the united nations 11 abdus salam educational, scientific and cultural international organization ISBN 92-95003-16-0 centre for theoretical international atomic physics energy agency lecture notes EVOLUTION AND CONVERGENCE IN TELECOMMUNICATIONS 2002 2nd Edition 2005 editors S. Radicella D. Grilli ICTP Lecture Notes EVOLUTION AND CONVERGENCE IN TELECOMMUNICATIONS 11 February - 1 March 2002 Editors S. Radicella The Abdus Salam ICTP, Trieste, Italy D. Grilli The Abdus Salam ICTP, Trieste, Italy EVOLUTION AND CONVERGENCE IN TELECOMMUNICATIONS - First edition Copyright © 2002 by The Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics The Abdus Salam ICTP has the irrevocable and indefinite authorization to reproduce and dissem• inate these Lecture Notes, in printed and/or computer readable form, from each author. ISBN 92-95003-16-0 Printed in Trieste by The Abdus Salam ICTP Publications & Printing Section iii PREFACE One of the main missions of the Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics in Trieste, Italy, founded in 1964 by Abdus Salam, is to foster the growth of advanced studies and research in developing countries. To this aim, the Centre organizes a large number of schools and workshops in a great variety of physical and mathematical disciplines. Since unpublished material presented at the meetings might prove of great interest also to scientists who did not take part in the schools the Centre has decided to make it available through a new publication titled ICTP Lecture Note Series. It is hoped that this formally structured pedagogical material in advanced topics will be helpful to young students and researchers, in particular to those working under less favourable conditions. The Centre is grateful to all lecturers and editors who kindly authorize the ICTP to publish their notes as a contribution to the series. Since the initiative is new, comments and suggestions are most welcome and greatly appreciated. Information can be obtained from the Publica• tions Section or by e-mail to "[email protected]". The series is published in house and also made available on-line via the ICTP web site: "http://www.ictp.trieste.it". fTh E. Tosatti Acting Director V Introduction These lectures throw a spotlight on different aspects of the evolution of telecommunications networks, namely on the various facets of service and network convergence. The last years progress in data and telecommunications technologies, such as IP-based networks, and the enormous potential of mobile communication systems and users' demands for comprehensive and network-independent have led to a convergence of data and telecommunications infrastructures in many aspects. hi order to help the reader to an easier understanding of the phenomenon convergence, in the first two parts of this volume the evolution of the basic technologies is described one by one. This is done briefly and is focused on the principle topics, just to build a basis for the third part devoted to problems of convergence in telecommunications. These notes are addressed to those readers, who in a quick overview want to be informed on the future service and network landscape. The notes are equally suited for professionals with the desire to extend their horizon as well as for students looking for an introduction into telecommunications under more general aspects. The authors clearly understand the difficulties in writing a book devoted to the evolution in telecommunications. Today, telecom landscape varies at very high speed. Every few months new network technologies, new products and new services are developed. Attempts to present them in time can be accessible only for magazine publications or contributions to conferences. Therefore, in a number of areas, such as Voice over IP and new switching technologies not much more than the starting point of new paradigms is described. However, the content is up-to-date to a degree, that the phenomenon convergence can be fully understood. Partially, these notes are based on a number of lecture courses that were delivered during recent ICTP winter schools devoted to multimedia and digital communications, hi order to secure full authenticity, a couple of experts have given their support to Section 3 (Convergence) of this volume. They were Jens Voigt (IP networks), Wolfgang Fleig (customer premises and corporate networks), Werner Kerschbaumer and Helmut Becker (fixed/mobile convergence), Helmut Muller (computer-telephony integration) and Tilman Durbeck (terminals). All of them are affiliated to Siemens AG, Munich. Their contributions are highly appreciated. We would especially like to thank Gerhard Arndt, Wolfgang Hub, Benno Goldberg (also Siemens AG, Munich), Igor Sosnovsky (Siemens, St. Petersburg) and Oleg Vorobiev (St. Petersburg State University of Telecommunications) for their help in the coordination of German and Russian collaborative work. Munich/St. Petersburg Roland Koch 2002 Gennady Yanovsky Evolution and Convergence in Telecommunications R. Koch and G. Yanovsky St. Petersburg State University of Telecommunications, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation Lectures given at School on Radio Use for Digital and Multimedia Communications Trieste, 11 February - 1 March 2002 LNS0211001 Ill Contents Global Trends and Underlying Motive Forces Determining the Progress of the World Telecommunications Sector 7 1.1. Evolution of Legislation and Regulations in Telecommunications - Transition from Monopolies to Competition Environment 7 1.2. Evolution of Networks and Services and the Role of the Key Technologies 9 1.2.1. Motive Forces Shaping Evolutionary Processes in Telecommunications 9 1.2.2. Underlying Technological Trends in Telecommunications 12 1.2.2.1. Digitalization 13 1.2.2.2. Mobile Communications 14 1.2.2.3. Growth of the Internet 16 1.2.2.4. Convergence of Networks, Processes and Services 16 1.2.3. Growth of Sizes and Changes in Traffic Structure 17 1.2.4. Growth of the Number of Services and Applications 19 Evolution of Network Technologies 22 2.1. Access Networks 22 2.1.1. Key Factors Determining the Evolution of Access Networks 22 2.1.2. Access Network Technologies 25 2.1.2.1. Broadband Access with xDSL Technologies 25 2.1.2.2. Broadband Access in CATV Networks 29 2.1.2.3. Fixed Broadband Wireless Access 31 2.1.2.4. Access Networks - User's and Operator's Points of View 33 2.2. Evolution of Technologies in Core Networks 36 2.2.1. Evolution of Transmission Systems 36 2.2.1.1. Stages of Transmission Systems Development 36 2.2.1.2. Photonic Networks 39 2.2.1.3. Growth of Capacity and the "Death of distances" Phenomenon in Transmission Networks 40 2.2.2. Switching and Routing Technologies 42 2.2.2. l.ATM Technology 42 2.2.2.1.1. Main Features of ATM 42 2.2.2.1.2. Standardization of ATM 45 2.2.2.1.3. Position of ATM Among Other Network Technologies 46 2.2.2.1.4. Key Factors Determining ATM Network Development 48 2.2.2.1.5. Prospective Market Segments for ATM Technology 52 IV 2.2.2.2. Internet Technology 56 2.2.2.2.1. Internet History 56 2.2.2.2.2. Key Factors of the Internet Evolution 58 2.2.2.2.3. Problems of the Internet Technology Using as the Basis for Global Network Solutions 59 2.2.2.2.4. Evolution of Technologies in Internet Networks 63 2.2.2.2.5. New Mechanisms of Guaranteed QoS Supporting in Internet Networks 66 2.2.2.2.6. New Generation of Routers 71 2.2.2.2.7. IP Telephony 73 2.3. Evolution of mobile networks 79 Convergence 83 3.1. General Aspects of Convergence in Telecommunications 83 3.2. PSTN/ISDN and IP Networks 84 3.2.1. General 84 3.2.2 Network Characteristics 85 3.2.3. PSTN/Internet Convergence for Data Services 89 3.2.3.1. Internet Access 89 3.2.3.2. Data Traffic Offload 91 3.2.3.3. Broadband Access 94 3.2.4. PSTN/Internet Convergence for Voice Services 95 3.2.4.1. Voice-over-Data Technologies 95 3.2.4.2. IP Telephony Scenarios 97 3.2.4.3. The H.323 System 99 3.2.5. Convergence by Replacement: VoIP/VoATM as Transport for Voice Traffic 103 3.2.6. Services 104 3.2.6.1. Virtual Second Line 105 3.2.6.2. Further Services 106 3.3. Customer Premises Networks 106 3.3.1. Approach to Convergence 107 3.3.1.1. Voice and Data Integration 108 3.3.1.2. Convergence of Networks 108 3.3.1.3. Convergence of Services (Desktop Integration) 110 3.3.1.4. Convergence at the Application Level 111 3.3.1.5. Benefits of Convergence 111 3.3.2. Reference Model of a Converged Customer Premises Network 112 3.3.2.1. Hierarchical Network Structure 112 3.3.2.2. Structured Cabling Schemes 113 3.3.2.3. Planes of the Physical Network 114 3.3.2.4. Implementation of the CPN Payload Plan 115 V 3.3.2.5. Implementation of the CPN Control Plan 118 3.3.3. Equipment Types in a Converged CPN 120 3.3.3.1. Network Nodes and Gateways 120 3.3.3.2. Types of Desktop Devices 122 3.3.3.3. Servers 122 3.3.4. The Enterprise of the Future 123 3.4. Corporate Networks 124 3.4.1. Corporate Voice Networks 125 3.4.1.1. Private Networks 126 3.4.1.2. Private Virtual Networks 126 3.4.1.3. Virtual Private Networks (Centrex) 127 3.4.2. Corporate Data Networks 127 3.4.2.1. Overall Architecture of Remote Access 128 3.4.2.2. Remote Access Server 129 3.4.2.3. Mobile IP 130 3.4.3. Converged Corporate Networks 132 3.4.3.1. Infrastructure 133 3.4.3.2.