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Departamento De Ciencias De La Vida DEPARTAMENTO DE CIENCIAS DE LA VIDA MAESTRÍA EN PRODUCCIÓN ANIMAL III PROMOCIÓN TESIS PREVIO A LA OBTENCIÓN DEL TÍTULO DE MAGÍSTER EN PRODUCCIÓN ANIMAL TEMA: COMPORTAMIENTO AGRONÓMICO, COMPOSICIÓN QUÍMICA Y DEGRADABILIDAD RUMINAL in situ DEL PASTO MIEL (Setaria sphacelata), CANTÓN PANGUA PROVINCIA DE COTOPAXI. AUTOR: RIVERA CORREA, GABRIELA FERNANDA DIRECTOR: DR. AVELLANEDA, JUAN SANGOLQUÍ 2015 ii CERTIFICADO En mi calidad de Director del Trabajo de Grado presentado por la MVZ. Gabriela Fernanda Rivera Correa, previo a la obtención del Grado de Magister en Producción Animal, considero que dicho Trabajo reúne los requisitos y disposiciones emitidas por Escuela Politécnica del Ejército, por medio de la Dirección General de Posgrado para ser sometido a la evaluación por parte del examinador que se designe. En la Ciudad de Quevedo, a los 3 días del mes de mayo del 2015. __________________________________ Juan Humberto Avellaneda Cevallos; M.C., Dr. C. C.I: 1202977714 iii CERTIFICACIÓN DE AUTORÍA DE RESPONSABILIDAD Yo Gabriela Fernanda Rivera Correa, declaro bajo juramento que el trabajo aquí descrito es de mi autoría, que no ha sido presentado para ningún grado o calificación profesional. Además; y, que de acuerdo a la Ley de propiedad intelectual, el presente Trabajo de Investigación pertenecen todos los derechos a la Escuela Superior Politécnica del Ejercito- Sangolquí-Quito. ___________________________________ MVZ. Gabriela Fernanda Rivera Correa C.I. 1204395352 iv AUTORIZACIÓN DE PUBLICACIÓN Yo, Gabriela Fernanda Rivera Correa, con cédula de ciudadanía N° 1204395352, autorizo la publicación de este documento en la biblioteca virtual de la Escuela Politécnica del Ejercito. ___________________________________ MVZ. Gabriela Fernanda Rivera Correa C.I. 1204395352 v DEDICATORIA Dedico este trabajo a mi hija, Margareth Emilia Mera Rivera, por darme la fuerza necesaria para continuar y ser mi inspiración para culminar con las metas propuestas, a mi esposo, por el acompañamiento incondicional sin fijarse en la hora y el lugar, a mi madre que se convirtió en la segunda madre de mi hija durante este tiempo, a mi sobrina y hermanos que de una u otra manera colaboraron en la ejecución de este trabajo. Rivera Correa Gabriela vi AGRADECIMIENTO El presente trabajo de investigación deja constancia de su agradecimiento a: A Dios, por la vida y la salud que me ha permitido mantener durante este tiempo. Al Dr. Juan Avellaneda Cevallos, y su familia por el apoyo constante e incondicional, en el desarrollo de esta investigación. A mis padres y esposo, que sin lugar a duda fueron un factor clave en el trabajo realizado, por su apoyo en los momentos más difíciles y en especial el tiempo dedicado a caminar juntos para lograr esta meta. A la Escuela Politécnica del Ejército, por la oportunidad que nos brinda para enriquecer nuestros conocimientos. Y a todas aquellas personas que de una u otra manera contribuyeron para la elaboración de la presente investigación. vii CONTENIDO CERTIFICADO ........................................................................................................... ii CERTIFICACIÓN DE AUTORÍA DE RESPONSABILIDAD ................................. iii AUTORIZACIÓN DE PUBLICACIÓN ................................................................... iv DEDICATORIA .......................................................................................................... v AGRADECIMIENTO ................................................................................................ vi ÍNDICE DE TABLAS ................................................................................................ xi ÍNDICE DE FIGURAS ............................................................................................ xiii ÍNDICE DE ANEXOS .............................................................................................. xiv RESUMEN ............................................................................................................... xvii ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................ xviii CAPITULO I ................................................................................................................ 0 INTRODUCCIÓN ....................................................................................................... 0 1.1 OBJETIVOS ..................................................................................................... 1 1.1.1 General ............................................................................................................. 1 1.1.2 Específicos ....................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Hipótesis ........................................................................................................... 2 CAPITULO II ...................................................................................................... ……4 REVISIÓN DE LITERATURA ................................................................................... 4 2.1 Marco de Referencia (antecedentes de la investigación) ................................ 4 2.2 Fisiología digestiva en rumiantes ..................................................................... 6 2.2.1 Generalidades ................................................................................................... 6 2.2.2 Morfo fisiología del sistema digestivo de los rumiantes ................................. 6 2.2.3 Fermentación en el rumen ................................................................................ 8 2.3 Gramíneas ....................................................................................................... 11 2.3.1 Morfología de gramíneas ............................................................................... 11 2. 3. 2 Factores que afectan la calidad nutritiva de los pastos ................................... 12 2.3.2.5.1 Frecuencia y altura de corte o pastoreo ....................................................... 19 2.4 Pasto miel (Setaria sphacelata) ...................................................................... 20 viii 2.4.1 Taxonomía ...................................................................................................... 20 2.4.2 Descripción ..................................................................................................... 20 2.4.3 Adaptación ..................................................................................................... 21 2.4.4 Establecimiento .............................................................................................. 22 2.4.5 Época de Siembra ........................................................................................... 23 2.3.6 Asociación ...................................................................................................... 23 2.4.7 Aprovechamiento ........................................................................................... 23 2.4.8 Variedades ...................................................................................................... 24 2.4.9 Producción de Forraje .................................................................................... 25 2.4.10 Valoración nutricional de Setaria sphacelata ................................................. 25 2.5 Fertilización con nitrógeno (N) ..................................................................... 26 2.5.1 Características del N ....................................................................................... 26 2.5.2 Dinámica del N en el suelo ............................................................................ 27 2.5.3 Importancia de la fertilización ........................................................................ 28 2.5.4 Requerimientos nutricionales de las pasturas ................................................. 29 2.5.5 Principales fuentes de N utilizadas en pastos ................................................. 29 2.5.6 Resultados de fertilizaciones nitrogenadas a pasturas ................................... 30 2.5.7 Efecto de la fertilización nitrogenada sobre los componentes del crecimiento de forraje. .................................................................................... 31 2.5.8 Efecto de la fertilización nitrogenada sobre la estructura de las pasturas. ..... 31 2.5.9 Efecto de la fertilización nitrogenada sobre la calidad y la composición química del forraje ......................................................................................... 33 2.6 Valoración nutricional de forrajes .................................................................. 35 2.6.1 Determinación de Digestibilidad .................................................................... 35 2.6.2 Métodos para determinar la degradabilidad ruminal ...................................... 35 2.7 Determinación del valor nutritivo de los alimentos ....................................... 37 2.7.1 Determinación del contenido de materia seca (MS) ...................................... 40 2.7.2 Determinación de cenizas ............................................................................... 41 2.7.3 Determinación Proteína Bruta ........................................................................ 42 2.7.4 Determinación de Extracto etéreo (EE) o grasa bruta (GB). Método Soxhlet 43 2.7.5. Determinación de Fibra Detergente Neutro y Fibra detergente Acida .......... 45 ix CAPÍTULO III .................................................................................................
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