DOCSLIB.ORG

Sex, Family & Fertility in Haiti

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Sex, Family & Fertility in Haiti Sex, Family & Fertility in Haiti Sex, Family & Fertility in Haiti by Timothy T. Schwartz First published in Hardback in 2008 by Lexington Books as, “Fewer Men, More Babies: Sex, family and fertility in Haiti. All Rights Reserved. Scholars, students, and critics may use excerpts as long as they cite the source. 2nd Edition published January 2011 ISBN 10 146812966X ISBN 13 9781468129663 iv Table of Contents Chapter 1: Introduction 1 Chapter 2: Review of the Literature 13 Chapter 3: The Commune of Jean Rabel 25 Chapter 4: Extremely High Fertility 39 Chapter 5: The Pronatal Sociocultural Fertility Complex 47 Chapter 6: The Sexual Moral Economy 55 Chapter 7: House, Yard, and Market 65 Chapter 8: Farming and Household-Based Production 85 Chapter 9: Fishing 95 Chapter 10: Work, Craftsmen, and Marketing Specialists 103 Chapter 11: Labor Demands 115 Chapter 12: Gender and Age-Based Divisions of Labor 129 Chapter 13: What Parents Have to Say about the Economic Utility of Children 143 Chapter 14: Raising Children and Control over Child Labor Activities 157 Chapter 15: Conjugal Union and the Formation of the Household 169 Chapter 16: Polygyny, Progeny, and Production 179 Chapter 17: Caribbean Family Patterns 205 Chapter 18: Fewer Men, More Babies 227 Chapter 19: A Reflexive and Critical Look at the Anthropology of the Caribbean 239 Works Cited 259 Tables Table 1.1: Total fertility rates in Haiti (TFR) 1 Table 3.1: Major natural disasters in Jean Rabel since 1921 27 Table 3.2: Transport vehicles 31 Table 3.3: Offspring deceased by children born (per mother) 33 Table 3.4: Migration of the offspring of owners of irrigated land 34 Table 3.5: Current location of circa 1960 villagers and their offspring 34 Table 3.6: Contraceptive knowledge and use 35 Table 3.7: Women using contraceptives in Far-West 1998–1999 35 Table 3.8: Population of Jean Rabel in the years 1728–1997 36 Table 3.9: Knowledge of contraceptive methods 37 Table 4.1: Most commonly eaten foods in Jean Rabel 40 Table 4.2: Mean age of follow-up survey respondents 42 Table 4.3: Temporary male migration in Jean Rabel 42 Table 4.4: Individuals still with first spouse 43 Table 4.5: Hutterites vs. Jean Rabeliens: Percentage of women in union 44 Table 6.1: Parental partners (age > 40) 61 Table 7.1: Regional distribution of market days in and around Jean Rabel 68 Table 7.2: Reports on source of household foods: Gardens vs. markets 71 Table 7.3: Parental partners (age > 40) 71 Table 7.4: The most commonly planted crops 72 Table 7.5: Regional planting cycles on the plain Jean Rabel 73 Table 7.6: Regional tree cycles 74 Table 7.7: Livestock per household, Baseline Survey 75 Table 7.8: Reasons for selling livestock 76 Table 7.9: Reasons for killing livestock 77 Table 7.10: House building costs 1 79 Table 7.11: House building costs 2 80 Table 7.12: House building costs 3 80 Table 7.13: Crops by use of chemical pesticides and fertilizers 82 Table 7.14: Use of veterinary service and medicines 82 Table 8.1: Total land owned by household 87 Table 8.2: All types of land tenure (units of analysis = gardens) 87 Table 8.3: Size of gardens by soil type (units of analysis = gardens) 88 Table 8.4: Yields in kilograms per hectare 88 Table 8.5: Estimated average annual income from livestock 90 Table 8.6: Variation in the number of animals per household 91 Table 9.1: Fishing income 100 Table 9.2: Cost of 300 meter seine in Haitian dollars 101 Table 9.3: The cost of string and weaving nets 102 Table 9.4: The cost of weights, floats, and rope 102 Table 10.1: Household income generating activities 104 Table 10.2: Estimated wages for male workers 105 Table 10.3: Reported wages for male workers 106 Table 10.4: Urban blue collar pay scales, Port-de-Paix 107 Table 10.5: The most distant place farmers have visited 108 Table 10.6: People who travel at least once per month 109 Table 11.1: Average daily labor requirements for principal household tasks 118 Table 11.2: Estimated labor inputs for average 5.7 acres of garden 119 Table 11.3: All types of land tenure 120 Table 11.4: Distance to and from water 122 Table 11.5: Estimated labor inputs for average 1/4 kawo garden 125 Table 11.6: Animals tenured-in vs. tenured-out 126 Table 12.1: Adult sexual division of labor 130 Table 12.2: Child sexual division of labor 132 Table 12.3: Number of children resident in house by whether or not woman is engaged in marketing 136 Table 12.4: Gardens by the number of seven- to twenty-five- year-olds controlling for age of the head of the household: R-square 137 Table 12.5: Gardens by the number of seven- to twenty-five- ii Table of Contents year-olds controlling for age of the head of the household: ANOVA 137 Table 12.6: Gardens by the number of seven- to twenty-five year-olds controlling for age of the head of the household: coefficients 137 Table 12.7: Animals by the number of seven- to twenty-five- year-olds, controlling for age of the head of the household: R-square 138 Table 12.8: Animals by the number of seven- to twenty-five- year-olds controlling for age of the head of the household: ANOVA 138 Table 12.9: Animals by the number of seven- to twenty-five- year-olds, controlling for age of the head of the household: Coefficients 138 Table 12.10: Gardens by the number of seven- to twenty-five-year-olds for household head age categories 139 Table 12.11: Animals by the number of seven- to twenty-five-year-olds for household head age categories 139 Table 12.12: Child present in house by number of gardens, model summary (Baseline Survey) 141 Table 12.13: Child Present in House by Number of Gardens, ANOVA (Baseline Survey) 142 Table 12.14: Child present in house by number of gardens, Coefficients (Baseline Survey) 142 Table 13.1: Preferred number of children by age and sex of respondent 148 Table 13.2: Reasons fathers gave for preferring daughters 150 Table 13.3: Male and female, daughters vs. sons 151 Table 13.4: Sex of child who is hosting resident parent 151 Table 14.1: Child residence patterns: Relationship of child household members to head of household 164 Table 14.2: Unrelated children in the house 164 Table 15.1: Marriage vs. consensual union 173 Table 15.2: Residence patterns 178 Table 16.1: Polygyny: Opinion Survey 184 Table 16.2: Male age groups by ever been polygynous 184 Table 16.3: Male high income groups by ever been polygynous 185 Table 16.4: Polygynous males by the amount of “fat” and irrigated land owned 187 Table 16.5: Men who have ever polygynous by men who have left their first wife 188 Table 16.6: A man takes a second wife, what should the first wife do 189 Table 16.7: A man takes a second wife, may first wife be unfaithful 189 Table 16.8: Who needs the other more, husband or wife? 190 Table 16.9: Could you live without your spouse? 191 Table 16.10: Why men versus women chose their spouse 191 Table 16.11: Women vs. men in union per five-year age group 195 Table 16.12: Women who have gardens by number of children 196 Table 16.13: Union type by household residents under thirty years old (but over fourteen) who are not the head or spouse of head 198 Table 16.14: Ever-polygynous men in Kinanbwa Haiti 205 iii Table 17.1: Sex Ratios Commonwealth Caribbean Islands 1881–1960 214 Table 17.2: Analysis of variance for “female-headed household by sex-ratios” 220 Table 17.3: Analysis of variance “female-headed household by sex- ratio with widowhood 220 Table 17.4: Percentage of household income from males: Male- vs. female-headed households 226 Table 18.1: Caribbean net migration by total fertility rate 235 Table 18.2: Correlations in average change in total fertility rate by net migration 236 Figures Figure 3.1: Historic Regional Rainfall by year (1921-1950) 28 Figure 3.2: Historic Regional Rainfall by year (1965-1969,1978-1996) 28 Figure 3.3:Years of school for respondents over eighteen years of age 31 Figure 4.1: Completed fertility in Jean Rabel for women over 45 yrs 39 Figure 4.2: Completed fertility in Jean Rabel for five-year age groups 41 Figure 4.3: Duration of breastfeeding 41 Figure 7.1: Market Villages 69 Figure 7.2: Manioc harvest consumed by household 70 Figure 7.3: Sweet Potatoes harvest consumed by household 70 Figure 7.4: Pigeon Peas harvest consumed by household 70 Figure 7.5: Sorghum and Millet harvest consumed by household 70 Figure 7.6: Corn harvest consumed by household 70 Figure 7.7: Household with at least one goat, sheep, pig, or cow 75 Figure 7.8: Months animals are sold and slaughtered by lean months 76 Figure 8.1: Number of gardens per household 89 Figure 10.1: Port-de-Paix marchann cost of merchandise 110 Figure 10.2: Port-de-Paix marchann profits on merchandise 110 Figure 11.1: Rainfall by months 119 Figure 12.1: First response: “Who takes care of the animals?” 133 Figure 12.2: Second response: “Who takes care of the animals?” 133 Figure 12.3: First Response to Question: “Who Carries Water?” 134 Figure 12.4: Second Response to Question: “Who Carries Water?” 134 Figure 12.5: Animals by children per household 135 Figure 12.6: Gardens by children per household 136 Figure 16.1: Children under thirty years old (but over fourteen), who have children of their own but still living in parent’s household 199 Figure 17.1: Plot of female household heads by sex ratios 219 iv Chapter 1 Introduction Fertility I have three objectives in this book: First, to explain why fertility decline in rural Haiti has not come about.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Gender Inequality and Restrictive Gender Norms: Framing the Challenges to Health
    Series Gender Equality, Norms, and Health 1 Gender inequality and restrictive gender norms: framing the challenges to health Lori Heise*, Margaret E Greene*, Neisha Opper, Maria Stavropoulou, Caroline Harper, Marcos Nascimento, Debrework Zewdie, on behalf of the Gender Equality, Norms, and Health Steering Committee† Lancet 2019; 393: 2440–54 Gender is not accurately captured by the traditional male and female dichotomy of sex. Instead, it is a complex social Published Online system that structures the life experience of all human beings. This paper, the first in a Series of five papers, investigates May 30, 2019 the relationships between gender inequality, restrictive gender norms, and health and wellbeing. Building upon past http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/ work, we offer a consolidated conceptual framework that shows how individuals born biologically male or female S0140-6736(19)30652-X develop into gendered beings, and how sexism and patriarchy intersect with other forms of discrimination, such as See Comment pages 2367, 2369, 2371, 2373, and 2374 racism, classism, and homophobia, to structure pathways to poor health. We discuss the ample evidence showing the This is the first in a Series of far-reaching consequences of these pathways, including how gender inequality and restrictive gender norms impact five papers about gender health through differential exposures, health-related behaviours and access to care, as well as how gender-biased health equality, norms, and health research and health-care systems reinforce and reproduce gender inequalities, with serious implications for health. *Joint first authors The cumulative consequences of structured disadvantage, mediated through discriminatory laws, policies, and †Members of the Steering institutions, as well as diet, stress, substance use, and environmental toxins, have triggered important discussions Committee are listed at the end about the role of social injustice in the creation and maintenance of health inequities, especially along racial and of this Series paper socioeconomic lines.
    [Show full text]
  • Partnering: a New Approach to Sexual and Reproductive Health
    Technical Paper No. 3 Partnering: A New Approach to Sexual and Reproductive Health Sylvie I. Cohen, Chief, Advocacy and IEC Branch, Technical Support Division and Michèle Burger, Consultant UNFPA United Nations Population Fund December 2000 Technical Paper is a series of periodic publications of UNFPA that reports on important technical and policy issues of relevance for national and international population and repro- ductive health programmes. UNFPA also currently publishes reports in the following series: Evaluation Reports, Programme Advisory Notes, Technical Reports and Technical and Policy Papers. Copyright © UNFPA 220 East 42nd street New York, NY 10017 USA ISBN: 0-89714-540-2 Notes: The views expressed and interpretations given in this Technical Paper are those of the authors alone and do not necessarily reflect those of the United Nations Population Fund. The designation employed and the presentation of material in this publica- tion do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimi- tation of its frontiers or boundaries. The term “country” as used in the text of this report refers, as appropriate, to territories or areas. The designation of “developed” and “developing” countries are intended for convenience and do not necessarily express a judgement about the stage reached by a particular country or area in the development process. Prior permission to quote this material does not need to be obtained from UNFPA, provided appropriate reference to the source is made. Fo r e w o r d The International Conference on Population and Development (ICPD, Cairo, 1994) broke new ground in endorsing men’s involvement in sexual and reproductive health, a realm that until then had overlooked their active role.
    [Show full text]
  • Focus on Haiti
    FOCUS ON HAITI CUBA 74o 73o 72o ÎLE DE LA TORTUE Palmiste ATLANTIC OCEAN 20o Canal de la Tortue 20o HAITI Pointe Jean-Rabel Port-de-Paix St. Louis de Nord International boundary Jean-Rabel Anse-à-Foleur Le Borgne Departmental boundary Monte Cap Saint-Nicolas Môle St.-Nicolas National capital Bassin-Bleu Baie de Criste NORD - OUEST Port-Margot Cap-Haïtien Mancenille Departmental seat Plaine Quartier Limbé du Nord Caracol Fort- Town, village Cap-à-Foux Bombardopolis Morin Liberté Baie de Henne Gros-Morne Pilate Acul Phaëton Main road Anse-Rouge du Nord Limonade Baie Plaisance Milot Trou-du-Nord Secondary road de Grande Terre-Neuve NORD Ferrier Dajabón Henne Pointe Grande Rivière du Nord Sainte Airport Suzanne Ouanaminthe Marmelade Dondon Perches Ennery Bahon NORD - EST Gonaïves Vallières 0 10 20 30 40 km Baie de Ranquitte la Tortue ARTIBONITE Saint- Raphaël Mont-Organisé 0 5 10 15 20 25 mi Pointe de la Grande-Pierre Saint Michel Baie de de l'Attalaye Pignon La Victoire Golfe de la Gonâve Grand-Pierre Cerca Carvajal Grande-Saline Dessalines Cerca-la-Source Petite-Rivière- Maïssade de-l'Artibonite Hinche Saint-Marc Thomassique Verrettes HAITI CENTRE Thomonde 19o Canal de 19o Saint-Marc DOMINICAN REPUBLIC Pointe Pointe de La Chapelle Ouest Montrouis Belladère Magasin Lac de ÎLE DE Mirebalais Péligre LA GONÂVE Lascahobas Pointe-à-Raquette Arcahaie Saut-d'Eau Baptiste Duvalierville Savenette Abricots Pointe Cornillon Jérémie ÎLES CAYÉMITES Fantasque Trou PRESQU'ÎLE Thomazeau PORT- É Bonbon DES BARADÈRES Canal de ta AU- Croix des ng Moron S Dame-Marie la Gonâve a Roseaux PRINCE Bouquets u Corail Gressier m Chambellan Petit Trou de Nippes â Pestel tr Carrefour Ganthier e Source Chaude Baradères Anse-à-Veau Pétion-Ville Anse d'Hainault Léogâne Fond Parisien Jimani GRANDE - ANSE NIPPES Petite Rivières Kenscoff de Nippes Miragoâne Petit-Goâve Les Irois Grand-Goâve OUEST Fonds-Verrettes L'Asile Trouin La Cahouane Maniche Camp-Perrin St.
    [Show full text]
  • DARKWOODS MAILORDER CATALOGUE October 2016
    DARKWOODS MAILORDER CATALOGUE October 2016 DARKWOODS PAGAN BLACK METAL DI STRO / LABEL [email protected] www.darkwoods.eu Next you will find a full list with all available items in our mailorder catalogue alphabetically ordered... With the exception of the respective cover, we have included all relevant information about each item, even the format, the releasing label and the reference comment... This catalogue is updated every month, so it could not reflect the latest received products or the most recent sold-out items... please use it more as a reference than an updated list of our products... CDS / MCDS / SGCDS 1349 - Beyond the Apocalypse [CD] 11.95 EUR Second smash hit of the Norwegians 1349, nine outstanding tracks of intense, very fast and absolutely brutal black metal is what they offer us with “Beyond the Apocalypse”, with Frost even more a beast behind the drum set here than in Satyricon, excellent! [Released by Candlelight] 1349 - Demonoir [CD] 11.95 EUR Fifth full-length album of this Norwegian legion, recovering in one hand the intensity and brutality of the fantastic “Hellfire” but, at the same time, continuing with the experimental and sinister side of their music introduced in their previous work, “Revelations of the Black Flame”... [Released by Indie Recordings] 1349 - Hellfire [CD] 11.95 EUR Brutal third full-length album of the Norwegians, an immense ode to the most furious, powerful and violent black metal that the deepest and flaming hell could vomit... [Released by Candlelight] 1349 - Liberation [CD] 11.95 EUR Fantastic
    [Show full text]
  • When the One Who Bears the Scars Is the One Who Strikes the Blow: History, Human Rights, and Haiti’S Restavèks
    WHEN THE ONE WHO BEARS THE SCARS IS THE ONE WHO STRIKES THE BLOW: HISTORY, HUMAN RIGHTS, AND HAITI’S RESTAVÈKS Laura Rose Wagner A thesis submitted to the faculty of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in the Department of Anthropology. Chapel Hill 2008 Approved by: Michele Rivkin-Fish Peter Redfield Karla Slocum ©2008 Laura Rose Wagner ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ii ABSTRACT LAURA WAGNER : When the One Who Bears the Scars is the One Who Strikes the Blow: History, Human Rights, and Haiti’s Restavèks (Under the direction of Michele Rivkin-Fish and Peter Redfield) The practice of keeping restavèks , or unpaid domestic child laborers, in Haiti has come under scrutiny by both human rights activists and journalists, many of whom describe it as a form of slavery. While this description is not entirely inaccurate and may also be useful, it fails to reflect the variability of treatment of restavèks , the complex ways in which power is exercised, the ways in which people occupy “oppressor” and “oppressed” roles simultaneously, the various local understandings of restavèk relationships and human rights, and the particular historical meanings and memories attached to slavery in Haiti. By critically examining descriptions of restavèks in activist and journalistic discourse, and analyzing the data collected during my fieldwork in the Haitian community in South Florida, I point to more syncretic and inclusive ways of understanding and reforming the practice of keeping restavèk s. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Thanks first of all to my committee members, Michele Rivkin-Fish, Karla Slocum, and Peter Redfield, for their time, patience, advice, good humor, transcendence of geographical distance, and above all their insightful readings of my work.
    [Show full text]
  • Hti Irma Snapshot 20170911 En.Pdf (English)
    HAITI: Hurricane Irma – Humanitarian snapshot (as of 11 September 2017) Hurricane Irma, a category 5 hurricane hit Haiti on Thursday, September 7, 2017. On HAITI the night of the hurricane, 12,539 persons Injured people Bridge collapsed were evacuated to 81 shelters. To date, Capital: Port-au-Prince Severe flooding 6,494 persons remain in the 21 centers still Population: 10.9 M Damaged crops active. One life was lost and a person was recorded missing in the Centre Department Partially Flooded Communes while 17 people were injured in the Artibonite Damaged houses Injured people 6,494 Lachapelle departments of Nord, Nord-Ouest and Ouest. Damaged crops Grande Saline persons in River runoff or flooding of rivers caused Dessalines Injured people Saint-Marc 1 dead partial flooding in 22 communes in the temporary shelters Centre 1 missing person departments of Artibonite, Centre, Nord, Hinche Port de Paix out of 12,539 evacuated Cerca Cavajal Damaged crops Nord-Est, Nord-Ouest and Ouest. 4,903 Mole-St-Nicolas houses were flooded, 2,646 houses were Nord Limonade NORD-OUEST Cap-Haitien badly damaged, while 466 houses were Grande Rivière du Nord severely destroyed. Significant losses were Pilate Gros-Morne also recorded in the agricultural sector in the Nord-Est Bombardopolis Ouanaminthe Ouanaminthe (severe) NORD departments of Centre, Nord-Est and Fort-Liberté Gonaive Nord-Ouest. Caracol NORD-EST Ferrier Terrier-Rouge 21 The Haitian Government, with the support of Trou-du-Nord ARTIBONITE humanitarian partners, is already responding Nord-Ouest active Hinche in the relevant departments to help the Anse-à-Foleur Port-de-Paix affected population.
    [Show full text]
  • “I Wait for Me”: Visualizing the Absence of the Haitian Revolution in Cinematic Text by Jude Ulysse a Thesis Submitted in C
    “I wait for me”: Visualizing the Absence of the Haitian Revolution in Cinematic Text By Jude Ulysse A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Social Justice Education Ontario Institute for Studies in Education University of Toronto 2017 ABSTRACT “I wait for me” Visualizing the Absence of the Haitian Revolution in Cinematic Text Doctor of Philosophy Department of Social Justice Education Ontario Institute for Studies in Education University of Toronto 2017 In this thesis I explore the memory of the Haitian Revolution in film. I expose the colonialist traditions of selective memory, the ones that determine which histories deserve the attention of professional historians, philosophers, novelists, artists and filmmakers. In addition to their capacity to comfort and entertain, films also serve to inform, shape and influence public consciousness. Central to the thesis, therefore, is an analysis of contemporary filmic representations and denials of Haiti and the Haitian Revolution. I employ a research design that examines the relationship between depictions of Haiti and the country’s colonial experience, as well as the revolution that reshaped that experience. I address two main questions related to the revolution and its connection to the age of modernity. The first concerns an examination of how Haiti has contributed to the production of modernity while the second investigates what it means to remove Haiti from this production of modernity. I aim to unsettle the hegemonic understanding of modernity as the sole creation of the West. The thrust of my argument is that the Haitian Revolution created the space where a re-articulation of the human could be possible.
    [Show full text]
  • Haiti Situation Response 2010
    Haiti Situation Response 2010 Protection and assistance to internally displaced persons and host communities in Haiti Donor Relations and Resource Mobilization Service April 2010 Cover photo: Two girls from earthquake zone living in a host family washing and cooking. UNHCR / J. BJÖRGVINSSON Haiti To address the growing needs of people in Haiti displaced by January’s devastating earthquake, UNHCR is launching an expanded operation’s plan and budget. UNHCR is supporting the protection cluster in Haiti and is leading the ‘mirror’ protection cluster in the Dominican Republic. The expanded programme will extend the work of the protection cluster and provide material support to extremely vulnerable individuals. Community-based quick impact projects will support the needs of affected people hosted by friends and relatives in Port-au-Prince and in other areas. An earthquake measuring 7.0 on the technical experts in registration and UNHCR deployed a team of five staff Richter scale hit Haiti on 12 January profiling, and one logistics officer to members, who are supporting the 2010, causing untold human suffering oversee the distribution of the material efforts of the Dominican authorities in including the death of some 217,000 assistance provided (2,130 light weight addressing protection needs of the persons. UNHCR offered the tents, 18,850 rolls of plastic sheetings Haitians evacuated to the Dominican Emergency Relief Coordinator its for 103,400 beneficiaries, 17,400 solar Republic. UNHCR operates in the support to the UN humanitarian lamps, a field kit and an office kit). The border areas, providing material response effort to address massive and OHCHR/UNHCR protection cluster support to vulnerable people.
    [Show full text]
  • Access to Drinking Water and Community Development in Northwestern Haiti
    Development, Environment and Foresight, 2015, Vol. 1, No. 1, 44—61, ISSN: 2336-6621 Access to Drinking Water and Community Development in Northwestern Haiti Kristýna Lungová // [email protected] Department of Development Studies, Palacký University Olomouc, Czech Republic Abstract There are approximately 700,000 inhabitants in Northwestern Haiti. Only a fraction of this population has regular daily access to water and its cleanliness is questionnable. Prolonged political instability and a lack of financial resources for water infrastructure results in more than 50% of inhabitants having no access to safe drinking water at all. Bombardopolis is a commune center in the Northwest region of Haiti. Only two thirds of the commune is inhabited. One of the main reasons that it is not fully inhabited is the in- accessibility to water. In 2012, a Czech NGO drilled a well close to the settlement in this area. The research is showing a case study of access to drinking water in Bombardopolis. It is investigating the impact of such a well on its surroundings. Time saved as a result of a closer water source allows for social and economic individual or community develop- ment and this model can be duplicated in other areas. The quantitative part of the re- search focuses on microbiological and chemical quality tests as an inseparable component for measuring quality of water sources. Key words: Haiti, safe drinking water, well drilling, quality of water sources, community development Introduction It has been proven that contaminated or insufficient water supply increases deprivation of people (Zakria Zakar, Zakar and Fischer 2012), child mortality, reduces life expectancy and causes diseases that can lead to death if there is insufficient treatment (Hunter, Mac- Donald and Carter 2010).
    [Show full text]
  • Earthquake in Haiti PAHO/WHO Situation Report on Health Activities Post Earthquake
    Voute I Eglise Aux Plains Port-de-paix Saint Louis Du Nord Jean Rabel Mole-saint-nicolas Beau Champ Cap-haitien Bombardopolis Limbe Pepillo Salcedo Baie-de-henne Cros Morne La Plateforme Terrier Rouge Anse Rouge Plaisance Grande-riviere-du-nord Quanaminthe Gonaives Mont Organise Saint-michel-de-latalaye Pignon Dessalines Cerca Carvajal Petite-riviere-de-lartibo Hinche Saint-marc Thomassique Verrettes Bouli Mole-saint-nicolas BombardopolisLa Plateforme La Cayenne Grande Place La Chapelle Etroits Mirebalais Lascahobas CapAnse-dhainault Dame-marie Nan-mangot Port-a-pimenSaint-louis-de-sudt Arcahaie Port Salut Seringue Jeremie Cap Dame-marie Roseaux Grande Cayemite Corail Pestel Port-au-Prince Anse-a-veau Petion-ville Anse-dhainault Sources Chaudes Baraderes Henry Miragoane Petit-goave Carrefour Moussignac Marceline Lasile Trouin Tiburon Les Anglais Platon Besace Cavaillon Aquin Port-a-piment Saint-louis-de-sud Boucan Belier Jacmel Marigot Thiote Coteaux Les Cayes Laborieux Bainet Belle-anse Port Salut Ile A Vache Saint-jean Earthquake in Haiti PAHO/WHO Situation Report on Health Activities Post Earthquake 18 May 2010 1 Earthquake in Haiti—PAHO/WHO Situation Report on Health Activities Post Earthquake to nutrition, radiation safety, mental health, water and lation, have been directly affected. Over 220,000 people sanitation and disposal of medical waste. In anticipation lost their lives and over 300,000 were injured. Thousands Situation Overview of the challenges the country might face during the rainy of people are in need of psychological support or psycho- Four months have passed since the January 12 earthquake season, Health Cluster partners have prepared contingency social supervision.
    [Show full text]
  • DARKWOODS MAILORDER CATALOGUE March 2018
    DARKWOODS MAILORDER CATALOGUE March 2018 DARKWOODS PAGAN BLACK METAL DI STRO / LABEL [email protected] www.darkwoods.eu Next you will find a full list with all available items in our mailorder catalogue alphabetically ordered... With the exception of the respective cover, we have included all relevant information about each item, even the format, the releasing label and the reference comment... This catalogue is updated every month, so it could not reflect the latest received products or the most recent sold-out items... please use it more as a reference than an updated list of our products... CDS / MCDS / SGCDS 1349 - Beyond the Apocalypse [CD] 11.95 EUR Second smash hit of the Norwegians 1349, nine outstanding tracks of intense, very fast and absolutely brutal black metal is what they offer us with “Beyond the Apocalypse”, with Frost even more a beast behind the drum set here than in Satyricon, excellent! [Released by Candlelight] 1349 - Demonoir [CD] 11.95 EUR Fifth full-length album of this Norwegian legion, recovering in one hand the intensity and brutality of the fantastic “Hellfire” but, at the same time, continuing with the experimental and sinister side of their music introduced in their previous work, “Revelations of the Black Flame”... [Released by Indie Recordings] 1349 - Liberation [CD] 11.95 EUR Fantastic debut full-length album of the Nordic hordes 1349 leaded by Frost (Satyricon), ten tracks of furious, violent and merciless black metal is what they show us in "Liberation", ten straightforward tracks of pure Norwegian black metal, superb! [Released by Candlelight] 1349 - Massive Cauldron of Chaos [CD] 11.95 EUR Sixth full-length album of the Norwegians 1349, with which they continue this returning path to their most brutal roots that they started with the previous “Demonoir”, perhaps not as chaotic as the title might suggested, but we could place it in the intermediate era of “Hellfire”..
    [Show full text]
  • Puni Tekst: Hrvatski
    Ivan Basić Sarkofag s formulom sankcije iz The sarcophagus with sanction Trogira formula from Trogir (Aspekti bizantske diplomatičke (Aspects of the Byzantine tradicije u ranosrednjovjekovnoj diplomatics tradition in early jadranskoj epigrafiji) medieval epigraphy of the Adriatic) Ivan Basić Ivan Basić Sveučilište u Splitu University of Split Filozofski fakultet Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences Odsjek za povijest Department of History Poljička cesta 35 Poljička cesta 35 HR, 21 000 Split CROATIA, 21 000 Split [email protected] [email protected] UDK: 726.829(497.583Trogir)“653“ UDC: 726.829(497.583Trogir)“653“ 930.2:003.071 930.2:003.071 Izvorni znanstveni članak Original scientific paper Primljeno: 30. 4. 2018. Received: 30 April 2018 Prihvaćeno: 14. 5. 2018. Accepted: 14 May 2018 Sažetak Abstract U Arheološkom muzeju u Splitu pohranjen je ulo- A fragment of a lid from an early medieval sar- mak poklopca ranosrednjovjekovnog sarkofaga pori- cophagus originally from Trogir is kept in the Ar- jeklom iz Trogira. Sadrži ostatke reljefne dekoracije chaeological Museum in Split. It contains the remains te nepotpuno očuvan latinski natpis. Natpis je najpo- of relief decoration and an incompletely preserved znatiji po spomenu bizantskoga cara (Konstantin V. Latin inscription. The inscription is best known for ili Konstantin VI.), zasad jedinom takvom primjeru u mentioning a Byzantine emperor (Constantine V or ranosrednjovjekovnoj epigrafiji Dalmacije (uz iznim- Constantine VI), thus far the only such example in ku Ulcinja). Preliminarno je datiran u VIII. stoljeće. the early medieval epigraphy of Dalmatia (with the 281 VAHD 111, 2018, 281-330 Premda je ulomak u literaturi poznat i relativno če- exception of Ulcinj).
    [Show full text]