MENNONITE

JUNE 1990 In this Issue

Fifty years ago, in June 1940, the Burke-Wadsworth Bill for military con­ scription was introduced into the United States Senate. That same month the German army entered Paris. Today the anniversary of World War II events is providing opportunities to remember and reassess the Mennonite wartime experience. The Civilian Public Service (CPS) program was a focus for Mennonite activity during the war. In this issue Mennonite Life begins its anniversary coverage of CPS. In October, the Menno Simons Lectures will review CPS in the perspective of half a century. Dr. Al Keim of Eastern Mennonite College will present those lectures. The CPS story is richly documented with photographs. If you unfold this issue at the center you will see a mural across the back and front covers. A patient at Ypsilanti hospital in Michigan painted the mural, which was located in the lobby of “ B” building. The mural portrays the stories of a young man and young woman who move from the darkness of mental illness through the hospital to health. The inside centerfold is a photo from a CPS Christian Workers Institute in August 1944. Many of these young men became leaders in the General Conference Mennonite Church. John D. Thiesen, Mennonite Life book review editor and recently ap­ pointed archivist at Mennonite Library and Archives, introduces two of the significant CPS camps: Camp #5 at Colorado Springs, Colorado, and Camp #90 at Ypsilanti, Michigan. The mental health work at Ypsilanti, Thiesen says, “ perhaps came as close as any unit to fulfilling the peace churches’ ideals for Civilian Public Service.” Perry Bush is completing a Ph.D. degree in social history at Carnegie- Mellon University in Pittsburgh and will begin teaching at Phillips Univer­ sity in Enid, Oklahoma this fall. His dissertation deals with the relation­ ship of Mennonites to the United States government from World War n through the Vietnam War. His research has uncovered evidence of grass roots Mennonite resistance to the compromises implicit in the CPS arrange­ ment with the government. In 1944 Robert Kreider was with a group of CPS men bound for work in China, only to be recalled when the Starnes Amendment excluded the possibility of foreign service projects. In this issue Kreider, today a senior statesman among Mennonite churchmen and scholars, introduces us to the private journal of Paul Comly French. French was a Quaker journalist who served as Executive Secretary of the National Service Board for Religious Objectors from 1940 to 1946. French’s diary, edited by Kreider, shows how a leader of worldly political sophistication became a mentor to the more culturally isolated Mennonites. A future issue of Mennonite Life will include selections from journal entries from 1943 to 1946. This issue also includes the annual Mennonite Life bibliography, com­ piled by Marilyn Loganbill, Circulation Manager for Mennonite Life. James C. Juhnke Indexed with abstracts in Religion Index One: Periodicals, American Theological Library Associa­ tion, Chicago, available online through BRS (Bibliographic Retrieval Services), Latham, New York and DIALOG, Palo Alto, California. MENNONITE

June 1990 Vol. 45 No. 2 LIFE

Editor Civilian Public Service: Jam es C. Juhnke Two Case Studies 4 Book Review Editor John D. Vliesen John D. Vliesen

Editorial Assistants “ We Have Learned Barbara Thiesen Dale R. Schräg to Question Government” 13 Perry Bush Circulation Manager Marilyn Loganbill A Journalist’s Private Reflections Front and Back Covers on the Mennonites 18 Mural in the lobby of the mental hospital at Ypsilanti, Michigan. Robert Kreider

Photo Credits Cover, pp. 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 17, 20-21, Mennonite Library and Archives. Pp. 35, 39, Stan Radical Reformation and Voth. Mennonite Bibliography 25 Marilyn Loganbill MENNONITE LIFE (ISSN 0025-9365) is an il­ lustrated quarterly magazine published in March, June, September, and December by Bethel College, 300 East 27th, North Newton, Book Reviews 36 Kansas 67117. Second Class postage paid at North Newton, Kansas 67117. POSTMASTER: Send address changes to MENNONITE LIFE, Bethel College, 300 East 27th, North Newton, Kansas 67117.

SUBSCRIPTION RATES: U.S. - One year, $ 10.00; two years, $ 18.00. Foreign — One year, $1L00; two years, $20.00 (U.S. Funds). Civilian Public Service: Two Case Studies by John D. Thiesen

From 1941 through 1947, 11,868 potbellied stove, and no indoor plumb­ was an immediate shortage of available men reported for “ work of national im­ ing, with room for 25 to 30 men per ordained candidates. In addition, MCC portance under civilian direction” in building.5 About 150 to 200 men were found that some ministers made bad Civilian Public Service.1 Of these, assigned to the camp at any one time managers and that the administrative 4,665 were Mennonites, 39% of CPS when it was at its full strength.6 and disciplinary duties of the camp draftees. The Mennonites thus made up One of the later directors of the camp director often inhibited his pastoral role. a plurality of men in CPS. (The Church summarized the work projects employ­ Colorado Springs, which was the sec­ of the Brethren made up 11% of the ing the CPS men as follows: ond Mennonite camp, had as its first men and the Friends 8%. Forty-two . . . building irrigation ditches and director Albert Gaeddert, an ordained percent of the men were not from the diversion boxes to prevent soil washing; General Conference Mennonite minis­ three peace churches.)2 The vast ma­ building dams to store water for irriga­ ter from Inman, Kansas. Gaeddert was tion purposes and stock water; leveling both an effective pastor and a capable jority of these Mennonite men served land with heavy equipment to allow in CPS camps or units operated by tillage and irrigation with a minimum administrator. When interviewed dec­ MCC. A few worked outside of MCC loss of soil; development of springs for ades later, men who had served under control and a significant number of non- stock water; stock tank construction; him at Colorado Springs unanimously Mennonites worked under MCC. (As an repairing of Government mechanical remembered him with respect and ap­ equipment; building fences to assist in preciation. Gaeddert was director in example, on July 1, 1942, about 5% of better grazing practices; reseeding pas­ Mennonites were in non-Mennonite tures; and similar projects. Emergency Colorado Springs for only about one units and 14% of the men in MCC units farm labor is a substantial part of the year before being promoted to a higher were non-Mennonites.) The hard­ work program involving perhaps 25% of administrative position in the MCC working Mennonites performed about the men on the project.7 CPS program. All of his successors (six 45% of the over 5 million man-days The men of the Colorado Springs CPS of them over the next four years) were (excluding administrative overhead and camp also planted several million trees appointed from the ranks of the drafted some small special projects) worked by in Pike National Forest, shingled the CPS men. Other camp staff members CPS men.3 roof of the Summit House on Pikes below the level of director usually were Of 235 CPS camps and units of vary­ Peak, and did road maintenance work draftees from the start.10 ing sizes, 124 (53%) were involved for the Forest Service.8 During the last During working hours, most of the with agriculture in some way: soil con­ year of the camp’s existence it was also men in the camp were under the author­ servation, forestry, experiment stations, the headquarters of CPS unit 97M-4. ity of technical supervisors who were etc. Of 63 MCC units, only 28 (44%) The men of this unit were individually employees of the Department of Agri­ were agricultural, although 68% of assigned to dairy farmers within 40 culture (Soil Conservation Service) or MCC man-days were in agriculture and miles of Colorado Springs as farm Department of the Interior (Forest Serv­ the small non-mental health projects.4 laborers.9 ice). At other times the camp director An example of this type of unit was The camp staff consisted of the direc­ was responsible for the men and was CPS camp number 5 near Colorado tor, business manager, educational himself responsible both to the church Springs, Colorado. It was the second director, cook or dietician, and, for a agency that appointed him and to the Mennonite-administered camp opened, time, a camp nurse. MCC originally in­ Selective Service System, which set the in June 1941. The facilities were located tended to appoint ordained ministers as stage for administrative conflict. at Templeton Gap about three miles camp directors, combining the func­ The work projects went along more northeast of Colorado Springs and con­ tions of administrator and chaplain and or less routinely over the five years the sisted of eight former Civilian Conser­ emphasizing the religious nature of the camp was in operation, but occasionally vation Corps barracks, 16 feet by 100 CPS program. As the number of incidents arose that challenged the feet, each equipped with bunks, one draftees and camps mushroomed, there religious and philosophical assumptions

4 MENNONITE LIFE of the camp. For example, the men camp. Another version of this incident classes in history or foreign languages were asked and refused to help haul reports that the crew was actually asked taught by the college-educated draftees. scrap metal as part of the civilian war to do the surveying for the military These activities were supervised by the effort. At another time, the CPS men base, apparently the present-day Fort camp’s educational director, a draftee were asked to go to Monument, Colo­ Carson.13 appointed by the MCC from the limited rado, to harvest ice off a pond in mid­ When CPS was begun, MCC had en­ pool of college-educated CPS men. The winter. The ice was taken out in 200 thusiastic plans for a religious and man who was educational director at pound cubes, loaded into boxcars, and educational program for the men in its Colorado Springs in about 1945 felt that used to refrigerate food for the military. camps. he had not been very successful and that The MCC and government administra­ not enough of the men were sympa­ The most important consideration, thetic to the educational program to sus­ tors apparently gave the men the option however, in causing the Mennonites to of refusing this job without punishment. agree that it was wise for them to par­ tain it.15 The vast majority of former Some refused and some worked.11 A ticipate in the management of CPS was CPS men could recall no details of the third incident seems to have been more the fact that the plan gave them the op­ educational activities at camp #5. serious. Some men portunity to direct the religious and The religious program was rather educational development of the men.14 more successful, although it also de­ recalled being sent out with a crew of 15 or 20 with Leroy Miller as foreman to This intention never materialized. The pended upon the initiative of the men work on a ranch south of Colorado only curriculum materials ever pub­ and the camp staff rather than upon en­ Springs. They were told to dig through lished by MCC were a series of six couragement and organization from an earthen dam and release the im­ pamphlets making up a one-quarter MCC. A large majority of the men at­ pounded water. Ranchers were present course in Mennonite history and doc­ tended the camp’s Sunday church serv­ to catch the fish. All around the CPS men saw survey­ trine. All of the other educational ef­ ices (participation was not mandatory) ors’ stakes. They asked the ranchers the forts in the camp depended on the skills and a significant minority participated purpose of the stakes. The ranchers available among the CPS men and staff. in other religious activities such as Bible replied, “ Oh, they are planning to build There were apparently some short studies. It is remarkable that MCC, a an army camp here.” 12 courses in various crafts, hobbies, and church agency, never succeeded in pro­ The CPS work crew immediately labor skills (e.g. heavy equipment viding a systematic chaplain service to walked off the job and returned to operation). There were perhaps a few its CPS camps. Mennonite ministers

CPS Camp #5, three miles northeast o f Colorado Springs, Colorado.

JUNE, 1990 5 frequently visited the Colorado Springs the other CPS units originated in Colo­ national importance, “ often we felt it camp, especially since it was located in rado Springs. “ A history of CPS would was made work.” 19 The men recalled a major tourist area, and spoke at Sun­ hardly be complete without some men­ incidents of harvesting crops that would day services and other meetings. How­ tion of rugs.” 17 When the camp opened not have been considered worth har­ ever, this part of the religious program in June 1941, three brothers—Lawrence vesting if free CPS labor had not been was completely unorganized and merely R., Elmer, and Dale Palmer, all of available, of cutting rye by hand with took advantage of such opportunities as Bristol, Colorado—were paroled to scythes when just across the fence a they arose. CPS from federal prison where they had combine was doing the same work, and The men also occasionally attended been held for draft resistance (they were of doing work with pick and shovel that churches in Colorado Springs, particu­ non-religious conscientious objectors). might normally have been done by larly the Methodist church. The COs Apparently they had learned the craft machine.20 were accepted by the church and par­ of weaving tufted string rugs while in ticipated fairly regularly in its youth prison. The men at Colorado Springs One recalls a rancher pointing to a pile of dead sheep and ordering him to pick program. This provided a welcome op­ made more than 400 rugs during the the wool off the sheep covered with mag­ portunity to socialize outside the con­ first year of the camp.18 gots. He refused on the grounds that fines of the camp. One former draftee During the first several months of “ this was not work of national impor­ also recalled a Lutheran minister from CPS, agricultural camps such as Colo­ tance.” 21 the town who had formed a pacifist rado Springs, working for the Soil Con­ Even some of those who thought that group in his denomination and was very servation Service, Forest Service, or soil conservation work was valuable felt interested in the CPS camp. In general, National Park Service, were the only it benefitted wealthy ranchers and the the CPS men tried to keep a low pro­ option for drafted conscientious objec­ government rather than people gen­ file in the town. Incidents of hostility tors. The more ambitious plans for uinely in need.22 toward them because of their refusal of NSBRO did not materialize. By 1942 Selective Service officials were prob­ military service seem to have been rare. there was open discontent with what ably content with this state of affairs. Reportedly, the county sheriff appre­ some CPS men saw as a lack of mean­ Although they bore no grudge against ciated their assistance in forest fire ingful work. In retrospect, the majority COs themselves, they feared public fighting and called them “ my boys.” 16 of former Colorado Springs draftees felt opinion and wanted to keep the CPS An important part of social and much of their work there had not been program in the background. In testi­ recreational life was, of course, hob­ of significance. Even the first camp mony before the Senate Committee on bies. One of the rather unusual hobbies director, Albert Gaeddert, said that Military Affairs in 1943, General Lewis that eventually spread to almost all of “ often we felt that it wasn’t” work of B. Hershey, the head of Selective Serv-

Volleyball recreation at Colorado Springs camp.

6 MENNONITE LIFE ice, said, . the conscientious ob­ jector, by my memory, is best handled if no one hears of him.” 23 Mennonite leaders, too, although they had agreed to the NSBRO proposal of October 22, 1940, had originally wanted exactly the kind of system they had in the CPS of 1941-1942. The discontent of the CPS men and the wartime labor shortage came to­ gether to produce the second major type of CPS work project. Work in mental hospitals (or hospitals of any kind) had not been included in the NSBRO pro­ posal and it is not clear exactly how Selective Service and the church agen­ cies became convinced of the feasibility of mental hospital work. Sixty of the 235 CPS units (26%) were located in mental hospitals or training schools for the mentally handicapped. Twenty-eight of the 63 MCC units (44%) were men­ tal health-related and 32% of its CPS man-days.24 Conscientious objectors worked in one fifth of the 300 mental institutions in the United States. About half of these workers were Mennonites and about 1,400 men served in hospitals under MCC.25 Above. Men in Camp 5 made hundreds o f rugs in leisure time. Below. Camp 5 members built irrigation ditches and dams to control erosion.

JUNE, 1990 7 The hospital library at Ypsilanti.

One such unit was located in the graduated from Rush Medical College and self-selection led the hospital units Ypsilanti State Hospital in Ypsilanti, of the University of Chicago in 1921 to have the better-educated and more Michigan, near Detroit. Ypsilanti was and went to work in the Michigan state idealistic among the drafted COs. considered a modern and progressive hospital system, becoming superinten­ The majority of the men in the CPS institution compared to other mental dent at Ypsilanti in 1938. At the time unit worked in the hospital as ward at­ institutions in the country. It was estab­ the CPS unit was at Ypsilanti, Yoder tendants, directly responsible for care lished in 1931 and thus had relatively had a son in the naval reserves study­ of patients. CPS men also filled clerical new facilities on a large campus with ing medicine, but his relationship to the and maintenance positions and worked extensive recreational opportunities, in­ COs was always cooperative and en­ as barbers, cooks, drivers, and in a cluding even a golf course. At the thusiastic.27 variety of other jobs. Some who were beginning of World War II, Ypsilanti CPS unit #90 at Ypsilanti was estab­ ward attendants recalled receiving lit­ had 3,340 patients and 620 employees. lished in March 1943 with 50 men tle or no orientation to this unfamiliar In the first few months the number of selected from four “ base camps,” as job. They were just given the keys to employees dropped by one third as the agricultural units came to be called. the ward and told to take care of the in­ defense plants opened in the area, while (The first MCC unit in a mental hospital mates there. One was oriented to his job the number of patients remained the began in August 1942 in Staunton, by one of the patients. Part of the reason same or increased.26 Virginia.) The men were carefully for this was the initial hostility of the The superintendent of the hospital, screened and selected by MCC and the regular staff towards these new COs. Dr. Orus Ray Yoder, had an interesting state hospital commission. A CPS Most of the men interviewed in later background in light of his supervision draftee had to put in three months in a years reported the relations between the of a Mennonite CPS unit. His father, base camp before he was eligible for CPS group and other employees as not Silas Yoder, had been a Mennonite transfer to a hospital unit or other being very friendly, at least at first. The Church minister in Middlebury, In­ “ detached service.” 28 Those who re­ CPS men felt that many of the other diana, and had worked with CO mat­ quested transfers were those who were employees, especially attendants, were ters during World War I. O. R. Yoder dissatisfied with agricultural work pro­ not qualified or trained for their work, graduated from Goshen College in 1916 jects and desired to serve genuine “ rough characters,” persons who could and in 1917 enlisted in the army. He human need. This process of selection not get work elsewhere. One wife of a

8 MENNONITE LIFE CPS draftee became an employee of the hospital when her husband was assigned to the unit (see below) and received a very hostile reaction her first day on the job. Her supervisor, who had a son in the military in Europe, told her she was not worthy to care for patients and ordered her to simply mop floors. After several hours of mopping, the woman complained to the supervisor and to Yoder, the hospital superintendent. Yoder supported the woman’s com­ plaint. The supervisor felt it impossi­ ble to work with conscientious objectors and immediately resigned. One man recalled that other attendants would sometimes incite disturbances among the patients to test the CPS attendants.29 Relationships with patients, however, were very good. Regular employees sometimes abused the patients with violence, degradation, withholding of food, solitary confinement, alternating hot and cold showers, etc. The gentler treatment from the CPS men was their major contribution to the mental hos­ pital environment in all such units and fit in well with their objection to violence.30

Above. Bennie Fadenrecht and Truman Christner prepare food in “B ” kitchen. Below. Attendant Hubert Moore washes patients for mealtime.

JUNE, 1990 9 Feeding a patient at Ypsilanti. Daniel Diener and Marie Ediger.

One major difference in conditions non-Mennonites in its units. In Novem­ mendous hardship to the single, healthy between hospital units and base camps ber 1941 MCC discontinued allowances Mennonite CPS draftee. Men with was that wives could live with their to Mennonite men to cut costs. Non- dependents, however, were impover­ husbands on the hospital grounds. Mennonite men continued to get $2.50 ished. MCC’s position was that this Many of the wives, and also sisters, of per month and in 1944 this was in­ problem was the responsibility of the in­ CPS men became regular employees of creased to $5.00. Some CPS men held dividual Mennonite denominations and the mental institution. About 25 % of the paying jobs after hours, but MCC the local churches. Not until April 1944 men in the hospital units were married strongly disapproved of this. In August did MCC start paying men with depen­ and had their wives working with them. 1942 MCC decided that each camp dents who got no help from these This was desirable from the hospital’s director had authority to decide whether sources: $25 per month for each depen­ point of view since it helped relieve the men could work outside jobs, but that dent adult, $10 per month for each labor shortage by providing two workers each CPS man who did so had to give child. By December 1944 800 men had instead of just one.31 half of his earnings to charity. This submitted claims for aid. In 1945 This also helped the financial situa­ decision was rescinded in September Howard Charles, then an MCC staff tion of the CPS draftee. Men drafted 1943 as men spent longer and longer member, in a study of Mennonites who into CPS received no regular wages. periods of time in CPS. In addition to had entered the military rather than The Mennonite and Brethren church the question of wages, MCC did not pay CPS, made a rather callous remark on agencies wanted it this way, and medical costs for illness or injury not the pay question. General Hershey also opposed any pay­ job-related until December 1943. After The economic problem is reflected in the ment to CPS men. Many of the men, that, only those with more than one year fact that 251 or 9.4% of the men enter­ and presumably the church agencies, of service were covered.32 Men at ing the army did so for financial reasons. Ypsilanti (and presumably at other In some cases this might constitute a felt that working without pay was a criticism of the church’s handling of the greater demonstration of Christian serv­ hospital units) were somewhat better dependency problem, but in the majority ice and willingness to sacrifice. Men­ off. They got an allowance of $50 per of instances it probably is a commentary nonite men at first received a spending month, of which $35 was deducted for on the materialistic attitude of the drafted allowance of $1.50 per month. The room and board and $5 for uniforms, church member.34 Friends and Brethren were paying leaving $10 cash.33 The persons associated with the CPS $2.50, so MCC gave that amount to The above was probably not a tre­ unit at Ypsilanti were a blending of

10 MENNONITE LIFE Tubs on the receiving ward. Paul Birky, attendant. several groups formed for different pur­ ment would be dropped for the next leges, most with training as nurses. poses. In addition to the draftees year’s appropriations (it remained in These women, 36 in 1944 and 15 in assigned to unit #90 and their wives, force through the rest of the war) and 1945, worked on hospital wards and there was a group known as the “ relief the training units were simply moved participated in educational activities training unit.” In late 1942, presidents to other CPS locations.35 along with the CPS men. As with the of colleges related to the three peace Forty-nine men from Goshen came to relief training unit, some of the women churches had taken the initiative to Ypsilanti in September 1943 to restart were planning for overseas voluntary organize a program under NSBRO to MCC’s relief training project. This work. Counting the volunteers, there train CPS men and other volunteers for brought a very rich and well-planned were usually well over 50 women possible work in reconstruction and educational program to Ypsilanti, com­ associated with the Ypsilanti CPS unit rehabilitation of poor and war-damaged pared with other CPS units. Instructors and over 100 men.37 areas overseas. The Mennonite “ relief from Michigan State Normal College in Ypsilanti perhaps came as close as training unit” began at Goshen College Ypsilanti (now Eastern Michigan Uni­ any unit to fulfilling the peace churches’ in Goshen, Indiana, in June 1943 and versity) taught languages, professors ideals for Civilian Public Service. It offered courses in languages, history, from Goshen and Bluffton Colleges was serving genuine human need. Its sociology, and public health. The relief continued to teach history and sociol­ relatively strong educational program training experiment was very short- ogy, and the hospital staff, including the was training people for possible human­ lived. In mid-1943 Congress passed the superintendent, taught medical and itarian and church agency work after the Military Establishment Appropriations health courses. The courses were ap­ war. It included a number of volunteer bill for 1944 which included the Starnes parently available to all CPS unit church workers. Former members re­ amendment prohibiting posting CPS members, but those in the relief train­ call it as having a strong and effective men outside of the United States and the ing unit were allowed to spend two religious program, again at the initiative training of CPS men at colleges. A thirds of their time in study and only of the unit rather than of MCC. Its group of CPS men already en route to one third on hospital work projects.36 public relations with the surrounding China was recalled and the relief train­ During the summers of 1944 and area were good. Unit #90 seems to have ing units were immediately closed, but 1945 there was a “ women’s summer been successful throughout its exis­ the idea was not abandoned. The peace service unit” at Ypsilanti made up of tence, until it closed in October 1946.38 churches hoped that the Starnes amend­ volunteers from the Mennonite col­

JUNE, 1990 11 Salomon Ediger prepares meat with two patient helpers in the kitchen.

ENDNOTES Mennonite Library and Archives 940.5316 #49. 21 Ypsi. “ Albert Gaeddert interview; Walter H. Kreh­ 2SYpsi; Gingerich, Service for Peace, pp. 214, ‘There are some discrepancies in figures. biel interview. 11,950 men were assigned to CPS. The National 231-232. “ Kreider, “ CPS Camp Life.” “ Interview with Vincent Krabill, Hesston, KS, Service Board for Religious Objectors (NSBRO) “ Albert Gaeddert interview. figures give 11,996 men having served in CPS, May 17, 1975, Mennonite Library and Archives 14Gingerich, Service for Peace, p. 396. 940.5316 #28; interview with Richard Weaver, as opposed to Selective Service’s 11,868. Mulford ,3Wes Prieb interview. Q. Sibley and Philip E. Jacob, Conscription of Bluffton, OH, January 29, 1975, Mennonite Conscience: The American State and the Cons­ ,6Interview with Irvin E. Richert, North Library and Archives 940.5316 #38; interview Newton, KS, September 29, 1979, Mennonite with Leonard Wiens, Walton, KS, November 2, cientious Objector, 1940-1947(Ithaca, NY: Cor­ Library and Archives 940.5316 #98; interview nell University Press, 1952), pp. 83, 168. 1975, Mennonite Library and Archives 940.5316 2Sibley, Conscription o f Conscience, p. 168. with Raymond Juhnke, Goessel, KS, September #34a; interview with Henry Claassen, Beatrice, 16, 1974, Mennonite Library and Archives NE, May 3, 1976, Mennonite Library and Ar­ 3Sibley, Conscription of Conscience, pp. 940.5316 #19; Elmer Ediger interview; interview 126-127; Melvin Gingerich, Service for Peace: chives 940.5316 #81; interview with Paul with Edwin R. Stucky, Moundridge, KS, Septem­ Leathcrman, Ephrata, PA, December 22, 1977, A History o f Mennonite Civilian Public Service ber 29, 1974, Mennonite Library and Archives (Akron, PA: Mennonite Central Committee, Mennonite Library and Archives 940.5316 #71; 940.5316 #18; Walter H. Krehbiel interview; Ypsi. 1949), pp. 453-459. Selma Bartel Reimer interview; Kreider, “ CPS 4Gingerich, Service for Peace, pp. 453-459; 30Henry Claassen interview; Leonard Wiens in­ Directory of Civilian Public Service, May, 1941 Camp Life.” terview; Vincent Krabill interview; Lowell E. ,7A CPS man in Bluffton, Ohio, in 1943, quoted Maechtle and H. H. Gerth, “ Conscientious Ob­ to March, 7947(Washington, DC: National Serv­ in Gingerich, Service for Peace, p. 330. ice Board for Religious Objectors, [1947]), pp. jectors as Mental Hospital Attendants,” Sociology x-xvii. 1 “Kreider, “ CPS Camp Life;” Directory of and Social Research 29 (September-October Civilian Public Service, p. 111. 3Gingerich, Service for Peace, p. 110; Robert 1944) : 19-22. Kreider, “ CPS Camp Life at Colorado Springs ’’Albert Gaeddert interview; Theodore Rickard “ Maechtle, “ Mental Hospital Attendants,” p. Recalled,” Mennonite Weekly Review, September Wachs, “ Conscription, Conscientious Objection, 16. 11, 1986, p. 6; interview with Walter H. Kreh- and the Context of American Pacifism, 1940- “ Sibley, Conscription of Conscience, pp. 1945” (Ph.D. dissertation. University of Illinois, 217-218; Gingerich, Service for Peace, pp. biel, McPherson, KS, December 1, 1974, Men­ 1976), pp. 161-162. nonite Library and Archives 940.5316 #22. 348-351. 20Raymond Juhnke interview; Walter H. Kreh­ 33 Ypsi. 6Interview with Elmer Ediger, North Newton, biel interview. “ Howard Charles, “ A Presentation and Evalu­ KS, October 9, 1978, Mennonite Library and Ar­ “ Kreider, “ CPS Camp Life.” ation of MCC Draft Status Census,” in Pro­ chives 922.87x #1; Walter H. Krehbiel interview. “ Raymond Juhnke interview. ceedings o f the Fourth Annual Conference on 7Paul Schmidt, quoted in Gingerich, Sen’icefor “ Quoted in Wachs, “ Conscription,” p. 126; Mennonite Cultural Problems (Newton, KS: Peace, p. 110. see also p. 152-155. Council of Mennonite and Affiliated Colleges, 8Gingerich, Service for Peace, p. 111. 24Directory o f Civilian Public Service, pp. x- 1945) , p. 94. ’Gingerich, Service for Peace, p. 202. xvii; Gingerich, Service for Peace, p. 459. “ Gingerich, Sen'ice for Peace, p. 305-311. 10Gingerich, Sen'ice for Peace, pp. 114, 277, “ Grant M. Stoltzfus, “ Mental Hospital Ex­ 36Ypsi; Henry Claassen interview, Richard 462; Kreider, “ CPS Camp Life;” interview with perience of Civilian Public Service,” Mennonite Weaver interview. Albert Gaeddert, North Newton, KS, April 20, Life 2 (April 1947): 8. 37Ypsi; interview with Amanda Ediger Bartel, 1974, Mennonite Library and Archives 940.5316 “ Gingerich, Service for Peace, p. 231; Ypsi [Inman, KS?], May 10, 1976, Mennonite Library #14; interview with Wes Prieb, Hillsboro, KS, ([Ypsilanti, MI]: The Publication Committee of and Archives 940.5316 #62; Gingerich, Service November 24, 1975, Mennonite Library and Ar­ CPS #90, 1946). Ypsi was an illustrated book, for Peace, p. 235. chives 940.5316 #36b; interview with Selma similar to a high school or college annual, put out “ Gingerich, Sen’ice for Peace, p. 287; Direc­ Bartel Reimer, Walton, KS, January 16, 1976, by the CPS unit shortly before it closed. tory o f Civilian Public Service, p. xii.

12 MENNONITE LIFE “We Have Learned to Question Government” by Perry Bush

By the late 1960’s, American Men- the CPS camps, a groundswell of dis­ and turmoil which occurred at other nonites had clearly arrived at a new content rumbled as well. In this dissent, CPS camps. The Grottoes camp news­ orientation towards the U.S. govern­ Mennonites began piecing together a letter editorialized in December, 1942, ment. Mennonite young men were critique of Mennonite-state cooperation for instance, that “ Whenever a man refusing to register for the draft, and at and of state power and authority which refuses to register . . . he casts a their churchwide General Conferences would emerge in more potent forms in shadow upon all true conscientious ob­ in 1969 and 1972, the two largest Men­ later years.2 jectors.” Instead, the paper continued, nonite denominations conveyed their of­ First, it is necessary to discuss this we should thank God and the govern­ ficial blessing to this form of open, non­ incipient Mennonite radicalism in the ment for even providing alternative violent civil disobedience. Throughout CPS camps in the full light of the service at all. Similarly, Mennonite this decade, the official peace commit­ recognition that compared to other CO’s at a camp in Indiana argued “ If tees of these Mennonite groups had in­ CO’s, Mennonites were truly the “ good we take matters into our own hands by creasingly displayed a readiness to boys” of the CPS system. From their staging demonstrations, we not only witness to the state beyond the tradi­ first contact with the government, as it weaken our position in the eyes of tional boundaries of Mennonite church- came knocking on their doors in the Selective Service, but also weaken the state separation, delivering to the form of draft notices, these young men position of our leaders” ; likewise the government Mennonite prescriptions on obeyed its directives quite submissive­ editor of a South Dakota camp paper such issues as capital punishment, civil ly. Even more radical leaders such as condemned the walkouts at the non- rights, and the Vietnam war. James Elmer Ediger, who in prewar years had Mennonite camps. One non-Mennonite Juhnke argues that beginning with the worked with Quakers and fellow- in an MCC camp recalled the “ lack of First World War, Mennonites upheld a shipped in the “Harlem Ashram,” social action or conviction to act on “ great compromise” with the federal recalls he “ never came close” to tak­ socially or politically involved situa­ government. In this settlement they ing the nonregistration stance. Other tions” among Mennonite CPS’ers, and would obediently obey the state’s draft young activists concurred; Esko Loe- noted that more than once they booed laws in exchange for a special program wen calls nonregistration an “ unheard his dinner-table announcements of FOR of alternative service which did not send of idea,” and another former Bethel meetings.5 their men off to war. Plainly, by the late student remembers very little sentiment Yet young Mennonites shoveling sixties this compromise had come to an for nonregistration there even at the away in the CPS camps and even labor­ end.1 heights of the prewar student activism.3 ing in camp administration6 slowly Yet new orientations and broken Likewise, once lodged in the camps, began to develop a radicalism in their agreements do not happen overnight. Mennonite CPS’ers engaged in no own grain that took on increasing depth Albert Keim outlines how Mennonite walkouts, work slowdowns, strikes, or as the war years ground on. Consider leaders and government representatives acts of noncooperation to protest the the young insurgents out on the fringe hammered out the “ specific forms” of nature of CPS as a Selective Service of Mennonite political orthodoxy, men the Mennonite-state compromise in the program.4 These were young people like Roland Bartel and Walter Juhnke. Second World War. So, too, in that era who had been raised to honor the thir­ Tucked away in a CPS camp in Florida, did other Mennonites, more often lay teenth chapter of Romans (“ the powers Bartel devoured copies of the Christian people than leaders, begin to lay the that be are ordained of God” ), who Century, Fellowship, and The Pro­ seeds for the dissolution of this arrange­ believed deeply in two-kingdom under­ gressive, revered Gandhi and declared ment. Beneath the apparent triumphs of standings passed down by Anabaptist himself a socialist. Hence he grew CPS for American Mennonites,- in iso­ ancestors. Thus, they would take a troubled with his cooperation with CPS. lated churches and especially down in pretty negative view of the resistance Writing to his good friends Albert

JUNE, 1990 13 Gaeddert and Robert Kreider in June of Non-Resistance by letting ourselves ably chosen words, he urged, “ may 1942, Bartel averred “ By registering being domineered by the Militarists via bring a vital protest from the Mennonite and remaining complacently in a CPS Government.” Further, this CO won­ constituency against church oligarchy camp, I am playing into the hands of dered, ”... were (sic) is the place to and leadership which is unrepresenta­ the government and reducing my pro­ draw the line against war? As I see it tive.” 10 test to a minimum.” Hence he actively now, it would be the first step—not Others stopped short of these posi­ wrestled with whether to walk out. That registering.” Recognizing the good- tions, but still wondered aloud about the August he reported his conclusion, that faith effort of the church “ to shelter wisdom of their church’s wartime com­ “ CPS is worth the price” and that he their boys from the cruel world by set­ promise with the state. Many of these could in conscience remain, though ad­ ting up CPS camps,” a CPS man from doubts surfaced as MCC began to con­ ding that the price is “ that we are Lancaster still held that in doing so, sider its response to possible postwar cooperating with conscription rather Mennonites “ have departed from their conscription, and took special care to than protesting it.” Similarly, Juhnke historic attitude toward government and survey CPS opinion on the issue. Over­ could hardly contain his enthusiasm for those that oppress us.” Similarly, all, the letters gave a cautious endorse­ the socialist Norman Thomas in 1944, another Lancaster CPS’er responded to ment to CPS as a temporary wartime writing home with the advice, “ ...vote a conference questionnaire with his expedient but spoke strongly against Christian. Vote Thomas. In my own measured opinion that while some any permanent arrangement along this mind there is no doubt but what Thomas benefit may accrue to the CPS man line. As one CPS’er put it, “ . . . C.P.S. and the socialists are the most Christian from his experience, his “ testimony” might be all right for an emergency, but and have the deepest insights into the would have been far greater if he had as a permanent thing—we can’t imagine revolution we are going.” Likewise he stood his ground and followed his voca­ that!” Instead, many urged a completely informed his family that “ All I’m pro­ tion, and then gone to jail if it had come church-run program of alternative serv­ posing to do is to return my draft card, to that. “ Ido not believe good can come ice, and underlined the dangers of fur­ and walk out of C.P.S.,” though he from the church cooperating with the ther cooperation with the state. One does not now recall what kept him from state in forcing Christians to do things,” draftee voiced his conviction that “ we finally taking that step.7 he explained.9 cannot be too careful with our com­ Of course, MCC administrators and promising with the government,” while other leaders were aware of such sen­ Forced unpaid labor another advocated that the church create timents, but usually dismissed them as its own voluntary service program and the product of too close an association Like numerous non-Mennonite critics, ask that the government accept it in lieu with non-Mennonite firebrands. Guy many of these young men directed their of military service. If the state should Hershberger, writing years afterwards, fire at the unpaid aspect of CPS labor. refuse, he argued, “ the church should admitted that when certain radical ob­ “ Lincoln abolished slavery,” stated a go ahead with their program and suffer jectors in Quaker camps took the non­ Mennonite CO engaged in forestry the consequences, but under no condi­ registration position, “ a few of our work near North Fork, California. tion submit to Government control to boys were affected by this . . .” In “Today CPS is again using means of the extent of the present program.” actuality, Mennonite dissent in the CPS slavery and the church is sponsoring Another Mennonite CO agreed, won­ camps may have run deeper than Hersh­ CPS.” Likewise, the final issue of the dering, “ Are we compromising Chris­ berger or others realized, and spring Peace Sentinel of CPS Camp 28 in tian ideals to avoid persecution? Cer­ from more homegrown sources. One Medaryville, Indiana, reflected “ on this tainly we do not welcome bodily perse­ Mennonite camper, for example, ex­ business of forced unpaid labor,” con­ cution, but just how far do we go before pressed his concern that “ when I see cluding that “ nothing much will come we draw the line? Personally, I feel the (the church) becoming involved in a of it.” By the end of CPS this paper’s line of demarkation is failing.” In sum, church-state set-up I begin to wonder,” staff had ploughed new furrows of perhaps the strongest single piece of and queried whether perhaps the leader­ critical thought that must have occa­ evidence for an incipient Mennonite ship should have given more thought sioned church leaders a good deal of radicalism in the CPS camps is found to mass migration. Another CPS’er disquiet. That January they had editor­ in an undated note from Melvin Ginge- agreed, pointing to the Mennonite ialized on “ church dictatorship,” argu­ rich to Hershberger accompanying migrations because of the threat of ing that CPS’ers had learned to think some of this correspondence. Gingerich military service in the past, and conjec­ for themselves and this “ brought them wrote tured that what Mennonites generations into a head-on collision with the estab­ “ These letters reflect in part the great back objected to they now accepted lished practice of accepting without underlying uneasy conscience of many without question.8 question the dictates of church leaders.” of our men in CPS. I am convinced that Other young dissenters men found In comments obviously aimed more at this was much more general than the different points of dispute, in comments the hierarchical leadership patterns of Peace Problems Committee and many the Old Mennonites, the editor still others of our leaders recognized. I have that differed substantially in quality and too much of a confidential nature from tone from general CPS griping. “ I am fulminated against a perceived decision our own most deeply thinking boys to not able to find enough grounds in the by MCC to arrange a postwar CPS pass this whole thing off as a manifesta­ Bible to sanction the CPS program..,” system. If they had consulted either the tion of radicalism produced by our con­ wrote a thoughtful objector. “ I feel that CPS men or the churches on this move, tacts with pacifists.” 11 we have compromised greatly in trying the agency would have received a firm In a series of larger CPS meetings to maintain and uphold the Spirit of “thumbs down.” Now a few reason­ known as “ Conscription Institutes,”

14 MENNONITE LIFE the fledgling- Peace Section went out cept alternative service agreements, delegate and an obvious participant in into the camps to confront some of these though preferring “ less interference by (in his words) these “ barracks bull- questioners head on. Conducted in the government.” Other developments at sessions,” the delegates “ advanced spring of 1945, MCC gathered all its the institutes must have left MCC’s many ideas they did not express at open leading lights in administration and more conservative leaders less satisfied. meetings.” Considered as a whole, scholarship in four different CPS camps At the Medaryville, Indiana institute, these private statements leave little to discuss with CPS men some of the discussion apparently grew so heated doubt of the accuracy of Frey’s obser­ issues the church faced in dealing with that the chair asked delegates “ to enter vation that “ Some C.O.’s have troubled conscription, both now and in the the discussions with humble spirit consciences.” 14 future. Years later, CPS administrator knowing he might not have all the right One delegate, for instance, hotly Ediger recalled an additional reason. answers.” 14 declared that “ . . . by accepting C.P.S. MCC went through the considerable ex­ More importantly, a number of opin­ (Mennonites) had endorsed war for pense and trouble of the institutes, ions commanded wide agreement on a everybody but themselves.” “ Modern Ediger remembers, because “ . . . we willingness to witness to government on total war,” argued another delegate, had a certain share of fellows who were peace and justice issues that appeared “ demands that we bear total witness debating . . . the matter of walking out to break new ground for Mennonites, against it.” A large part of the discus­ of CPS and getting imprisoned.” 12 particularly for the more conservative sions revolved around a private refuta­ As framed by MCC, the agenda of Old Mennonite understandings. At tion of many of Bender’s teachings in the conferences concerned such issues Powellsville, delegates proposed resist­ the regular sessions. Frey summarized as determining “ the significance of con­ ing conscription “ up to the extent of one of Bender’s points as “ conscription scription and to recognize the danger of nonviolent direct action,” and “ most of was a good thing because it gave CO’s concentrating only on its immediate ef­ the delegates” affirmed that “ making an opportunity to go into C.P.S. and fects,” to “ Take an inventory on our our statement known to government bear witness against war.” Such a thinking” and to “ discuss the Christian was an evangelistic function and there­ view, charged one of the participants, attitude toward conscription.” From the fore the responsibility of the church.” was “ expedient, short sighted, and perspective of the Peace Section, if the Again, later, the delegates mulled over pragmatic.” “ . . . is the expedient purpose of the institutes was really to how to oppose conscription, and while thing always the wisest in the long rein in some radical thinking among some felt the only course involved run?” queried a delegate. Moreover, CPS’ers, then the conferences could bringing it to God in prayer, . .the what kind of witness of war did this only have been partially successful at larger group” avowed that “ we should really amount to, he wondered, when best. Harold Bender, for instance, act according to our best knowledge of CO’s “ are hidden away, isolated both labored hard at the old passive formula­ God’s will for us, and this might include physically and spiritually, from their tions of nonresistance, arguing at the considerable direct witnessing.” Bartel fellow-men. C.O.’s are talking to them­ Powellsville, Maryland institute that, in stressed at Camino that CPS was clearly selves . . . They are strong in their the words of one attender, “ . . . if by an aspect of military conscription, “ a faith, and are denied the opportunity to opposition we mean testifying against part of this act of war.” Even more show it in action.” Altogether, this this evil, then without question, we revealing was Ediger’s summary of same delegate delivered perhaps the should oppose it. But if by opposition “ What we have learned from the most telling comment of all. “Our we mean putting pressure to bear, then C.P.S. program,” also at Camino. young men are more willing to make it is outside of the Christian’s duty.” Simply put, Ediger relayed that “ We sacrifices than the church believes,” he Likewise, at California’s Camp Camino have learned to question government.” said. “ They are more firm in their con­ in April, Bender told the CPS delegates At Medaryville, summarized the camp viction than the church gives them that “ We cannot impose justice on a newspaper, “ many of those present” credit for being.” 17 wicked social order . . . sometimes we stood at the point of repudiating con­ Before concluding, it is necessary to can do nothing but pray.” Asked scription, saying “ they could not recognize that such dissent may have “ whether we as citizens did not have (register) again, knowing that seeing been shared here and there in the wider a remote responsibility in the acts of the their convictions thru ultimately might church beyond the CPS camps. Keim state, even if we do not approve of mean another five years of their lives— makes clear that for most Mennonites them,” the Peace Problems Committee spent in jail.” Needless to say, the ar­ both in the camps and at home, CPS ad­ chairman maintained “ we do not.” 13 ticle continued, “This undoubtedly mittedly appeared as a measurable A shifting majority of the delegates alarmed and disquieted some of the triumph for the church and as abundant (MCC requested two from each Men- church leaders who were present.” 15 reason to render thanks to the govern­ nonite CPS camp in the region) ap­ If MCC leaders were concerned at ment. A careful reading of the docu­ peared at times to accept the fundamen­ some of the opinions expressed in the ments, however, reveals scattered de­ tally careful views of elder men such as official assemblies, they would have partures from the prevailing satisfaction Bender. A camp paper, for example, been perturbed to a considerably greater with this Mennonite-state compromise, reported that “ One prevailing position” degree if they could have heard some at least among the Old Mennonites. at Powellsville held that “ conscription of the lines of discussion in the dele­ Thus Daniel Kauffman, the crusty old is bad only when it has a bad purpose. gates’ private sessions. These have been editor of the Gospel Herald, listed in It can have good results if its purpose preserved in a remarkable document his suggestions for PPC work, in a letter is good.” A wide majority there which somehow ended up in the MCC’s to Orie Miller in 1939, “ . . . that you agreed, too, that the church could ac­ files. Written up by Daryl Frey, a set your foot hard against what is some-

JUNE, 1990 15 times called ‘alternative service.’ matter . . . I sometimes think that we tion Adopted by the Camp,” Jasper-Pidaski Peace Sentinel I, no. 21, Mav 22, 1942, p. 4, Mennonites are in favor of extending should not register, and let the govern­ IX-13-1, AMC. Editorial, “ Shall We Walk Out?” war relief, he continued, “ but NOT ment take us to court and sentence our The Rushmore Reflector, February, 1943, p. 4, when this relief work is connected with young to 5 years in the pen.’ ” The IX-13-1, AMC. “ History of Leonard Holden in Civilian Public Service," undated statement to the military machine as alternative serv­ “ worst part is,” informed Brubaker, Melvin Gingerich, Peace Problems Committee ice coming in the form of a substitute “ is that there were some who stood by (hereafter abbreviated as PPC) Papers, 1-3-5.7, Box 36, file 85, AMC. for military service . . . that is simply him and endorsed this stand.” 20 "This point is important. Even early in the CPS strengthening the military power of a In sum, the Mennonite CPS exper­ system, former campus radicals like Ediger, country, something that we claim we ience had wrought some key changes in Loewen and Robert Kreider had quite quickly been installed in important posts in camp adminis­ can have no part in.” In his response. the church. Traditionally suspicious of tration, and as the years passed other younger CPS Miller reviewed the many number of government, Mennonites had spent men also rose to fill such roles. As Gingerich times Old Mennonites agreed on the some years cooperating intimately with points out, in such positions these men continually faced the variety of tensions coming their way as legitimacy of alternative service from it, and had learned a great deal in the war objectors administering a Selective Service the 1937 Turner, Oregon statement on process. Fundamentally they had dis­ program. While publicly they affirmed the pro­ gram, privately such tensions led many to a backwards, and informed him that this covered that, as Bender repeatedly told mounting dissatisfaction with the whole arrange­ was the first time in his fourteen years the men at the conscription institutes, ment. As one young CO and camp administrator of service with the Peace Problems “ Government is not a monster to be wrote to Albert Gaeddert, “ In our selling of the CPS ‘vision'. . . we act as though this CPS is a Committee that he had heard such a feared.” Yet they had also become beautiful and glorious experience . . . ” when in perspective expressed. So shocked was aware that neither was it a distant, actuality they knew, he admitted, that it was mere­ Miller at Kauffman’s comments that he unresponsive, unmovable force, some­ ly “ the best that could be worked out on short notice . . . ” After the war a number of former wondered if he should resign from the thing like a storm or a plague that one administrators testified they would never again committee if his own viewpoint “ is not merely had to endure. If older church be caught in such a dual role. See Melvin Gingerich, Service for Peace, Akron, Penn­ the correct one.” 18 leaders somehow missed this point, sylvania: MCC, 1949, 372-373; Paul Albrecht to Obviously Kauffman’s was very much their young charges in the CPS system Albert Gaeddert, January 23, 1946, Gaeddert a minority position, but as the war pro­ did not fail to grasp it.21 Papers, MLA-MS-50, Box 3, file 16. ’Roland Bartel to Gaeddert and Kreider, June, gressed other voices rose to join it. As Correspondingly, during the war 1942, Gaeddert Papers, MLA-MS-50, Box 1, file the outlines of the CPS program pene­ years Mennonites began to work 3; and August 9, 1942, Gaeddert Papers, MLA- trated down into the churches, Paul towards a new understanding of the MS-50, Box 1, file 4. Oral Interview, James Juhnke with Walter Juhnke, January 4, 1977, Huddle wrote Bender from Salina, state and a newer Mennonite relation to Schowalter Oral History Project, MLA. These Pennsylvania, to ask “ . . . why should it. More specifically, particularly the quotes from Juhnke’s letters were read by inter­ viewer Juhnke as part of the interview. this so called church privilege be pur­ younger generation housed in the CO “Hershberger to Edgar Metzler, January 5, chased with money when both state and camps began to pioneer a new way of 1960, Bender PPC papers, 1-3-5.10, Box 52, national constitutions guarantee free­ addressing the state; they groped AMC. Orie Cutrell to Paul Erb, April 22, 1944; Louis Lock to Erb, April 22, 1944; both in Hersh­ dom of religion were the towards a method of witnessing to the berger materials, PPC papers, 1-3-5.7, Box 36, Mennonites and others 'sold up the river state about Mennonite concerns. In AMC. by committees . . . ,” Huddle asked, developing a more activist approach to 9Lee Kanagy to Paul Erb, December 19, 1944, Hershberger materials, PPC papers, 1-3-5.7, Box who “ purchase(d) their liberty and society and laying the foundation for a 36, file 87. “ Extracts from Questionnaires,” un­ freedom from military services?” questioning of the state, this generation dated report, J. Paul Graybill Papers, Box 39, Lancaster Mennonite Historical Society, Lan­ (Huddle’s emphasis). Another Men- in the camps began considering issues caster, Pennsylvania (hereafter abbreviated as nonite wrote from Virginia to suggest which would lead to the shattering of LMHS). Albert Miller, response to questionnaire that “ It is a question whether the leader­ the Mennonite-state compromise in the from the Camp Committee of the Lancaster Con­ ference, March 4, 1946, Amos Horst Papers, ship did sell the church down south turbulent 1960’s. LHMS. through the set up so much talked of.” 19 '"Roland Stucky to MCC, November 16, 1944, Others from a conservative bent MCC correspondence, “ Campers’ attitudes towards conscription,” IX-6-3, AMC. “ Finis,” ' found reason to question the levels of ENDNOTES The Peace Sentinel V, no. 4, April, 1946, p. 2, church-state cooperation in the CPS 'James Juhnke, “ Mennonites and the Great IX-13-1, AMC. Royce A. Engle, “ Dictatorship,” Compromise,” The Mennonite LXXXIV, no. 34, The Peace Sentinel V, no. 1, January, 1946, p. system. In a 1943 article in the Old September 23, 1969. 2, IX-13-1, AMC. Mennonite fundamentalist periodical ’Albert Keim, “ Service or Resistance? The the Sword and Trumpet, writer Sanford Mennonite Response to Conscription in World War II,” Mennonite Quarterly Review LII, no. G. Shelter listed the “ chief disadvan­ 2, April, 1978. tage” of church-operated camps as “ the 3Oral Interviews, Roger Juhnke with Elmer dividing line between church and state Ediger, October 9, 1978; Keith Sprunger with Esko Loewen, October 9, 1973; Linda Schmidt is not as well defined as many would with Wesley Bartel, November 4, 1973; all from like to see it.” Certainly more alarm­ Schowalter Oral History Collection, Mennonite ing to Bender was a short letter from Library and Archives, Bethel College, North Newton, Kansas (hereafter abbreviated MLA). a certain Jacob Brubaker of Lancaster, JAt times, however, Mennonite CPS men did who reported on a speech he heard refuse to participate in work, such as surveying possible sites for army camps or thinning beets, Peace Problems Committee member which they perceived as directly related to military Amos Horst deliver in his home con­ needs. ference of Lancaster. According to 5“ For Conscience Sake,” The Olive Branch, December 19, 1942, p. 5, IX-13-1, Archives of Brubaker, Horst had avowed “ ‘. . . I the Mennonite Church, Goshen College, Goshen, am going to state my conviction on the Indiana (hereafter abbreviated as AMC). “ Resolu­

16 MENNONITE LIFE " “ Symposium of Post-war Conscription,” "Ediger interview. “Conscription Institute, Powellsvilie, Maryland,” MCC Bulletin 3, no. 7, October 22, 1944. Fran­ ,3"Notes on Conscription Institute,” Powells- AMC. cis Smucker to Gaeddert, October 21, 1944; and ville, Maryland, February 24-25, 1945, p. I, "Frey, “The Powellsvilie Conference,” Peace David Anderson to Robert Kreider, October 8, Hershberger Materials, PPC Papers, 1-3-5.7, Box Section Data Files, AMC. 1944; both in MCC Correspondence, “ Campers 36, file 48, AMC. Dwight Weldy, "Powcllsville "Kauffman to Miller, Sept. 14, 1939, Bender attitudes towards conscription,” 1X-6-3, AMC. Conference,” Vie Skyliner III, no. 3, March, PPC Papers, 1-3-5.10, Box 51, AMC. Miller to Melvin (Gingerich) to Guy (Hershberger), un­ 1945, p. 3, IX-13-1, AMC. "Notes on Conscrip­ Kauffman, Sept. 19, 1939, Bender PPC Papers, dated note, Hershberger materials, PPC Papers, tion Institute,” Camino, California, April 8-9, 1-3-5.10, Box 51, AMC. 1-3-5.7, Box 36, file 87, AMC. Particularly after 1945, pp. 2, 4, Hershberger Materials, PPC "Paul T. Huddle to Bender, October 17, 1941, the American Friends Service Committee voted Papers. 1-3-5, Box 36, file 48, AMC. Bender PPC Papers, 1-3-5.10, Box 51, AMC. to withdraw from CPS administration in March, 14“Powellsville Conscription Confab,” Box 96 Noah Showalter to Bender, Feb. 15, 1943, Bender 1946, MCC began to receive an increasing I, No. XII, March, 1945, p. 3, 1X-13-1, AMC. PPC Papers, 1-3-5.10, Box 55, AMC. number of letters and petitions from Mennonite Weldy, “ Powellsvilie Conference,” p. 4. “ Notes 20Sanford G. Shelter, “ The Civilian Public CPS'ers urging that it follow suit. See "Statement on Conscription Conference at Camp Medary- Service Program," Vie Sword and Trumpet. of Attitude concerning CPS Demobilization and ville, Medaryvillc, Indiana,” March 18-19, 1945, December, 1943, 2. Jacob Brubaker to Bender, Continuance of CPS proposed by the Peace Sec­ p. 2, vertical file, “ CPS,” MSHL. March 4, 1944, Miller PPC Papers, 1-3-5.3, Box tion in Agreement with CPS Administration," un­ "Notes of Powellsvilie Institute, p. 2-3. Notes 17, AMC. Equally revealing was Bender's nota­ dated memo, vertical file, “ CPS,” Menno Simons of Camino Institute, pp. 3, 8. “ Conscription tion on top of the letter, reading "For O.O.M. Historical Library, Eastern Mennonite College, Institute,” Vie Peace Sentinel IV, no. 4, April, personal. Thow in waste basket. HSB." Harrisonburg, Virginia (hereafter abbreviated 1945, p. 2, IX-13-1, AMC. "Notes of Conscription Institute at Medaryvillc, “MSHL"). "Daryl Frey, "The Powellsvilie Conference," Indiana, p. 5. MCC Peace Section Data Files, IX-12 (pronto 1),

Preparing fo r track transportation to work projects in the morning, Colorado Springs camp.

JUNE, 1990 17 A Journalist’s Private Reflections on the Mennonites

by Robert Kreider

No one in the first half of the twen­ and the Fellowship of Reconciliation in mingled admiration for, occasional tieth century did more to lead Men­ forming a board of seven. M. Robert bewilderment and rare exasperation nonites into the labyrinths of politics Zigler of the BSC was elected chair­ with his new-found colleagues and than Paul Comly French, Executive man; Orie O. Miller of the MCC, vice friends, the Mennonites. Secretary of the National Service Board chairman; Paul Furnas of the AFSC, for Religious Objectors (NSBRO) from treasurer; and Paul C. French, ex­ Part I ecutive secretary.2 1940 to 1946. He coordinated the ef­ September 11, 1940. forts of the Peace Churches—Brethren, Paul Comly French kept a private Orie Miller is first mentioned in a diary during the years from before the Friends and Mennonites—and other meeting with a General Shedd to discuss creation of the NSBRO until his retire­ church groups in administering the conscientious objectors. alternative service program for consci­ ment, July 10, 1940 to December 31, entious objectors in an uneasy collab­ 1946.3 In this 1,000 page diary with its September 26, 1940. oration with U.S. Selective Service. brief off-the-record entries, French Henry Fast is identified in a meeting French was an unlikely political men­ commented candidly about Peace with Dr. Elbridge Sibley, secretary o f tor for Mennonites. A pipe-smoking Church colleagues, national figures and the Osborne Committee drafting con­ journalist, he rose from police reporter the trials of operating the alternative scription regulations. on the old Philadelphia Record to service program for COs called “ Civil­ October 2, 1940. correspondent on such national events ian Public Service” (CPS). In an earlier Henry Fast, ‘ 'Church o f the Men­ as the 1936 Lindbergh kidnapping- essay I have made use of the French nonites, ’ ’ attended a meeting with At­ Hauptman murder trial. French was a diaries in describing his perception of torney General Robert Jackson. member of the Society of Friends, but conscription issues.4 The diary provides October 4, 1940. not of two Mainline Quaker families. a wealth of information on a variety of French reported that the AFSC was He had not attended college. He gained intriguing subjects: for example, willing to operate the alternative service attention in newspaper politics as the French’s rocky relationship with the program for all COs with the Men­ first president of the Newspaper Guild American Friends Service Committee, nonites, Brethren, Methodists, Cath­ of Philadelphia and from 1937 to 1939 the human side of General Lewis B. olics, FOR and the Federal Council of as head of the Federal Writers Project Hershey, the presistent efforts to open Churches on an advisory committee. in Pennsylvania. overseas service for drafted COs. Not recorded in the French diary was Author of the book, We Won’t Mur­ The focus of this study is French’s resistance from Mennonites and Breth­ der, 1 French emerged in the summer of encounter with Mennonites, whom he ren, supported by the Methodists and 1940 as a pivotal member of the Friends scarcely knew before 1940 when he was Disciples, to Quaker administration of War Problems Committee. Members of plunged into daily association with alternative service for all groups. At a this committee, assisted by Brethren them. Orie O. Miller, Executive Chicago meeting a collegial pattern and Mennonites, labored energetically Secretary of the MCC, provided his began to take form. to secure recognition of the conscien­ principal window to the Mennonite tious objector in the unfolding Burke- world. Along with hundreds of entries October 5, 1940. Wadsworth conscription bill of 1940. referring to Miller, he frequently speaks Attended the meeting of representa­ Step by step in the late fall of 1940 the of Henry A. Fast—director of MCC- tives of the Historic Peace Churches at National Service Board took form. The CPS, Albert Gaeddert—Fast’s successor the Mennonite Home Mission, [1907 American Friends Service Committee in 1942, and Mennonites on his NSBRO South Union] Chicago. M. R. Zigler (AFSC), Brethren Service Committee staff, Joe Weaver and Chris Gräber. presided .... (BSC) and Mennonite Central Commit­ The excerpts that follou^ are drawn The Mennonites reported that they tee (MCC) created the NSBRO and from the years 1940 through 1942. I favored church-directed projects as over agreed to divide costs. They were have chosen to correct spellings. My against government-directed projects joined by the Methodists, Disciples of brief annotations appear in italics. In and also that they favored cooperation Christ, Federal Council of Churches these entries one observes French’s with the Friends and Brethren ....

18 MENNONITE LIFE Orie Miller’s Plan November 26, 1940 1917 were cited by Orie Miller as a It was agreed the National Council reason for continuing on a group basis. October 11, 1940. for Religious Conscientious Objectors Attended an organizing meeting of should be changed to the National Serv­ Exploring Service in Paraguay the National Council for Religious Con­ ice Board for Religious Objectors. May 20, 1941 scientious Objectors, in Washington. December 18, 1940 Took Orie Miller to see Laurence Orie Miller and Henry Fast were pres­ After considerable discussion, it was ent for the Mennonite Central Commit­ felt that the general program might be Duggan [Acting Chief of the American tee . . . . M. R. Zigler was named called Civilian Public Service. Republics Division o f the State Depart­ chairman; Orie Miller, vice chairman; ment] about men going to Paraguay. and myself, ex. sec. January 15, 1941 Orie described their Paraguayan Colony Orie Miller suggested that all deci­ Joe Weaver, a Mennonite from Kan­ and the kind of things Mennonites sions made in the preliminary stages of sas, reported on visits to camp locations would like to do in Paraguay. [Miller the council be by unanimous consent at Lagro, Illinois, and Bluffton, In­ and French met again with Duggan on and this all agreed to . . . . diana. He is just starting with us and May 23.] seems to be an excellent chap. I think October 22, 1940. we will be able to work together without June 5, 1941 Orie Miller presented a memorandum any trouble .... Orie Miller said they Arrived at Colorado Springs this morning about 6:30. Was met by Albert covering the purpose of a national c.o. would operate the Bluffton camp .... service board, and the relation of the Henry Fast reported on a visit to Col­ Gaeddert, the [MCC] camp director. Mennonites to it. The proposed service orado Springs and agreed to admin­ The train I was on had a number of men assigned to the camp and we all drove board, he suggested, would be respon­ ister .... out in trucks for breakfast. The camp sible and recommend projects of na­ I think the Mennonites and Brethren is located in a beautiful spot. From the tional importance; coordinate, sponsor, feel that it is more economical [for us kitchen, Pike’s Peak seems to stand on and supervise work projects, provide to handle all contacts with government] guard. I was much impressed after for all c.o.’s of constituent groups and and not attempt to set up individual of­ as many more as may be assigned by fices for each group. The Friends are breakfast to hear a group of farm boys the govt. The MCC would represent all somewhat more interested in dealing singing hymns while they washed the Mennonites to the national board, independently .... dishes. would provide for direct handling of a June 24, 1941 majority of their numbers, approve January 28, 1941 Tom Jones [Friends] objected to the In the evening I went to Lancaster, assignments of all other Mennonites, Pennsylvania, and met with a group of use of “ conscientious objector” in our assume up to ‘A of the National Cons­ Amishmen in the office of a Mennonite cientious Objector Board overhead, in­ name and proposed that the Board be called the National Board for Civilian lawyer, [Sam Wenger]. It was an inter­ cluding '/a of initial deposit provided the esting evening. They are so naive and Public Service .... Orie objected to board functions remain administrative, so completely unworldly in many ways, this change .... the matter was passed with its executive committee limited to yet so very shrewd in others that it over. not over c.o. Christian groups, the seems like a throw-back to another age Board’s educational activities be limited March 15, 1941 to talk with them. to projects under its direct management. French attended the formal dedica­ July 8, 1941 The main projects would be agricul­ tion of the first camp at Patapso, MD, P.C. Hiebert [Chairman o f the MCC] tural. One or two minor projects might where Quaker Rufus Jones spoke. felt that we should not press for com­ be approved for those who could' qualify French comments: I wonder where it pensation insurance and a bonus, but for specialized service. Fully supported will lead? And whether we will be able would accept them if the government projects would be studied and devel­ to make the kind of testimony against offered them. oped directly or jointly with other war that we hope to. I wonder what the groups concerned. Allowance to men problems will be? .... Amish Host the General above subsistence would be left for the April 16, 1941 development of group conviction from Walter Van Kirk [Federal Council of August 1, 1941 experience. Churches], Orie Miller and Paul Furnas General Hershey, Colonel Kosch and November 14, 1940 /AFSC] were asked to work out a I drove to Lancaster and had dinner at Units approved .... MCC camp [at system of representation so that the the farm of David Fisher, an Amish Grottoes] in Rockingham County, VA, Federal Council of Churches would bishop. I haven’t seen so much food at in conjunction with Soil Conservation have adequate representation on the one place for a long time. After the Service. Board. There was a general feeling that meal, Hershey perched on the back we should be cautious of government. November 25, 1940 fence and discussed the problems of .... Representatives of the three May 7, 1941 conscription and religious conscience groups expressed their willingness to Bob Zigler and Orie Miller were for about two hours. After we finished handle one third each of the total anxious to develop a farm unit in there, we attended a meeting of three number of c.o.’s .... The hope was Washington County, Maryland, which Lancaster County draft boards who expressed that joint camps might be might continue after the war as a perma­ have most of the conscientious objec­ continued. nent center .... The experiences of tors, and Hershey made it very clear to

JUNE, 1990 19 CPS Christian Workers Institute at Bethel College, August 1944. Many o f these men planned fo r full time Christian service and became leaders in the General Conference Mennonite Church. Left to right, beginning with the front row. (Note irregular rows.) Row 1: Walter Adrian, Herbert Dalke, Maynard Shelly, Stan Hostetter, Henry Fast. Row 2: Loris Habegger, Winfred Reimer, Verney Unruh, Oswald H. Goering, Alvin Doell, Aaron J. Epp, Edmund G. Kaufman, Jacob H. Langenwalt er. Row 3: Walter Gering, unidentified, Roland Bartel, unidentified, Wesley Bartel, Elmer J. Buhler, Erwin C. Goering, unidentified, Mildred (Gerbrandj Ediger, Elmer Ediger, Robert W. Senner. Row 4: Jacob D. Goering, Waldo W. Kaufman, Henry W. Goossen, Gordon D. Kaufman, Roland R. Goering, uniden­ tified, Irvin E. Richert, Alice (Hostetler) Loewen, Esko Laewen. Row 5: Arthur Thiessen, Donovan E. Smucker, Harold Thiessen, Ben Rahn, Henry Fransen, David C. Wedel, Samuel J. Goering, Otto L. Sommer, Christian E. Krehbiel. Row 6: Olin A. Krehbiel, Peter J. Dyck, A. James Rinner, Robert S. Kreider, unidentified, William Stauffer, Albert Gaeddert. them that he was anxious that the prob­ might be the beginning of a major cam­ impending doom that the whole world lem be handled with intelligence and paign on c.o.’s. is tied together in universal slaughter.... Went to Congress at 12:30 and heard discretion so that we did not have a November 10, 1941 repetition of the last war when men Discussed the Communist situation the President read his request for a declaration of war. It took but a few were given pretty brutal treatment. It with Orie who said the Mennonites minutes to deliver and thus we again seemed to me it was rather interesting were not a bit disturbed. to see a general in the army willing to move into a tragic era .... the honey­ spend an afternoon with the Old Order November 18, 1941 moon is over, and we will soon know Amishmen and to discuss problems of In discussing the question of a flat 5 whether we have developed understand­ conscience with them. percent increase [in financial support] ing and tolerance .... Went to Patap- for staff with Orie I obtained another sco tonight with Joe Weaver to talk with September 1, 1941 insight into the Mennonite paternalistic Paul Furnas about the possibility of The Consultative Council met at pattern when he said that we did not hire organizing a relief unit at San Dimas, Winona Lake today for the first of the the staff on a mass production basis but California, in the event.the West Coast three day session .... Harold Bender as individuals and that I should use my was bombed or attacked. of the MCC reported on the Canadian individual judgment if anyone needed government c.o. camps and said that the additional money because of the in­ December 12, and 13, 1941 Bob Zigler told me some of the back­ men received 50 cents a day and their creased cost of living .... maintenance .... Orie Miller said the ground of the relationship between the Mennonites would be willing to see a Mennonites and Brethren and Friends government camp if it would not jeopar­ Seeking CPS Units in relief work, and I can appreciate how dize the present program .... in England and China they feel about too much Quaker control of the NSB. I suppose as time goes on September 3, 1941 November 26, 1941 we will learn how to work together.. . . Orie Miller explained that they were Clarence Pickett, Orie Miller, Bob December 15, 1941 happy in having their camp directors Zigler and I met with General Hershey The first report of possible trouble follow instructions and guidance from to tell him formally that the historic came today in a letter from Colorado the NSB .... A special committee peace churches were prepared to con­ Springs. Gaeddert wrote that Soil Con­ consisting of Clarence Pickett [AFSC], tinue the program until Jan. 1, 1943.... servation Service people had told him Orie Miller, Frank Olmsteaad [War We discussed the Chinese and English that the Legion and the VFW planned Resisters League], Walter van Kirk, M. units with Hershey and he is still to paint the camp and then to drive the R. Zigler and myself were named to dubious about his legal rights to let men boys out of the community. I talked discuss the problem of a government go outside the western hemisphere. [In with Orie about it and suggested that we camp with the government. an entry fo r November 27 Orie Miller accept Colonel Kosch’s invitation to be appears to be present with French for Obviously Sincere People a talk with Dean Acheson, chief of the helpful .... Far Eastern Division of the State October 25, 1941 Department, and with Dr. T. L. Taui, Civilian Bonds Arrived in Chicago in time to get to Chinese Embassy, to explore possibili­ the Mennonite Mission for a 9:00 AM ties fo r a CPS unit in China.] December 23, 1941 meeting of the Mennonite Central Com­ Took Orie Miller and John E. Lapp mittee. I always enjoy Mennonite meet­ to see Linton Collins. They were ings because they are so obviously The Terrible News anxious to get his viewpoint on whether sincere people and have so few shams. the government would feel they were Everything is open and above board.... December 7, 1941 obstructing the war machinery if they Orie and Henry Fast were on the train Have just heard the terrible news that advised their people about the position returning east . . . . [Orie] said that the the Japanese have bombed the Hawaiian of the church in regard to the purchase Mennonites had agreed to continue the Island. It seems so utterly tragic and of defense bonds and the whole prob­ program during 1942 and 1943 if it horrible that we have to murder thou­ lems of the c.o. Collins was very under­ seemed necessary to commit ourselves sands of young Americans and Japanese standing and said that he personally for that period. and Dutch and Australians and Chinese would feel that they would be inconsis­ before we get together around a table November 4, 1941 tent if they did advocate the purchase and arrive at an intelligent solution of of bonds to buy military material. He I received a letter today addressed to the problems of the Pacific region .... the Service Board accusing the Board suggested that they were free to quote Dark days are ahead .... We need their official church statement and to of being Communistic and particularly more than ever a sense that we have me with having been a Communist on make their position clear in their church God with us and are guided by Him. papers and through correspondence. the basis that Communists were on the Tonight the Green Street Peace Com­ Federal Writers Project during the time Later the three of us talked with mittee met at our house. I was Pennsylvania State Director. I Houghteling at the Treasury about the discussed the situation with Jerry December 8, 1941 issuance of a special civilian bond issue Voorhees and Congressman Maas [of Washington was grey and depressing which pacifists might buy in good con­ the Dies Committee]. I was somewhat when I got off the sleeper from Phila­ science. [In subsequent weeks appear disturbed by it because of a fear that it delphia .... One has the feeling of many entries on Mennonite participa-

22 MENNONITE LIFE tion in negotiating a plan for civilian and had lunch with William Scott and talking with them because things get to bonds.] a committee of Christadelphians. They the point. Orie talked about the foreign projects and expressed their position as January 3, 1942 are a fine group to deal with. Remind not objecting to anything I might do to Don Smucker [Mennonite pastor, me much of the Mennonites from the make progress .... He said that he Wadsworth, Ohio] has written me that standpoint of integrity and calmness — understood that the Brethren wanted ac­ the American Legion in the Middle January 21, 1942 tion, they were neutral, and the Friends West seemed disturbed about the camps Discussion of detached farm serv­ did not want me to move. He felt that and suggested that we might look into ice . . . . Henry Fast . . . seemed sat­ I was in a rather difficult position, I it. The colonel [Kosch] . . . felt that as isfied with the plans. It will likely af­ agreed with him. long as things worked out as they had fect more Mennonite boys than any been we should be able to carry on. other group, so I am glad that it satisfies The First Mennonite Disaster Service him .... Henry and I talked about the Farm Earnings for Reconstruction problems of civilian defense, and he felt March 20, 1942 with me that we should make every ef­ I talked with the camp director at January 8, 1942 fort to present a united front to the Henry, Illinois [Mennonite camp], to­ Orie felt that the men [on detached government. day about the work men from that camp farm service] should not receive any have been doing at Lacon, Illinois, wages but [and both Bob Zigler and Fixing Up the Rough Edges where the tornado hit four days ago and Paul Furnas agreed] all of the money of the World killed fourteen persons and injured 100 over and above that needed for clothing others. They have done a fine job ap­ and incidentals should be held by the February 11, 1941 parently and Col. Kosch felt well satis­ National Service Board for a special Met Henry Fast on the train to Fort fied with it. Senator Lucas of Illinois fund for relief and reconstruction. Wayne, and we spend the evening fix­ pleased. It is curious that when I first ing up the rough edges of the world. January 13, 1942 suggested the mobile relief units I con­ Bob Zigler and Orie Miller wanted February 18, 1942 ceived of them in terms of possible East all of the funds from [detached farm] [Victor] Olson [of Selective service] or West Coast bombing .... service deposited in a special fund told me that he had decided to take this April 6, 1942 under the NSB and then have the Board job because of his experience with the C. L. Gräber [Mennonite] from designate which agency should operate Plain People in Lancaster County and a Goshen, Indiana, and a Mr. Cluen, relief and reconstruction projects with belief that he understood their viewpoint. member of a local draft board in In­ the funds. Clarence Pickett felt that each diana, were in today to discuss with boy should decide .... Inasmuch as They made a Serious Mistake General Hershey the problem of two a majoriy of the men who will work on Mennonite boys whose claim for IV-E the farms are likely to be Mennonites, March 10, 1942 classification has been rejected. I think it seems to me that Orie’s wishes should The Consultative Council met at [it] did considerable good, inasmuch as carry the most weight .... Friends Meeting House at Florida Hershey agreed that he would appoint Harold Bender [MCC] presented a Avenue, Washington, D.C. . . . In the another person to handle all of the draft of a statement which he and Paul afternoon Bishop B. Bromley Oxnam Presidential Appeal applications. Bowman [BSC] had prepared as the [Methodist] . . . made a strong plea for basis of our attitude toward civilian government camps. Walter Van Kirk April 9, 1942 defense on which the pacifists could moved a resolution .... Crain, Swift, Spent an hour and a half with Colonel agree. Clarence Pickett disagreed and and John Thomas all spoke against it. Kosch and Orie Miller discussing the felt that this problem is no concern of Bob and Paul and Orie agreed to it and Hagerstown project and the general the NSB .... It all makes a difficult it was passed. I am quite sure they made plan of farm assignments. situation for me, inasmuch as the Men­ a serious mistake and failed to realize April 23, 1942 nonites and Brethren look to the NSB that it will be used as a basis of their The Financial Council met at Akron, to perform certain functions which the approval of government camps .... I Pennsylvania [MCC headquarters] to­ Quakers prefer to do independently. may be quite cynical but I think the day and discussed the increasing deficit January 16, 1942 Bishop is probably motivated by his which is now up to $88,000. desire to welsh on promises the Meth­ Bob Zigler had stayed to talk with me May 2, 1942 odist Church has made over the years about the meeting he had last night with Talked with Chris Gräber today on Orie, Paul Furnas and Clarence Pickett tothec.o.’s . . . . I told Bob, Orie and Paul after the meeting that I could not the phone about the possibility that in Philadelphia to discuss the whole Federal Reserve Banks might have understand why they had backed down problem of cooperation. Said that they Land Bank bonds and similar securities before the Bishop .... had made no headway and that he felt available for us to buy. This whole bond that Clarence was unwilling to work, on March 18, 1942 business is the most difficult job I have a broadening scope, with the Brethren Orie Miller, Henry Fast and Amos had since the program started. and Mennonites. Horst [Mennonite bishop from Lan­ January 17, 1942 caster County] came in this morning to Went over to Trenton this morning discuss a lot of details. Always enjoy

JUNE, 1990 23 May 9, 1942 today for a two-day conference. In the ice . . . any given type of program, but Newton, Kansas. The regional camp evening towards the end of the meeting, would welcome any detached service conference was considerable different the hotel manager came in and asked me to which [Selective Service] might from that in Amherst, Massachusetts, if I would talk with a committee of agree .... because most of the Mennonite and twenty Legionnaires who had just ar­ December 31, 1942 Brethren boys had little to say; whereas rived and asked that we leave the hotel . . . .The train I was on had four am­ the problem of Amherst was to divide and the town. We had an interesting bulance cars bringing wounded to the time up so that everybody had a discussion with them in which Paul Fur­ Walter Reed Hospital from North chance to talk; here the problem was nas, Orie Miller and Harold Rose [BSC] Africa. pretty much to get somebody to say joined. This was my first experience something. Henry Fast felt the meeting with the vigilante attitude . . . there As French made his final diary entry was quite successful even though the were several veiled threats about driv­ for 1942 Europeans were in their fourth men didn’t talk too much. ing us out of town, which seemed to year of war and the United States had May 10, 1942 disappear after we had discussed the entered its second year of war. Al­ .... went to Hesston College with whole situation .... After they left we though German advances had been Joe. Joe was graduated from here and discovered that one of the restaurants halted at Stalingrad and in North Africa, seemed to know everybody .... Went had put up a sign saying that no c.o.’s French’s military friends were predict­ to Newton Hospital to see Dr. E. L. were wanted. ing a long war. The year 1943 would Harshbarger who has been sick for over During the summer o f 1942 French bring added diversity and promise in the a year. In the evening the president of and Mennonite representatives met fre­ Civilian Public Service program. How­ Bethel College called a special faculty quently to discuss the Civilian Bond ever, in 1943 the lengthening months meeting and asked me to expound on program and training units in the col­ of war and the wearing weight of con­ current events and international affairs. leges for postwar relief and reconstruc­ scription would test the administrative I always feel very silly doing this tion work. endurance of Paul Comly French and because I doubt if any one knows June 16, 1942 the Peace Churches. exactly what is going on in the world I am a little disturbed at Paul’s and today. I Find in places like this that Orie’s attitude of appreciation to [the ENDNOTES they take everything you say very Provident Trust Company] for their 'Paul Comly French, We Won't Murder. New seriously .... willingness to handle the job [of issuing York: Hastings House, 1940. 2For a survey of Mennonite Civilian Public May 12, 1942 bonds] .... It is something that any Service see Melvin Gingerich, Sen-icefor Peace. bank would agree to handle when they Akron, PA: Mennonite Central Committee, 1949. .... Orie is greatly concerned about For a review and analysis of the Historic Peace the bonds, and I suppose justly so in planned to make money from it. Churches and the United States at war, 1917- view of the fact that when I was in Kan­ October 8, 1942 1955, see Albert N. Keim and Grant M. Stoltzfus, The Politic.-; o f Conscience. Scottdale, PA: Herald sas I saw barns and stores painted Met with Orie, Bob and Paul at Press, 1988. yellow .... Paul’s today .... Orie explained that 3NSBRO-NISBCO Collection in the Swarth- the Mennonites did not feel able to tell more College Peace Collection, Swarthmore, Pennsylvania. May 16, 1942 the government what work of national 4Robert Kreider, "Lessons from World War Met with representatives of the mid- importance should be. He felt that he II," Peace Section Newsletter. Vol. XII, No. 3, western camps at Winona Lake, Indiana, was not ready to press Selective Serv­ May-June, 1982, pp. 5-9.

24 MENNONITE LIFE The camp chorus of the Mulberry unit in central Florida, a hookworm eradication project. Back row: Nelson Host etter, Oswald Goering, Galen Widmer, Dallas Voran, Delbert Schräg, Wesley Prieb, Mervin Hostetler, Martin Schroeder, Frank Wiebe. Front row: Ed Zehr, George Bohrer, Menno Lohrenz, Art Thiessen, Harold Thiessen (director), John Horst, Leo Goertz, Walt Adrian, Roy Smucker.

JUNE, 1990 25 Radical Reformation and Mennonite Bibliography

compiled by Marilyn Loganbil!

Assisted by Harold E. Huber, Menno Simons Barrett, Lois. Doing what is right: what the Broken boundaries: resources for pastoring Historical Library/Archives, Eastern Mennonite Bible says about covenant and justice. people: child sexual abuse. Akron, Pa.: College (EMC); Kevin Enns-Rempel, Center (Peace and justice series; 7) Scottdale, Pa.: MCC Domestic Violence Task Force, for Mennonite Brethren Studies (FRESNO); Herald Press, 1989. Pp. 95. FRESNO, [1989?]. EMC. Lawrence Klippenstein, Mennonite Heritage MHL, MLA. Brunk, George R. II. Academic freedom gone Centre (MHC); Ina Ruth Breckbill, Mennonite Bartel, Barry C. Animation in Haiti: MCC to seed at EMC. Harrisonburg, Va.: Historical Library, Goshen College (MHL); Haiti's experience with ntral community Fellowship of Concerned Mennonites, 1989. and Barbara Thiesen, Mennonite Library and development. (MCC occasional paper, no. [Pp. 3] EMC. Archives, Bethel College (MLA). 8) Akron, Pa.: Mennonite Central Brunner, Marta. Elly and Oliver. Goshen, Committee, 1989. Pp. 28. EMC, Ind.: Pinchpenny Press, 1989. Pp. 29. L989 FRESNO, MHL, MLA. MHL. Bartel, Marvin. My own picture book about Bubenheimer, Ulrich. Thomas Müntzer: getting older. Newton, Kan.: Faith and Life Herkunft und Bildung. (Studies in medieval 50 years: a vision for the future. Gettysburg, Press, 1989. Pp. 43. MHL. and Reformation thought; v.46) Leiden: Pa.: Bethel Mennonite Church, 1989. Pp. Baughman, J. Ross. Some ancestors o f the Brill, 1989. Pp. 359. MLA. 66. MHL. Baughman family in America: tracing 12 Buggy horse mishaps o f 1988. Kresgeville, Pa.: 1989 directory o f Cchmans Mennonite Church, generations from Switzerland. [New York, 3/Mi. Mfg., Inc., [1989?]. Unpaged. EMC, Adamstown, Pennsylvania. Adamstown, Pa.: N.Y.]: Baughman, 1989. Pp. 171. EMC. MHL. The Church, 1989. 1 vol. EMC. Bauman, Harold Ernest. Presence and power: Burgert, Annette K. Eighteenth and nineteenth Adams, Marcia. Cooking from quilt country: releasing the Holy Spirit in your life. century emigrants from Lachcn-Spcyerdorf in hearty recipes from Amish and Mennonite Scottdale, Pa.: Herald Press, 1989. Pp. 124. the Palatinate. Myerstown, Pa.: AKB kitchens. New York: Clarkson N. Potter, FRESNO, MHL, MLA. Publications, 1989. Pp. 38. MHL. Inc., 1989. Pp. 202. FRESNO, MHL. Baxter, Angus. In search o f your Canadian Burkholder, John Lawrence. The problem o f Adrian, Marlin Wayne. Mennonites, roots. Baltimore, Md.: Genealogical social responsibility from the perspective of missionaries, and Native Americans: religious Publishing Co., 1989. Pp. 350 MLA. the Mennonite Church. Elkhart, Ind.: paradigms and cultural encounters. Thesis Beck, Warren A. Historical atlas o f the Institute of Mennonite Studies, 1989. Pp. (Ph.D.)-University of Virginia, 1989. Pp. American West. Norman: University of 238. FRESNO, MHL, MLA. 229. FRESNO, MLA. Oklahoma Press, 1989. 1 atlas. MLA. Burkholder, Myrna, ed. Handbook on Alexander, John T. Catherine the Great: life Bender, Sue. Plain and simple: a woman's congregational ministry with young adults. and legend. Oxford, 1989. Pp. 418. MLA. journey to the Amish. New York: Harper Elkhart, Ind.; Newton, Kan.: MBM/SYAS Allix, Peter. The ecclesiastical history o f the and Row, 1989. Pp. 152. FRESNO. and COE of GCMC, 1989. Pp. 58. EMC, ancient churches o f Piedmont and o f the Benner, Cheryl A. The country love quilt. MHL. Alhigenses, 1690-1692. Gallatin, Tcnn.: Intercourse, Pa.: Good Books, 1989. Pp. Byler, Dennis. Making war and making peace: Church History Research and Archives, 192. EMC, MHL, MLA. why some Christians fight and some don’t. 1989. Pp. 282. MHL, MLA. Bixel, James W. Dance o f the Kobzar (Peace and justice series; 8) Scottdale, Pa.: Arndt, Karl John Richard and Reimer C. Eck, [videorecording]: scenes from the life o f John Herald Press, 1989. Pp. 103. FRESNO, eds. The first century o f Gentian language Peter Klassen, artist as peacemaker. MHL, MLA. printing in the United States o f America. [Bluffton, Ohio]: Bluffton College, 1989. Christianity in China: a scholars’s guide to (Publications of the Pennsylvania German 2 vidoecassettes. FRESNO, MHL, MLA. resources in the libraries and archives o f the Society; 21-22) Gottingen: Niedersächsische Born träger, Mary Christner. Rebecca. United States. Armonk, N.Y.: M.E. Sharpe, Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek, 1989. 2 Scottdale, Pa.: Herald Press, 1989. Pp. 176. 1989. Pp. 709. MLA. vols. MHL, MLA. MHL, MLA. Claassen, Jacob. Jacob Claasscn journal 1911. Augsburger, Myron S. I'll see you again! Boschmann, David. Den Pionier-Lehrern der Milo, Iowa: Betty C. Miller, 1989. Pp. 57. Scottdale, Pa.: Herald Press, 1989. Pp. 232. Kolonie Femheim: gewidmet. Hillsboro, MLA. MHL, MLA. Kan.: Multi Business Press, 1989. Pp. 97. Clayton Kratz: can we depend on you? Aukerman, Dale. Darkening valley’: a Biblical FRESNO, MHL. Harleysville, Pa.: Branch Valley Produce, perspective on nuclear war. (A Christian Bowman, John David. Psalms. Elgin, 111.: [1989]. 1 videocassette. FRESNO, MLA. peace shelf selection) Scottdale, Pa.: Brethren Press, 1989. Pp. 39. MHL. Coggins, James R. and Paul G. Hieben. Herald Press, 1989. Pp. 236. MHL, MLA. Brandt, Edward R. Brandt roots (1605-1988). Wonders and the word: an examination of Baer, Martha. Martha's radiance. [New Minneapolis, Minn.: Brandt, 1989. Pp. 92. issues raised by John Wnnber and the Hamburg, Ont.]: Baer, 1989. Pp. 40. MHL, MLA. Vineyard Movement. Winnipeg, Man.; EMC. Brentz, Wilma Schertz, comp. The family Hillsboro, Kan.: Kindred Press, 1989. Pp. Baer, Mervin J., ed. A time to gather. circle: Augspurger and Imhoff genealogy and 162. EMC, FRESNO, MHL, MLA. Crockett, Ky.: Rod and Staff, 1989. Pp. history. Farmington, 111.: Schertz, 1989. Pp. Conli-Entin, Carol. Improvisation and spiritual 398. EMC. 95. MHL. disciplines: continuing the divine-human duct.

26 MENNONITE LIFE (Pendle Hill pamphlet; 288) Wallingford, [Illinois]: Illinois Mennonite Relief Sale Pine Hill Press, 1989. Pp. 79. MLA. Pa.: Pendle Hill, 1989. Pp. 31. MLA. Association, 1989. Pp. 139. MHL. Goering, Regina M. A histoiy o f the Bank Cornelsen, Rose. Please cany me Lord. ■Facing’ the enemy: conßict resolution rooted in Mennonite Church. Dayton, Va.: The Winnipeg, Man.; Hillsboro, Kan.: Kindred the Horn o f Africa. Waterloo, Ont.: Conrad Church, 1989. Pp. 22. EMC. Press, 1989. Pp. 153. EMC, MHC. Grebel College, 1989. Pp. 44. EMC. Good, Elaine W. It's summertime! Counting with numbers. Crockett, Ky.: Rod Fardelniann, Charlotte. Sink down to the seed. Intercourse, Pa.: Good Books, 1989. and Staff, 19S9. Pp. 64. EMC. (Pendle Hill pamphlet; 283) Wallingford, Unpaged. EMC. Crauderueff, Elaine J. War taxes: experiences o f Pa.: Pendle Mill, 1989. Pp. 32. MHL, Good, Joyce. Year o f doubt. Crockett, Ky.: Philadelphia Yearly Meeting Quakers through MLA. Rod and Staff, 1989. Pp. 272. EMC. the American Revolution. (Pendle Hill Farney, Laura. Genealogies o f three large Good, Phyllis Pellman. The Central Market pamphlet; 286) Wallingford, Pa.: Pendle families o f Lewis County, New York. cookbook: favorite recipes from the Hill, 1989. Pp. 39. MHL, MLA. Castorland, N.Y.: [Julia Karcher], 1989. 2 standholdcrs o f the nation's oldest fanner's Curran, Thomas. The ideological roots o f civil vols. MHL. market, Central Market in Lancaster, war pacifism. South Bend, Ind.: University Fast, Karl. Gebt der Wahrheit die Ehre!: Ein Pennsylvania. Intercourse, Pa.: Good of Notre Dame Press, 1989. Pp. 19. MHL. Schicksalsbericht. Winnipeg, Man.: Canzona Books, 1989. Pp. 224. EMC, MHL, MLA. Dealing with death: a guide to resources-. Publishing, 1989. Pp. 324. FRESNO, Granick, Eve Wheatcroft. The Amish quilt. Goshen, Ind.: College Mennonite Church, MHC. Intercourse, Pa.: Good Books, 1989. Pp. 1989. Pp. [20]. MHL. Feeding the flock. Kearney, Neb.: Morris Press, 192. EMC, FRESNO, MHL, MLA. Derksen, Peter Isaak. Es wurde wieder nihig: 1989. Pp. 374. MHL. Griffin-Allwood, Philip G.A. Baptists in die Lebensgeschichte eines mennonitischen Figes, Orlando. Peasant Russia, civil war: the Canada 1760-1990: a bibliography o f selected Predigers aus der Sowjetunion. Winnipeg, Volga countryside in revolution (1917-1921). printed resources in English. Hantsport, Man.: Mennonite Heritage Centre, 1989. New York: Oxford University Press, 1989. N.S.: Lancelot Press, 1989. Pp. 266. MHL. Pp. 183. EMC, FRESNO, MHC, MHL, Pp. 401. MLA. Gruys, J.A. Thesaunts 1473-1800: nederlandsc MLA. Finger, Thomas N. Christian theology: an bockdrukkcrs cn bockvcrkopers: met plaatscn Dettwiler, Alma. Hangest o f tears. eschatological approach. Vol.H. Scottdale, at jaren van wcrkzaamhcid. Nieuwkoop: Harrisonburg, Va.: Christian Light Pa.: Herald Press, 1989. Pp. 544. EMC, DeGraaf Publishers, 1989. Pp. 293. MHL. Publications, 1989. Pp. 168. EMC, MHL. Guenther, Gloria. The gift o f love. Winnipeg, Deutsches Jahrbuch für Paraguay, 1989. MHL. First Mennonite Church o f Champaign-Urbana: Man.; Hillsboro, Kan.: Kindred Press, 1989. Asunciön: [G. Ratzlaff], 1989. Pp. 113. a twenty-five year history. Urbana, 111.: The Pp. 174. EMC, MHL. FRESNO, MHL. Church, 1989. Pp. 103. EMC, MHL, Harder, Eldon B. and Helen KJempel Harder. Dill, Clarence W. Tombstone inscriptions o f MLA. Seventy-five years at Aberdeen, 1907-1982. Butler Count)’, Kansas. Seminole, Okla.: P Fretz, Clarence Y. Handbook to The Aberdeen, Idaho: First Mennonite Church, and C Research, 1989. Pp. 628. MLA. Anabaptist Hymnal. Hagerstown, Md.: 1989. Pp. 383. MLA. A Disciple’s Christology: appraisals o f Kraus's Fretz, 1989. Pp. 115. EMC, MHL. Harder, Helmut. Tdmoigncr de Jösus-Christ Jesus Christ our Lord. (IMS occasional Fretz, J. Winfield. The Waterloo Mcnnonitcs: dans Ic monde d ’aujourd'hui: manuel paper; 13) Elkhart, Ind.: Institute of a community in paradox. Waterloo, Ont.: d'üudcs pour les assentbices dc la XIle Mennonite Studies, 1989. Pp. 111. EMC, Wilfrid Laurier University Press, 1989. Pp. Conference Mennonite Mondiale. (Cahiers FRESNO, MHL, MLA. 391. MHL, MLA. de Christ Seul. Nouvelle serie; 2-3/1989) Drescher, John M. God’s presence in time o f Friesen, Adeline. The Von Riesen-Friesen stoiy: Montbdliard: Les Cahiers de Christ Seul, trouble. Scottdale, Pa.: Herald Press, 1989. 1769-1987. Mountain Lake, Minn.: Friesen, 1989. Pp. 142. EMC, MHL, MLA. Pp. 14. EMC, MHL. [1989]. Pp. 363. FRESNO. Harder, Helmut. Witnessing to Christ in today’s Drescher, John M. The Lord is near: Friesen, John, ed. Mcnnonitcs in Russia: essays world: a faith and life study book, Mennonite experiencing the presence o f God. Scottdale, in honour o f Gerhard Lohrenz, Winnipeg, World Conference. Carol Stream, III.: Pa.: Herald Press, 1989. Pp. 14. EMC, Man.: CMBC Publications, 1989. Pp. 386. Mennonite World Conference, 1989. Pp. MHL. FRESNO, MHC. 90. EMC, FRESNO, MHL, MLA. Driedger, Diane, et al. Development and Friesen, Larry D. The impact o f community Harris, Richard Jackson. A cognitive disability. (MCC occasional paper; no. 9) support for fanners coping with economic psychology’ o f mass communication. Akron, Pa.: Mennonite Central Committee, distress. Thesis (D.S.W.)-Columbia Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1989. 1989. Pp. 17. EMC, FRESNO, MHL, University, 1989. Pp. 171. MLA. Pp. 287. MHL. MLA. Friesen, Walt. Linked in caring community: Haury, Emil W. Point o f Pines, Arizona: a Driedger, Leo. The ethnic factor: identity in pursuing mutuality with persons experiencing history o f the University o f Arizona diversity. Toronto, Ont.: McGraw-Hill prolonged mental illness. Elgin, III.; Akron, Archaeological Field School. Ryerson, 1989. Pp. 450. FRESNO. Pa.: Mennonite/Brethren Mental Health A (Anthropological papers of the University Dueck, Dora. Under the still standing sun. & E Committee, [1989?]. Unpaged. EMC. of Arizona; no. 50) Tucson: University of Winnipeg, Man.: Kindred Press, 1989. Pp. Fry-Miller, Kathleen M. Peace works: young Arizona Press, 1989. Pp. 141. MLA. 293. EMC, FRESNO, MHC, MLA. peacemakers project book II. Elgin, III.: Hawbaker, Gary T. and Clyde L. Groff. A Earnest, Corinne P. and Russell D. Earnest. Brethren Press, 1989. Pp. 128. MHL. new index, Lancaster Count)’, Pennsylvania, Papers for birth dayes: guide to the fraktur MLA. before the federal census. Vol.3. Hcrshey, artists and scriveners. Albuquerque, N.M.: Glick, Vernon A. All in a lifetime. Oakland Pa.: Hawbaker, 1989. Pp. 204. MHL. R.D. Earnest Associates, 1989. Pp. 496. Mills, Pa.: Glick, 1989. Pp. 217. EMC. Hayatna Missionary Seminar (30th: 1989: MHL. Goering, Edna D. My memories o f meat Amagi Sanso) Showa, X-Da)< and be)’ond: Eighmy, Jeffrey Lynn. Mennonite architecture: canning. [Moundridge, Kan.: E.D. Goering], papers presented at the thirteenth Hayama diachronic evidence for rapid diffusion in 1989. Pp. [16]. MHL, MLA. Men’s Missionar)' Seminar, Amagi Sanso, rural communities. New York: AMS Press, Goering, Henry J. A t eventide there shall be Januar)’ 5-7, 1989. Tokyo: [s.n.], 1989. Pp. 1989. Pp. 220. FRESNO, MHL. light: poems. [North Newton, Kan.: Oswald 98. MHL, MLA. Erb, Elizabeth S. A Parkinsonian’s pilgrimage. H. Goering, 1989]. Pp. 70. MLA. He has the whole world in his hands: Lititz, Pa.: Erb, 1989. Pp. 25. EMC. Goering, Orlando J. and Violet H. Goering. International Visitor Exchange Program Estes, Steven R. Love in action: the stoiy o f The Benj. B.J. and Anna (Goering) Goering manual 1988-89. [S.l.]: International Visitor thirty Illinois Mennonite Relief Sales. family record, 1891-1989. Freeman, S.D.: Exchange Program, 1989. MHL.

JUNE, 1990 27 Heijting, W. Dc catechismi at confessies in clc Jackson, Dave and Neta Jackson, eds. On fire MHL. Ncderiandse Rcfonnaiie tot 1585 = The for Christ: stories o f Anabaptist martyrs, retold Klassen, Ted and George Peters. Kohmt Met catechisms and confessions o f faith in the from Martyrs minor. Scottdale, Pa.: Herald Noh Expoh. Winnipeg, Man.: Bindery Dutch Reformation to 1585: with a summary Press, 1989. Pp. 184. FRESNO, MHL, Publishing House, 1989. Pp. 100. in English. (Bibliotheca bibliographica MLA. FRESNO. MHC. Neerlandica; v.27) Nieuwkoop: DeGraaf, Jackson, Mary' Percy. The homemade brass Kossen, H.B. De God des i redes als 1989. 2 vois. MHL. plate: the story o f Dr. Maty Percy Jackson as bondgenoot: de gemeente in de maatschappij: Heisey, Nancy and Paul Longacre. Mennonite told to Cornelia Lehn. Sardis, B.C.: Cedar- afscheidscholl. Amsterdam: Algemene international study project: final report. Cot t Enterprise, 1989. Pp. 215. MHL, Doops. Soc., 1989. Pp. 16. EMC. [Akron, Pa.: Mennonite Central MLA. Krauss, Wolfgang and Ben Redekop. The Committee], 1989. Pp. 108. MHL, MLA. Jantzen, Carl Raymond. The Mennonites of difficulties o f being peace church: Johann and Herold, Ann Bixby. The mysterious pass-over Spanish Lookout. [Washington, D.C.: Anna Baptist lead a tour through Mennonite visitors. Scottdale, Pa.: Herald Press, 1989. Washington Times Corp.J, 1989. Pp. 9. history and the present. Bammental: German Pp. 117. MHL. MHL. Mennonite Peace Committee, 1989. Pp. 35. Herr. Amy. Exploring with God: Grade 4: Janzen, Susan E., ed. Youth guide: a FRESNO. teacher’s manual. (Bible nurture and reader disciplcship resource for youth ministiy. Kraybiil, Donald B. The riddle o f Amish series) Crockett, Ky.: Rod and Stall', 1989. Newton, Kan.: Faith and Life Press, 1989. culture. Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins Pp. 141. EMC. Pp. 80. MHL. University Press, 1989. Pp. 304. EMC, Hershberger, Alma. Country cookbook: old John Peter Klassen: artist as peacemaker. FRESNO, MHL, MLA. favorites from the Amish community Dover, Bluffton, Ohio: Bluffton College, 1989. Pp. Kreider, Robert S. and Rachel Wa liner Delaware. Dover, Del.: [John .1. 21. MHL. Goossen. When good people quarrel: studies Hershberger], 1988-89. Pp. 100. EMC. Jones, T. Can by. Thomas R. Kelly as I o f conflict resolution. Scottdale, Pa.: Herald Hershcy, Noah L., ed. The descendants of remember him. (Pendle Hill pamphlet; 284) Press. 1989. Pp. 198. FRESNO, MHL, John Eby Hershcy and Anna Mcllinger Wallingford, Pa.: Pendle Hill, 1989. Pp. 47. MLA. llershty. Lititz, Pa.: Sutter House, 19S9. MHL, MLA. Krewson, Margrit B. The German-speaking Pp. 133. EMC. Juhnke, James C. Vision, doctrine, war: countries o f Europe: a selective bibliography. Hertzler, Silas. The Hauler-Hander family Mennonite identity and organization in Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress, history. Kokomo, Ind.: Selby Publishing, America, 1890-1930. (Mennonite experience 1989. Pp. 318. MHL. 1989.’ Pp. 773. EMC, MHL. in America; v.3) Scottdale, Pa.: Herald Krewson, Margrit B. The Netherlands and Horner, Norman A. A guide to Christian Press, 1989. Pp. 394. MHL, MLA. northern Belgium: a selective bibliography of churches in the Middle East: present-day Justice: the restorative vision. (Occasional reference works. Washington, D.C.: Library Christianity. Elkhart, Ind.: Mission Focus papers of MCC Canada Victim Offender of Congress. Pp. 152. MHL. Publications, 1989. Pp. 128. EMC. Ministries program and the MCC U.S. Landis, Marvin. Elam N. Burkholder family Horst, Irvin B. Dutch Mennonite spirituality in Office of Criminal Justice) Elkhart, Ind.: album, 1716-1989. Elizabethtown, Pa.: Colonial America. (Offprint from Mennonite Central Committee, 1989. Pp. Mayflower Print Co., [1989], Pp. 58. Oecumennisme: opslelle aangeboden aan 4L EMC, MHL, MLA. MHL. Henk B. Koosen) [Amsterdam: Algemene Kinder, A. Gordon. Michael Scn-ctus. Landis, Mary M. God's gifts. Crockett, Ky.: Doops. Soc., 1989. Pp. [6]. EMC. (Bibliotheca Dissidentium; v.10) Baden- Rod and Staff, 1989. Unpaged. EMC. Hostetler, Helen M. A time to love. Scottdale, Baden: Valentin Koerner, 1989. Pp. 167. Landis, Mary M. Helping mother. Crockett, Pa.: Herald Press, 1989. Pp. 221. MHL. MHL. Ky.: Rod and Staff, 1989. Unpaged. EMC. Hostetler, John A. Amish roots: a treasury o f King, Harley. Mother, don’t lock me in that Lcbcnn nach der Lcr Jhesu ... Das sind aber history, wisdom, and lore. Baltimore, Md.: closet! Perrysburg, Ohio: Keller University wir!: Berner Täufer und Prädikanten im Johns Hopkins University Press, 1989. Pp. Press, 1989.' Pp. 167. MHL. Gespräch, 1538-1988. (Informations-Blätter; 319. FRESNO, MHL. Kinsinger, Roy S. Amish families of the Heft 11/12) Bern: Stämpfli, 1989. Pp. 208. Hostetler, John A. Toward responsible growth OaklandMaryland congregation along with FRESNO, MLA. and stewardship o f Lancaster County's some history o f the past. Salisbury, Pa.: Leeson, Muriel. Journey to freedom. Scottdale, landscape. Elizabethtown, Pa.: Hostetler, Kinsinger, 1989. Pp. 33. EMC. Pa.: Herald Press, 1989. Pp. 126. MHL. 1989. Pp. 15. MHL. Klaassen, Walter. Between world and faith: Lehman, Willis A. My pilgrimage o f more than Hostetler, Jonathan J. Papa was an meditations by Walter Klaassen. Waterloo, 80 years. Apple Creek, Ohio: Lehman, entrepreneur. Goshen, Ind.: Hosteller, 1989. Onl.: Mennonite Publishing Service, 1989. 1989. Pp. 78. EMC. Pp. 58. MHL. Pp. 49. EMC. Lichti, James Irvin. Religious identity vs. Hunsberger. Arthur G. Christ or Kraus?: a Klassen, Doreen. Singing Mennonite: Low "Atyan" identity: German Mennonites and critique o f Kraus' book on Cliristolog}’. German songs among the Mennonites. Huttcrites under the Third Reich. Thesis Harrisonburg, Va.: Fellowship of Concerned Winnipeg, Man.: University of Manitoba (MA)--San Francisco State University, 1989. Mennonites, 1989. Pp. 56. EMC, MHL. Press, 1989. Pp. 330. EMC, FRESNO, Pp. 187. FRESNO, MLA. Hurd, Jill J. The ancestors and descendants o f MHC, MHL, MLA. The life and times o f Menno S. Yoder, 1863- Jan Lucken. Baltimore, Md.: Gateway Klassen, Paul, et.al. The butterflies of 1952: the story o f a Mennonite family. Press, 1989. Pp. 599. EMC. Manitoba. Winnipeg, Man.: Manitoba Colorado Springs, Col.: Yoder, 1989. Pp. Hymnal sampler: for churches in the Anabaptist Museum of Man and Nature, 1989. Pp. 341. MHL, MLA. tradition. Findley, Ohio: Churches of God, 290. MHL. Lind, Timothy. MCC Africa program: historical General Conference; Elgin, 111.: Brethren Klassen, Peter James. A homeland for background. (MCC occasional paper; Press; Newton, Kan.: Faith and Life Press; strangers: an introduction to Mennonites in no. 10) Akron, Pa.: Mennonite Central Scottdale, Pa.: Mennonite Pub. House, 1989. Poland and Prussia. Fresno, Calif.: Center Committee, 1989. Pp. 25. EMC, MHL. Pp. 136. EMC, MHL, MLA. for Mennonite Brethren Studies, 1989. Pp. Löwen, Heinrich. ln Vergessenheit geratene Intel, Joy Ann Dirks. IViens. [Oklahoma City, 95. FRESNO, MLA. Beziehungen: frühe Begegnungen der Okla.: Intel, 1989]. Pp. 163. MLA. Klassen, Peter P. Kampbrand und andere Mennonitcn-Brüdergemeinde mit dem Irvin, Margaret Meyer. Full circle. Goshen, mennoni tische Geschichten aus dem Baptismus in Russland-- ein Überblick. Ind.: Pinchpenny Press, 1989. Pp. 67. paraguayischen Chaco. Asuncion: (Beiträge zur osteuropäischen MHL. Makrografic, 1989. Pp. 135. FRESNO, Kirchengeschichte; Bd.l) Bielefeld: Logos,

28 MENNONITE LIFE 1989. Pp. 94. FRESNO. MHC, MLA. Moore, Ruth Nulton. The Christmas surprise. Oyer, Verie C. At the bend in the river: a 100- Malone, Michael P. The American West: a 20th Scottdale, Pa.: Herald Press, 1989. Pp. 159. vear history o f East Bend Mennonite Church. century history-. (The Twentieth-century MHL. Fisher, III.: Oyer, 1989. Pp. 49. MHL. American West) Lincoln: University of Mow, Merrill. Torches rekindled: the Passenger and immigration lists index: 1989 Nebraska Press, 1989. Pp. 347. MLA. Brudcrhof’s struggle for renewal. Ulster Park, supplement. Detroit, Mich.: Gale Research, Martens, Sheri. Adam and Andrea leant and N.Y.: Plough Publishing House, 1989. Pp. 1989. Pp. 722. MLA. grow: understanding church words from a 309. FRESNO, MHL. Pellman, Hubert R. Seventy-Jive years of kid's viewpoint. Winnipeg, Man.; Hillsboro. Mumaw, Evelyn King. More like Jesus: you can mutual aid: Virginia Mennonite Properly Aid Kan.: Kindred Press, 1989. Pp. 79. EMC, grow in your Christian life. Scottdale, Pa.: Plan. Harrisonburg, Va.: Virginia MHL. Herald Press, 1989. Pp. 152. MHL, MLA. Mennonite Conference, 1989. Pp. 98. Martin, Clara W. Myers family history 1717- Mumaw, John R. Assurance o f salvation. EMC. 1989. Gordonville, Pa.: Gordonville Print Harrisonburg, Va.: Christian Light Peters, Katie. The colonics and their villages Shop, 1989. Pp. 89. EMC. MHL. Publications, 1989. Pp. 112. EMC, MHL. founded by the Mcnnonitcs in Russia. Martin, J.W. Religious radicals in Tudor Mumaw, John R. Assurance o f salvation: study Winnipeg, Man.: Centre for Mennonite England. Ronceverte, W.V.: Hambledon glide. Harrisonburg, Va.: Christian Light Brethren Studies, [1989?]. 1 vol. EMC. Press, 1989. Pp. 237. MLA. Publications, 1989. Pp. 21. MHL. Pipkin, II. Wayne and John H. Yoder. Martin, Titus. 145 original poems, 1985-1989. Murphy, Carol R. Milestone 70. (Pendle Hill Balthasar Hubrnaicr: theologian o f Bird-in-Hand, Pa.: Martin, 1989. Pp. 154. pamphlet; 287) Wallingford, Pa.: Pendle Anabaptisnu Scottdale, Pa.: Herald Press, EMC. Hill, 1989. Pp. 39. MLA. 1989. Pp 608. MHL. Mast, C.Z. A brief history o f Bishop Jacob Neufeld, Bill, ed. A heritage o f homesteads, Plett, Delbert F. Plett picture book. Steinbach, Mast and other Mast pioneers. Elverson, hardships and hope: 1914-1989: La Crete Man.: DFP Publications, 1989. Pp. 159. Pa.: Mennonite Family History, 1989. Pp. and area. La Crete, Alta.: La Crete and MHL. 822. EMC, MLA. Area Then and Now Society, 1989. Pp. Princess in calico. Crockett, Ky.: Rod and McGrath, William R. The mystery o f Jacob 450. MHC. Staff, 1989. Pp. 92. EMC. Amman. Carrollton, Ohio: A-M Neufeld, William. From faith to faith: the Punshon, John. Letter to a universalist. Publications, 1989. Pp. 116. EMC, MHL. history o f the Manitoba Mennonite Brethren (Pendle Hill pamphlet; 285) Wallingford, Meer, S. van der, et al. Icmand als Job: vijf Church. Winnipeg, Man.: Kindred Press, Pa.: Pendle Hill, 1989. Pp. 31. MHL, preken over het bijbelbock Job. Haarlem, 1989. Pp. 243. FRESNO, MHC, MHL, MLA. The Neth.: Ver. Doops. Gemecnte, 1989. MLA. Raber, Margery Myers, comp. The descendants Pp. 28. EMC. Neufeldt, Colin Peter. The fate o f Mcnnonitcs o f Jacob Krabill (Kraycnbul) and Fanny Mennonite Brethren Churches. Southern in Soviet Ukraine and the Crimea during the Miller, 1803-1989. Alliance, Ohio: Raber, District. Approved: recommendations and Soviet collectivization and the famine (1928- 1989. Pp. 102. EMC. resolutions o f the Southern District 1953). [Toronto, Ont.]: Neufeldt, 1989. Read, Maureen Hay. The least one. Scottdale, Conference o f Mennonite Brethren Churches. Pp. 674. FRESNO. Pa.: Herald Press, 1989. Pp. 184. MHL. Hillsboro, Kan.: Center for Mennonite Nussbaum, Stan. New religious movements. Reddig, Kenneth Wayne. Manitoba Mcnnonitcs Brethren Studies, 1989. Pp. 302. (Mission Focus pamphlet) Elkhart, Ind.: and the Winnipeg Mobilization Board in FRESNO. Mission Focus Publications, 1989. Pp. 36. World War II. Thesis (M.A.)--University of Mennonite Library and Archives. Serials index. EMC. Manitoba, 1989. Pp. 174. MHL. North Newton, Kan.: Mennonite Library Nyce, Dorothy Yoder. Strength, suvgg/e, and Redekop, Calvin W. A bibliogaphy of and Archives, Bethel College, 1989. [Pp. solidarity: India's women. Goshen, Ind.: Mcnnonitcs in Waterloo County and Ontario. 120]. EMC, FRESNO, MHL, MLA. Pinchpenny Press, 1989. Pp. 98. EMC, Waterloo, Ont.: Institute of Anabaptist and Miller, Gene Edwin. A s a good soldier o f King MHL. Mennonite Studies, Conrad Grebel College, Immanuel: a histoty and genealogy o f David Ohio cemetery records. Baltimore, Md.: 1989. Pp. 19. EMC, FRESNO, MHL. Y. Miller, 1809-1898. Irvine, Calif.: Miller, Genealogical Publishing Co., 1989. Pp. 495. Redekop, Calvin W. Mennonite society. 1989. Pp. 666. MHL. MHL. Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Miller, Gordon W. Rockingham, an annotated Ohno, Michio. Selected book list o f Fricdmann- Press, 1989. Pp. 397 EMC, FRESNO, bibliography o f a Virginia county. Sakakibara library. Tokyo: Japan Anabaptist MHL. Harrisonburg, Va.: Miller, 1989. Pp. 623. Center, 1989. Pp. 80. FRESNO, MHL, Redekopp, Alf. A glide to genealogical MHL. MLA. resources at the Centre for Mennonite Miller, Hazel L. Christian windows o f our past. Old Order shop and sen-ice directory (Amish Brethren Studies, Winnipeg, Manitoba. Carlock, 111.: Carlock Mennonite Church, and Mennonite). Lancaster, Pa.: Benjamin Winnipeg, Man.: Centre for Mennonite 1989. Pp. 298. MHL, MLA. K. Beiler, 1989. Pp. 54. MHL. Brethren Studies, 1989. Unpaged. EMC, Miller, Henry C. Samuel C. Milter family Omwillc van onze tockomst: brochure uitgegeven FRESNO. history: historical and other incidents, 1866- ter gclegenheid van het 40-jarig bestaun van Regehr, Ernie, ed. Polar opposites: ensuring 1989: Samite! C. MiUcr-Sarah Ruber. dc herrezen Staat Israel. [Osterbeek]: Frits peace in the arctic. Waterloo, Ont.: Project Millersburg, Ohio: Miller, 1989. Pp. 80. Kuiper-Stichting, 1989. Pp. 40. MHL, Ploughshares, 1989. Pp. 16. MHL. EMC, MHL. MLA. Reimer, Douglas. Older than ravens. Miller, Levi. Ben’s Wayne. Intercourse, Pa.: Ortfz, Josd and David Graybill. Refections of Winnipeg, Man.: Turnstone Press, 1989. Good Books, 1989. Pp. 166. EMC, MHL, an Hispanic Mennonite. Intercourse, Pa.: Pp. 158. FRESNO, MHC, MHL. MLA. Good Books, 1989. Pp. 93. EMC, Reno County Genealogy Society. 1880 census Miller, Timothy Joe. Shaman’s voice. Goshen, FRESNO, MHL. Reno County, Kansas. Hutchinson, Kan.: Ind.: Pinchpenny Press, 1989. Pp. 33. Osborne, Philip. Parenting for the '90s. Reno County Genealogical Society, 1989. MHL. Intercourse, Pa.: Good Books, 1989. Pp. Pp. 239. MLA. Miller, Vernell Klassen. Anywhere with you! 311. EMC, MHL, MLA. Rice, Timothy. Membership statistics for the Scottdale, Pa.: Herald Press, 1989. Pp. 192. Our family can be your family: Mcnnonitcs, who Franconia Mennonite Conference churches. MHL, MLA. we are and what we believe. Harrisonburg, Perkasie, Pa.: [Rice], 1989. Pp. 37. MHL. Mills, Kathi. Yesterday, today, and forever. Va.: Mennonite Board of Missions Media Rohrer. Martha. Bible pictures to color. Scottdale, Pa.: Herald Press, 1989. Pp. 213. Ministries, 1989. [1 videocassette | Crockett, Ky.: Rod and Staff, 1989. MHL. FRESNO. Unpaged. EMC.

JUNE, 1990 29 Rohrer. Marl ha. Bible stories to read. brother. Crockett, Ky.: Rod and Staff, 1989. zu seiner Entwicklung und Lehre. Göttingen: Crockett, Ky.: Rod and Staff, 1989. Pp. Pp. 166. EMC. Vandenhoeck and Ruprecht, 1989. Pp. 385. 135. EMC. Shank, Marietta. Moses M. Schrock family MHL. The role o f sendee-learning in international history. Rochelle, Va.: Schrock family, Thimm, Paul F. Hei dualisme "wereld-gemcentc" education: proceedings o f a Wingsprcad {1989']. Pp. 57. EMC. in de Doperse "Brüderliche Vereinigung” van Conference, held April 26-28, 1989 at Racine, Shearer, Jay. A pacifist nimble. Goshen, lnd.: 1527, bekend als de "Zeven Artikelen van Wisconsin. Goshen, lnd.: Goshen College, Pinchpenny Press, 1989. Pp. 62. MHL. Schlcitheim." Thesis (Masters?)- 1989. Pp. 121. MHL. Showalter, Elizabeth A. and Edith Showalter, Seminarium van de Alge. Doops. Soc. te Romijn, J.M. Dric ecuwen Itct Niet we Httys: comp. Family history' o f George Brauner Amsterdam, 1989. Pp. 63. EMC. lesbrief in wee dclcn dc Doopsgezindc Showaltcr and Elizabeth (Lizzie) Ellen Ticssen, Hildi Froese. Liars and rascals: Gcmcenic Zaandam. [Zaandam: Blosser. [Harrisonburg, Va.]: Compilers, Mennonite short stories. Waterloo, Ont.: Doopsgezinde Gemeente, 1989]. Pp. 41. 1989. Pp. 27. EMC, MHL. University of Waterloo Press, 1989. Pp. MHL, MLA. Showalter, Lester E. Learning to sing by note 227. FRESNO, MHC, MHL, MLA. Rose, Marilyn Preheim. On the move: a study from The Anabaptist hymnal. Greencastle, Toews, C.P., et al. The Kuban settlement. o f migration and ethnic persistence among Pa.: Showalter, 1989. Pp. 24. EMC. Winnipeg, Man.: published jointly by CMBC Mennonites from East Freeman, South Showalter, Mary Emma. Favorite family recipes Publications, Manitoba Mennonite Historical Dakota. New York: AMS Prass, 1989. Pp. from the Mennonite community cookbook. Society, 1989. Pp. 91. FRESNO, MHC, 237. MHL. Scottdale, Pa.: Herald Press, 1989. Pp. MHL," MLA. Rosenberry, Naomi and Alta Showalter. The 127. MHL. Toews, John A. Sans defense ä cause de Christ: swift years come and go: life o f Harry Showalter, Rhoda. Just learning to color. titude des principes bibliques de la non­ Showalter. Harrisonburg, Va.: Rosenberry Crockett, Ky.: Rod and Stall, 1989. violence. (Cahiers de Christ Seul. Nouvelle and Showalter, 1989. Pp. 65. EMC, MHL. Unpaged. EMC. serie; 1/1989) Montböliard, France: Les Rudy, Joint 1-1. Moncywise meditations: to be Sider, Lewis B. Missionaty reminiscences: an Cahiers de Christ Seul, 1989. Pp. 93. found faithful in God's audit. Scottdale, autobiography. [S.l.]: Sider; Grantham, Pa.: EMC, MHL, MLA. Pa.: Herald Prass, 1989. Pp. 160. The Brethren in Christ Historical Society, Tucker, Jerry and Sandy Tucker. Faith, hope, FRESNO, MHL, MLA. 1989. Pp. 138. MHL, MLA. and room for one more. Liberty, Ky.: Rummel, Erika. Erasmus and his Catholic Sigurdson, Paul A., ed. Paper rainbows. Galilean Home Ministries, 1989. Pp. 199. critics. (Bibliotheca humanistic» and Morden, Man.: The Minnewasta Press, MHL. reformatorica; v.45) Nieuwkoop: DeGraaf, 1989. Pp. 56. MHC. Turner, Harold W. Religious movements in 1989. 2 vols. MLA. Skeie, Eyvind. Summerland: a stoty about primal societies. (Mission focus pamphlet) Russell, Lila Mae Luginbill. Keeping Luginbill death and hope. Elgin, III.: Brethren Press, Elkhart, lnd.: Mission Focus Publications, tics together: the ancestors and descendants of 1989. Pp. 38. MHL. 1989. Pp. 31. EMC. Johannes Luginbii/tl (John Luginbill) and Smoker, Anna Marie. Books o f the Bible puzzle Unrau, Ruth. Index to obituaries in the Katharina (Reusser) Luginbill. Vallejo, book Crockett, Ky.: Rod and Staff, 1989. Mennonite Weekly Review, 1924-1955. North Calif.: L.M.L. Russell, 1989. Pp. 102. Pp. 84. EMC. Newton, Kan.: Bethel College, 1989. Pp. MLA. Steiner, Susan Clemmer. God has no favorites: 55. EMC, FRESNO, MHL, MLA. Ruth-Heffelbower, Duane. A technical manual Acts 1-12. Newton, Kan.: Faith and Life Unruh, Sophia. Lenka of Emma Creek. for church planters. Elkhart, lnd.: Press, 1989. Pp. 97. EMC, MHL, MLA. Newton, Kan.: Faith and Life Press, 1989. Mennonite Board of Missions; Newton, Steps to tntc security: a Quaker-Mcnnonitc Pp. 30. MHL, MLA. Kan.: Commission on Home Ministries, approach to NATO. Brussels: Quaker Urry, James. None but saints: the 1989. Pp. 82. EMC, MHL. Council for European Affairs, [1989]. Pp. transformation o f Mennonite life in Russia Ruth, Merle. Dying to live with Christ. 7. MHL, MLA. 1789-1889. Winnipeg, Man.: Hyperion Crockett, Ky.: Rod and Staff, 1989. Pp. 79. Stoffer, Dale R. Background and development Press, 1989. Pp. 328. EMC, FRESNO, EMC. of Brethren doctrines, 1650-1987. MHC, MHL, MLA. Schipani, Daniel S. Freedom and disciplcship: Philadelphia, Pa.: Brethren Encyclopedia Verhandlungen (1859-1895): proceedings o f the liberation theology in an Anabaptist Inc., 1989. Pp. 327. MHL. Evangelical Mennonite Society' also known perspective. Maryknoll, N.Y.: Orbis Books. Stoll, Joseph, comp. Supplement to A as the Mennonite Brethren in Christ now 1989. Pp. 188. FRESNO, MHL, MLA. handbook for vegetable growers. Aylmer, known as the Bible Fellowship Church. Schmidt, Herbert Rempel and Mariam Penner Ont.: Stoll, 1989. MHL. Coopersburg, Pa.: Historical Committee of Schmidt. Tiger hunts, hurricanes and other Stoltzfus, Nicholas. Living truth. [Salem, lnd.]: the Bible Fellowship Church, 1989. Pp. happenings. Newton. Kan.: United Mahlon Byler, [1989?]. Pp. 298. EMC, 248. EMC, FRESNO, MHL. Printing, 1989. Pp. 161. MLA. MHL. Vogt, Esther Loewen. The splendid vista. Schrock, Simon. Vow-keepers/vow breakers. Stoner, John K. Letters to American Christians. Scottdale, Pa.: Herald Press, 1989. Pp. 192. (Biblical heritage series; no.5) (A Christian peace shelf selection) FRESNO, MHL, MLA. Harrisonburg, Va.: Fellowship of Concerned Scottdale, Pa.: Herald Press, 1989. Pp. 142. Voigt, Melvin John. From whence we came. Mennonites, 1989. Pp. 70. EMC. FRESNO, MHL, MLA. [Del Mar, Calif.]: Voigt, 1989. 1 vol. Scott, Stephen and Kenneth Pellman. Living Strickler, Johannes. Actcnsammlung zur MLA. without electricity. (People's Place booklet; schweizerischen Refonnationsgcschichtc in den Waltner, Gary James. 300 Jahre Mcnnonitcn no.9) Intercourse, Pa.: Good Books, 1990. Jahren 1521-1532: im Anschluss an die Gemeinde Weierhof: 1682-1982. Pp. 128. MLA. gleichzeitigen eidgenössischen Abschiede. [Weatherford, Okla.]: E.C. Lowenberg, Sdguy, Jean. Lcs Mennonites dans la Zürich: Theologische Buchhandlung, 1989. 1989. Pp. 95. MLA. Revolution Francaisc. (Les Cahiers de 5 vols. MLA. Weaver, Lester. Spelling by sound and Christ Seul. Nouvelle serie; no. 4/1989) Swartzentruber, Mrs. James. The egg and the structure. Grade 7. Crockett, Ky.: Rod and Montb61iard, France: Christ Seul, 1989. Pp. chick. (God is good series; 1) Crockett, Staff, 1989. 2 vols. EMC. 72. EMC, MHL, MLA. Ky.: Rod and Staff, 1989. EMC. Wecksler, Becky Lynn. In God’s hand Seitz, Ruth Hoover. Pennsylvania's historic Swartzentruber, Mrs. James. The squirrel and Scottdale, Pa.: Herald Press, 1989. Pp. 102. places. Intercourse, Pa.: Good Books, 1989. the nut. (God is good series; 2) Crockett, MHL. Pp. 176. EMC, MHL. Ky.: Rod and Staff, 1989. Pp. 32. EMC. Wedel, K.A. An oracle in China: on the history Sensenig, Janet Martin. Daryl borrows a Der Theologe Thomas Müntzer: Untersuchungen o f the West China General Conference

30 MENNONITE LIFE Mcnnonitc mission: Paoki and Chengtu. Joseph. Smithviile, Ohio: Oak Grove Cavanaugh, Karen B. Sources for searching Thesis (M.A.)--Emporia Stale University, Mennonite Church, 1988. Pp. 47. MHL. Westmoreland Count}', Pennsylvania. Ft. 1989. MLA. Beachy, Alma. History o f Tobias C. and Man’ Wayne, Ind.: Cavanaugh, 1987. Pp. 22. Wells, Ronald. History through the c\'cs of E. Miller and Eli //. and Sarah J. Trover and MHL. faith: Western civilization and the Kingdom Tobias C. and Sarah J. Miller and their Celebrating 75 years: Eighth Street Mennonite o f God. San Francisco, Calif.: Harper and descendants. Sugarcreek, Ohio: Printed by Church. [Goshen, Ind.: 75th Anniversary Row, 1989. Pp. 262. MLA. Schlabach Printers, [ca. 1988J. Pp. 122. Committee. 1988], Pp. |13]. MLA. Welty, Lavon J. Side by side: mentoring guide MHL. Corny, Johni. A guide to Gcnnan parish for congregational youth ministry>■. Newton, Bebb, Phillip N. and Sherrin Marshall. The registers: in the Family Histoty Library o f the Kan.: Faith and Life Press; Scottdale, Pa.: process o f change in early modern Europe. Church o f Jesus Christ o f Latter-day Saints. Mennonite Publishing House, 1989. Pp. Athens, Ohio: Ohio University Press, 1988. Baltimore, Md.: Genealogical Pub. Co., 108. MHL, MLA. Pp. 218. MHL. 1988. Vol. 1. MHL, MLA. Wenger, A. Grace. Witness: empowering the Before your church builds: a guide for planning. Chaffee, Rudy A. The oilier Henry Funk: who church through worship, community, and Mishawaka, Ind.: The Troyer Group, Inc., received a 1717 land patent in Strasburg mission. Scottdale, Pa.: Herald Press, 1989. 1988. Pp. 18. EMC, MHL. Township (then) Chester County, Pp. 196. FRESNO, MHL, MLA. Bcknoptc gcscliicdcnis van dc doopsgczinden in Pennsylvania and some o f his descendants. Wenger, Jay V. The Wenger book index. Edam en him vennaning. [Edam: s.n., Kingman, Ariz.: Chaffee, 1988. Pp. 43. Akron, Pa.: Pennsylvania German Heritage 1988]. Pp. 12. MHL. MHL. History, 1989. Pp. 340. EMC, MHL, Bell, Carol Willsey. Ohio guide to genealogical Chipman, Josephine. The Mennonite MLA. sources. [Baltimore, Md.]: Genealogical Selbstschutz in the Ukraine: 1918-1919. Wenger, Joseph H. History o f the descendants Pub. Co., 1988. Pp. 372. MHL. Thesis (M.A.), 1988. Pp. 217. MHL. of Abraham Beery. Kokomo, Ind.: Selby Bethel Mennonite Church. Bethel: pioneering Clercq, Willem de. Woelige weken, Nov.-Dee. Publishing, 1989.' Pp. 328. EMC. in faith, 1937-1987. Winnipeg, Man.: The 1813: toelichting, W.A. de Clercq. Wiens, Hans J. Dass die Heiden miterben seien: Church, 1988. Pp. 147. MHL. Amsterdam: Em. Querido’s, 1988. Pp. 132. Die Geschichte der Indianermission im Bidden om vredc, bctalen voor oorlog: waarom EMC. paraguayischen Chaco. Filadelfia: Konferenz weigeven christcncn defcnsic-bclasting? Closson, Bob and Mary Closson, comp. der Mennoniten Brüdergemeinde in [Amsterdam]: Beweging Weigcring Lancaster County, Pennsylvania cemetery Paraguay, 1989. Pp. 238. FRESNO. Defensiebelasting, 1988. Pp. 64. MHL. surname index. Apollo, Pa.: Clossen Press, Wine, Ada L. A child's praise. Lebanon, Pa.: Birdsell, Sandra. Agassiz stories: night travellers 1988. Pp. 118. MHL. Wine, 1989. Pp. 56. EMC. and ladies o f the house. Winnipeg, Man.: Coffman, Dorothy Yoder and Maurice Fred Winner, Edith. Three happy days. Crockett, Turnstone Press, 1987. Pp. 353. MHL. Coffman. Coffman-King and related families. Ky.: Rod and Staff, 1989. Unpaged. EMC. Biickle, Peter. Unnthen in der ständischen Malvern, Pa.: Coffman, 1987. MHL. Xakellis, Martha J. Grave undertakings: Gesellschaft 1300-1800. München: R. Conner, Alvin E. Sectarian childrearing: the Elizabeth Township. Lancaster, Pa.: Oldenbourg, 1988. Pp. 144. MHL. Dunkcrs, 1708-1900. Gettysburg, Pa.: Xakellis, 1989. Pp. 95. MHL. Bonneville, Francois. Itincrairc dun an Brethren Heritage Press, |1987?|. Pp. 247. Yoder, Jonathan G. Jungle surgeon. Goshen, decoratif populaire Alsace-Europe, MHL. Ind.: Yoder. 1989. Pp. 135. EMC. Pennsylvanie U.S.A. Strasbourg: Bonneville, Cronica, Or do sacerdotis. Acta HN. Yoder, Pa ton. Joseph Yoder: Amish Mennonite 198S. Pp. 472. MHL. (Kerkhistorische Bijdragen; 15) Leiden: bishop. Goshen, Ind.: Yoder, 1989. Pp. Borkholder, Owen E., comp. Family record of Brill, 1988. Pp. 392. MLA. 23. MHL. Daniel J. Schmucker and his descendants. Daily devotional diar}\ Ephrata, Pa.: Eastern Yoder, Sara J. Bcnjic. Aylmer, Out.: Pathway Nappanee, Ind.: Borkholder, 1987. Pp. 325. Mennonite Publications. 1988. Pp. 56. Publishers, 1989. Pp. 75. EMC, MHL, MHL. MHL. MLA. Boschmann, Erwin, ed. Thoughts to live by. Dary, David. More true tales o f old-time Zielinski, John M. Amish bams across Indianapolis, Ind.: Science Enterprises, 1987. Kansas. Lawrence: University of Kansas, America. Iowa City, Iowa: Amish Heritage Pp. 68. MHL. 1987. Pp. 280. MLA. Publications, 1989. Pp. 144. EMC, MHL. Bridgens, Henry F. Atlas o f Cumberland Davis, Melodie M. Becoming a better friend. Count}’, Pennsylvania. [Carlisle, Pa.]: Minneapolis, Minn.: Bethany House Cumberland County Historical Society. Publishers, 1988. Pp. 141. MHL. L987-88 1987. Pp. 48. MHL. DeMolen, Richard L. The spirituality o f A brief histoty o f the Denver Mennonite Church Erasmus o f Rotterdam. (Bibliotheca and congregational directory. [Denver, Pa.: humanistica and reforma torica; v.40) 25 years o f good cooking. Glendale, Ariz.: Denver Mennonite Church), 1988. Pp. 20. Nieuwkoop: DeGraaf, 1987. Pp. 224. Trinity Mennonite Church, 1987. Pp. 168. MHL. MHL, MLA. MHL. Brunk, Conrad G. Hawks, doves and two Descendants o f Eli V. Yoder and Barbara Eash 350 Jaar Lokhorstkerk. [Leiden: Doopsgezinde models o f conflict resolution. Waterloo, 1848-1988. [Middlebury, Ind.: Printed by Gemeente, 1988]. Pp. 64. MHL. Ont.: Project Ploughshares, 1988. Pp. 12. Middlebury Graphic Arts, Inc.], 1988. Pp. Address directors' o f the Lancaster County MHL. [194]. MHL. Amish. Lancaster, Pa.: Katie Beiler, 1988. Bucer, Martin. Consilium thcologicum privatim Dijkhuizen, Sietzo. Rebel onder dc regenbook: Pp. 56. MHL. conscription. (Martini Buceri Opera omnia. roman. Kämpen: J.H. Kok, 1988. Pp. 156. The auction catalogue o f the library o f William Series II, Opera Latina; v.4)(Studies in EMC. Ames. Utrecht; HES Publishers, 1988. Pp. medieval and Reformation thought; v.42) Dollarhide, William. Managing a genealogical 22. MHL, MLA. Leiden; New York: Brill, 1988. Pp. 194. project. Baltimore, Md.: Genealogical Pub. Augsburger, Myron. Principles o f Biblical MLA. Co., 1988. Pp. 69. MLA. interpretation. Elkhart, Ind.: Mennonite Bucer, Martin. Enanatio in Evangclion Duncan, Mark, ed. Section lines: a Manitoba Board of Missions, 1988. Pp. 61. MHL. Johannis. (Martini Buceri Opera Omnia. antholog}'. Winnipeg, Man.: Turnstone Baer, Mervin J., et. al. Preparing children for Series II, Opera Latina; v.2)(Studies in Press, 1988. Pp. 266. MHL. school and life. Crockett, Ky.: Rod and medieval and Reformation thought; v.40) Dyck, George. Kornelius Ens, 1819-1884: a Staff, 1988. Pp. 111. MHL. Leiden; New York: Brill, 1988. Pp. 619. record o f his descendants in Canada and the Baker, Margaret. God’s promise: the story o f MLA. United States. West Valley City, Utah:

JUNE, 1990 31 Verne Ediger, 1988. Pp. 180. MHL, MLA. Amsterdam: Algemene Doopsgezinde Publicaciones Portavoz Evangdlico, 1988. Ebert, Klaus. Thomas Müntzer: von Eigensinn Societeit, 1988. Pp. 64. MHL. Pp. 250. FRESNO. und Widerspruch. Frankfurt am Main: Golomb, Maria Antoinette. Zur Rolle der History and directors' o f the Illinois District Athenäum. 1987. Pp. 291. MHL. amischen Hymnodic bei der Erhaltung von churches. Anna, III.: Marvin Weaver, 1988. Ellwood, Gracia Fay. Batter my heart. (Pendle kultureller Identität in einer Pp. 32. MHL. Hill pamphlet: 282) Wallingford, Pa.: Kuhurkontaktsituation. Essen: [s.n.], 1988. History o f the patriarchs for the young. Baltic, Pendle Hill Pub., 1988. Pp. 37. MHL, Pp. 158. MHL. Ohio: Raber’s Bookstore, 1988. Pp. 408. MLA. Golterman-van Dijk, Cita. Ik zocht de mens. MHL. Entz, Jacob. Family register Jacob Entz. Amstelveen: Luyten, 1987. Pp. 48. MHL. Hitzeman, Louis, Melvina Seyfert Hitzcman (S.I.:Ernestine Pankratz Manz. 1987], Pp. Good, Rebecca H. and Rebecca A. Ebert. and Gerhardt R. Seyfert. The Johann 32. MLA. Finding your people in the Shenandoah Georg Seyfert family, 1630-1987: 357years o f Erasmus o f Rotterdam: the man and the scholar: Valley o f Virginia. Alexandria, Va.: genealogy. Wichita, Kan.: The authors, proceedings o f the symposium held at the Hearthside Press, 1988. Pp. 104. MHL. 1987. Pp. 147. MLA. Erasmus University, Rotterdam, 9-11 Goshen College alumni director}11987. Goshen, Höcker, Ludwig. Ephrata Cloister school November 1986. Leiden: Brill, 1988. Pp. Ind.: Alumni Relations Office, Goshen booklet: an eighteenth century textbook for 260. MLA. College, 1987. Pp. 459. MHL. children. Ephrata, Pa.: Ephrata Cloister The family history o f David and Anna Klassen: Grady, Duane. Helping the homeless: God’s Associates and the Pennsylvania Historical 1773-1988. [S.I.: Klassen Family History word in action. Elgin, 111.: Brethren Press, and Museum Commission, 1988. Pp. 50. Book Committee, 1988]. Pp. 108. MLA. 1988. Pp. 87. MHL. MHL. Femmes & egliscs: dossier d animation. Court Grimsted, Patricia Kennedy. Archives and Hofman, R. Doopsgezindcn in Waterland. St. Etienne: Femmes Chrcticnnes de manuscript repositories in the USSR, Ukraine Landsmeer: Doopsgezinde Gemeente, 1988. Belgique, 1987. Pp. 32. EMC. and Moldavia. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton Pp. 33. MHL. Filby, P. William. Directory o f American University Press. 1988. Pp. 2200. MLA. Horst, Irene. The kitchen scrapbook Narvon, libraries with genealogy or local history Gross, Larry. Image ethics: the moral rights o f Pa.: Horst, 1988. Pp. 59. MHL. collections. Wilmington. Del.: Scholarly subjects in photographs, film and television. Horst, Mel. Amish perspectives. York, Pa.: Resources lnc„ 1988. Pp. 319. MHL. New York: Oxford University Press, 1988. York Graphic Services, 1988. Pp. 104. The first twenty-five years at Trinity Mcnnonite Pp. 382. MHL. EMC, MHL. Church, Glendale, Arizona. Glendale, Ariz.: Guide to research in Brethren family history. Hostetler, John A. A new look at the Old The Church, 1987. Pp. 127. MHL. Elgin, 111.: Church of the Brethren, 1988. Order Amish. University Park, Pa.: Francisco, Patricia Weaver. Cold feet. New Pp. 16. MHL. Pennsylvania Stale University. 1987. Pp. 21. York: Simon and Schuster. 1988. Pp. 331. Gwinn, Wanita Smith. Ancestors and MHL.’ MHL. descendants o f Nina Ethel Decker . . . Dave Hostetler. B. Charles. Keep yourself pure. Friesen, Gerhard and Karin Gurttler, eds. J. Smith. [Derby, Kan.: Gwinn], 1987. Pp. Miom, Mich.: House of Reading, 1988. Pp. Dcutschkanadisches Jahrbuch/Gcrman- 40. MLA. 96. MHL. Canadian yearbook. Toronto, Ont.: Harder, Helmut. Christus bezeugen in der I-Isia, R. Po-Chia. The German people and the Historical Society of Mecklenburg Upper heutigen Welt: ein studienheft für Gern, der Rcfonnation. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell Canada, 1988. Pp. 280. FRESNO. Menu. Wcltkonfcrcnz. Carol Stream, ill.: University Press, 1988. Pp. 303. MHL. Friesen, Lauren, ed. Our learning environment. Mennonite World Conference. 1988. Pp. Hull, Robert. Fear God and honor the Goshen, Ind.: Goshen College, 1987. Pp. 109. EMC. emperor. Philadelphia, Pa.: Friends 155. MHL. Harris, James Rendel. The Pilgrim press: a Committee on War Tax Concerns, 1988. Friesen, Mrs. Andrew. Hilltown friends: more bibliographical and historical memorial o f the Pp. 88. MHL. about the Martin family and their neighbors. books printed at Leyden by the Pilgrim Die hutterischen Epistel: 1527 bis 1767. Elie, Ste. Anne, Man.: Friesen, 1987. Pp. 198. fathers. (Bibliotheca bibliographica Man.: James Valley Book Centre, 1987. MHL. Neerlandica; v.23) Nieuwkoop: DeGraaf, Pp. 328. MLA. Friesen, P.W. Listen Lila! Rosenort, Man.: 19S7. Pp. 179. MLA. Invited to the banquet: a collection o f stories Prairie View Press, 1987. Pp. 181. MHL. Hawbaker, Gary T. Runaways, rascals, and about disability. Winnipeg, Man.: MCC Friesen, Rhinehart. Almost an elephant. rogues: missing spouses, servants, and slaves. Canada Handicap Concerns Committee, Winnipeg, Man.: Hyperion Press, 1987. Hershey, Pa.: Hawbaker, 1987. Pp. 136. 1987. Pp. 72. EMC. MHL. MHL. Jacob Harder and Maria Abrams, 1788-1988. Friesen, Ruth. A Godly inheritance. Hague, Heile, Gerke van. "Dc duivcl verzaken": Plum Coulee, Man.: Agatha Giesbrecht, Sask.: Morning Glory Pub., 1988. Pp. 220. ondcrzock naar de dooplcer van Bernhard 1988. Pp. 194. MHL. MHL. Rotlunann, Menno Simons en Dirk Philips. Jantz, Melvin E. Memoirs o f World War II. Fröschle, Hartmut. Die Deutschen in Kanada. Bassum: G. van Heile, 1988. Pp. 75. McPherson, Kan.: Jantz, 1987. Pp. 19. Vienna: Österreichische Landsmannschaft, MHL. MLA. 1987. Pp. 123. MHL. Hein, David, ed. Die Ayoreos - unsere Joost van den Vondel, 1587-1987. Leiden: E.J. Gerlo, Alois. Erasmus van Rotterdam: zeven Nachbarn: der Mission im noerdliehen Brill, 1987. Pp. 96. MHL. studies. (Bibliotheca humanistica and Chaco. Asunciön: Impreso en Imprenta Josephus, Flavius. Josephus, the essential reformatorica; v.41) Nieuwkoop: DeGraaf, Modelo S.A., [1988]. Pp. 216. MHC, writings: a condensation o f Jewish antiquities 1988. Pp. 79. MLA. MLA. and The Jewish war. Grand Rapids, Mich.: Gingerich, Ervin, comp. Ohio Amish directory: Hellerich, Mahlon H., ed. Allentown 1762- Kregel, 1988. Pp. 413. MLA. Holmes County and vicinity. Millersburg, 1987: a 225-year history. Allentown, Pa.: Jtistlife/88: a 1988 election study guide for justice, Ohio: Gingerich, 1988. Pp. 814. MHL. Lehigh County Historical Society, 1987. 2 life, and peace. Philadelphia, Pa.: Justlife Gleim, Elmer Q. The history and families o f vols. MHL. Education Fund and Wm. B. Eerdmans the Black Rock Church o f the Brethren Herr, Amy. Exploring with God: grade 4. Publishing Co., 1988. Pp. 32. MHL. (1738-1988). Brodbecks, Pa.: [Anniversary (Bible nurture and reader’s series) Jutzi, Robin. The good Sikh and other plays Committee], 1988. Pp. 278. MHL. Crockett, Ky.: Rod and Staff, 1988. Pp. on peace and justice. Winnipeg, Man.: Gods vrede wint de strijd: ecn bijdragc aan het 320. EMC. Mennonite Central Committee Canada, conciliar process: ecn visie vatuiit de levcnde Hiebert, D. Edmond. Primera y Scgunda [1987], 1 portfolio. MHL. traditic van de historische vredeskerken. Eplstolas a Timoteo. Grand Rapids, S.D.: Kaufman, Stanley A. Moravians in Ohio.

32 MENNONITE LIFE Berlin, Ohio: German Culture Museum, Geschichte. Gottingen: Vandenhoeck and Miller, James P. A family record o f John W. 1987. pp. 52. MI-IL. Ruprecht, 1988. Pp. 446. MHL. Miller (1889-1968) and Elizabeth C. (Miller) Keen, Ralph. A checklist o f Melanchthon Long, James W. From privileged to Miller (1892-1957). [Sturgis, Mich.: Miller], imprints through 1560. St. Louis. Mo.: dispossessed: the Volga Gentians, 1860-1917. 1987. Pp. 56. MHL. Center for Reformation Research, 1988. Lincoln, Neb.: University of Nebraska Press, Mission resource glide. Newton, Kan.: General Pp. 262. MHL. 1988. Pp. 337. MHL, MLA. Conference Mennonite Church, 1988. Pp. Klaassen, Walter. Entrc la iglesia del estado v Mallinson, James A. and Carla A. Mallinson. 16. MHL. la religion civil. Guatemala City: Ediciones A cross-compilation o f the 1798 U.S. direct Moeller, Bernd. Reichsstadt und Reformation. Semilla, 1988. Pp. 109. MI-IL* tax jar Pennsylvania and the 1800 federal Berlin: Evangelische Verlagsanslalt, 1987. Klassen, Mary E. Responding to the challenges census for Pennsylvania, Lancaster County. Pp. 119. MHL. o f AIDS: a resource guide for congregations. [Salisbury. N.C.]: Mallinson, 1987-88. 3 vol. Mount Royal Mennonite Church 1963-88. Goshen, Ind.: Mennonite Mutual Aid, 1988. MHL. Saskatoon, Sask.: The Church, 1988. Pp. Pp. 15. EMC. Mansfield, Sue. Some reasons for war: how 90. MHL. Klassen, Sarah. Journey to Yalta. Winnipeg, families, myths, and warfare are connected. Mow. Merrill. How great is our God. Ulster Man.: Turnstone Press, 1988. Pp. 87. New York: Crowell, 1988. Pp. 218. MLA. Park, N.Y.: Plough Pub. House, 1987. Pp. MHL, MLA. Matriages and deaths from the newspapers o f 95. MHL. Kniss, Fred. Religious organizational conflict Lancaster Count)’, Pennsylvania 1821-1830. Moyer, J. Harold. Hail to the Lord's anointed. in global context: Mcnnonites in eastern Westminster, Md.: Family Line Pub., 1988. Waterloo, Ont.: Waterloo Music Co., 1988. Pennsylvania, 1870-1985. Chicago, 111.: Pp. 193. MHL. Pp. 9. MHL. University of Chicago, 1988. Pp. 28. Matriages and deaths from the newspapers o f Myers, Margaret E. Georg(e) Zimmerman and MHL. Lancaster County, Pennsylvania 1831-1840. descendants o f Frederick County, Maryland Knoop, Hedi. Wilder Honig: Geschichten aus Westminster, Md.: Family Line Pub.. 198S. 1714-1987. [New Market. Md.]: American Heide und Moor. Isenbüttel und Melle: Pp. 181. MHL. Forms and Stationery. Inc. 1987. [1988]. 2 Aurora und Knoth, 198S. Pp. 192. MHL. Martin. Ezra and Edith Marlin. History and vols. MHL. MLA. descendants o f Josiah Martin and Sarah Nafziger, E. Wayne. Inequality in Africa: Kohler, Alfred and Heinrich Lutz. Alltag im Clemmer. Ephrata. Pa.: Martin. 1988. Pp. political elites, proletariat, peasants and the 16. Jahrhundert: Studien zu Lebensfonneu in 74. MHL. poor. (African society today series) New mitteleuropäischen Städten. (Wiener Martin, Mrs. Cleon. The pineapple quilt. York: Cambridge University Press, 1988. Beiträge zur Geschichte der Neuzeit: Bd. 14 Aylmer, Ont.; LaGrange, Ind.: Pathway Pp. 204. EMC. (1987)) Wien: Verlag für Geschichte und Publishers, 1987. Pp. 240. EMC, MHL. ' Neu vermehrtes geistliches Lust-Gärtlcin frommer Politik, 1987. Pp. 328. MHL. Material accompanying the Ausbund. Aylmer, scclcn. Lancaster, Pa.: Amischen Kolb, Robert. For all the saints: changing Ont.; LaGrange, Ind.: Pathway Pub. Corp., Gemeinden, 1988. Pp. 263. MI-IL. perceptions o f mamrdom and sainthood in 1987. Pp. 56. EMC, MHL. New beginnings [vidcorccording/: Mennonite the Lutheran reformation. Macon, Ga.: McGrath, William. The Anabaptists versus refugees to South America (1947-48). Akron, Mercer University Press, 1987. Pp. 186. divorce and remarriage. Carrolltown, Ohio: Pa.; Winnipeg. Man.: Mennonite Central MHL. Amish Mennonite Pub., 1988. Pp. 18. Committee, 1988. 1 videocassetle. MLA. Krauss, Wolfgang and Ben Redekop. Die MHL. Oberholtzer, Arnos. The Wcaverland Schwcrigkeit, Friedenskirche zu sein: Johann Melanchthon, Philipp. A Melanchthon reader. Conference Mcnnonites o f north east und Anna Baptist führen durch (American university studies: 41) New Missouri: Dec. 1972-Fcb. 1988. [Rutledge, mcnnonitische Geschichte und Gegenwart. York: Peter Lang, 1988. Pp. 296. MHL. Mo.: P. Zimmerman], 1988. Pp. [23]. Bammental: Deutsches Mennonitisches Mellinger, C. Mervin, comp. The Byerland MHL. Friedenskomitee, 1988. Pp. 35. FRESNO. Huber families. Willow Street, Pa.: Oberman, Sheldon. Julie Gcrond and the polka Kreider, Robert S. Intemcws with Peter J. Dyck Mellinger, 1988. MHL. dot pony. Winnipeg, Man.: Hyperion Press, and Elfrieda Klassen Th'ck: experiences in Melo, Helena Flavia de Rezende. A cegucira 1988. MI-IL. Mennonite Central Committee scn’icc in trocada em miudos. Campinas, Brazil: O’Donovan, Oliver. Peace and certainty: a Europe, 1941-1949. Akron, Pa.: Mennonite UNICAMP, 1988. Pp. 18. EMC. theological essay on deterrence. Grand Central Committee, 1988. Pp. 487. EMC, Mennonite Central Committee. Earth Rapids, Mich.: Eerdmans, 1988. Pp. 125. FRESNO, MHL, MLA. stewardship packet. Akron, Pa.: MCC MLA. Lauver, Melvin H. Laubers (1581-1988) o f Old Development Education Office, 1988. Old Order Mennonite families 1987: Elkhart Zion (1813-1988). Akron, Pa.: Lauver, EMC, MHL. Countv, Indiana. Goshen, Ind.: Pilgrim 1988. Pp. 28. MHL. Mennonite Central Committee. Hunger packet. Pub., 1987. Pp. 32. MHL. Leininger, Madeleine M., cd. CARE: discover}’ Akron, Pa.: MCC, 1988. MHL. O’Neil, Joyce Greenwalt, comp. Under the and uses in clinical and community nursing. Mennonite Church. General Assembly. Bylaws Grccnwalt tree. Columbia Falls, Mont.: Detroit, Mich.: Wayne State University o f the Mennonite Church. Lombard, III.: [O’Neill], 1988. Pp. 99. MHL. Press, 1988. Pp. 201. MHL. Mennonite Church, 1987. Pp. 14. EMC. Ortiz, Josd M. Vail: Camina con nosotros: una Library of Congress. Pennsylvania German Mennonite family history surname index: II. aflrmaciön y una invitacidn a ser parte de la fraktttr and printed broadsides: a guide to the Elverson, Pa.: Mennonite Family History, iglesia Anabautista-Mcnonita. Scottdale, Pa.: collections in the Libran’ o f Congress. 1988. Pp. 44. MHL. Mennonite Publishing House. 1988. Pp. 86. Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress, Mennonite hand towels and samplers: winter MHL. 1988. Pp. 48. MHL. exhibit Mennonite Heritage Center: December Oswald, Kenneth and Fern Oswald, comp. Loewen, Heinrich. Ein Beitrag zum 18, 1988 through February 26, 1989. The family o f Jacob and Margretha Oswald. sclbstversländnis der Mcnnonitcn Souderton, Pa.: Mennonite Heritage Center. West Point, Neb.: Oswald, 1988. Pp. 197. Briidergemeindc und des Baptismus: [1988]. Pp. 31. MHL. MHL, MLA. Darstellung der Einfluss und Mestern, Pat Mattaini. Rachael’s legacy. Paul, Frederic G. and Jeffrey J. Howell. Berks Wechselwirkungen dieser Bewegungen in Guelph, Ont.: Backdoor Press, 1988. Pp. County, Pennsylvania births 1705-1760. Russland und in der Sowjetunion. Thesis 259. MHL. Reading, Pa.: HP Publishing, 1988. MHL. (M.Div.)-Mennonite Brethren Biblical Miller, David L. Record o f the old Yellow Penner, Fred. Rollerskating. Winnipeg, Man.: Seminary, 1988. Pp. 115. FRESNO. Creek Cemetery. Goshen, Ind.: Printed by Hyperion Press, 1987. MHL. Lohse, Bernhard. Evangelium in der Pilgrim Publishers, [1987?]. Pp. 47. MHL. Pippenger, Wesley E. Pippenger and Pittengcr

JUNE, 1990 33 families. Baltimore, Md.: Gateway Press, 1988. Unpaged. EMC, MHL. Kansas. Norman: University of Olkahoma lnc. , 1988. Pp. 590. MHL. Schmidt. Allen R. Translated diary o f Tobias Press, 198S. Pp. 74. MLA. Plett. Delbert. The Peter Epp family tree, 1690. Schmidt (1852-1937): volume I, 1886-1911. Spence, Judy and Vicki Koelm. Egg-citing [Steinbach, Man.: D.F. Plett, 1988], Pp. 21. Clcarbrook, B.C.: Schmidt, 1988. Pp. 570. bulletin boards and activities. Rosenort, MLA. FRESNO. Man.: Prairie View Press, 1988. Pp. 32. Pries, Edmund. The historical context of Schmidt-Eller, Berta. Oh, diese Gabriele. MHL. Anabaptist oath refusal in Zurich: 1525-1532. Wuppertal: R. Brockhaus Verlag, 1987. Pp. Spykman, Gordon, ed. Let my people live: faith Waterloo, Ont.: Pries, 1988. Pp. 142. 127. MHL. and struggle in Central America. Grand MHL. Schnucker, Robert V., ed. Calviniana: ideas Rapids, Mich.: Eerdmans. 198S. Pp. 271. Profiles o f a few o f MCC's church partners. and influence o f Jean Calvin. (Sixteenth MLA. Akron. Pa.: Mennonite Central Committee, centurv essays and studies; v.10) Kirksvillc, Steinmetz, Nadine A. and John T. Bradley. 1988. 1 portfolio. MHL. Mo.: Sixteenth Century Journal Pub., 1988. Ephrata cloister school booklet. Ephrata, The purple packet: domestic violence resources Pp. 2S8. MHL. Pa.: Ephrata Cloister, 1988. Pp. 50. MHL. for pastoring persons: wife abuse. Elkhart, Schoeck, Richard J. Erasmus grandesccns: the Stoll, Polly Anna. The Joe E.G. Yoder family. lnd. : MCC Office of Criminal Justice and growth o f a humanist 's mind and spirituality. Aylmer, Ont.: Stoll, 1988. Pp. 175. MHL. MCC Domestic Violence Task Force, 1987. (Bibliotheca humanistic» and reformatorica; Subtelny, Orest. Ukraine: a history. Toronto, 1 packet. EMC. v.43) Nieuwkoop: DeGraaf, 1988. Pp. 176. Ont.: University of Toronto/Canadian Raber, John Paul. Songs for Christians. MLA. Institute of Ukrainian Studies, 1988. Pp. Millersburg, Ohio: Raber. 1988. Unpaged. Schrack, Vera. Come along with me. 666. MLA. EMC. Hamburg, Pa.: Schrack, 1988. Pp. 145. Tiessen, Henry B. Teaching in Ontario 1936- Ratzlaff, Velda. Andrew Dirks (1862-1936). MHL. 1970. Kitchener, Ont.: Tiessen, 1988. Montezuma. Kan.: Ratzlaff, [1988]. Pp. 33. Schräg, Dale R., et al. The Mennonites: a brief MHL. MLA. guide to information. North Newton, Kan.: To care for God's creation: a look at the Redcay, Ruth M. Descendants o f Amos M. and Bethel College, 1988. Pp. 20. EMC, MLA. problems, a call to faithfulness. Akron, Pa.: Bertlw F. Noll Redcay. [Morgantown, Pa.: Schultz, Jane Marie. The evolution o f singing Mennonite Central Committee, [1988?]. Redcay], 1987. Pp. 35. MHL. schools among the Swiss Mennonites of Pp. 12. EMC. Redcay, T.J. The Old Order Amish in plain southern Ontario. Thesis (B.A.)--University Toevs, John L. A personal history. [S.I.: Toevs, words and pictures. Gettysburg, Pa.: Tern of Waterloo, 1987. Pp. 82. MHL. 1987]. Pp. 37. MLA. Inc., 1987. Pp. 32. MHL. Schuytvlot, A.C. Catalogus van werken van en Toleranz und Repression: zur Lage religiöser Regehr, Ernie and Simon Rosenblum. The over Vondel gedrukt voor 1801 en aanwezig Minderheiten in modernen Gesellschaften. road to peace Toronto, Ont.: James in de Univcrsiteitsbibliotheek van Amsterdam. Frankfurt am Main; New York: Campus, Lorimer and Co., 1988. Pp. 206. MHL. (Bibliotheca bibliographic» Neerlandica; 1987. Pp. 349. MHL. Reimer, Margaret Loewen, ed. Christians v.25) Nieuwkoop: DeGraaf, 1987. Pp. 290. Udd, Viola Entz. The Johannes Wiebe family courageous: stories for children from church MHL. history. [S.I.: s.n.], 1988. Pp. 183. MLA. history. Waterloo, Ont.: Mennonite Shank, J. Ward. The view from Round Hill: Unruh, Dora K. The family history o f Henry Publishing Service, 1988. Pp. 63. EMC, selected writings o f J. Ward Shank. G. Regier. [Durham, Kan.: Unruh, 1988]. Pp. 230. MLA. MHL. Harrisonburg, Va.: Sword and Trumpet, Rogers, Ingrid. Glimpses o f China. Elgin, III.: 1988. Pp. 200. MHL, MLA. Unruh, Heinrich Peter. Autobiography o f our Brethren Press, 1988. Pp. 147. MHL, Shank, Tom. "-Let her be veiled": an indepth father and grandfather Heinrich Unruh: teacher, and preacher and elder o f the MLA. study o f 1 Corinthians 11:1-16. Kalispell, Rosenberger, Mary Sue H. Harmless as doves: Mont.: Torch Publications, 1988. Pp. 80. Halbstacdtcr Mennonite Church. [S.I.: witnessing for peace in Vietnam. Elgin, 111.: MHL. Herbert P. Enns, 1988]. Pp. 35. MLA. Brethren Press, 1988. Pp. 188. MHL, Shellenberger, Janet Marie. A practice model Verslag van aktiviteiten 1987. [Amsterdam?: Stichting voor Bijzondere Noden in de MLA. for culturally appropriate nursing care in a Roth, Donald F. Morton, 1820-1988: a primary health care setting for Mcxican- Doopsgezinde Broederschap en daarbuiten, pictorial bistort’. St. Louis, Mo.: G. Bradley Amcrican persons. Austin, Tx.: 1987.] Pp. 18. MHL. Pub., 1988. Pp. 232. EMC, MI-IL. Shellenberger, 1987. Pp. 358. MHL. Vilela, Ernesto Suarez. Rcßcxiones de un Latinoamcricano Evangdlico. Scottdale, Pa.: Ruby, Marie, comp. The genealogy o f the Shelly, David. International directory o f Joseph Ruby Sr. family. Pigeon, Mich.: Mennonite communicators. Newton, Kan.: Herald Press, 1987. Pp. 172. MLA. War and famine: indigenous perspectives on Ruby, 1988* Pp. 81. MHL. Mennonite World Conference, 1988. Pp. Ruth, Phil Johnson. A North Penn pictorial. 10. MHL. conflict in the Horn o f Africa. Waterloo, Lansdale, Pa.: Clemens Markets, 1988. Pp. Shenk, Wilbert R. Tim hielt ve gido hoi Ont.: Horn of Africa Project, Institute of Peace and Conflict Studies, Conrad Grebel 164. MHL. Mennonite = [About the Mennonite Church.} Salzmann, Zdenek. The Arapaho Indians: a Souderton, Pa.: Franconia Mennonite College, 1988. Pp. 24. EMC, MHL. Weaver, Les. Hybrid vigor, 1711-1987. New research guide and bibliography. Conference, [1988?]. EMC. (Bibliographies and indexes in anthropology; Slabaugh, John M. The Lattvcr legacy o f life York: Vantage Press, 1988. Pp. 87. MHL. 4) New York: Greenwood, 1988. Pp. 113. and love: Jacob M. Lauver (1871-1965) and Weaver, Martha Palmer. Traveling with Pilgrim: a narrative based on Banyan ’s MLA. Emma Graybill (1870-1942). Uniontown, Sawatsky, Ronald George. Looking for that Ohio: Slabaugh, [1988?]. Pp. 180. EMC, Pilgrim s progress pointing up inspiring lessons blessed hope: the roots o f fundamentalism in MHL. contained in allegory. Amelia, Va.: Canada 1878-191-1. Ottawa: National Smith, Kenneth L. Going to Germany: a guide Traveling with Pilgrim, 1988. Pp. 238. Library of Canada, 1987. 4 microfiche. for traveling and doing genealogical research EMC, MHL. Weber, Edwin W. Families o f the Old Order MHL. in West Germany. [Columbus, Ohio]: Smith, Schenk, Trudy and Ruth Froelke. The 1987. Pp. 40. MHL. Mennonite Church in Ontario. Heidelberg, Wuerttcmberg emigration index. Vot.-t. Salt Smith, Larry, ed. From the heartlands: photos Ont.: Weber, 1988. Pp. 222. EMC, MHL. Lake City, Utah: Ancestry Pub., 1988. Pp. and essays from the midwest. (Midwest Weber, Lester G., comp. Ancestors and 240. MHL. writers series; no.l) Huron, Ohio: Bottom descendants o f Moses Musscr Homing and Schlabach, Martha Bontrager. More new Dog Press, 1988. Pp. 221. MHL. Lavina Musscr Gchman. Peach Bottom, favorites. Holmesviiie, Ohio: Schlabach, Socolofsky, Homer E. Historical atlas o f Pa.: Weber, 1988. Pp. 607. MI-IL.

34 MENNONITE LIFE Weier, John. Ride the blue roan. Winnipeg, 1989J. Pp. 121. MLA. Yoiicr, Rosa L. Old German Baptist Brethren Man.: Turnstone Press, 1988. Pp. 77. Mennonite Quarterly Review, 1988. Pp. 8. obituary summaries from the Vindicator 1870- MHL. EMC, MHL. 1988. Goshen, Ind.: Yoder, 1988. Pp. 345. Weigelt, Morst. Lavater und die Stillen im Wengerd, Jacob. Diary o f a tragedy. Atlantic, MHL. Lande - Distanz und Nähe: die Beziehungen Pa.: Wengerd, 1988. Pp. 36. MHL. Zercher, Ray M. Thistle dew. Grantham, Pa.: La voters zu Frömmigkeitsbewegungen im 18. Weyer, Jim. Red walls, black hats: an Amish Zercher, 1988. Pp. 50. MHL. Jahrhundert. (Arbeiten zur Geschichte des bam raising. Toledo, Ohio: Weyer Zestig jaar DJB. [Amsterdam: Doopsgezinde Pietismus; Bd.25) Gottingen: Vandenhoeck International, 1988. Unpaged. EMC, Jongeren Bond, 1988]. Pp. 115. MHL. and Ruprecht, 1988. Pp. 214. MHL. FRESNO, MHL. Zimmerman, Gary J. and Marion Wollen, Wellauer, Maralyn A. Record keeping and White, Warren. Oral history inten'iews o f comps. Gentian immigrants: lists of archives in I Vest Germany. Milwaukee, Wis.: Warren White. Manhattan, Kan.: [s.n.], passengers bound from Bremen to New York, Roots International, 1987. Pp. 54. MHL. 1988. Pp. 31. MLA. 1863-1867. Baltimore, Md.: Genealogical Wenger, Anna Frances. The phenomenon of Whileley, Peter M. Deliberate acts: changing Pub. Co., 1988. Pp. 221. MHL. care in a high context culture: the Old Order Hopi culture through the Oraibi split. Zook. Gordon D. Current patterns o f shared Amish. Thesis (Ph.D.)-Wayne State Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1988. leadership in Mennonite Church University, 1988. Pp. 227. MHL. Pp. 373. MLA. congregations. 'Ilicsis (D.Min.)-Lancaster Wenger, J.C. A faith to live by (Chinese). Widmer, Pierre. Ombres et lumiHrc: cltoix de Theological Seminary, 1988. Pp. 535. Elkhart, Ind.: Mennonite Board of Missions, poänes (de 1929 a 1987). Montbdliard: MHL. 1988. Pp. 75. MHL. Impr. Metthez Frdres, 1987. Pp. 95. MHL. Wenger, J.C. A history o f the Olive Mennonite Wilson, Elizabeth Byler. Oral history interview Church: the first 125 years at the present o f Elizabeth (Byler) Wilson. Manhattan, Dale Unknown location. Elkhart, Ind.: The Church, 1988. ICtn.: [s.n.], 1988. Pp. 17. MLA. Pp. 145. MHL. Wood, Marjorie. A pinch o f the past: a tasteful Wenger, J.C. How Mermonitcs came to be glimpse o f our heritage. Winnipeg, Man.: Andres, Joanna Sudermann. These keeping (Chinese). Elkhart, Ind.: Mennonite Board Hyperion Press, 1987. Pp. 120. MHL. things. [Newton, Kan.: Andres. 198-]. Pp. of Missions, 1988. Pp. 107. MHL. Wuttke, Dieter. Nuremberg: focal point of 88. MHC, MLA. Wenger, J.C. What Mennonites believe Gentian culture and history. Bamberg: Showalter, Harry. Hymns o f tribute. (Chinese). Elkhart, Ind.: Mennonite Board Stefan Wendel Verlag, 1988. Pp. 52. Columbiana, Ohio: Elmer Showalter, [n.d.]. of Missions, 1988. Pp. 86. MHL. MHL. Pp. 25. MHL. Wenger, J. C. William A. Demine: Franconia Yoder, Andy and Millie Yoder. Amish country Siemens, Anna Daisy. The lines are fallen: a leader. (Reprint from Mennonite Quarterly cooking. Rexford, Mont.: Yoder, 1988. Pp. human interest story based on Sudcrrnan Review (Oct. 1988)) Goshen, Ind.: 282. MHL. family history. [S.I.: s.n., between 1986 and

JUNE, 1990 35 Book Reviews

James C. Juhnke, Vision, Doctrine, facilitates a clear description of the and an increasingly professional out­ War: Mennonite Identity and Organi­ degrees to which the religious-ethnic look. On the other hand, missions zation in America, 1890-1930. The identity of various Mennonite groups revitalized the sending church. New Mennonite Experience in America, eroded during the forty year period roles for women in the church and vol. 3. Scottdale, PA: Herald Press, studied in the volume. exotic artifacts were among numerous 1989. Pp. 394. ($19.95—paperback) The Old Order Mennonites and Old external manifestations of a new under­ Order Amish were the most traditional­ standing of the gospel. Mennonite mis­ The long-awaited third volume in ist. While they were also influenced by sions for the most part reaped a small the Mennonite Experience in America pietism, revivalism, and other forces harvest during this period, but Men­ series became available in early 1990. which affected Mennonites who were nonites expanded their understandings Unfortunate delays slowed the progress more open to change, the old order of other cultures and discovered a com­ of James C. Juhnke’s Vision, Doctrine, Mennonites “ gave unity to the Men­ mon theological basis for missions with War: Mennonite Identity and Organiza­ nonite mosaic.” (p. 78) These “ quintes­ American Protestantism. tion in America, 1890-1930 through sential” Mennonites survived, adopted American Mennonites founded seven Herald Press, and the distribution of technology and other new practices at new schools of “ higher education” be­ copies, including the one supplied to their own pace, and occasionally were tween 1890 and 1914. These institutions this reviewer, with thirty-two pages of split by schism, but they anchored one became denominational centers as well the first two chapters missing, may also end of the Mennonite spectrum. as the means to indoctrinate and retain reveal a low priority placed on the At the other end of the continuum the youth of the denomination within the series by its publisher. The projected were the Dutch-Russian Mennonites church. Financial stability and modern­ four-volume set will eventually tell the who immigrated to America during the ism were among the issues which story of the Mennonites during three last quarter of the nineteenth century. challenged the Mennonite Colleges dur­ centuries in the United States. Their methods of boundary maintenance ing the first quarter of the twentieth James C. Juhnke, Professor of His­ differed from the “ old” and old order century—the latter forcing Goshen Col­ tory at Bethel College and editor of Mennonites of Swiss background. lege to close for one year. Bluffton Col­ Mennonite Life, begins his account in Whereas humility was a central theme lege gained an extraordinary faculty in the 1890s and focuses on the increasing for Mennonites related to the Amish and part through an exodus from Goshen. denominationalism of American Men­ Mennonite Church (MC) groups, the Juhnke examines the Mennonite dea­ nonites throughout the next four dec­ more recent immigrants had a more coness movement as another focus of ades. During this period Mennonite positive view of worldly responsibili­ institutionalization at this time. He con­ sectarian self-consciousness declined ties. They assumed leadership roles in cludes that American “ Mennonites did while centralization and institutionali­ the General Conference Mennonite not lose their identity and historical zation increased. Each group of Men­ Church, established in 1860 to promote memory.” (p. 187) Instead they bor­ nonites differed in their reaction to missions and the unification of Men­ rowed Protestant models and American­ modernization, revivalism, war, and nonites. Juhnke describes the centrality ized in many respects, thus achieving other challenges to their traditions and of congregational life among the Dutch- a new social synthesis and a revitalized identity, and Juhnke describes a com­ Russian Mennonites and elaborates the sense of peoplehood. plex “ mosaic” of Mennonite pluralism. philosophy of congregation-christendom Mennonites in America have never Mennonites in general became more (Gemeindechristentum) as developed by been immobile either geographically or like American Protestants, but Juhnke Cornelius H. Wedel, first president of socially. The early twentieth century describes a three-dimensional matrix Bethel College and mentor and historian saw an acceleration of both types of which divided Mennonites: “ (1) Swiss for this group of “ new” Mennonites. movement. Between 1890 and 1920 in­ and south-German versus Dutch and Although new Mennonites promoted expensive land on the frontier beckoned north-German origin in Europe; (2) dif­ a flurry of activities at the end of the many Mennonites to Oklahoma, west­ ferences between the earlier established century, they did not monopolize ern Kansas, Colorado, Idaho, Washing­ settlers in the East and those who ar­ denominational advances in establishing ton, California and other westward rived later or migrated from the East mission ventures, hospitals, and col­ points. More of the small and scattered and settled in the frontier Midwest or leges. Juhnke concludes that missions Mennonite settlements founded during West; and (3) differences due to sepa­ was the heart of denominational activity this period failed than prospered. rate group or conference affiliation in between 1890 and 1930. The mission Thousands of Mennonites from strug­ America.” (p. 32) This framework became a business with a bureaucracy gling rural communities as well as

36 MENNONITE LIFE others whose diaspora took them to Orie O. Miller ushered in a more cosmic battle between these forces than urban areas left their ancestral faith. ecumenical and progressive era. All- it is about the clash of these forces in Urban areas boasted few Mennonite Mennonite Conventions, like the Men­ a single man, the doubting Thomas congregations at this time, and the Men­ nonite Central Committee, tentatively Martin. This is a compelling novel for nonite mainstream with its emphasis on examined inter-Mennonite cooperation any reader interested in the church in humility found it difficult to accept and became the first steps toward the Africa. Mennonites who joined the professional successful Civilian Public Service pro­ At a very general level, narrative and upwardly mobile classes. gram during World War II. While the plots fall into three categories: human Several of Juhnke’s previous works course of Mennonite denominational versus environment, human versus have emphasized the critical impact of development described by Juhnke was human, human versus self. A Long Dry World War I on American Mennonites, not smooth, Mennonites retained their Season draws much power from its ef­ and this volume provides an opportunity identity. Fragmentation and discord fective use of all three themes; Thomas to broaden his analysis beyond General sometimes restrained their progress, but finds himself in conflict with the majes­ Conference Mennonites in the plains Juhnke concludes that each group “ was tically and precisely described African states to an excellent synthesis of the free to work its own balance of separa­ landscape; he finds himself in conflict wartime experience of Mennonites tion from, and accommodation to, with his parishioners, with his fellow nationwide. Mennonites were not pre­ American society.” (pp. 316-17) American citizens (represented by a pared for total war, and especially the As members of the Mennonite church pair of well meaning, but vulgar, more recent immigrants of Dutch- and General Conference begin to dis­ tourists), and ultimately alienated from Russian background had not grasped the cuss integration, Vision, Doctrine, War his own family; and finally, he strug­ potential conflict between their non- should be required reading. This book gles throughout with his own feelings resistant theology and their desire to be (and presumably the fourth and final of worthlessness and with the conflict good citizens. While the impact of the volume in the series as well) charts the of his desires. war on Mennonite communities varied background of the courting partners. A Long Dry Season is a lonely book. according to many factors, most be­ Readers will better understand the Thomas exists among humans, but he came overtly aware of a choice between development of their own group as well never seems fully connected to them. citizenship in the American democracy as the issues and struggles of the other Indeed, his final alienation is so and in the kingdom of Christ—a choice while reading Juhnke’s description of thorough that the novel’s rapid conclu­ they had thought could be avoided. the birth and formative years of the sion did not fully convince me. Logic World War I also ushered in a period denominationalism of today. Although told me that the “ fall of distant rains” of rapid social and economic change in the Mennonite Brethren and other would break the “ long dry season” ; but the western world. The general cultural smaller groups may find less light shed my heart was not persuaded, so thor­ upheaval had a major impact on Ameri­ on their own internal development, they oughly and with such finesse had can Mennonites, and theological con­ also will find the context critical to Thomas been cut away from everything flict between modernists and fundamen­ understanding their identity and place­ he counted on in life. talists exacerbated their social transi­ ment within the Mennonite mosaic. Readers of Mennonite Life will find tion. The debate over modernism split Juhnke admirably achieves his goal of A Long Dry Season of greater interest Mennonites and slowed their denomina­ showing the whole of American Men- as a novel by a Mennonite author than tional advance. Juhnke does a master­ nonitism while revealing the interrela­ as a novel about Mennonite experience. ful job sketching the varied impact of tionships and influences which defined Once a teacher for six years in east and fundamentalism on different Mennonite Mennonite peoplehood in the early central Africa, Omar Eby teaches groups. While most of this volume twentieth century. writing and literature at Eastern Men­ focuses on the “ old” Mennonite related David A. Haury nonite College, but his is not an explic­ groups and the General Conference Assistant Director itly Mennonite novel. Much of its suc­ cess in focusing on the story of Thomas, Mennonites, this chapter emphasizes Kansas State Historical Society the individual, comes from its deliber­ the post-war religious revival of the Topeka, Kansas Mennonite Brethren and charts their ately general locale. Eby never names somewhat divergent course of Ameri­ a specific identification for his African canization from other Dutch-Russian setting (although Kenya seems likely, Mennonites. While Juhnke examines since the most convenient cities are the various splinter or smaller groups Omar Eby, A Long Dry Season. Inter­ Nairobi and Mombasa), and likewise, and their story is not completely ig­ course, PA: Good Books, 1988. Pp. in its depiction of religion, the novel nored, the account of the Mennonite 216. ($14.95) names no specific denominations nor Brethren, Holdeman Mennonites, and hierarchical organizations. While this other less populous groups of the Men­ This novel follows the physical and makes for good literature, it could nonite mosaic is slighted at times. emotional struggle of Thomas Martin, annoy those hoping to find a docu­ Rapid change and post-war contro­ an American missionary to an unspeci­ mented interpretation of Mennonite versies did not halt the progress of Men­ fied African nation. The dust jacket experience. blurb accurately describes the novel as nonite denominationalism. It gave birth David Sprunger a study in “ conflict between art and to institutional advances such as Men­ University of Illinois idealism and western and non-western nonite Central Committee, and new Urbana, Illinois leaders such as Harold S. Bender and values,” but the novel is less about a

JUNE, 1990 37 Calvin Redekop, Mennonite Society. In the religious acculturation, “ pro­ This is a book which should be in Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University gressives” are denominations and “ con­ every Mennonite home. It can well be Press, 1989. Pp. 397. servatives” are isolated, separated material for discussion groups. It is re­ sects. In both of these options the quired reading for everyone who wants original dynamic of social and religious to understand Mennonites. critique has atrophied. In spite of this Howard M. Snider Both newcomers and scholars will ap­ atrophy, Redekop discerns some residue Professor of Sociology preciate the organization and clarifica­ of the original “ restitutive” motif. He Bethel College tion Calvin Redekop brings to the study hopes some elements of critique, some of the confusing array of Mennonite remnants of protest, some measure of groups. hope in God’s continuing creative work In part one of this four-part book, continue. If any of the original “ ethos” James Urry, None But Saints: The Mennonites are categorized according is still present it may yet galvanize Men­ Transformation o f Mennonite Life in to a number of variables important in nonites to revival, renewal, and unity. Russia 1789-1889. Winnipeg: Hy­ their beginnings and subsequent devel­ Redekop suggests a revitalization can perion Press, 1989. Pp. 289. ($24.95 opment. This material provides the occur and a renewed explication of the Canadian—paperback) basis for illustration and reference “ ethos” is possible. A new critique and throughout the book. protest will occur in response to the pro­ James Urry’s book None But Saints In part two Redekop searches for a found crises in our physical and social is based on the author’s doctoral disser­ commonness, the “ Mennonite Ethos.” world. It is an opportunity to restore the tation in anthropology submitted to Ox­ He finds this in at least four emphases: physical and social world which God in­ ford University in 1978. After E. K. (1) the Anabaptist protest against eccle­ tends. Mennonite society, the family of Francis, Urry is the first non-Mennonite siastical corruption and the social op­ Mennonite groups, can be a tool in author to study the Russian-Mennonite pression of secular powers, (2) common God’s purpose for this world. Anabaptists. beliefs centered around brotherhood However, in spite of Redekop’s As indicated by the title, the author and associated congregational and con­ heroic efforts to find a “ Mennonite is more interested in the impact of the ference organization, (3) a struggle ethos,” it takes considerable faith to Russian experience on the life and toward unity, (4) a “ restitutive” motif, find the tie which binds the fragments character of the group than in its a hope in the restoration of God’s rule of Mennonite “brotherhood.” The specific institutions. The critical assess­ in this world. polar opposites and typologies under­ ment of an external examiner is always In part three the impact of forms of lying the methodology hardly encour­ useful for a better understanding of family, education, economics, politics, age one to believe that significant com­ minorities that too often have to rely and welfare encountered by Mennonites monalities really exist. The use of the soley on self-evaluation. The attractive in their host societies is described. Men­ term “ society” is problematic. Men­ appearance of the book may not seem nonites have selectively acculturated nonites are at best subcultures since they that important but it adds to the general wherever they have lived. The “ pro­ lack the geographical and political quality of the publication. Readers will gressives” are little different from the characteristics ordinarily associated appreciate maps, sketches, photographs, dominant society while the “ conser­ with the idea of “ society.” and color prints from the Henry Pauls vatives” have separated and isolated Beyond description and analysis, collection, which help to recreate the themselves. Redekop has provided seminal thought. mood of the period. In part four Redekop analyzes both His suggestion that societal problems The significant contributions of the internal and external forces produc­ may wean “ progressives” from their earlier writers like D. H. Epp, Franz ing the continuing fragmentation in headlong assimilation and jolt the “ con­ Isaak, P. M. Friesen, and some of the Mennonite society. In spite of this servatives” to encounter the world from more recent contributions of Frank H. fragmentation Redekop still has hope in which they cannot separate is worthy of Epp and others are not overshadowed the future of Mennonite society. His thought. The inescapable environmen­ by Urry’s book but rather comple­ hope lies in the completion of a cycle tal and social problems may lead full mented in a very significant way. As an with the following sectors: (1) a poly- circle. This circle has led Anabaptists outsider, the author was free to deal genetic beginning in the social upheaval from protest to withdrawal to assimila­ with issues which earlier writers may of Reformation Europe with its social tion to an opportunity now for renewed have chosen to avoid. critique and protest, (2) the Anabaptist critique, protest, and work toward the The general direction of Urry’s inter­ religious and social goals were burned restitution of the Kingdom of God on pretation can be found in a number of out in the persecutions forcing the earth. more recent essays by Mennonite his­ movement into seclusion and separa­ Redekop has made a significant con­ torians, but Urry’s book is the first tion, (3) in this context the protest ele­ tribution to the study of Mennonite major publication analyzing critically ment was lost leaving only certain community. He has categorized many especially the events of the second half religious and organizational elements, dimensions of Mennonite life in under­ of the nineteenth century. This is a first (4) migration, toleration, and subse­ standable ways. Above all, he has critical interpretation in a major publi­ quent social experience in diverse host launched into new territory by sug­ cation of the religious and economic societies fragmented Mennonite society gesting a way in which Mennonite tensions experienced by the Russian- into groups across the whole range of society may be revitalized and move Mennonite community. Urry sees Men­ possible responses. toward unity. nonite developments in the context of

38 MENNONITE LIFE religious movements in Europe and convincingly argues that between 1850 and 1880 there is a correlation between the economic and the religious tensions in the colonies. The author shatters a number of Mennonite “ self-portraits” and we should be grateful for it. As David Rempel in his extensive introduc­ tion to this volume says, this is not a comprehensive history of the Russian Mennonites, but it is a very significant contribution to Mennonite historiog­ Winnipeg supporters have to be congra­ tulated on an important publication. raphy. The only minor irritant this Below: The concrete works for mak­ writer has found in the publication is the George K. Epp ing platforms for outdoor privies by spelling of Mennonite place names. But Menno Simons College the Mulberry unit in Florida. By that is really a problem for Mennonite The University of Winnipeg autumn 1944 a thousand sanitary historians to solve. The author and his Winnipeg, Manitoba privies had been installed.