care and treatment of the aged. A specialist in this field, a geriatrician, is shown. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

9781284216837_CH01_Cohen.indd 12 12/11/19 5:11 PM Chapter 1 ■ Concepts, Suffixes, and Prefixes of Medical Terminology 13

Suffix Example Definition of Example -ac cardiac pertaining to the heart KAR-de-ak -al ©vocal Jones & Bartlett Learning,pertaining to theLLC voice © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOTVO-kal FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION -ar nuclear pertaining to a nucleus NU-kle-ar 1 -ary salivary pertaining to saliva SAL-ih-var-e © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC -form muciform like or resembling mucus NOT FOR SALEMU-sih-form OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION -ic anatomic pertaining to anatomy (FIG. 1-8) an-ah-TOM-ik -ical (ic + al) electrical pertaining to electricity © Jones & Bartlett Learning,e-LEK-trih-kal LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC -ile virile pertaining to the male, masculine NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONVIR-il NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION -oid lymphoid pertaining to the lymphatic system LIM-foyd -ory circulatory pertaining to circulation ©SIR-ku-lah-tor-e Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC -ous NOTcutaneous FOR SALE OR pertainingDISTRIBUTION to the skin (from L. cutis: skin) NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION ku-TA-ne-us

FIGURE 1-8 The anatomic position. This posture is standard in © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLCthe study of anatomy. A person© in Jones this position & isBartlett facing forward Learning, with LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONarms at the side and palms forwardNOT (anterior). FOR TheSALE adjective OR suffix DISTRIBUTION -ic means “pertaining to.”

9781284216837_CH01_Cohen.indd 13 12/11/19 5:11 PM 14 Part I ■ Introduction to Medical Terminology

Complete the exercise. To check your answers go to Appendix 11.

Identify the suffix meaning “pertaining to,” “like,” or “resembling” in the following words. Remember to use the phonetics to pronounce© Jones each word & asBartlett you work Learning, through the exercises.LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION ary 1. dietary (pertaining to the diet) DI-eh-tar-e

2. neuronal (pertaining to a nerve cell, or neuron) (FIG. 1-9) ©NU-ro-nal Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC 3. NOTmetric FOR (pertaining SALE to ORa meter DISTRIBUTION or measurement; root metr/o NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION means “measure”) MEH-trik 4. venous (pertaining to a vein; root: ven/o) VE-nus © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE5. epileptiform OR DISTRIBUTION (like or resembling epilepsy) NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION ep-ih-LEP-tih-form 6. toxoid (like or resembling a toxin, or poison) TOK-soyd 7. topical (pertaining© Jonesto a surface) & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC TOP-ih-kal NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 8. febrile (pertaining to fever) FEB-rile 9. neurotic (pertaining to neurosis, a mental disorder) ©nu-ROT-ik Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC 10.NOT surgical FOR (pertaining SALE to OR surgery) DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION SUR-jih-kal 11. muscular (pertaining to a muscle) MUS-ku-lar © Jones & 12.Bartlett urinary Learning, (pertaining to LLC urine; root: ur/o) © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALEU-rih-nar-e OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 13. respiratory (pertaining to respiration) RES-pih-rah-tor-e

14. pelvic (pertaining to the pelvis) (FIG. 1-10) PEL-vik © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC 15. saccular (pouch-like,NOT resembling FOR SALE a small OR sac) DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION SAK-u-lar

9781284216837_CH01_Cohen.indd 14 12/11/19 5:11 PM Chapter 1 ■ Concepts, Suffixes, and Prefixes of Medical Terminology 15

Neuron 1

FIGURE 1-9 A neuron is a nerve cell. The adjective form of © Jones &neuron Bartlett is neuronal Learning,. LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Forming Plurals Many medical words have special plural forms based on the ending of the word. TABLE© Jones 1-4 gives & some Bartlett general Learning, rules for LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC the formation of plurals along with examples. The plural endings listed in the secondNOT column FOR SALEare substituted OR DISTRIBUTION for the FIGURE 1-10 The pelvis is the NOTbony hip FOR girdle. SALE The adjective OR DISTRIBUTION word endings in the first column. Note that both singular form of pelvis is pelvic. endings -on and -um change to -a for the plural. You have to learn which singular ending to use for specific words when converting a plural word ending in -a to the singular. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Table 1-4 Plural Endings

Word Ending Plural Ending Singular Example Plural Example © Jones &a Bartlett Learning,ae LLC vertebra (bone© of Jones the spine) & Bartlett Learning,vertebrae LLC (FIG. 1-11) VER-teh-brah VER-teh-bre NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION en ina lumen (central opening) lumina (FIG. 1-12) LU-men LU-min-ah ex, ix, yx ices matrix (background substance; mold) matrices MA-triks MA-trih-seze is ©es Jones & Bartlettdiagnosis Learning, (determination LLC of a disease or defect) diagnoses© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE ORdi-ag-NO-sis DISTRIBUTION di-ag-NO-sezeNOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION ma mata stigma (mark or scar) stigmata STIG-mah stig-MAT-ah nx (anx, inx, ynx) nges phalanx (bone of finger or toe) phalanges (FIG. 1-13) fah-LANKS fah-LAN-jeze on © Jones & Bartletta Learning, LLCganglion (mass of nervous tissue)© Jones & Bartlettganglia Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONGANG-le-on NOT FOR SALEGANG-le-ah OR DISTRIBUTION um a serum (thin fluid) sera SE-rum SE-rah us i thrombus (see FIG. 1-4) thrombi THROM-bus THROM-bi © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

9781284216837_CH01_Cohen.indd 15 12/11/19 5:11 PM 16 Part I ■ Introduction to Medical Terminology

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC 1 © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC 2 NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 3 NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 © Jones & Bartlett4 Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE5 OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 6 Artery 7 Vein 8 9 1010 © Jones & Bartlett Learning,1111 LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION1212 NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 1

A 3

4 © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC 5 NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONLumen FIGURE 1-12 A lumen is the central opening of an organ or vessel. Two blood vessels are shown, an artery and a vein. The plural of lumen is lumina. © Jones &B Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC FIGURE 1-11 Bones of theNOT spine. FOR A. Each SALE bone of OR the spine DISTRIBUTION is a NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION vertebra. B. The spinal column is made of 26 vertebrae.

Proximal phalanx © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

FIGURE 1-13 Bones of the right hand (anterior view). Each © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLCbone of a finger or toe is a phalanx.© Jones Each hand & has Bartlett 15 phalanges. Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

9781284216837_CH01_Cohen.indd 16 12/11/19 5:11 PM Chapter 1 ■ Concepts, Suffixes, and Prefixes of Medical Terminology 17

Complete the exercise. To check your answers go to Appendix 11.

Write the plural form of the following words. The word ending is underlined in each. Remember to use the phonetics to pronounce each word© Jones as you work& Bartlett through theLearning, exercises. LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOTpatellae FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 1. patella (kneecap) pah-TEL-ah 1 2. phenomenon (occurrence or perception) ©feh-NOM-eh-non Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC 3. NOTomentum FOR (abdominal SALE OR membrane) DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION o-MEN-tum 4. prognosis (prediction of disease outcome) prog-NO-sis © Jones & Bartlett5. apex (tip Learning, or peak) LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALEA-peks OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 6. ovum (female reproductive cell; egg) O-vum 7. spermatozoon (male reproductive cell; sperm cell) sper-mah-to-ZO-on© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC 8. meninx (membraneNOT around FOR the SALE brain and OR spinal DISTRIBUTION cord) NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION MEH-ninks 9. embolus (blockage in a vessel) EM-bo-lus © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC Write the singular form of the following words. The word ending is underlined in each. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION protozoon 10. protozoa (single-celled animals) pro-to-ZO-ah 11. appendices (things added) © Jones & Bartlettah-PEN-dih-seze Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE12. adenomata OR DISTRIBUTION (tumors of glands) NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION ad-eh-NO-mah-tah 13. fungi (simple, nongreen plants) FUN-ji 14. pelves (cup-shaped© Jonescavities) & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC PEL-veze NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 15. foramina (openings, passageways) fo-RAM-ih-na 16. curricula (series of courses) ©kur-RIK-u-lah Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC 17.NOT indices FOR (directories, SALE lists) OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION IN-dih-seze 18. alveoli (small sacs) al-VE-o-li © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

9781284216837_CH01_Cohen.indd 17 12/11/19 5:11 PM 18 Part I ■ Introduction to Medical Terminology © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones SOME& Bartlett EXCEPTIONS Learning, TO LLC THE RULES means “side.” Adding the prefix uni-, meaning “one,” forms NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOTunilateral FOR SALE, which OR means DISTRIBUTION “affecting or involving one side.” There are exceptions to the rules given for forming plurals, Adding the prefix contra-, meaning “against or opposite,” some of which will appear in later chapters. For example, forms contralateral, which refers to an opposite side. The the plural of sinus (space) is sinuses, the plural of virus is term equilateral means “having equal sides.” Prefixes in this viruses, and serums (thin fluids) is sometimes used instead of book are followed by dashes to show that word parts are sera. An -es ending may be added to words ending in -ex or © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLCadded to the prefix to form a© word.Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC -ix to form a plural, as in appendixes, apexes, and indexes. Most of the prefixes used in medical terminology are Some incorrect pluralNOT forms FOR are SALEin common OR usage, DISTRIBUTION for NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION shown in TABLES 1-5 to 1-12. Although the list is long, almost example, stigmas instead of stigmata, referendums instead of all of the prefixes you will need to work through this book referenda, stadiums instead of stadia. Often people use pha- are presented here. Some additional prefixes, including those lange instead of phalanx as the singular of phalanges. Words related to disease, are given in several later chapters. The ending in -oma, meaning “tumor,” should be changed to meanings of many of the prefixes in this chapter are famil- -omata©, butJones most people& Bartlett just add Learning, an s to form theLLC plural. For © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC iar to you from words that are already in your vocabulary. example,NOT the FOR plural SALE of carcinoma OR DISTRIBUTION (a type of cancer) should NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION You may not know all the words in the exercises, but make be carcinomata, but carcinomas is commonly used. your best guess. The words in the tables are given as examples of usage. Almost all of them reappear in other chapters. If you forget a prefix as you work, you may refer to this © Jones &Prefixes Bartlett Learning, LLC © Joneschapter & or Bartlett to the alphabetical Learning, lists LLC of word parts and their NOT FORA SALE prefix isOR a short DISTRIBUTION word part added before a word or wordNOT meanings FOR SALE in Appendices OR DISTRIBUTION 3 and 4. Appendix 7 lists prefixes root to modify its meaning. For example, the word lateral only.

Table 1-5 Prefixes© Jones for Numbers & Bartletta Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Prefix Meaning Example Definition of Example prim/i- first primary first PRI-mar-e mon/o- one monocular having one eyepiece or affecting one eye © Jones & Bartlett Learning,mon-OK-u-lar LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC uni- NOT FORone SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONunite formNOT into oneFOR part SALE OR DISTRIBUTION u-NITE hemi- half, one side hemisphere one-half of a rounded structure (FIG. 1-14) HEM-ih-sfere semi- half, partial semipermeable partially permeable (capable of being penetrated) © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC sem-e-PER-me-ah-bl© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR bi-SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONtwo, twice binary NOT FOR SALEmade up OR of two DISTRIBUTION parts BI-nar-e di- two, twice diatomic having two atoms di-ah-TOM-ik dipl/o- double diplococci round bacteria (cocci) that grow in groups of two © Jones & Bartlettdip-lo-KOK-si Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC tri- three NOT FOR SALEtricuspid OR DISTRIBUTION having three points or NOTcusps (FIG. FOR 1-15) SALE OR DISTRIBUTION tri-KUS-pid quadr/i- four quadruplet one of four babies born together kwah-DRUPE-let tetra- four tetralogy a group of four © Jones & Bartlett Learning,tet-RAL-o-je LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC multi-NOT FORmany SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONmulticellular consistingNOT FORof many SALE cells (FIG. OR 1-16) DISTRIBUTION mul-ti-SEL-u-lar poly- many, much polymorphous having many forms (morph/o) pol-e-MOR-fus

a © Jones &Prefixes Bartlett pertaining Learning, to the metric LLCsystem are in Appendix 8-2. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

9781284216837_CH01_Cohen.indd 18 12/11/19 5:11 PM Chapter 1 ■ Concepts, Suffixes, and Prefixes of Medical Terminology 19

ANTERIOR ANTERIOR © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FORFIGURE SALE 1-14 OR Brain DISTRIBUTION hemispheres. Each half of the brain is a NOTFIGURE FOR 1-15SALE Heart OR valv DISTRIBUTIONes. The valve on the heart’s right side, the hemisphere. The prefix hemi- means half or one side. tricuspid, has three cusps (flaps); the valve on the heart’s left side, the bicuspid, has two cusps. The prefixes bi- and tri- indicate number.

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONFIGURE 1-16 A multicellularNOT organism. FOR This SALE fungus hasOR more DISTRIBUTION than one cell. It is a simple multicellular organism.

Exercise 1-5© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Complete the exercise. To check your answers go to Appendix 11.

Fill in the blanks. Use the phonetics to pronounce each word as you work through the exercises.

1.© Place Jones the following & Bartlett prefixes Learning, in order ofLLC increasing numbers: tri, uni-,© tetra-, Jones bi- ______& Bartlett Learning, LLC 2.NOT A binocular FOR SALE(bi-NOK-u-lar OR DISTRIBUTION) microscope has ______NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION eyepieces. 3. A quadruped (KWAD-ru-ped) animal walks on ______feet (ped/o). 4. The term unilateral (u-nih-LAT-eh-ral) refers to ______side (later/o). © Jones & Bartlett5. The term Learning, semilunar ( sem-e-LU-narLLC ) means shaped like© Jones a ______& Bartlett Learning, LLC moon. NOT FOR SALE6. A diploid OR DISTRIBUTION (DIP-loyd) organism has ______NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION sets of chromosomes (-ploid).

(continued)

9781284216837_CH01_Cohen.indd 19 12/11/19 5:11 PM 20 Part I ■ Introduction to Medical Terminology

7. A tetrad (TET-rad) has ______components. 8. A tripod (TRI-pod) has ______legs. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC 9. Monophonic (mon-o-FON-ikNOT FOR )SALE sound hasOR ______DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE channel. OR DISTRIBUTION Give a prefix that is similar in meaning to each of the following.

10. di- ______11.© poly- Jones ______& Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC 12.NOT hemi- FOR ______SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 13. mon/o- ______

Prefix Meaning Example Definition of Example cyan/o- blue © Jones & Bartlettcyanosis Learning,bluish LLC discoloration of the skin due© to Joneslack of oxygen & Bartlett (FIG. 1-17) Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALEsi-ah-NO-sis OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION erythr/o- red erythrocyte red blood cell (-cyte) eh-RITH-ro-site leuk/o- white, colorless leukemia cancer of white blood cells lu-KE-me-ah melan/o-© Jones black,& Bartlett dark Learning,melanin LLC the dark pigment© that Jones colors the& Bartletthair and skin Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONMEL-ah-nin NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION xanth/o- yellow xanthoma yellow growth (-oma) on the skin zan-THO-mah

© Jones & Bartlett Learning,FIGURE LLC 1-17 Cyanosis, a bluish ©disc Jonesoloration. & This Bartlett abnormal Learning, coloration LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONis seen in the toenails and toes, as comparedNOT FOR to the normalSALE coloration OR DISTRIBUTION of the fingertips. The prefix cyan/o- means “blue.”

9781284216837_CH01_Cohen.indd 20 12/11/19 5:11 PM Chapter 1 ■ Concepts, Suffixes, and Prefixes of Medical Terminology 21

Complete the exercise. To check your answers go to Appendix 11.

Match the following terms, and write the appropriate letter to the left of each number. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC 1. melanocyte (NOTMEL-ah-no-site FOR SALE) OR DISTRIBUTIONa. pertaining to bluish discolorationNOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 2. xanthoderma (zan-tho-DER-mah) b. redness of the skin 1 3. cyanotic (si-ah-NOT-ik) c. yellow coloration of the skin © 4. Jones erythema & (Bartletteh-RIH-the-mah Learning,) LLC d. cell that produces© Jones dark pigment& Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT 5. leukocyte FOR SALE (LU-ko-site OR) DISTRIBUTION e. white bloodNOT cell FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

Table 1-7 Negative Prefixes © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR PrefixSALE OR DISTRIBUTION Meaning Example NOT FOR SALEDefinition OR of DISTRIBUTION Example a-, an- not, without, lack of, anhydrous lacking water (hydr/o) absence an-HI-drus anti- against antiseptic agent used to prevent infection (sepsis) an-tih-SEP-tik © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC contra- against, opposite, contraindicated against recommendations, not advisable opposedNOT FOR SALEkon-trah-IN-dih-ka-ted OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION de- down, without, removal, decalcify remove calcium (calc/i) from loss de-KAL-sih-fi dis- absence, removal, dissect to separate tissues for anatomic study © Jones &separation Bartlett Learning,dih-SEKT LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC in-a, im- (used not incontinent not able to contain or control discharge of excretions beforeNOT b, m, FORp) SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONin-KON-tih-nent NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION non- not noncontributory not significant, not adding information to a medical non-kon-TRIB-u-tor-e diagnosis unnot uncoordinated not working together, not coordinated © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC un-ko-OR-dih-na-ted© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC a NOT FOR MaySALE also mean OR “in” DISTRIBUTION or “into” as in inject, inhale. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

Exercise 1-7 © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC Complete the exercise.NOT To check FOR your SALE answers OR go DISTRIBUTION to Appendix 11. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Identify and define the prefix in the following words. Prefix Meaning of Prefix a not, without, lack of, absence 1.© aseptic Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC ______©______Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC 2.NOT antidote FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION ______NOT______FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 3. amnesia ______4. disintegrate ______

(continued)

9781284216837_CH01_Cohen.indd 21 12/11/19 5:11 PM 22 Part I ■ Introduction to Medical Terminology

7. depilatory ______8. nonconductor ______© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC Add a prefix to formNOT the negativ FORe ofSALE the following OR DISTRIBUTION words. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 9. conscious unconscious 10. significant ______11.© infect Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC ©______Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC 12.NOT usual FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT______FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 13. specific ______14. congestant ______© Jones & 15.Bartlett compatible Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett______Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

Table 1-8 Prefixes for Direction

Prefix Meaning© Jones & BartlettExample Learning, LLCDefinition of Example © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC ab- away fromNOT FOR SALEabduct OR DISTRIBUTIONto move away from the midline (FIG.NOT 1-18 FOR) SALE OR DISTRIBUTION ab-DUKT ad- toward, near adduct to move toward the midline (see FIG. 1-18) ad-DUKT dia- through diarrhea frequent discharge of fluid fecal matter © Jones & Bartlett Learning,di-ah-RE-ah LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC per- NOT FORthrough SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONpercutaneous through the skinNOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION per-ku-TA-ne-us trans- through transected cut (sectioned) through or across tran-SEKT-ed © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

A b d u c ti on

FIGURE 1-18 Abduction and adduction. The prefix ab- means “away from”; the leg is moved away from the body in abduction. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLCThe prefix ad- means “toward”;© the Jones leg is moved & Bartletttoward the bodyLearning, in LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONadduction. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

9781284216837_CH01_Cohen.indd 22 12/11/19 5:11 PM Chapter 1 ■ Concepts, Suffixes, and Prefixes of Medical Terminology 23

Complete the exercise. To check your answers go to Appendix 11.

Identify and define the prefix in the following words. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE Prefix OR DISTRIBUTION Meaning of PrefixNOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION dia through 1. dialysis ______1 2. percolate ______3. adjacent ______© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC 4. absentNOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION______NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 5. diameter ______6. transport ______

Prefix Meaning Example Definition of Example hyper- over, excess, abnormally high, hyperthermia high body temperature increased© Jones & Bartlett Learning,hi-per-THER-me-ah LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC hypo-a under, below,NOT abnormally FOR SALE low, ORhyposecretion DISTRIBUTION underproduction NOTof a substance FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION decreased hi-po-se-KRE-shun olig/o- few, scanty oligospermia abnormally low number of sperm cells in semen ol-ih-go-SPER-me-ah pan-© Jonesall & Bartlett Learning, LLCpandemic ©disease Jones affecting & Bartlett an entire populationLearning, LLC pan-DEM-ik NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION super-a above, excess supernumerary in excess number su-per-NU-mer-ar-e

aMay also indicate position, as in hypodermic, superficial.

Complete the exercise. To check your answers go to Appendix 11.

Match the following ©terms, Jones and write& Bartlett the appropriate Learning, letter to LLC the left of each number. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 1. hypotensive (hi-po-TEN-siv) a. excess breathing 2. oligodontia (ol-ih-go-DON-she-ah) b. something written above 3. panplegia (pan-PLE-je-ah) c. having low blood pressure © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC 4. superscript (SU-per-skript) d. total paralysis NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 5. hyperventilation (hi-per-ven-tih-LA-shun) e. less than the normal number of teeth

9781284216837_CH01_Cohen.indd 23 12/11/19 5:11 PM 24 Part I ■ Introduction to Medical Terminology

Prefix Meaning Example Definition of Example equi- equal, same equilibrium a state of balance, state in which conditions remain e-kwih-LIB-re-um the same eu- true,© Jones good, easy, & normal Bartlett Learning, euthanasia LLC easy or painless death© (thanat/o)Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONu-thah-NA-ze-ah NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION hetero- other, different, unequal heterogeneous composed of different materials, not uniform het-er-o-JE-ne-us homo-, homeo- same, unchanging homograft tissue transplanted to another of the same species HO-mo-graft © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC iso- equal, same isocellular composed of similar cells NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONi-so-SEL-u-lar NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION macro- large, abnormally large macroscopic large enough to be seen without a microscope mak-ro-SKOP-ik mega-a, megal/o large, abnormally large megacolon enlargement of the colon © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC meg-ah-KO-lon© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC micro-a small microcyte very small cell (-cyte) NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION MI-kro-siteNOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION neo- new neonate a newborn infant (FIG. 1-19) NE-o-nate normo- normal normovolemia normal blood volume © Jones & Bartlett Learning,nor-mo-vol-E-me-ah LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC ortho- straight,NOT FORcorrect, SALEupright OR DISTRIBUTION orthodontics branch of dentistry NOTconcerned FOR with SALEcorrection OR and DISTRIBUTION or-tho-DON-tiks straightening of the teeth (odont/o) poikilo- varied, irregular poikilothermic having variable body temperature (therm/o) poy-kih-lo-THER-mik pseudo- false pseudoplegia false paralysis (-plegia) © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC su-do-PLE-je-ah © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC re- NOT FOR SALEagain, ORback DISTRIBUTIONreflux NOTbackward FOR flow SALE OR DISTRIBUTION RE-flux

aMega- also means 1 million, as in megahertz. Micro- also means 1 millionth, as in microsecond.

9781284216837_CH01_Cohen.indd 24 12/11/19 5:11 PM Chapter 1 ■ Concepts, Suffixes, and Prefixes of Medical Terminology 25

Complete the exercise. To check your answers go to Appendix 11.

Match the following terms, and write the appropriate letter to the left of each number. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC 1. isograft (I-so-graftNOT) FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONa. having a constant body temperatureNOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 2. orthotic (or-THOT-ik) b. irregular, mottled condition of the skin 1 3. pseudoreaction (su-do-re-AK-shun) c. false response © 4. Jones poikiloderma & Bartlett (poy-kil-o-DER-mah Learning, )LLC d. tissue transplanted© Jones between & Bartlett identical Learning, individuals LLC NOT 5. homothermic FOR SALE (ho-mo-THER-mik OR DISTRIBUTION) e. straighteningNOT or FOR correcting SALE deformity OR DISTRIBUTION

Identify and define the prefix in the following words. Prefix Meaning of Prefix © Jones & Bartlett6. homeostasis Learning, LLC © Jones______homeo & Bartlett______Learning,same, unchanging LLC NOT FOR SALE 7. equivalent OR DISTRIBUTION NOT______FOR SALE______OR DISTRIBUTION 8. orthopedics ______9. rehabilitation ______10. euthyroidism © Jones & Bartlett Learning, ______LLC ______© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC 11. neocortex NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION______NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 12. megabladder ______13. isometric ______14.© normothermic Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC ______©______Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC WriteNOT the FORopposite SALE of the ORfollowing DISTRIBUTION words. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

15. homogeneous (of uniform composition) ______ho-mo-JE-ne-us 16. macroscopic (large enough to see with the naked eye) ______© Jones & Bartlettmah-kro-SKOP-ik Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

Table 1-11 Prefixes for Time and/or Position © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC Prefix MeaningNOT FOR SALE ORExample DISTRIBUTION Definition of ExampleNOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION ante- before antenatal before birth (nat/i) an-te-NA-tal pre- before, in front of premature occurring before the proper time pre-mah-CHUR pro-© Jones &before, Bartlett in front Learning, of LLCprodrome symptom© Jones that precedes& Bartlett a disease Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONPRO-drome NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION post- after, behind postnasal behind the nose (nas/o) post-NA-sal

9781284216837_CH01_Cohen.indd 25 12/11/19 5:11 PM 26 Part I ■ Introduction to Medical Terminology

Complete the exercise. To check your answers go to Appendix 11.

Match the following terms, and write the appropriate letter to the left of each number. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC 1. postmortem NOT(post-MOR-tem FOR SALE) OR DISTRIBUTIONa. to occur before another eventNOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 2. antedate (AN-te-date) b. ancestor, one who comes before 3. progenitor (pro-JEN-ih-tor) c. before birth (parturition) 4. prepartum (pre-PAR-tum) d. throwing or extending forward © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT 5. projectile FOR SALE (pro-JEK-tile OR DISTRIBUTION) e. occurringNOT after deathFOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Identify and define the prefix in the following words. Prefix Meaning of Prefix 6. prediction (pre-DIK-shun) ______pre ______before, in front of © Jones & Bartlett7. postmenopausal Learning, (post-men-o-PAW LLC -zal) © Jones______& Bartlett ______Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 8. procedure (pro-SE-jur) ______9. predisposing (pre-dis-PO-zing) ______10. antepartum (an-te-PAR-tum) ______© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Table 1-12 Prefixes for Position

Prefix Meaning Example Definition of Example dextr/o- right dextrogastria displacement of the stomach (gastr/o) to the © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLCdeks-tro-GAS-tre-ah © Jonesright & Bartlett Learning, LLC sinistr/o-NOT FOR SALEleft OR DISTRIBUTIONsinistromanual NOTleft-handed FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION sin-is-tro-MAN-u-al ec-, ecto- out, outside ectopic out of normal position ek-TOP-ik ex/o- away from, outside excise to cut out © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC ek-SIZE © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR end/o-SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONin, within endodermNOT FOR SALEinner OR layer DISTRIBUTION of a developing embryo EN-do-derm mes/o- middle mesencephalon middle portion of the brain (encephalon), mes-en-SEF-ah-lon midbrain syn-, sym- (used together synapse a junction between two nerve cells (FIG. 1-20) before b, m, p) © Jones & Bartlett Learning,SIN-aps LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC tel/e-, tel/o- end,NOT far, atFOR a distance SALE OR teletherapy DISTRIBUTION radiation therapyNOT delivered FOR at aSALE distance ORfrom DISTRIBUTION tel-eh-THER-ah-pe the body

Synapse © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC PresynapticNOT FOR cell SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

FIGURE 1-20 A synapse. Nerve cells come together at a © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jonessynapse, & Bartlett as shown by Learning, the prefix syn-. LLC The presynaptic cell is Postsynaptic NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FORlocated SALE before (prefix OR preDISTRIBUTION-) the synapse; the postsynaptic cell is cell located after (prefix post-) the synapse.

9781284216837_CH01_Cohen.indd 26 12/11/19 5:11 PM Chapter 1 ■ Concepts, Suffixes, and Prefixes of Medical Terminology 27

Complete the exercise. To check your answers go to Appendix 11.

Match the following terms, and write the appropriate letter to the left of each number. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC 1. mesoderm (MES-o-dermNOT FOR) SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONa. displacement of the heart toNOT the leftFOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 2. symbiosis (sim-bi-O-sis) b. device for viewing the inside of a structure 1 3. sinistrocardia (sin-is-tro-KAR-de-ah) c. two organisms living together © 4. Jones endoscope & Bartlett (EN-do-skope Learning,) LLC d. last stage© of Jones cell division & Bartlett (mitosis) Learning, LLC NOT 5. telephase FOR SALE (TEL-eh-faze OR DISTRIBUTION) e. middle layerNOT of FORa developing SALE embryo OR DISTRIBUTION

Identify and define the prefix in the following words. Prefix Meaning of Prefix sym together © Jones & Bartlett6. sympathetic Learning, (sim-pah-THET-ik LLC ) © Jones______& Bartlett ______Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE 7. extract OR ( EKS-tractDISTRIBUTION) NOT______FOR SALE ______OR DISTRIBUTION 8. ectoparasite (ek-to-PAR-ah-site) ______9. syndrome (SIN-drome) ______10. endotoxin (en-do-TOX-in© Jones) & Bartlett Learning, ______LLC ______© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC Write the opposite ofNOT the following FOR SALE words. OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

11. exogenous (outside the organism) ______eks-OJ-eh-nus

12.© dextromanual Jones & Bartlett (right-handed) Learning, LLC ______© Jones______& Bartlett Learning, LLC NOTdeks-tro-MAN-u-al FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

13. ectoderm (outermost layer of the embryo) ______EK-to-derm

David’s Follow-up monthly prescriptions filled. David also joined the local David took the recommendations© Jones & andBartlett instructions Learning, from LLChealth club where he received© a Jones student discount.& Bartlett The Learning, LLC the gastroenterologist seriously. He was aware of the club allowed free sessions with a personal trainer who consequences of GERDNOT since FOR his father SALE had OR undergone DISTRIBUTION helped David develop an exerciseNOT routine FOR alongSALE with OR DISTRIBUTION a surgical procedure for it 2 years ago. David’s father some diet tips. Soon David developed friendships with had allowed his symptoms to go untreated which others at the club and began playing racquetball. caused damage to his esophagus requiring surgery. At his 3-month follow-up appointment, David Even© Jones after surgery, & Bartlett David’s father Learning, continues LLC to have reported no© repeat Jones episodes & Bartlett of epigastric Learning, pain. He LLC ongoingNOT FORissues SALEdue to his OR noncompliance DISTRIBUTION with meds completed hisNOT prescription FOR SALE of Prevacid, OR lost DISTRIBUTION 10 pounds, and obesity. David saw first-hand what he could be changed his diet, and with the advice of his educational facing if he did not take care of his health. counselor cut back on some of his classes for the new David knew he had a lot to accomplish prior to semester. The gastroenterologist concluded that David’s his 3-month follow-up with his physician. He followed initial experience with epigastric pain was most likely due © Jones & Bartlettthe dosage Learning, instructions onLLC his Prevacid and made sure© Jonesto gastroesophageal & Bartlett Learning,reflux (GER) and LLC had been relieved NOT FOR SALEhe stopped OR byDISTRIBUTION the student health center to have his NOTby FOR Prevacid SALE and throughOR DISTRIBUTION David’s lifestyle changes.

9781284216837_CH01_Cohen.indd 27 12/11/19 5:11 PM © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Review CHAPTER 1

This review tests your understanding© Jones & ofBartlett the content Learning, introduced LLCin this chapter. Follow the instructions© Jones for & each Bartlett exercise Learning, LLC and check your answersNOT in Appendix FOR SALE 11. OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

MULTIPLE CHOICE Select the best answer and write the letter of your choice to the left of each number. © Jones1. Epi- in & the Bartlett term epigastric Learning, is a LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT a.FOR word SALE root OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION b. prefix c. suffix d. combining form © Jones & Bartlett 2. The Learning, -oid in the termLLC xiphoid is a © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE ORa. root DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION b. prefix c. derivation d. suffix 3. The term musculoskeletal© Jones & Bartlettis a(n) Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC a. abbreviationNOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION b. word root c. combining form d. compound word © Jones4. The adjective & Bartlett for larynx Learning, is LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT a.FOR larynxic SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION b. laryngeal c. larynal d. largeal © Jones & Bartlett 5. The Learning, combining formLLC for thorax (chest) is © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE ORa. thorax/o DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION b. thor/o c. thorac/o d. thori/o 6. In David’s case© Jones study, the & termBartlett GERD Learning, represents a(n) LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC a. combiningNOT form FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION b. acronym c. prefix d. suffix © Jones7. In David’s & Bartlett case study, Learning, the ph in dysphagia LLC is pronounced as © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT a.FOR f SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION b. p c. h d. s © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

9781284216837_CH01_Cohen.indd 28 12/11/19 5:11 PM Chapter 1 ■ Concepts, Suffixes, and Prefixes of Medical Terminology 29

8. A root with a vowel added to aid in pronunciation is called a(n) ______. 9. Combine the word parts dia-, meaning “through,” and -rhea, meaning “flow,” to form a word meaning “passage of fluid stool”______© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning,. LLC 10. The abbreviationNOT ETOH FOR means SALE (refer to OR Appendix DISTRIBUTION 2) ______NOT FOR SALE OR .DISTRIBUTION 11. Use Appendix 3 to find that the suffix in gastroduodenoscopy, seen in David’s opening case study, means ______. 1 12. Combine the root cardi, meaning “heart,” with the suffix -logy, meaning “study of,” to form a word meaning “study of the heart” ______. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC 13. NOTThe suffix FOR -al ,SALE as in esophageal OR DISTRIBUTION, seen in David’s case study follow-up meansNOT ______FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION. 14. Appendix 1 shows that the symbol ↑ means ______. 15. A monocle has ______lens(es). 16. A triplet is one of ______babies born together. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR 17.SALE Sinistrad OR meansDISTRIBUTION toward the ______NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION . 18. A disaccharide is a sugar composed of ______subunits. 19. A contralateral structure is located on the side ______to a given point.

20. A tetralogy is composed© Jones of ______& Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett part(s). Learning, LLC Identify the suffix thatNOT means FOR “condition SALE of” ORin the DISTRIBUTION following words. Remember to use the phoneticsNOT FOR in the SALE following OR DISTRIBUTION exercises to pronounce each word as you work.

21. alcoholism (AL-ko-hol-izm) (alcohol dependence) ______

22. ©insomnia Jones (in-SOM-ne-ah & Bartlett )Learning, (inability to sleep;LLC root: somn/o)______© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC 23. NOTacidosis FOR (as-ih-DO-sis SALE OR) (acid DISTRIBUTION body condition) ______NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 24. dysentery (DIS-en-ter-e) (intestinal disorder; root: enter/o)______25. psychosis (si-KO-sis) (disorder of the mind)______26. anemia (ah-NE-me-ah) (lack of blood or hemoglobin; root: hem/o) ______© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FORGive SALE the suffix OR DISTRIBUTION in the following words that means “specialty”NOT or FOR “specialist.” SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

27. psychiatry (si-KI-ah-tre)______28. orthopedics (or-tho-PE-diks)______29. anesthesiologist (©an-es-the-ze-OL-o-jist Jones & Bartlett)______Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC 30. technician (tek-NISH-unNOT FOR)______SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 31. obstetrician (ob-steh-TRISH-un)______

Give the name of a specialist in the following fields. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC 32. dermatology (der-mah-TOL-o-je) ______NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 33. pediatrics (pe-de-AH-triks)______34. physiology (fiz-e-OL-o-je)______35. gynecology (gi-neh-KOL-o-je) ______© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

9781284216837_CH01_Cohen.indd 29 12/11/19 5:11 PM 30 Part I ■ Introduction to Medical Terminology

© Jones Identify& Bartlett the adjective Learning, suffix LLC in the following words that ©means Jones “pertaining & Bartlett to,” “like,” Learning, or “resembling.” LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 36. anxious (ANG-shus) ______37. fibroid (FI-broyd) ______38. arterial (ar-TE-re-al) ______39. pelvic (PEL-vik)_©______Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 40. binary (BI-nar-e)______41. skeletal (SKEL-eh-tal)______42. rheumatoid (RU-mah-toyd) ______43. ©febrile Jones (FEB-rile & Bartlett) ______Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC 44. NOTvascular FOR (VAS-ku-lar SALE) OR______DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 45. exploratory (ek-SPLOR-ah-tor-e) ______

PLURALS © Jones &Write Bartlett the plural Learning, for the following LLC words. Each word ending© Jonesis underlined. & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 46. gingiva (JIN-jih-vah) (gum)______47. testis (TEST-is) (male reproductive organ)______48. criterion (kri-TIR-e-on) (standard) ______49. lumen (LU-men) ©(central Jones opening) & Bartlett ______Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC 50. locus (LO-kus) (place)NOT _FOR______SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 51. ganglion (GANG-le-on) (mass of nervous tissue)______52. larynx (LAR-inks) (voice box) ______53. ©nucle Jonesus (NU-kle-us & Bartlett) (center; Learning, core) ______LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION SINGULARS Write the singular form for the following words. Each word ending is underlined.

54. thrombi (THROM-bi) (blood clots)______© Jones & 55. Bartlett vertebrae Learning, (VER-teh-bre LLC) (bones of the spine) ______© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR 56.SALE bacteri ORa ( bak-TE-re-ahDISTRIBUTION) (type of microorganism) ______NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 57. alveoli (al-VE-oli) (air sacs) ______58. apices (A-pih-seze) (high points, tips)______59. foramina (fo-RAM-ih-nah© Jones) (openings) & Bartlett ______Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC 60. diagnoses (di-ag-NO-sezeNOT FOR) (identifications SALE OR of DISTRIBUTION disease) ______NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 61. carcinomata (kar-sih-NO-mah-tah) (cancers) ______

DEFINITIONS Identify© Jones and define & Bartlettthe prefix Learning,in the following LLC words. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Prefix NOT FOR MeaningSALE OR of Prefix DISTRIBUTION 62. hyperactive ______63. transfer ______64. posttraumatic ______© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR 65.SALE regurgitate OR DISTRIBUTION NOT______FOR SALE ______OR DISTRIBUTION 66. extend ______

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© Jones &67. Bartlett adhere Learning, LLC © ______Jones & Bartlett______Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 68. unusual ______69. detoxify ______70. semisolid ______71. premenstrual © Jones & Bartlett Learning,______LLC ______© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC 72. perforate NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION______NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 73. dialysis (di-AL-ih-sis) ______1 74. antibody ______75. ©microsurgery Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC ______©______Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC 76. NOTdisease FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION ______NOT______FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 77. endoparasite ______78. symbiotic (sim-bi-OT-ik) ______© Jones & 79. Bartlett prognosis Learning, (prog-NO-sis LLC) © ______Jones & Bartlett______Learning, LLC NOT FOR 80.SALE insignificant OR DISTRIBUTION NOT______FOR SALE ______OR DISTRIBUTION

OPPOSITES Write a word that means the opposite of each of the following. 81. humidify © Jones & Bartlett Learning,______LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC 82. permeable NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION______NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 83. heterogeneous ______84. exotoxin ______85. ©microscopic Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC ______© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC 86. NOThyperventilation FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION ______NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 87. postsynaptic ______88. septic ______

© Jones &SYNONYMS Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FORWrite SALE a synonym OR DISTRIBUTION (a word having the same or nearly the sameNOT meaning FOR SALEas another OR word) DISTRIBUTION in each of the following blanks. 89. supersensitivity ______90. megalocyte (extremely large red blood cell) ______91. antenatal ______© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC 92. isolateral (havingNOT equal sides)FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION______NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

TRUE–FALSE Examine the following statements. If the statement is true, write T in the first blank. If the statement is false, write F in the first blank, and correct the statement by replacing the underlined word in the second blank. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION True or False NOT FOR SALE Correct OR Answer DISTRIBUTION 93. Immune cells are primed by their first exposure to a disease organism. ______T ______94. Unicellular organisms are composed of 10 cells. ______F ______one cell © Jones & 95. Bartlett To bisect Learning, is to cut into LLC two parts. © ______Jones & Bartlett______Learning, LLC NOT FOR 96.SALE A tetrad OR hasDISTRIBUTION five parts NOT______FOR SALE ______OR DISTRIBUTION

9781284216837_CH01_Cohen.indd 31 12/11/19 5:11 PM 32 Part I ■ Introduction to Medical Terminology

© Jones &97. Bartlett In Latin, Learning, the oculus dexter LLC is the left eye. © ______Jones & Bartlett______Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 98. A triceps muscle has six parts. ______99. A polygraph measures many physiologic responses. ______

PRONUNCIATION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC Pronounce the followingNOT words. FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 100. dyslexia 101. rheumatism

102. ©pneumatic Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC 103. NOTchemist FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 104. pharmacy

Pronounce the following phonetic forms and write the words they represent.

© Jones & 105 Bartlett. KAR-de-ak Learning, ______LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR 106 SALE. HI-dro-jen OR DISTRIBUTION ______NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 107. OK-u-lar ______108. ru-MAT-ik ______© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC MATCHING NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Match the following terms, and write the appropriate letter to the left of each number. 109. primitive a. one-half or one side of the chest 110. biceps b. having two forms © 111. Jones unify & Bartlett Learning,c. combine LLC into one part © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT 112. FORdimorphous SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONd. a muscle with two parts NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 113. hemithorax e. occurring first in time

114. erythematous a. cell with yellow color 115. melanoma b. having a bluish discoloration © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC 116. xanthocyte c. darkly pigmented tumor NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 117. cyanotic d. red in color 118. leukocyte e. white blood cell

Match each of the following prefixes with its meaning. 119. poikilo- © Jones & a.Bartlett good, true, Learning, easy LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC 120. eu- NOT FOR SALEb. straight, OR correct DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 121. ortho- c. false 122. pseudo- d. few, scanty 123. oligo- e. varied, irregular © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC WORDNOT BUILDING FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Write words for the following definitions using the word parts provided. A combining vowel is included. Each word part can be used more than once. -itis -logy -ptosis nephr -o gastr cardi neur- © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC gastritis NOT FOR 124. SALE Inflammation OR DISTRIBUTION of the stomach NOT______FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 125. Study of the nervous system ______

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© Jones 126.& Bartlett Dropping Learning, of the kidney LLC © Jones______& Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 127. Study of the kidney ______128. Inflammation of a nerve ______129. Downward displacement of the heart ______© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC Write words for the followingNOT FOR definitions SALE using OR the DISTRIBUTION word parts provided. Each word part mayNOT be used FOR more SALE than once. OR DISTRIBUTION mon/o -al dextr/o end/o macro cardi cyt -ic ecto micro -ia 1 130. Pertaining to a very small cell ______131. A condition in which the heart is outside its ©normal Jones position & Bartlett Learning, LLC ______© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 132. Pertaining to a cell with a single nucleus ______133. Condition in which the heart is displaced to the right ______134. Pertaining to the innermost layer of the heart ______© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC 135. Pertaining to a very large cell ______NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 136. Condition in which the heart is extremely small ______

WORD ANALYSIS Define each of the following words, and give the meaning of the word parts in each. Use a dictionary if necessary. Remember to use the phonetics© Jones to pronounce& Bartlett each Learning, word as you LLC work through the exercise. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 137. renogastric (re-no-GAS-trik) a. ren/o ______b. gastr/o ______© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC c. -ic ______NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 138. geriatrician (jer-e-ah-TRIH-shun) a. ger/e ______b. iatr/o______© Jones & Bartlettc. -ic ______Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION d. -ian ______139. isometric (i-so-MET-rik) a. iso- ______© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC b. metr/o ______NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION c. -ic ______140. symbiosis (sim-be-O-sis) a. sym- ______© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC b. bio ______NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION c. -sis ______

9781284216837_CH01_Cohen.indd 33 12/11/19 5:11 PM © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Additional Case Studies

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Case Study 1-1: Greg’s Arthritic Knees Chief Complaint athletics. His only other physical complaint involves stiff- ness in his right shoulder, which he attributes to pitching Greg, a 68 y/o male, presents to his family doctor c/o © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC while playing© baseballJones in & high Bartlett school. Learning, LLC bilateral knee discomfort that worsens prior to a heavy NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION rainstorm. He states that his “arthritis” is not getting any Current Medications better. He has been taking NSAIDs but is not obtaining NSAIDs prn for arthritic pain; Lipitor 10 mg for mild hyper- relief at this point. His family physician referred him to an lipidemia. orthopedic surgeon for further evaluation. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © JonesX-Rays & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FORPast SALE Medical OR DISTRIBUTION History NOTBilateral FOR SALE knee x-rays OR revealed DISTRIBUTION moderate degenerative Greg was active in sports in high school and college. He changes with joint space narrowing in the left knee; tore his ACL while playing soccer during his junior year in severe degenerative changes and joint space narrowing in college, at which time he retired from intercollegiate the right knee. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC Case Study 1-1 QuestionsNOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Multiple Choice. Select the best answer, and write the letter of your choice to the left of each number. To check your answers go to Appendix 11.

© 1.Jones The bi- &in theBartlett word bilateral Learning, is a LLC 3. Arthr/o© Jones is a(n) & Bartlett Learning, LLC a. suffix a. combining form NOTb. FOR root SALE OR DISTRIBUTION bNOT. acronym FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION c. prefix c. prefix d. combining form d. suffix 2. The -itis in the word arthritis is a 4. The AI in the abbreviation NSAID means (see © Jones & Bartletta. rootLearning, LLC © Jones & BartlettAppendix Learning,2) LLC NOT FOR SALE b.OR prefix DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALEa. antacid OR DISTRIBUTION c. derivation b. anti-inflammatory d. suffix c. anti-infectious d. after incident

Fill in the blank with the© correct Jones answer. & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 5. Use Appendix 2 to find what the abbreviation ACL 8. Use Appendix 2 to find what the abbreviation prn means. means. ______6. Use© JonesAppendix & 2 Bartlettto find wha Learning,t the abbreviation LLC c/o 9. Use Appendices© Jones 5, 6,& and Bartlett 7 to find Learning, what the word LLC parts means.NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION in hyperlipidemiaNOT FOR mean. SALE OR DISTRIBUTION ______a. hyper- ______7. Use Appendix 7 to find what the prefix hyper- means. b. lip/o ______c. -emia ______© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

9781284216837_CH01_Cohen.indd 34 12/11/19 5:11 PM © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC 10. Use Appendix 3 to NOTfind what FOR the SALEword parts OR in DISTRIBUTION ortho- 11. Use Appendix 7 to find whatNOT the FOR prefix SALEinter- means. OR DISTRIBUTION pedic mean. ______1 a. orth/o ______b.© ped/o Jones ______& Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

Case Study 1-2: Sally’s Job-Related that her symptoms had progressed into a bronchopneu- © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jonesmonia & with Bartlett pulmonary Learning, edema complicated LLC by a small Breathing Problems pneumothorax in the LUL. A pea-size mass was identified NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION in the left lobe. Also noted, Sally is a hairstylist as well as Chief Complaint a manicurist and recently went back to work in a beauty salon. She has complained that the fumes from the hair Sally, a 54 y/o woman, has been having difficulty breath- chemicals and nail products affect her breathing. ing (dyspnea) that was originally attributed to a left upper lobe (LUL) pneumonia.© She Jones was treated & Bartlett with an antibiotic,Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC and after no improvementNOT was FOR noted SALE in her breathing,OR DISTRIBUTION Clinical Course NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Sally had a follow-up chest x-ray that revealed a small LUL Dr. Williams performed a bronchoscopic examination. pneumothorax. She was referred to the respiratory clinic During the examination, she took a biopsy of the mass, and saw Dr. Williams, a pulmonologist. and the results were negative. Sputum cultures were also © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC taken to determine© Jones the &spectrum Bartlett of action Learning, of an appro- LLC Past Medical History priate antibiotic. A respiratory therapist measured Sally’s Sally NOThas a history FOR ofSALE smoking OR a pack DISTRIBUTION of cigarettes a day for respiratory NOTvolumes FOR and recordedSALE OR any changes.DISTRIBUTION Sally was 30 years but stopped smoking 2 years ago. She noticed an told to drink plenty of liquids, get proper rest, and refrain improvement in her breathing and tired less easily after from working for 1 week. She was told to wear a mask she quit. About 1 month ago, she complained of gen- when she returned to work, avoid unventilated areas in © Jones &eral Bartlett malaise, dyspnea, Learning, and a LLC productive cough; she was © Jonesthe salon, & Bartlett and avoid Learning, the chemical LLCfumes as much as possi- expectorating pus-containing (purulent) sputum and was NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOTble. FOR She SALEwas given OR an DISTRIBUTIONappointment to return to the clinic febrile. The chest radiograph and sputum cultures indicate in 1 month for follow-up.

Case Study 1-2 Questions © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC Multiple Choice. Select the best answer, and write the letter of your choice to the left of each number. To check your answers go to Appendix 11. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

1. The gh in the terms cough and radiograph is 2. The pn in the term bronchopneumonia is pronounced as pronounced as © Jonesa. g & Bartlett Learning, LLC a.© pJones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOTb. FOR h SALE OR DISTRIBUTION b.NOT n FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION c. f c. f d. s d. s

9781284216837_CH01_Cohen.indd 35 12/11/19 5:11 PM 36 Part I ■ Introduction to Medical Terminology

© Jones & Bartlett3. Which Learning, of the following LLC is a compound word? © Jones &5. BartlettThe plural Learning, of spectrum is LLC NOT FOR SALE a.OR pulmonary DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALEa. spectra OR DISTRIBUTION b. pneumothorax b. spectria c. respiratory c. spectrina d. antibiotic d. spectrums 4. The suffix that© meansJones “condition & Bartlett of” in Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC pneumonia isNOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION a. -nia b. -monia c. -ia d. -onia © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Fill in the blank with the correct answer.

6. Find four words in the case study with a suffix that 7. Find five words in the case study with suffixes that means “specialist in a field.” mean “pertaining to, like, or resembling,” and write both © Jones & Bartlett1. ______Learning, LLC © Jonesthe &suffix Bartlett and the Learning, word that contains LLC it. NOT FOR SALE2. ______OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE Suffix OR DISTRIBUTION Word 3. ______1. ______4. ______2. ______3. ______© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC4. ______©______Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC 5. ______NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

Case Study 1-3: Displaced Fracture Head © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning,Neck LLC of theNOT Femoral FOR SALE Neck OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION While walking home from the train station, Esther, a 72 y/o woman with pre-existing osteoporosis, tripped over a raised curb and fell. In the emergency department, she © Jones &was Bartlett assessed forLearning, severe pain, LLC and swelling and bruising © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FORof SALE her right OR thigh. DISTRIBUTION A radiograph (x-ray) showed a fracture NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION at the neck of the right femur (thigh bone) (FIG. 1-21). Esther was prepared for surgery and given a preopera- tive injection of an analgesic to relieve her pain. During surgery, she was given spinal anesthesia and positioned on an operating room table,© Jones with her & rightBartlett hip elevated Learning, on LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC a small pillow. IntravenousNOT antibiotics FOR SALE were given OR beforeDISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION the incision was made. Her right hip was repaired with a bipolar hemiarthroplasty (joint reconstruction). Postoper- ative care included maintaining the right hip in abduction, fluid replacement, physical therapy, and attention to signs of tissue© Jones degeneration & Bartlett and possible Learning, dislocation. LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Anterior view FIGURE 1-21 The right femur (thigh bone). The femoral neck is the fracture site in Case Study 1-3. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

9781284216837_CH01_Cohen.indd 36 12/11/19 5:11 PM Chapter 1 ■ Concepts, Suffixes, and Prefixes of Medical Terminology 37 © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones Case& Bartlett Study Learning, 1-3 Questions LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Identify and define the prefixes in the following words. To check your answers go to Appendix 11. Prefix Meaning of Prefix 1. pre-existing ______2. analgesic, anesthesia© Jones & Bartlett Learning,______LLC ______© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 3. dislocation ______4. replacement ______1 5. bipolar ______6. hemiarthroplast© Jones & Bartletty Learning, LLC ______© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 7. degeneration ______

Fill in the blanks.

© Jones & 8. Bartlett The suffixes Learning, in the words LLC osteoporosis and anesthesia© Jones mean ______. & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR 9.SALE The suffixes OR DISTRIBUTION in the words intravenous, femoral, andNOT analgesic FOR mean SALE ______. OR DISTRIBUTION

Find a word in the case study that describes the following.

10. The time period before© Jones surgery & Bartlett______Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC 11. The time period aftNOTer surgery FOR ______SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 12. A position away from the midline of the body ______

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