DOCSLIB.ORG

Men, Masculinities and Sexual and Reproductive Health in Botswana

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Men, Masculinities and Sexual and Reproductive Health in Botswana Men, Masculinities and Sexual and Reproductive Health in Botswana By Serai Daniel Rakgoasi A Thesis Submitted in fulfillment of the requirements of the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Witwatersrand March 2010 i Men, Masculinities and Sexual and Reproductive Health in Botswana DECLARATION Except where indicated, this thesis is based upon original research conducted by the author as a scholar at the University of the Witwatersrand from November 2005 to November 2009 Serai Daniel Rakgoasi September 30, 2010 ii Men, Masculinities and Sexual and Reproductive Health in Botswana SPONSORSHIP ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I am deeply thankful to the University of Botswana for generously funding my studies, and for allowing me time off work to purse this degree. I will always be grateful for your support during the four years that was my leave. I am also thankful to the Fogarty Foundation for the pre-doctoral award, which came at a time of great uncertainty about how I was going to finance the last stages of my thesis preparation. The award was timely and allowed me the space and peace of mind to complete my studies without undue worry about financial matters. iii Men, Masculinities and Sexual and Reproductive Health in Botswana ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I thank God, the omnipresent, the unknowable, and unnamable for the life, guidance and protection and all the blessings in my life, and most of all for uplifting my spirit through numerous challenges. Many people contributed towards this work and I owe mountains of gratitude each one of them. I would like to especially thank my supervisor Professor Clifford Obi Odimegwu for his constant support, encouragement and direction. I thank you Prof for your constant encouragement during many difficult moments when it would have been much easier to give up than to persevere. You were always there to nurture my belief and allowed me space to develop confidence in my abilities. Words cannot adequately express just how much you inspired me or the gratitude I feel for your mentoring. My sincerest thanks go to the University of the Witwatersrand Research Ethics Board, for your inputs and advice on the ethical issues of this study. My thanks also go to the Human Research Ethics Committee of the Ministry of Health in Botswana for reviewing and advising on the study tools and methodology. To the staff of the Department of Demography and Population (Wits) and the Department of Population Studies (UB), thanks for allowing me the time and providing the resources necessary for this work. I also wish to express gratitude to my colleagues at the University of Botswana who motivated and encouraged me through their insights and criticism to pursue this study. To my fellow PhD candidates at the University of the Witwatersrand, thanks for the camaraderie. To my colleagues and business partner, Joe Pitso, thanks for holding the fort during my absence, and for going through the difficulties that arose as a result of my prolonged absence. The only way I can pay you back is to ensure that ICRE sours and reaches the heights that we know it is going to reach soon! Thanks for the support and words of wisdom through the ages mate! iv Men, Masculinities and Sexual and Reproductive Health in Botswana I wish to express the deepest and heartfelt gratitude to Rose, my wife, friend, confidante and companion, for holding the fort and keeping our family together during many challenging times when I was absent from home and the kids. Your dedication and resiliency in supporting my studies while at the same time taking care of the needs of the family made all the difference, and in the end, was the life line that allowed me to focus on my work. The challenges that we have experienced together will make us stronger. Thanks for 17 blissful years, it feels like 17days. I’d do it all over again! You are the rose in my life and I love you. To all my children, Gomolemo, Lame and Leatile, thanks for being an inspiration in my life. To all of you, I recognize the sacrifice you made during the weeks and months that I was away from home and couldn’t be there to help with your school work or play tennis, basketball or soccer together! To my siblings, Susan, Gatote, Pule and Happy – I love you all, and thanks for being there for my family during my absence. To my nieces and nephews, you are a blessing in my life and a constant source of inspiration. To my parents, George and Lizzie - I couldn’t ask for a better blessing than to have you two as my parents. You have inspired every aspect and stage of my life through your presence, patience and love. The peace and serenity that pervades your union even in the midst of life’s challenges are a constant inspiration in my life, my marriage and as a father to my children. To my other three dads, Ramogolo Reuben (Chechi)[God bless his soul] and Keoreketswe (Socks BBX), to my aunts, Mamogolo Queen and Mmangwane Joyce thanks for your love, guidance and protection during those times when I didn’t even know myself. I have a great balance in life because of the nurturing of my three dads and three moms. Who could ask for more? My paternal aunts Rakgadi Morwadi, Mma Bushy, MmaStokie, you are all truly special, thanks for your love and confidence in me. My maternal aunts MmaThandi and MmaDuu, I love you dearly. v Men, Masculinities and Sexual and Reproductive Health in Botswana ABSTRACT This thesis investigates the role of masculinities on men’s sexual and reproductive health in Botswana. Botswana is currently in the throes of a severe heterosexually driven HIV/AIDS epidemic that has eroded some of the developmental gains the country had achieved since independence. A unique feature of Botswana’s HIV epidemic is the rapid and phenomenal increase in infection and prevalence rates in the face of good levels of knowledge of HIV prevention and an early and comprehensive HIV prevention strategy that guaranteed access to free HIV prevention and treatment services, including ARV treatment. The lack of effectiveness of the country’s HIV efforts and subsequent increase in infection rates have been blamed on men’s risky sexual behavior and lack of support of their partners’ decisions to utilize these services. In fact, quantitative studies on men’s sexual behavior and HIV such as the Botswana AIDS Impact Surveys show that men are less likely to use VCT services and more likely to engage in risky sexual behavior that increases risk of HIV infection to themselves and their partners. While studies provide the evidence that implicates men in the rapid growth Botswana’s HIV epidemic, the studies provide little or no explanation of factors that motivate men’s behavior in reproductive health. This lack of insights on factors that motivate men’s behavior leads to stereotypes about male promiscuity and may contribute to the lack of effectiveness of HIV prevention strategies. The current HIV epidemic has thus thrust heterosexual masculinities at the centre of HIV prevention efforts and provides an opportunity for research to interrogate the role of heterosexual masculinities in reproductive health, especially HIV transmission and prevention. The thesis employs qualitative data to provide in-depth appreciation of the prevalent masculine norms and beliefs and to highlight contextual factors and processes that shape and give rise to various masculinities. It further uses quantitative data to provide measures of levels of men’s masculine and gender role beliefs that may influence HIV prevention and transmission and to test the association between masculinities and men’s sexual and reproductive health attitudes and practices. The results show that men’s sense of identity is socially constructed, and revolves around the notion of superiority to women, independence and having and being in control of the family. However, men face many challenges to the realization of this masculine ideal. Men’s perceived difficulty or failure to live up to socially constructed vi Men, Masculinities and Sexual and Reproductive Health in Botswana notions of masculinities affects their experience of sexual and reproductive health programs, especially women’s empowerment and HIV prevention programs. By their nature, these programs tend to challenge men’s dominance of women’s decision on sexuality, and are therefore experienced as a threat to some men’s sense of identity. Quantitative results indicate an association between masculinities and sexual and reproductive health. While men’s sense of masculinities is not the overriding factor determining their sexual and reproductive health attitudes and practices, the results show a strong association traditional masculine beliefs and negative sexual and reproductive health beliefs and practices. However, there is also strong evidence that men and masculinities are responding to contextual factors, such as the HIV epidemic, which has become a specific stress on the local construction of masculinities. In focus group discussions, many men challenged traditional masculine norms, beliefs and practices that increase their vulnerability to HIV infection and those that either encourage or condone violence within intimate relationships. Significantly high proportions of men had positive attitudes towards HIV prevention programs. It is evident that now more than ever (and thanks to the HIV/AIDS epidemic) many men are ready to question the predominant masculine norms, beliefs and practices that increase their vulnerability to infection and disease. These voices of change represent a window of opportunity for research and programs can meaningfully engage with men and masculinities on issues of sexuality, gender roles, sexual and reproductive health and HIV/AIDS prevention and transmission. There is need for future research and interventions to move away from focusing exclusively on individual models of preventive health behaviors to more multilevel, cultural and contextual explanations.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Gender Inequality and Restrictive Gender Norms: Framing the Challenges to Health
    Series Gender Equality, Norms, and Health 1 Gender inequality and restrictive gender norms: framing the challenges to health Lori Heise*, Margaret E Greene*, Neisha Opper, Maria Stavropoulou, Caroline Harper, Marcos Nascimento, Debrework Zewdie, on behalf of the Gender Equality, Norms, and Health Steering Committee† Lancet 2019; 393: 2440–54 Gender is not accurately captured by the traditional male and female dichotomy of sex. Instead, it is a complex social Published Online system that structures the life experience of all human beings. This paper, the first in a Series of five papers, investigates May 30, 2019 the relationships between gender inequality, restrictive gender norms, and health and wellbeing. Building upon past http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/ work, we offer a consolidated conceptual framework that shows how individuals born biologically male or female S0140-6736(19)30652-X develop into gendered beings, and how sexism and patriarchy intersect with other forms of discrimination, such as See Comment pages 2367, 2369, 2371, 2373, and 2374 racism, classism, and homophobia, to structure pathways to poor health. We discuss the ample evidence showing the This is the first in a Series of far-reaching consequences of these pathways, including how gender inequality and restrictive gender norms impact five papers about gender health through differential exposures, health-related behaviours and access to care, as well as how gender-biased health equality, norms, and health research and health-care systems reinforce and reproduce gender inequalities, with serious implications for health. *Joint first authors The cumulative consequences of structured disadvantage, mediated through discriminatory laws, policies, and †Members of the Steering institutions, as well as diet, stress, substance use, and environmental toxins, have triggered important discussions Committee are listed at the end about the role of social injustice in the creation and maintenance of health inequities, especially along racial and of this Series paper socioeconomic lines.
    [Show full text]
  • Partnering: a New Approach to Sexual and Reproductive Health
    Technical Paper No. 3 Partnering: A New Approach to Sexual and Reproductive Health Sylvie I. Cohen, Chief, Advocacy and IEC Branch, Technical Support Division and Michèle Burger, Consultant UNFPA United Nations Population Fund December 2000 Technical Paper is a series of periodic publications of UNFPA that reports on important technical and policy issues of relevance for national and international population and repro- ductive health programmes. UNFPA also currently publishes reports in the following series: Evaluation Reports, Programme Advisory Notes, Technical Reports and Technical and Policy Papers. Copyright © UNFPA 220 East 42nd street New York, NY 10017 USA ISBN: 0-89714-540-2 Notes: The views expressed and interpretations given in this Technical Paper are those of the authors alone and do not necessarily reflect those of the United Nations Population Fund. The designation employed and the presentation of material in this publica- tion do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimi- tation of its frontiers or boundaries. The term “country” as used in the text of this report refers, as appropriate, to territories or areas. The designation of “developed” and “developing” countries are intended for convenience and do not necessarily express a judgement about the stage reached by a particular country or area in the development process. Prior permission to quote this material does not need to be obtained from UNFPA, provided appropriate reference to the source is made. Fo r e w o r d The International Conference on Population and Development (ICPD, Cairo, 1994) broke new ground in endorsing men’s involvement in sexual and reproductive health, a realm that until then had overlooked their active role.
    [Show full text]
  • Puni Tekst: Hrvatski
    Ivan Basić Sarkofag s formulom sankcije iz The sarcophagus with sanction Trogira formula from Trogir (Aspekti bizantske diplomatičke (Aspects of the Byzantine tradicije u ranosrednjovjekovnoj diplomatics tradition in early jadranskoj epigrafiji) medieval epigraphy of the Adriatic) Ivan Basić Ivan Basić Sveučilište u Splitu University of Split Filozofski fakultet Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences Odsjek za povijest Department of History Poljička cesta 35 Poljička cesta 35 HR, 21 000 Split CROATIA, 21 000 Split [email protected] [email protected] UDK: 726.829(497.583Trogir)“653“ UDC: 726.829(497.583Trogir)“653“ 930.2:003.071 930.2:003.071 Izvorni znanstveni članak Original scientific paper Primljeno: 30. 4. 2018. Received: 30 April 2018 Prihvaćeno: 14. 5. 2018. Accepted: 14 May 2018 Sažetak Abstract U Arheološkom muzeju u Splitu pohranjen je ulo- A fragment of a lid from an early medieval sar- mak poklopca ranosrednjovjekovnog sarkofaga pori- cophagus originally from Trogir is kept in the Ar- jeklom iz Trogira. Sadrži ostatke reljefne dekoracije chaeological Museum in Split. It contains the remains te nepotpuno očuvan latinski natpis. Natpis je najpo- of relief decoration and an incompletely preserved znatiji po spomenu bizantskoga cara (Konstantin V. Latin inscription. The inscription is best known for ili Konstantin VI.), zasad jedinom takvom primjeru u mentioning a Byzantine emperor (Constantine V or ranosrednjovjekovnoj epigrafiji Dalmacije (uz iznim- Constantine VI), thus far the only such example in ku Ulcinja). Preliminarno je datiran u VIII. stoljeće. the early medieval epigraphy of Dalmatia (with the 281 VAHD 111, 2018, 281-330 Premda je ulomak u literaturi poznat i relativno če- exception of Ulcinj).
    [Show full text]
  • Douglas Announces Final Review Completion Summer's Bounty Just Around the Corner
    Mailed free to requesting homes in Douglas, Northbridge, Uxbridge, Linwood, Whitinsville and North Uxbridge Vol. VIII, No. 17 Complimentary to homes by request ONLINE: WWW.STONEBRIDGEPRESS.COM Friday, April 13, 2018 BHC losing executive RALLY PLANNED TO SUPPORT OVERRIDE PASSAGE DOUGLAS — The Vote Yes! Committee created to support a director is Rhode Island gain yes vote for a Proposition 2 ½ override question will host a rally of friends and supporters in front of the Simon Fairfield Public Library at 290 Main Street in Douglas at 9:30 a.m. on Saturday, Following six successful years at Blackstone April 14. Heritage Corridor, Inc., Megan DiPrete has Douglas is one of many communities overburdened with accepted the position of chief, Division of unfunded mandates, seeing little to no increases in state funding Planning and Development at Rhode Island for its schools and unable to generate sufficient funds to cover Department of Environmental Management. the operating costs of the town’s basic services. Facing shortfalls DiPrete was the first full-time staff person this year and over the next several years, the Board of Selectmen at BHC, starting her tenure in May 2012. She recently unanimously approved a Proposition 2 ½ override was instrumental in transitioning BHC from a question asking the voters to approve a $1.5 million increase in Federal Commission to the thriving non-prof- revenue in order to stabilize town operational funds. it organization that it is today, working to Rally organizers urge everyone supporting the campaign to help develop the organization’s first-ever 10 save Douglas to join them on the library steps.
    [Show full text]
  • China's Smiling Face to the World: Beijing's English
    ABSTRACT Title of Thesis: CHINA’S SMILING FACE TO THE WORLD: BEIJING’S ENGLISH-LANGUAGE MAGAZINES IN THE FIRST DECADE OF THE PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC Leonard W. Lazarick, M.A. History Directed By: Professor James Z. Gao Department of History In the 1950s, the People’s Republic of China produced several English-language magazines to inform the outside world of the remarkable transformation of newly reunified China into a modern and communist state: People’s China, begun in January 1950; China Reconstructs, starting in January 1952; and in March 1958, Peking Review replaced People’s China. The magazines were produced by small staffs of Western- educated Chinese and a few experienced foreign journalists. The first two magazines in particular were designed to show the happy, smiling face of a new and better China to an audience of foreign sympathizers, journalists, academics and officials who had little other information about the country after most Western journalists and diplomats had been expelled. This thesis describes how the magazines were organized, discusses key staff members, and analyzes the significance of their coverage of social and cultural issues in the crucial early years of the People’s Republic. CHINA’S SMILING FACE TO THE WORLD: BEIJING’S ENGLISH-LANGUAGE MAGAZINES IN THE FIRST DECADE OF THE PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC By Leonard W. Lazarick Thesis submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of the University of Maryland, College Park, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts 2005 Advisory Committee: Professor James Z. Gao, Chair Professor Andrea Goldman Professor Lisa R.
    [Show full text]
  • Edited by Linda Richter and Robert Morrell Free Download from Www
    Edited by Linda Richter and Robert Morrell Free download from www.hsrcpress.ac.za Compiled within the Child, Youth and Family Development Research Programme, Human Sciences Research Council Published by HSRC Press Private Bag X9182, Cape Town, 8000, South Africa www.hsrcpress.ac.za © 2006 Human Sciences Research Council First published 2006 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. ISBN 0-7969-2096-6 Cover by Farm Print management by comPress Distributed in Africa by Blue Weaver PO Box 30370, Tokai, Cape Town, 7966, South Africa Tel: +27 (0) 21 701 4477 Fax: +27 (0) 21 701 7302 email: [email protected] www.oneworldbooks.com Free download from www.hsrcpress.ac.za Distributed in Europe and the United Kingdom by Eurospan Distribution Services (EDS) 3 Henrietta Street, Covent Garden, London, WC2E 8LU, United Kingdom Tel: +44 (0) 20 7240 0856 Fax: +44 (0) 20 7379 0609 email: [email protected] www.eurospanonline.com Distributed in North America by Independent Publishers Group (IPG) Order Department, 814 North Franklin Street, Chicago, IL 60610, USA Call toll-free: (800) 888 4741 All other enquiries: +1 (312) 337 0747 Fax: +1 (312) 337 5985 email: [email protected] www.ipgbook.com Contents Preface v Acronyms and abbreviations vii Opening lines 1. Introduction 1 Robert Morrell and Linda Richter 2. Fathers, fatherhood and masculinity in South Africa 13 Robert Morrell 3.
    [Show full text]
  • Andromedan Log 61 Master
    The Andromedan Original #61 Reviews Log starting on page 40 February 2001 Vol. 5 #13 The official highly-sporadic newsletter of Star Base Andromeda Lincoln, NE WillyCon 2001: A Space Oddity in March The campus of Wayne State College, in Wayne NE, will be site for the third annual WillyCon science fiction convention on March 16-18, 2001. Hosted by the Wayne State College Science Fiction club, the convention has been growing in size and popularity since its founding in 1999. This year’s literary guest is author Julie Czerneda, a Cana- dian science fiction writer whose first novel, A Thousand Words for Stranger, was published in 1997 by DAW Books. Her second novel, Aurora Award Finalist Beholder’s Eye, was published by DAW in 1998, with the sequel to A Thou- sand Words for Stranger, Ties of Power, out in 1999. The sequel to Beholder’s Eye, Changing Vision, was released summer 2000. She has a standalone called In the Company of Others, coming June 2001. DAW has purchased another novel in each of her two series. Artist guest is Frank Wu, who recently returned from the Illustrators of the Future/ Writers of the Future award ceremony in L.A. where he was one of the 10 quarterly art winners - and he also won the GRAND PRIZE! Star Base Andromeda member Bryce Pfeiffer, his wife Karen and their kids are the Fan Guests of Honor this year! The convention features numerous science-oriented panels and workshops, as well as a writing contest, filking, gaming, an art show/auction and long-running video room.
    [Show full text]
  • Accusations Surface As Election Draws to a Close
    Brewed For You! #CoffeeOnMontana #MontanaAveSM WHAT’S UP WESTSIDE ..................PAGE 2 FRIDAY LETTER TO THE EDITOR ..............PAGE 3 LAUGHING MATTERS ....................PAGE 4 11.04.16 TALES FROM HI DE HO ..................PAGE 5 MYSTERY PHOTO ............................PAGE 9 Volume 15 Issue 296 @smdailypress @smdailypress Santa Monica Daily Press smdp.com Accusations surface as election Early voting: Tighter race, draws to a close but still good signs for Clinton BY HOPE YEN President Barack Obama in 2012. BY MATTHEW HALL Project filed a complaint with the In their complaint, the group Associated Press Ballot requests from likely sup- Daily Press Editor City Attorney’s office on said the violations should be taken porters have been weak in parts of Wednesday alleging Councilman seriously given the recent actions Hillary Clinton may not be the Midwest, and African- As has become an election tra- O’Day violated the city’s rules by to strengthen the city’s anti-cor- accumulating the type of early- American turnout has fallen, too. dition in Santa Monica, complaints accepting donations from individu- ruption laws. vote advantage her campaign Still, the tens of millions of early are flying regarding possible als who have received contracts “These violations come shortly wanted, but she continues to main- votes cast also point to strength breaches of local election law. from the council. after the Council hired a special tain an apparent edge over Donald from Democratic-leaning Latino Two separate complaints have The complaint alleges two counsel to, in part, review Oaks Trump, with more than one-quar- voters, potentially giving Clinton a been filed so far.
    [Show full text]
  • “The Truth About Men, Boys and Sex”
    London School of Economics, September 1st 2010 “The Truth about Men, Boys and Sex” Contemporary discourses of men’s social reproductive roles in the development literature “THE TRUTH ABOUT MEN, BOYS AND SEX” .....................................................................................1 1. INTRODUCTION......................................................................................................................................2 1.1 AIMS AND HYPOTHESES..........................................................................................................................2 1.2 STRUCTURE ............................................................................................................................................4 2. THEORETICAL BACKGROUND..........................................................................................................5 3. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND & TERMINOLOGY .........................................................................8 4. LITERATURE REVIEW........................................................................................................................12 4.1 BACKGROUND ......................................................................................................................................12 4.2 METHODS .............................................................................................................................................16 4.3 WHICH TOPICS?....................................................................................................................................17
    [Show full text]
  • Information to Users
    INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, prim bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note wfll indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back of the book. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6" x 9" black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. A Bell & Howell information Company 300 North Zeeb Road. Ann Arbor. Ml 48106-1346 USA 313/761-4700 800/521-0600 THE PAST IS ANOTHER COUNTRY: A FOLKLORIC INTERPRETATION OF MARRIAGE AND COURTSHIP NARRATIVES FROM THE 1930S TO THE PRESENT DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Gretel Young Hickman, B.A., M.A.
    [Show full text]
  • Departing for the Ends of the Earth to Do My Humble Part: the Life of William A
    University of Pennsylvania ScholarlyCommons Honors Program in History (Senior Honors Theses) Department of History April 2008 Departing for the Ends of the Earth to do My Humble Part: The Life of William A. Rich, Volunteer Ambulance Driver for the American Field Service, 1942-1945- A Study of War Letters Alice S. Hickey University of Pennsylvania, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.upenn.edu/hist_honors Hickey, Alice S., "Departing for the Ends of the Earth to do My Humble Part: The Life of William A. Rich, Volunteer Ambulance Driver for the American Field Service, 1942-1945- A Study of War Letters" (2008). Honors Program in History (Senior Honors Theses). 12. https://repository.upenn.edu/hist_honors/12 A Senior Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for Honors in History. Faculty Advisor: Jonathan Steinberg This paper is posted at ScholarlyCommons. https://repository.upenn.edu/hist_honors/12 For more information, please contact [email protected]. Departing for the Ends of the Earth to do My Humble Part: The Life of William A. Rich, Volunteer Ambulance Driver for the American Field Service, 1942-1945- A Study of War Letters Abstract From the years 1942 to 1945, William A. Rich, a volunteer ambulance driver with the American Field Service, wrote a vast collection of letters home; he served in the Middle East, North Africa, Italy, France, Germany and India. Rich corresponded with his family and girlfriend biweekly about his experiences and opinions, resulting in a collection of more than 300 letters. From these letters, supplemented by additional archival sources, a fascinating narrative emerges.
    [Show full text]
  • A Phenomenological Psychological Analysis and Photovoice Exploration
    How men experience, understand, and describe masculinity: A phenomenological psychological analysis and photovoice exploration. Item Type Thesis Authors Earnshaw, Deborah Citation Earnshaw, D. (2018) 'How men experience, understand, and describe masculinity: A phenomenological psychological analysis and photovoice exploration.' University of Derby [PhD Thesis]. Publisher University of Derby Download date 24/09/2021 09:52:05 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10545/622719 UNIVERSITY OF DERBY How Men Experience, Understand, and Describe Masculinity: A Phenomenological Psychological Analysis and Photovoice Exploration Deborah Earnshaw Doctor of Philosophy April 2018 2 | P a g e Thesis Contents Table of Contents Thesis Contents .......................................................................................................................... 3 List of Figures and Tables.......................................................................................................... 6 Glossary and Abbreviations ....................................................................................................... 7 Preface........................................................................................................................................ 9 Abstract .................................................................................................................................... 11 Acknowledgements .................................................................................................................. 13 1. Chapter
    [Show full text]