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A Guide to Digital Television Systems and Measurements

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A Guide to Digital Television Systems and Measurements Copyright ®1997,Tektronix, Inc.Allrightsreserved. 3FF 000 Last activepicturesample Firstactivepicturesample 000 EAV XYZ COMPONENT: Active line digitized, EAV/SAV added Activelinedigitized, EAV/SAV COMPONENT: Data Cb Y Cr Y COMPOSITE: Fullanaloglinedigitized Word Number Systems andMeasurements A GuidetoDigitalTelevision 1712 3FF 1713 000 1714 000 1715 XYZ 0 Cb 1 Y 2 Cr 3 Y SAV A Guide to Digital Television Systems and Measurements Acknowledgment Authored by David K. Fibush with contributions from: Bob Elkind Kenneth Ainsworth Some text and figures used in this booklet reprint- ed with permission from Designing Digital Sys- tems published by Grass Valley Products. i ii Contents 1. Introduction · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 1 2. Digital Basics · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 3 Component and Composite (analog)· · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 3 Sampling and Quantizing · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 4 Digital Video Standards· · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 4 Serial Digital Video · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 8 Rate Conversion – Format conversion · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 10 3. Digital Audio · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 11 AES/EBU Audio Data Format · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 11 Embedded Audio · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 11 4. System Hardware and Issues · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 19 Cable Selection · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 19 Connectors · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 19 Patch Panels · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 19 Terminations and Loop-throughs · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 19 Digital Audio Cable and Connector Types · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 20 Signal Distribution, Reclocking · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 20 System Timing · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 20 5. Monitoring and Measurements · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 23 6. Measuring the Serial Signal · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 25 Waveform Measurements · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 25 Measuring Serial Digital Video Signal Timing · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 26 7. Definition and Detection of Errors · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 29 Definition of Errors · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 29 Quantifying Errors · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 30 Nature of the Studio Digital Video Transmission Systems · · · · · · · · · · · 30 Measuring Bit Error Rates · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 32 An Error Measurement Method for Television· · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 32 System considerations· · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 33 8. Jitter Effects and Measurements · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 35 Jitter in Serial Digital Signals · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 35 Measuring Jitter · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 37 9. System Testing · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 39 Stress Testing · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 39 SDI Check Field · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 39 10. Bibliography· · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 42 Articles and Books· · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 42 Standards · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 43 11. Glossary · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 44 iii 1. Introduction New methods of test and The following major topics 4. Test and measurement of measurement are required to are covered in this booklet: serial digital signals can determine the health of the 1. A definition of digital be characterized in three digital video transmission television including digi- different aspects: usage, system and the signals it car- tal basics, video stan- methods, and operational ries. Analysis methods for dards, conversions environment. Types of the program video and audio between video signal usage include: designer’s signals are well known. forms, and digital audio workbench, manufactur- However, measurements for formats and standards. ing quality assurance, the serial form of the digi- user equipment evalua- 2. Considerations in select- tized signal differ greatly tion, system installation ing transmission system from those used to analyze and acceptance testing, passive components such the familiar baseband video system and equipment as cable, connectors and signal. maintenance, and perhaps related impedance match- most important, opera- This guide addresses many ing concerns are dis- tion. topics of interest to designers cussed as well as contin- and users of digital television ued use of the passive 5. Several measurement systems. You’ll find informa- loop-through concept. methods are covered in tion on embedded audio Much of the transmission detail, including serial (Section 3), system timing system methods and hard- waveform measurements, issues (Section 4), and sys- ware already in place may definition and detection tem timing measurements be used for serial digital. of errors, jitter effects and (Section 6). Readers who are measurements, and sys- 3. New and old systems already familiar with digital tem testing with special issues that are particularly television basics may wish to test signals. start with Section 4, System important for digital video Hardware and Issues. Discus- are discussed, including sion of specific measurement equalization, reclocking, topics begins in Section 6. and system timing. page 1 page 2 2. Digital Basics Component and Composite ized for 525-line systems, ond, each one with only half (analog) whereas there is an EBU doc- the lines. Every other picture Image origination sources, ument (EBU N-10) for 625 line is represented in the first such as cameras and line systems. Details of com- field and the others are filled telecines, internally produce ponent analog systems are in by the second field. color pictures as three, full fully described in another Another way to look at inter- bandwidth signals – one each booklet from Tektronix, Solv- lace is that it’s bandwidth for Green, Blue and Red. Cap- ing the Component Puzzle. reduction. Display rates of 50 italizing on human vision not It’s important to note that sig- or more presentations per being as acute for color as it nal level values in the color second are required to elimi- is for brightness level, televi- difference domain allow com- nate perceived flicker. By sion signals are generally binations of Y, B-Y, R-Y that using two-field interlace, the transformed into luminance will be out of legal gamut bandwidth for transmission is and color difference signals range when converted to reduced by a factor of two. as shown in Figure 2-1. Y, the GBR. Therefore, there’s a Interlace does produce arti- luminance signal, is derived need for gamut checking of facts in pictures with high from the GBR component col- color difference signals when vertical information content. ors, based on an equation making operational adjust- However, for television view- such as: ments for either the analog or ing, this isn’t generally con- digital form of these signals. Y = 0.59G + 0.30R + 0.11B sidered a problem when con- Most television signals today trasted to the cost of twice the The color difference signals are two field-per-frame bandwidth. In computer dis- operate at reduced band- “interlaced.” A frame con- play applications, the arti- width, typically one-half of tains all the scan lines for a facts of interlace are unac- the luminance bandwidth. In picture, 525 lines in 30 ceptable so progressive scan- some systems, specifically frame/second applications ning is used, often with frame NTSC, the color difference and 625 lines in 25 rates well above 60 Hz. As signals have even lower and frame/second applications. television (especially high unequal bandwidths. Compo- Interlacing increases the tem- definition) and computer ap- nent signal formats and volt- poral resolution by providing plications become more inte- age levels are not standard- twice as many fields per sec- grated there will be a migra- tion from interlace to pro- gressive scanning for all applications. Further bandwidth reduction of the television signal occurs when it’s encoded into com- posite PAL or NTSC as shown in Figure 2-2. NTSC is defined for studio operation by SMPTE 170M which for- malizes and updates the Figure 2-1. Component signals. never fully approved, RS 170A.
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