International Journal of Poisonous Plant Research A Journal for Research and Investigation of Poisonous Plants ISSN 2154-3216 Tom Vilsack, Secretary U.S. Department of Agriculture Catherine E. Woteki, Under Secretary Research, Education and Economics Edward B. Knipling, Administrator Agricultural Research Service Sandy Miller Hays, Director Information Staff Editors-in-Chief Kip E. Panter James A. Pfister USDA-ARS Poisonous Plant Research Lab Logan, UT Editorial Board Christo Botha Dale Gardner Anthony Knight South Africa USA USA Peter Cheeke Silvana Lima Gorniak Franklin Riet-Correa USA Brazil Brazil Steven Colegate Jeff Hall Bryan Stegelmeier USA USA USA John Edgar Gonzalo Diaz Kevin Welch Australia Colombia USA Editorial Advisory Board Chemistry Pathology Range Science/Botany Stephen Lee Claudio SL Barros Michael Ralphs USA Brazil USA Immunology Pharmacology Toxicology Isis Hueza Benedict Green Eduardo J Gimeno Brazil USA Argentina Molecular Biology/Biochemistry Plant Physiology Veterinary Science Zane Davis Daniel Cook Jeremy Allen USA USA Australia Assistant Editor Terrie Wierenga USDA-ARS Poisonous Plant Research Lab Logan, UT Aim and Scope The International Journal of Poisonous Plant Research publishes original papers on all aspects of poisonous plants including identification, analyses of toxins, case reports, control methods, and ecology. Access and Subscription The International Journal of Poisonous Plant Research is published twice a year (spring and fall) by the U.S. Department of Agriculture. All journal contents are available online without access fee or password control. Visit the Journal at http://www.ars.usda.gov/is/np/PoisonousPlants/PoisonousPlantResearchJournalIntro.htm. Full-text articles in PDF format also are freely available online. Submission Information To obtain submission instructions and contributor information, contact Editors-in-Chief Kip E. Panter ([email protected]) or James A. Pfister ([email protected]). The International Journal of Poisonous Plant Research is published by the U.S. Department of Agriculture and thus is not subject to copyright protection. All contents of the Journal except where otherwise noted are in the public domain and may be freely reprinted or redistributed. However, proper citations are recommended. The Journal may report research involving pesticides. It does not imply that uses discussed herein have been registered. All uses of pesticides must be registered by appropriate State, territorial, and/or Federal agencies before they can be recommended. Mention of trade names or commercial products in the Journal is solely for the purpose of providing specific information and does not imply recommendation or endorsement by the U.S. Department of Agriculture. The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in all its programs and activities on the basis of race, color, national origin, age, disability, and where applicable, sex, marital status, familial status, parental status, religion, sexual orientation, genetic information, political beliefs, reprisal, or because all or part of an individual's income is derived from any public assistance program. (Not all prohibited bases apply to all programs.) Persons with disabilities who require alternative means for communication of program information (Braille, large print, audiotape, etc.) should contact USDA's TARGET Center at (202) 720-2600 (voice and TDD). To file a complaint of discrimination, write to USDA, Director, Office of Civil Rights, 1400 Independence Avenue, S.W., Washington, D.C. 20250-9410, or call (800) 795-3272 (voice) or (202) 720-6382 (TDD). USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer. October 2011 Preface We are very pleased to publish this inaugural issue of a new all-electronic journal, International Journal of Poisonous Plant Research (IJPPR), through the assistance of the USDA-ARS Information Staff, Beltsville, MD. IJPPR is an online-only, peer-reviewed journal published semi-annually (two issues per calendar year). The primary objective of IJPPR is to provide timely research results and new technology to all those working in various disciplines involving poisonous plants. The Journal will encompass all aspects of poisonous plant research including original research, case reports, field observations in domestic and wild animals, and scientific reviews. There currently is not any journal, electronic or printed, that specifically targets toxic plant research, and IJPPR aims to fill this critical gap. We’ve employed an electronic publication system to make the papers as widely accessible as possible on the USDA-ARS website. It is our sincere hope that IJPPR will contribute in a meaningful manner toward facilitating and enhancing poisonous plant research and communication around the globe. This inaugural issue of IJPPR consists of papers submitted by various research scientists around the world, reflecting our objective of making IJPPR a truly international journal. We thank those who have assisted in the production of this inaugural issue, particularly Terrie Wierenga, Editorial Assistant, USDA-ARS Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory, Logan, UT; Sandy Miller Hays, Director, USDA-ARS Information Staff, Beltsville, MD; and Mina Chung, Supervisory Editor, USDA-ARS Information Staff, Beltsville, MD. We also thank all the individuals who have agreed to serve on the IJPPR Editorial Board and Editorial Advisory Board. James A. Pfister Kip E. Panter Editors-in-Chief USDA-ARS Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory Logan, UT Contents 1 Toxic Plants of Veterinary and Agricultural Interest in Colombia Gonzalo J. Diaz 20 Analysis of the Toxic Amino Acid Indospicine by Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry Dale R. Gardner and Franklin Riet-Correa 28 Clinical and Pathological Aspects and Cerebellar Lectin Binding in Cattle Poisoned With Solanum fastigiatum var. fastigiatum and Solanum bonariense Fabiano J.F. Sant’Ana, Claudio G. Barbeito, Fabian Nishida, Eduardo J. Gimeno, José M. Verdes, Daniel Battes, Antonio Moraña, and Claudio S.L. Barros 35 Fetotoxicity of Astragalus lentiginosus (Locoweed) in Spanish Goats Stella Furlan, Kip E. Panter, James A. Pfister, and Bryan L. Stegelmeier 41 Locoweed Poisoning in the Native Grasslands of China Zhao Meng-Li, Gao Xinlei, and Han Bing 47 Locoweed Toxicity, Ecology, Control, and Management Michael H. Ralphs and Bryan L. Stegelmeier 65 Pathological Effects of Short-Term Crotalaria retusa Ingestion by Guinea Fowl (Numida meleagris) Windleyanne Gonçalves Amorim Bezerra, Milzete Alves de Souza, Ruben Horn Vasconcelos, Luis Augusto Vieira Cordeiro, Jael Soares Batista, and Benito Soto-Blanco 70 Short Communication—Lithium Carbonate as a Potential Aversive Agent Leendert D. Snyman and R. Anitra Schultz 72 Western Juniper-Induced Abortions in Beef Cattle Kevin D. Welch, Dale R. Gardner, Kip E. Panter, Bryan L. Stegelmeier, Cory Parsons, James A. Pfister, and Daniel Cook Toxic Plants of Veterinary and Agricultural Interest in Colombia Gonzalo J. Diaz Toxicology Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, National University of Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia Corresponding author: Gonzalo Diaz, [email protected] Abstract Colombia has the second largest plant biodiversity of any country in the world, with about 25,000 species of vascular plants. This is due in part to its equatorial location, and large variation in elevation and associated gradients in temperatures and rainfall. Livestock in Colombia graze vast tracts of land with a wide variety of herbaceous and woody plants. Although the annual cattle mortality from plant poisoning in Colombia is estimated at 130,000, the economic impact on the entire livestock industry has not been fully evaluated. Information on toxic plants is scarce in Colombia, and livestock poisoning by plants is seldom documented. This review presents the current knowledge on the identity of plants known to have poisoned livestock in Colombia and on research conducted into these toxic plants. To the extent known, the toxic component(s), major clinical signs and circumstances of poisoning, location, and environmental factors are discussed. Many of the plants identified in Colombia are considered toxic on the basis of world literature, but toxicosis in Colombia has not always been documented. The information on toxic plant chemistry in Colombia is mostly limited to the plant’s nitrate or cyanide content. Research is needed to determine not only which plants represent a potential risk for animal health and production but also their phytochemistry and toxicology. It is strongly recommended that veterinarians document plant poisoning cases through government reporting services and that university and government veterinarians, scientists, and extension agents investigate episodes of plant toxicosis and publish their findings. This would help identify toxic species for further phytochemical and toxicological studies and possibly pharmacological activity. Keywords: toxic plants, Colombia, plant poisoning, livestock, pets Introduction Toxic plants affecting both large and small animals both native and naturalized (Bernal et al. 2006). This are a major concern for the practicing veterinarian biodiversity corresponds to about 8 percent of the and livestock producer in every country. In countries total vascular plants on earth, which makes the with higher plant biodiversity, the number of country the second largest in plant biodiversity in problematic toxic plants may be greater. Plant the world, the largest