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Erster Weltkrieg

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Erster Weltkrieg Kapitel III Erster Weltkrieg Vorpostendienst – Beginn einer immerwährenden Adjutantenlaufbahn auf GROSER KURFÜRST – Skagerrakschlacht – Minensuchbootskommandant anstatt U-Bootwaffe – Totalverlust – Selbstversorgung durch Fischfang – Die Politik kommt an Bord – Literatur in der Brückennock – „Obersteuermann fährt weiter“ – Auf M 76 findet die Revolution nicht statt Das herausragende Ereignis der traditionell Ende Juni stattfindenden Kieler Woche 1914 war der Besuch eines englischen Geschwaders, angeführt von seinem Flaggschiff HMS KING GEORGE. Die Schiffe der Royal Navy waren am 23. Juni in Kiel eingelaufen. Ihr Besuch wurde vielfach als sichtbares Zeichen einer beginnenden und erwünschten deutsch-englischen Annäherung inter- pretiert. Doch mit Bekanntwerden des Attentats von Sarajewo am 28. Juni ging der Flottenbesuch jäh zu Ende. Die britischen Einheiten wurden unverzüg- lich in ihre Heimatstützpunkte zurückgerufen. Das Flaggschiff signalisierte beim Verlassen des Kieler Hafens: „Friends to-day, friends to-morrow, friends forever.“1 Dass die Halbwertszeit dieses Signals nur wenige Tage betragen würde, lag zwar in der Luft, hatte aber die Sinne der Menschen noch nicht erreicht. Und der Kaiser trat am 7. Juli auf seiner Yacht HOHENZOLLERN planmäßig seine Nordlandreise nach Balholm im norwegischen Sognefjord an. Bereits zwei Tage vor der deutschen Generalmobilmachung am 1. August 1914 wurde der in Flensburg-Mürwik laufende Torpedolehrgang für die Fähnriche der Crew 1912 abrupt beendet. Auf einer offensichtlich in Eile geschriebenen Ansichtskarte der Torpedoschule teilte Hans Langsdorff seinem Vater, wie bereits erwähnt, die sofortige Versetzung an Bord des in Kiel liegenden Linien- schiffs SMS ELSAß mit. Nach der Ermordung des österreichischen Thronfolgers Franz Ferdinand und seiner Frau in Sarajewo am 28. Juni 1914 hatte sich die politische Entwicklung in Europa dramatisch zugespitzt. Die österreichisch-ungarische Regierung konnte sich für den Kriegsfall gegen Serbien auf deutschen Beistand verlassen, während Serbien sich der Unterstützung Russlands sicher sein konnte. Trotz 1 Zt. n. Kurt Graf von Schweinitz (Hrsg.), Das Kriegstagebuch eines kaiserlichen Seeoffiziers (1914-1918). Kapitänleutnant Hermann Graf von Schweinitz, Bochum 2003, S. 43. © Verlag Ferdinand Schöningh, 2020 | doi:10.30965/9783657702626_004 34 III. Erster Weltkrieg englischer und deutscher Vermittlungsversuche erklärte Österreich-Ungarn am 28. Juli Serbien den Krieg. Damit kam der europäische Bündnismechanis- mus unaufhaltsam in Gang. Nach der russischen Teilmobilmachung am 29. Juli folgte die Generalmobilmachung einen Tag später. Gleiches geschah am 30. und 31. Juli in Österreich, am 1. August in Deutschland, das Russland nach einem verstrichenen Ultimatum den Krieg erklärte. Am 3. August erreichte die deutsche Kriegserklärung Paris. Am 4. August überschritten deutsche Truppen mit dem Ziel des Durchmarsches die belgische Grenze, woraufhin Großbritannien dem Deutschen Reich ein Ultimatum zur Respektierung der belgischen Neutralität stellte, was einer Kriegserklärung gleichkam. In einer Art Eigendynamik rollten die Kriegsmaschinen aufeinander zu.2 Die Kaiserliche Marine war 1914 weder materiell noch operativ auf eine Aus- einandersetzung mit der Grand Fleet Großbritanniens vorbereitet. „Wenn der liebe Herrgott der Marine nicht hilft, so sieht es schlimm aus“3, schrieb Groß- admiral Alfred von Tirpitz am 14. September 1914 in seinem täglichen abend- lichen Brief an seine Frau. Dass der liebe Herrgott 25 Jahre später, Langsdorff befand sich mit der ADMIRAL GRAF SPEE bereits querab der west- afrikanischen Küste mit Kurs auf seine für den Kreuzerkrieg befohlene Warte- stellung im Südatlantik, es abermals mit der Marine nicht gut meinen könnte, ahnte ein anderer Großadmiral, Erich Raeder, der dies in seinen „Gedanken des Oberbefehlshabers der Kriegsmarine zum Kriegsbeginn am 3.9.1939“ mit pessimistischem Unterton zu Papier brachte4. Solch düstere Gedanken be- schwerten die Offiziere und Besatzungen der deutschen Hochseeflotte im Spätsommer 1914 nicht. Hurra, endlich geht’s los. Bei wunderschönem Wetter laufen eben die großen Kreuzer aus. Alle Mann an Deck, klar Schiff zum Gefecht gemacht. Ein herr- liches Bild. Den scheidenden Kameraden bringen wir die letzten Hurras dar. Es ist schön, wenn man dabei sein darf und kein Staatskrüppel ist, der zu Hause 2 Chronologie in Anlehnung an Guntram Schulze-Wegener, Der Erste Weltkrieg – Ein Über- blick, in: Kurt Graf von Schweinitz (Hrsg.), Kriegstagebuch, S. 24. 3 Zt. n. Michael Epkenhans, Die Kaiserliche Marine 1914/15: Der Versuch der Quadratur des Kreises, in: Skagerrakschlacht, Vorgeschichte – Ereignis – Verarbeitung, hrsg. v. Michael Epkenhans, Jörg Hillmann u. Frank Nägler, München 2009, S. 113. 4 „Was die Kriegsmarine anbetrifft, so ist sie selbstverständlich im Herbst 1939 noch keines- wegs für den großen Kampf mit England hinreichend gerüstet. […] Die Überwasserstreit- kräfte sind aber noch so gering an Zahl und Stärke gegenüber der englischen Flotte, dass sie – vollen Einsatz vorausgesetzt – nur zeigen können, dass sie mit Anstand zu sterben ver- stehen und damit die Grundlage für einen späteren Wiederaufbau zu schaffen gewillt sind.“ Zt. n. Lagevorträge des Oberbefehlshabers der Kriegsmarine vor Hitler 1939-1945, hrsg. von Gerhard Wagner, München 1972, S. 20 f..
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