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Puni Tekst: Hrvatski Ivan Basić Sarkofag s formulom sankcije iz The sarcophagus with sanction Trogira formula from Trogir (Aspekti bizantske diplomatičke (Aspects of the Byzantine tradicije u ranosrednjovjekovnoj diplomatics tradition in early jadranskoj epigrafiji) medieval epigraphy of the Adriatic) Ivan Basić Ivan Basić Sveučilište u Splitu University of Split Filozofski fakultet Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences Odsjek za povijest Department of History Poljička cesta 35 Poljička cesta 35 HR, 21 000 Split CROATIA, 21 000 Split [email protected] [email protected] UDK: 726.829(497.583Trogir)“653“ UDC: 726.829(497.583Trogir)“653“ 930.2:003.071 930.2:003.071 Izvorni znanstveni članak Original scientific paper Primljeno: 30. 4. 2018. Received: 30 April 2018 Prihvaćeno: 14. 5. 2018. Accepted: 14 May 2018 Sažetak Abstract U Arheološkom muzeju u Splitu pohranjen je ulo- A fragment of a lid from an early medieval sar- mak poklopca ranosrednjovjekovnog sarkofaga pori- cophagus originally from Trogir is kept in the Ar- jeklom iz Trogira. Sadrži ostatke reljefne dekoracije chaeological Museum in Split. It contains the remains te nepotpuno očuvan latinski natpis. Natpis je najpo- of relief decoration and an incompletely preserved znatiji po spomenu bizantskoga cara (Konstantin V. Latin inscription. The inscription is best known for ili Konstantin VI.), zasad jedinom takvom primjeru u mentioning a Byzantine emperor (Constantine V or ranosrednjovjekovnoj epigrafiji Dalmacije (uz iznim- Constantine VI), thus far the only such example in ku Ulcinja). Preliminarno je datiran u VIII. stoljeće. the early medieval epigraphy of Dalmatia (with the 281 VAHD 111, 2018, 281-330 Premda je ulomak u literaturi poznat i relativno če- exception of Ulcinj). It has been preliminarily dated sto spominjan u radovima specijaliziranih istraživa- to the 8th century. Although the fragment is known in ča (Lj. Karaman, M. Ivanišević, T. Burić, I. Babić, V. the scholarly literature and has been mentioned with Delonga, A. Piteša i dr.), dosad nije bilo pokušaja da relative frequency in works by specialized researchers se protumači sadržaj ostatka natpisa. Autor u njemu (Lj. Karaman, M. Ivanišević, T. Burić, I. Babić, V. De- prepoznaje krnje sačuvanu formulu sankcije (proklet- longa, A. Piteša and others), other than the emperor's stva, anateme) 318 crkvenih otaca, veoma raširenu na name thus far there have been no attempts to interpret ozemljima u bliskom kontaktu s bizantskim pravnim the content of the remaining part of the inscription. područjima (pa tako i u diplomatici ranosrednjovje- The author recognizes in it a partially preserved sanc- kovne Hrvatske Kneževine), otkuda navedena for- tion formula (curse, anathema) of the 318 church fa- mula i potječe. Car Konstantin spomenut u natpisu thers, very widespread in the territories in close con- identificira se s bizantskim carem Konstantinom VI. tact with the areas under Byzantine law (including the (780.–797.). Rad donosi rezultate istraživanja proble- diplomatics of the early medieval Croatian Duchy), ma pojave bizantske pravne formule protiv oskvrnuća whence this formula in fact originated. The Emperor grobnice, s komparativnom građom iz kasnog VIII. i Constantine mentioned in the inscription is identi- ranog IX. stoljeća. Time se učvršćuje i precizira data- fied as the Byzantine Emperor Constantine VI (780- cija natpisa i sarkofaga; ujedno, osvjetljava se poja- 797). The work presents the results of research into va i način funkcioniranja bizantske pravne kulture u the problem of the appearance of the Byzantine legal Trogiru kao jednom od romanskih gradova Bizantske formula against desecration of graves, with compara- Dalmacije. tive materials from the late 8th and early 9th centuries. This reinforces and narrows the dating of the inscrip- Ključne riječi: rani srednji vijek, Dalmacija, tion and sarcophagus; it simultaneously sheds light on Trogir, Bizant, epigrafija, prozopografija, sankcija, the appearance of the Byzantine legal culture and its 318 otaca functioning in Trogir, as one of the Latin-speaking cit- ies of Byzantine Dalmatia. Key words: Early Middle Ages, Dalmatia, Tro- gir, Byzantium, epigraphy, prosopography, sanction formula, 318 holy fathers 282 Ivan Basić, Sarkofag s formulom sankcije iz Trogira The sarcophagus with sanction formula from Trogir Osvrćući se prije dvadesetak godina na knjigu Ra- About twenty years ago, in a review of the book doslava Katičića Litterarum studia. Književnost i nao- by Radoslav Katičić, Litterarum studia. Književnost brazba ranoga hrvatskog srednjovjekovlja, romanist, i naobrazba ranoga hrvatskog srednjovjekovlja, Ro- medijevist, kritičar i esejist Nenad Ivić ističe kako manist, medievalist, critic and essayist Nenad Ivić “pojava svake rasprave koja se bavi kasnom antikom stressed that: i ranim srednjovjekovljem, bilo da se radi o političkoj “The emergence of any debate dealing with Late povijesti burgundske države, ekonomskim prilikama Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages, whether about u Saloni šestog stoljeća ili konstrukciji identiteta sve- the political history of the Burgundian states, eco- ca i vojnika u merovinškoj Galiji, predstavlja zainte- nomic circumstances in Salona in the sixth century or resiranima za ta razdoblja veliku dragocjenost: znamo the construction of the identity of saints and soldiers kako je teško ponovno prelaziti čvrsto utabane staze, in Merovingian Gaul, constitutes a genuine treasure pažljivo uočavati obrise novih značenja u tekstovima for those interested in that era: we know how difficult toliko opterećenim stoljetnim interpretacijama da ih it is to once more traverse well-beaten paths, carefully pod njima jedva naziremo. (...) Umjesto novim izvori- noting the contours of new meanings in texts weighed ma, rasprave o kasnoj antici i srednjovjekovlju mogu down by centuries of interpretations which all but ob- nas oduševiti svježinom, autorovom oštroumnošću, scure them entirely. (...) In lieu of new sources, dis- njegovom sposobnošću da pronađe nova značenja, courses on Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages may da uspostavi nove i neočekivane veze među davnim delight us with their freshness, the author’s perspicac- ljudima, njihovim djelovanjima i tekstovima koje ity and ability to find new meanings, establish new and proizvode čitajući ih u svjetlu drugih kultura i drugih unanticipated links between people of the distant past, znanstvenih disciplina. Više nego rezultatima koji su their activities and the texts they produced by reading beznadežno provizorni, takve rasprave plijene postav- them in the light of other cultures and other scholarly ljanjem prethodno nezamijećenih problema; njihova disciplines. More so than results that are hopelessly najveća usluga nije u zatvaranju i svođenju, u doka- transient, such discussions arouse interest by setting zivanju našeg znanja već u njegovom ograničavanju, up previously unnoticed problems; their greatest ben- u pokazivanju našeg neznanja, u upozorenju na ne- efit lies not in closure and reduction, in the validation završeni posao što vreba u sumnjivo nedvosmislenim of our knowledge, but rather by denoting its limits, značenjima davnih tekstova.”1 Suvišno je naglašavati demonstrating our lack of knowledge, and under- da se istraživači ranoga srednjovjekovlja srednjoistoč- scoring the unfinished task lurking behind the suspi- ne Europe i jadranske regije gotovo na dnevnoj bazi ciously unambiguous meanings of ancient texts.”1 It is suočavaju s ovako ocrtanim stanjem stvari. Izazovi superfluous to point out that researchers into the early povijesnog zanata koje pred povjesničara-medijevi- medieval era in East Central Europe and the Adriatic sta tih prostora postavljaju malobrojni i višesmisleni region confront just this state off affairs virtually ev- ranosrednjovjekovni tekstovi raznih vrsta teško mogu ery day. The challenges of the historical profession djelovati motivirajuće – razmjerno je izvjesnije da će placed before historians/medievalists in these regions svoga istraživača obeshrabriti prije negoli osokoliti na by the few-in-number and ambiguous early medieval hvatanje ukoštac s pluridisciplinarnim metodološkim texts of various types hardly have a motivating ef- krugovima što ih svojim radom na vrelima moraju fect – it is relatively more certain that they will deter obuhvatiti. their researchers rather than goad them to plunge into Razvijajući dalje svoju kritičku refleksiju, Ivić u the pluridisciplinary methodological circles that their nastavku poentira: “bavljenje bilo kojim aspektom work with these sources must encompass. kulture ranog srednjovjekovlja, hrvatskog ili nekog Continuing his critical reflections, Ivić further drugog, nije lagan posao. To zna svatko tko se iole oz- stressed that: “Dealing with any aspect of early me- biljnije pozabavio vrhuncima poput Kasiodora i Boe- dieval culture, whether Croatian or any other, is no cija ili skromnim potankostima poput stanja kolona ili easy task. This is common knowledge to anyone who pravila korištenja zajedničkih zemalja. Zahtijeva zna- has more seriously dealt with the finest, such as Cas- nja povjesničara, akribiju klasičnog filologa, hrabrost siodorus or Boëthius, or modest details such as the * Ovaj rad je nastao temeljem izlaganja predstavljenog * This paper was delivered as a lecture at the Interna- na međunarodnom znanstvenom skupu “Natales gra- tional Conference Natales grate numeras? to mark te numeras?”, u povodu 60. godišnjice osnutka Odjela the sixtieth anniversary of the Department of Classical za klasičnu filologiju Sveučilišta u
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