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Roles, Identities, and Expectancies: Positive Contributions to Normalization and Social Role Valorization

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Roles, Identities, and Expectancies: Positive Contributions to Normalization and Social Role Valorization 10 Roles, identities, and expectancies: Positive contributions to Normalization and Social Role Valorization RAYMOND A. LEMAY 1 INTRODUCTION area of research and theorizing that up until now has remained virtually unknown for SRV and In 1982, Steve Tullman and Wolf Wolfensberger Normalization aficionados. reformulated the Normalization principle, stating that The following aims to chart Normalization’s and Normalization hinged upon the attributions of valued SRV’s historical relationship with role theory, to social roles to otherwise devalued individuals and selectively review the considerable work that has gone classes of people. It was “the insight that the creation of on over the past years in the realms of sociology and valued social roles for people at risk of social social psychology that has been termed “social role devaluation was the epitome of Normalization” theory.” (Wolfensberger, 1983, p. 237). A year later This review will also attempt to answer some very Wolfensberger concluded that this new formulation basic questions that will hopefully inform the ongoing was such a drastic departure from traditional debate concerning SRV’s new formulation and its Normalization theory that he decided, for a variety of research, practice, and training implications. reasons, to rename the principle and push even further l. Is SRV’s reference to role theory in keeping with its relationship to role theory. Thus it is the access to the formulations now present in social science valued roles that will enable individuals to have access literature? Is Wolfensberger’s use of the terms “role” to the good things in life (Wolfensberger & Thomas, and “social roles” in keeping with the current 1994). definitions found in the literature of psychology and This new direction in theorizing has led to some sociology, or is his use idiosyncratic? At the outset, confusion and also to a great deal of debate. For some though, Wolfensberger’s own claims to theory building this has meant that Social Role Valorization (SRV) is should lead us to believe that he is here, in the new a more reductionist formulation than Wolfensberger’s SRV synthesis, speaking of role theory as it is generally (1972) classic Normalization definition. accepted in the social sciences literature. From the beginning, N orth A m e rican N ormalization 2. Does social science research and theorizing and to a lesser extent Sca ndinavian Normalization have support SRV’s contention that social roles are always made some reference to role concepts. But with fundamental? Do social roles, for instance, have an SRV, roles have become the focal point of the effect upon positive or negative valuation and one’s definition as well as the defining term included in its access to the good things in life? Does the literature name. Some of the confusion undoubtedly stems from support that the attribution of positive roles is the way the fact that Wolfensberger calls into play a vast new to assuring the va lorization of the ind ividual and should 219 A QUARTER CENTURY OF NORMALIZATION AND SOCIAL ROLE VALORIZATION therefore be the end and means of human service which were conveyed by language and physical endeavor? Does role theory and do social roles have environments. In his 1969 monograph, Wolfensberger the conceptual breadth and power to subsume all that had only one specific positive role to propose for is, on the one hand, the experience of devaluation, and mentally retarded individuals, and that was of the role on the other, the possibility and strategy of redressing of a “developing individual.” that which we agree is a great social wrong? Do other Changing Patterns contained many important researchers and theorists share Wolfensberger’s view contributions by some of the then leading lights in the that social roles can play an important conceptual role social sciences and services to persons with mental in building a theory of psychosocial intervention? retardation. Few of the authors make more than a passing reference to “roles” and then usually in relation to work. Seymour Sarason (1969), who later became 2 EARLY REFERENCES TO SOCIAL ROLES president of the American Psychological Association, IN THE LITERATURE ON NORMALIZATION wrote a suggestive article about the problems of creating healthy settings that echoed Wolfensberger’s 2.1 ROLES IN THE 1969 BOOK CHANGING discussion on the “meaning of a building.” Sarason PATTERNS IN RESIDENTIAL SERVICES FOR THE tied his discussion on settings to Blatt and Kaplan’s MENTALLY RETARDED (1966) pictorial essay Christmas in Purgatory, which The term “roles” and the concepts associated with graphically described the scandalous failure of social roles are almost entirely absent from the contemporary settings by concluding: “if one thinks Scandinavian formulations of Normalization (e.g., that defective children are almost beyond help, one acts Nirje, 1969; Bank-Mikkelsen, 1969). Though these toward them in ways which co nfirm o ne’s assumptions” early articles give the impression of individuals and (p. 7). This evocation of expectancy effects is very groups having things done to them and for them, from suggestive of role theory, to which it is intimately tied. a roles perspective one can reread these articles and see Gunnar Dybwad (1969), in his concluding how roles fit between the lines, so to speak. By having “overview” chapter, lists the necessary changes that access to a normal rhythm of day and normal routine of needed to be brought about to renovate the residential life, the attribution of certain roles are certainly service system for mentally retarded adults and assumed. Being in one’s home assumes that one would children. Echoing Wolfensberger, Sarason, and Blatt, be at least a resident or tenant, if not a homeowner. he proposes that one of the great obstacles to change is Participating in leisure time activities would make one “the societal role perception of Retardates as deviants” a player, or at least a participant. Certainly Nirje (1969) (p. 391). proposes that m entally r e tarded individuals should h a v e sex roles and of course that their roles should be related 2.2 ROLES IN THE 1972 BOOK THE PRINCIPLE OF to their chronological ages, and he also raises the NORMALIZATION IN HUMAN SERVICES notion of roles in the context of employment or vocational services. The 1972 book The Principle of Normalization in From the beginning, social roles have been Human Services, which has recently been identified as highlighted in North American Normalization. The the most classic work in the field of mental retardation 1969 Changing Patterns in Residential S ervices for the (Heller, Spooner, Enright, H aney, & Schilit, 1991), has Mentally Retarded (Kugel & Wolfensberger, 1969), had a tremendous influence on human services. It is which first gave prominence to Normalization, also with this book tha t Normalization b ecomes inextricably included Wolfensberger’s (1969) “Origin a nd Nature of linked with social roles and role theory. Our Institutional Models,” which, among other things, In his discussions of ideology, Wolfensberger surveyed the negative historical roles that defined the (1972) speaks of c ombinations of b eliefs, a ttitudes, and lives of devalued classes of individuals. W olfensberger interpretations of reality that have derived from one’s gave a far-reaching exposition on how these roles were experiences, one’s knowledge of what are presumed to created and then maintained by complex feedback be facts, and, above all, one’s values. Interestingly, the systems that included stereotypes and expectancies, whole notion of roles subsumes this notion of ideology 220 ROLES, IDENTITIES, AND EXPECTANCIES in the sense that roles are, by and large, culture-bound role theory, such as stereotypes, role perceptions, and and constrained by the very same dynamics that make role expectancies, as well as making clear that even up ideology. Prior to this definition of ideology, architecture can convey strong role expectancies. Wolfensberger speaks much of the role of human Moreover, he shows that these dimensions are active on service manager and how much power and control is three levels: the person level, the intermediate social wielded, though unconsciously, through this role. Later system level, and, finally, the societal level. Once he suggests that ideology can lead one to view the again, this echoes fairly closely the classical mentally retarded as menaces to society, thus descriptions of role theory that operate on individuals dramatically altering the relationship betweeen the in small groups through societally broad mechanisms “managers” and the helpees. The important insight (Biddle, 1979; Newcomb, Turner, & Converse, 1975; here, upon which the future edifice of SRV will be Thomas & Biddle, 1966). built, was that roles are one of the important and In his chapter on mental health and Normalization, ubiquitous means for transacting ideology and Wolfensberger (1970) states: “if role expectancy is as particularly devaluation. powerful as we believe we know it to be then it should In chapter 2 of the 1972 Normalization book, be manipulated consciously and/or systematically, Wolfensberger explains deviancy in terms of roles: rather than unconsciously and/or haphazardly, as is “When a person is perceived as deviant, he is cast into typically the case now” (p. 104). One also finds an a role that carries with it powerful expectancies” early discussion of the client role where it is sketched (p. 15). In this chapter Wolfensberger summarizes the as inspired
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