B B ABSTR 15th of 15th The paper contains a contains paper The (i.e. 6 Service Broadcaster Broadcastersof Licensed Public the and Making News Polarisation in Polish of Content Keywords: items on items in news editions by editions news the last but one day of but one day last the largest broadcasters and three events essential for the functioning of functioning for the essential events three and broadcasters largest dom of speech dom broadcaster. service public the and broadcasters licensed the from commercial stations (i.e. stations commercial in campaign elections local the was event seconds were analysed. The study has revealed a revealed has study The were analysed. seconds Poland. The first one was the amendment to amendment the was one first The Poland.

Wydział Nauk Politycznych i Dziennikarstwa Wydział Nauk Politycznych i Dziennikarstwa Jędrzej Skrzypczak orcid.org/0000-0002-6330-2167 orcid.org/0000-0002-5907-7729 Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu Grzegorz Iwasiuta Grzegorz the Polish Television’s Polish the

January 2019, one day after the tragic event). The analysis focused on focused event).analysis The tragic the 2019, after one day January A the murder of murder the CT news, media, broadcasters, media pluralism, polarisation of polarisation pluralism, media broadcasters, media, news, , as Exemplified by News Programmes Programmes by News , as Exemplified the three most popular broadcasters with the highest viewership, including including viewership, highest the with broadcasters popular most three the quantitative and qualitative analysis of analysis qualitative and quantitative the elections campaign), while the third set of set third the while campaign), elections the the Mayor of Mayor the TVN’s Wiadomości Fakty Fakty Gdańsk – Paweł Adamowicz (broadcasts aired on aired (broadcasts Adamowicz –Paweł Gdańsk and ). In Poland (broadcasts aired on aired (broadcasts Poland

Polsat’s 43 total, the Supreme Court Act of Act Court Supreme the Zeszyty

clear polarisation of polarisation clear

Wydarzenia www.ejournals.eu/Zeszyty-Prasoznawcze/ news items of items news DOI: 10.4467/22996362PZ.21.009.13474 DOI: s. 2(246), nr 64, 2021, t. Kraków the news services of services news the

PRASOZNAWCZE ) and the public broadcaster broadcaster public the ) and 2 the 18th of 18th the the state and public life life public and state the material were the news news were the material 20 hours, news content coming coming content news July 2017.July second The media content, free content, media October 2018, October minutes and and minutes

the evening evening the the three three the 23 –48 the the -

Articles Articles Article 11 Article is policy same Union. Understandably, the Klimkiewicz 2014, p. Klimkiewicz of Pluralism Media Services Directive (2010 Directive) states explicitly that Member States States Member that (2010 explicitly Directive states Directive) Services Media 24 in Staff Working Document on Document Staff Working in guaranteed diversity of diversity of by should contribute to contribute should and Fundamental Freedoms of Fundamental and

the Venice to the Commission’sAccording opinion: the Committee of Committee the e.g. guidelines, policy its also beyond question that beyond question It also is One must also concur with the view that: view the with concur also must One Article 10 Article 2005, see: ERGA Report 2018, p. 2018, 20). Report ERGA see: 2005, ERGA Report 2018, p. 2018, 20). Report ERGA is pluralism Media is pluralism Media is pluralism Media It independent media at media independent not in to them allowing voices, and sources tion of status and independence the to access citizens’ ensure that measures in ments to rules control merger for example, from, ranging aspects, many be must ence of ence of of of of situation of situation if for example, able, in available to access citizens’ ensure that measures all encompasses in variety ownership, is that media, media content reflecting different political and cultural views. (...) Pluralism (...) views. Pluralism cultural and political different reflecting content media a of plurality of plurality media content. media the television. Pluralism of Pluralism television. the the Charter of Charter the

one dominant opinion forming power (EU power forming opinion one dominant the media constitutes an constitutes media the of in achieved broadcasting licensing systems, the establishment of establishment the systems, licensing broadcasting et (Brogi Europe

the European Convention for the Protection of Convention Protection for the European the journalists, the relationship between media and political actors, etc. etc. actors, political and media between relationship the journalists, the different Member States. Ensuring media pluralism implies all all implies pluralism media Ensuring States. Member different the Ministers of Ministers the promotion ofthe actors and outlets, it outlets, and actors 185–193). 94 Recital to a a say different kinds of kinds different say is there when achieved concept that embraces a embraces that concept each media sector at sector media each concept that goes far beyond media ownership. It ownership. media beyond far goes that concept in were guaranteed pluralism CM/Rec(2007)2 Recommendation Fundamental Rights of Rights Fundamental the national, regional and local levels, ensuring a ensuring levels, local and regional national, the in Pluralism Media the sources of sources the al.

the Council of Council the November 4th 1950November (1950 4th Convention) and JĘD 2020, p. 2020, public service broadcasters, the professional professional the broadcasters, service public R

media pluralism, as pluralism, media the media does not only mean the existence existence the mean not only does media the Z

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does the Commission Commission the does

R media pluralism and and pluralism media modern democracy democracy modern the range of range the Z of a not be would E variety of variety editorial freedoms, freedoms, editorial January 31st 2007 January GO autonomous and and autonomous Human Rights Rights Human content content require R the European European the Audiovisual Audiovisual Z I a wide range range wide WA embraces embraces Opinion Opinion contents contents informa diversity diversity Europe Europe variety variety SI accept UT A - - - - “external et (Mitchell et (Mitchell 2000, p. 2000, PO finally, social and environmental aspects (Jaskiernia 2006, p. 2006, (Jaskiernia aspects andenvironmental social finally, understood to understood by characterised outlets news mainstream more traditional favouring specific, well-defined worldviews or worldviews well-defined specific, favouring range of range content. Itits offers broadcaster)or apublisher (e.g. service apublic a broadcaster when is ical information, leading to leading information, ical as invoked States 2009; ERGA Report 2018, ERGA p. Report 22). 2009; States is pluralism that, increasingly partisan news outlets are eclipsing, replacing or replacing eclipsing, are outlets news partisan increasingly that, that a that to is affiliation, political including line, programming chosen their dimension of dimension different angles, albeit clearly biased. This often involves abandoning the standards standards the abandoning involves often This biased. clearly albeit angles, different emergence and functioning of functioning emergence and to ests of of of (Miąsik worldviews and convictions political various presenting market, out the out of on by between information and comment or comment and information between sense, we sense, on (Independent Study segment” sometimes a sometimes an a a reliable information. audience’s to reliable the and right public of the aconsequence, as programme or programme as namely concept, twofold be can pluralism external as such journalism, professional While in While is market media the throughout pluralism external preserve the paradoxes of paradoxes the It It L the Directorate of Directorate the increasingly influential role in role influential increasingly the state, the public service broadcaster, financed to broadcaster, financed service public the state, the A in recognised been recently has be should RIS

in etc. voices public funds, is funds, public dominant opinion forming power (ERGA Report 2018, p. 2018, 20). (ERGA power Report forming opinion dominant public broadcaster’spublic find expression through the media” (Secretariat memorandum prepared prepared memorandum the media” (Secretariat through expression find 94). At A pluralism refers to pluralism social, political and cultural values, opinions, information and inter and information opinions, values, cultural and political social, refer to TI a

al. al. the case of case the preserved preserved ON OF C UK the benchmark, business strategy and certainly the owner’s the certainly and strategy business pluralism, on pluralism, is encompass democratic, cultural, creative, educational, global and, and, global educational, creative, cultural, democratic, encompass 2017; 2018). Foundation Knight is What 2017). to leads often This be can pluralism media that though, noted, this point, it point, this is pluralism internal that emphasised periodical open to open periodical a situation where media coverage deals with the same event from event from same the with deals coverage where media situation to order external media pluralism. Speaking of Speaking pluralism. media external ON

Human Rights 1997; 2018, ERGA p. Report Rights Human required to required bloc, bloc, en

commercial (licensed) broadcasters, one can assume that that assume one can broadcasters, (licensed) commercial TE N

measured across the whole media sector or sector whole media the across measured is hand, other the as landscape media the programming practices should deliver public value, value, public deliver should practices programming form their opinion without the undue influence of influence undue the without opinion their form in dynamics changing T I is it internal or internal worth recalling the definition according to according definition the recalling worth N PO many different, separate media outlets through outlets media separate different, many is

both the dissemination and consumption of consumption and dissemination the both uphold the standards of uphold standards the model of model in Pluralism for Media Indicators to the requirement to requirement the

many democratic countries that media outlets outlets media that countries democratic many diverse views, and this is this and views, diverse LIS the detriment of detriment the H N In opinion. the so-called polarisation of polarisation so-called the external pluralism. Internal pluralism pluralism Internal pluralism. external is media public E sets of sets W about ensuring the possibility of possibility the about ensuring S MAK political convictions are playing playing are convictions political relation to relation a such a such whole, and the requirements requirements the and whole, professional journalism and, and, journalism professional I make a make NG more, it

a internal pluralism. Often Often pluralism. internal about ensuring “a ensuring about

… right, since taking care care taking since right, greater or greater in grounded case, although media media although case, as understood a in polarisation 25–29;

rigorous distinction distinction rigorous the key to key the in trust pluralism of pluralism has been observed observed been has a 22). The external 22).external The duty incumbent incumbent duty

transforming transforming a Jędrzejewski Jędrzejewski lesser extent extent lesser in content, one the Member Member the

free choice, choice, free journalism journalism its specific specific its the belief belief the

building building at which which views views wide wide polit least least this this one the the 25 - - -

Articles Articles These principles also seem to seem also principles These (Głowacka, Bodnar 2015, p. 2). Bodnar (Głowacka, as values 2007), the Committee of Committee the 2007), 2010, p. Fourth Ministerial Conference of Conference Ministerial Fourth an forming Protocol, Recommendation to Recommendation 26 as standards, ity of society information pluralism guarantee a guarantee p. devel the support and production; audiovisual European promote and domestic to access offer provided; that “the system of system “the that of spectrum possible widest the of Future “The titled as society and groups various cohesion between casting (Commission Communication 2001, p. 117), Communication (Commission that: stated it is casting a communities, of of profes media guarantee should they Furthermore, country. the within outlook of of of a things, other of of potential opment innovative and of in broadcasting by sionals the ability to ability the sionals of feature distinguishing the that stressed and cultural needs of needs cultural and to access of and a access,

85–111; Moreover, 2007). of judgment Recommendation the in broadcasting service public November 15th, 2001 onNovember 2001 15th, The European Union has also recognised the essential role and importance importance and role essential the recognised also has Union The European in Rights Human 2009) states explicitly that public television authorities have a authorities television public that explicitly states 2009) promoting broader democratic participation of participation democratic broader promoting national interest and articulate them to them articulate and interest national artistic expression that are underserved by underserved are that expression artistic commercial broadcasters; foster cultural identity and the national language; language; national the and identity cultural foster broadcasters; commercial the broadcast media play a play media broadcast the in societies, an has broadcasting service public that and innovatory and varied content which complies with high ethical and qual and ethical high with complies content which varied and innovatory 53). of The pursuit ” (emphasis JS, added

cohesion and for social factor tolerance and mutual understanding. Public service broadcasters should should broadcasters service Public understanding. mutual and tolerance impartial and diverse information, reflecting the diversity of diversity the reflecting information, diverse and impartial high level of level high

reference point for all members of members reference for point all the Member States (1997 Member States the Protocol), to referred source of source as well in particular is broadcasting public practise their profession without any pressure or pressure any profession without their practise the case of case the Annex to Annex Member States on States Member

each society and and society each Public Service Broadcasting” Service Public January 31st of (Council 2007 January as, broadcasting service public defined Ministers accurate information and content, host debates on content, debates host and information accurate a impartial credibility, quality, and independence of independence and quality, credibility, forum for pluralistic public discussion and a and discussion public for pluralistic forum the application of application the is mission service public this GI). In be the Treaty of the the development and transmission of transmission and development the a in role central Manole and others v. others and Manole as views, political democratic system. The Protocol on The system. democratic championed by championed JĘD the Council of Council the society (Jaskiernia 2006, p. 2006, (Jaskiernia society andindependent information and comment, comment, and information andindependent the European Commission’s European the R Z integration preserving media media in preserving factor essential an is remit the E directly related to related directly J S be should broadcasting such Amsterdam (1997 Treaty),Amsterdam emphasises a K state aid rules to rules aid state the functioning of functioning the wider audience; fill in fill audience; wider R ZYP to role important In broadcasters. commercial held in Europe a the Council of Council the

of

as well individuals (Jakubowicz 2011, (Jakubowicz individuals the public, offering universal universal offering public, the of all individuals, groups and and groups individuals, of all C whole, underpinned by underpinned whole, ZAK, ZAK,

in media service public Europe’s Moldova (ECHR judgment judgment Moldova (ECHR

(1994 Resolution), it intended to intended such genres and forms forms and genres such G the democratic, social social democratic, the R public service broad service public Z the European Court Court European the

E modern democratic democratic modern as 24; Recommendation Recommendation GO in play Communication Communication the Amsterdam Amsterdam the duty to duty in Prague Europe. At Europe. Tambini 2015). R public service service public social values, values, social Z I the gaps left gaps left the foster social social foster interference interference the contentthe promoting promoting to WA political political amongst amongst provide provide present present means means SI issues issues 1994, 1994, such such UT was was the the the the its its A - - - - (under Article 21 (under Article in elections parliamentary won the TV Polish PO 1 is best its does turn in which SA, to opposite pole TVP at the standing party, ruling has reached a reached has news making, but in making, news public television broadcaster. Based on Based broadcaster. television public to in enshrined a exhibit of of on especially outlets, verify these two hypotheses. two these to verify paper attempts This agenda. political by apurely atble, affairs. One of affairs.

how representatives of how representatives an paint counterbalancing force that has restored pluralism on pluralism restored has force that counterbalancing the ruling party, a party, ruling the In It single political party. political a single with affiliated strongly persons through companies, of bodies corporate the consequently, and, Council Media National the called body appointed newly the especially, and, regulator) (the broadcasting Council Broadcasting in both partisan, predominantly become have which companies, by achieved was effect That L A be also should the case of case the RIS Broadcasting Act 1992). Act Broadcasting GI; JS, Communication 2001, p. 2001, 117). Communication in ing, democratically and free-of-charge, quality entertainment (Commission (Commission entertainment quality free-of-charge, and democratically ing, fulfil a fulfil in diversity cultural sport, sport, and education entertainment, culture, comment, information, spanning services to sions, as least to least in opinion, public informing objectively as well A fair degree of degree fair TI stations goes back to back goes stations impeccable picture of picture impeccable by characterised are which ON OF C public service mission by mission service public the Broadcasting Act, while any criticism of criticism any while Act, Broadcasting the in present them the entire society and its individual parts, varied programming and other other and programming varied parts, individual its and society entire the is advanced hypotheses the level evident even to even evident level innovation, high quality and integrity of integrity and quality high innovation, the Polish media market, the polarisation of polarisation the market, media Polish the of as Act, Broadcasting the in borne the television market, after the ruling Law and Justice coalition coalition and Law Justice ruling the after market, television the

ON doing so doing be can hypothesis internal pluralism by pluralism internal TE the ruling party try to try party ruling the of method the changing N in country, each T I mind that within the Polish legislative framework framework legislative Polish the within that mind a

they forget about statutory duties imposed on imposed duties forget about statutory they that time, with TVN, known for its criticism of for criticism its known TVN, with time, that N PO favourable light compared with predecessors. This This predecessors. with compared light favourable the current government, or government, current the 2015 media public over control took the and in interested least those pluralism, impartiality, balance and independence, and balance impartiality, pluralism, LIS offering, in offering, another narrative advanced by advanced narrative another H N formed that the public media essentially essentially media public the that formed that the existing line of line existing the that E in currently providing educational programming, programming, educational providing W fulfilling the public service mission mission service the public fulfilling of authorities the appointing in and pluralism guaranteeing S MAK accordance with the statutory provi statutory the with accordance explain TVP SA’s TVP explain I NG effect) public broadcasters effect) public content (emphasis added content (emphasis added

… the market of market the is conduct its content among media content media among of case the is where this public life and state state and life public division between between division representatives representatives as bias the National National the public media media public

motivated motivated television television impossi a supply media media kind kind

the the the the 27 1 - - - ,

Articles Articles The first strategy under analysis was how importance is was importance how analysis under strategy first The was an was Research to Research Methodology 28 2 Assigned 1. Importance most important topic from the broadcaster’s topic the from important most of proportions relative topic, ular focused on focused i.e. put under scrutiny. The second were local government elections (here the study study the (here elections government second were The local scrutiny. put under an provided has part, to the length of length the content. of news tion ership, including commercial stations (i.e. stations commercial including ership, by editions news evening of set third the while campaign), certain features contrived by contrived features certain on footage. of TV 6 seconds and minutes 20 up 2hours, making items, news of 43 several news items. news of several consisting exposure its of aprogramme, beginning journalist’s the and journalist the from not originating comments sides, and the public broadcaster (i.e. broadcaster public the and of assassination

The analysis, examining such aspects as aspects such examining analysis, The the functioning of functioning the by to alternatively used term –the service an a study: the for adopted definitions Operational responsible for its preparation. its for responsible a or in item in place taking developments and parliament ter’s of announcement January 15, January the day on day the narrative part – a part narrative in developments a analysed programme; a programme; analysed

or reporter or things other among concerns, announcement amendment to amendment which the presenter does not directly address protests held outside the parliament parliament the outside held protests address notdirectly does presenter the which broadcasts aired on aired broadcasts verify the above hypotheses focused on focused above hypotheses the verify its exposure and position within the sequence of sequence the within position and exposure its which the amended legislation was passed by passed was legislation amended the which 2019 one day after the tragic incident). The analysis focused on focused incident). analysis tragic The the 2019 one after day a Paweł Adamowicz, the late Mayor late of the Paweł Adamowicz, report from the scene, lasting from its announcement by announcement its from lasting scene, the from report the next item; a item; next the part of part but in parliament, the

the state and social life. The first one, in one, first The life. social and state the the Supreme Court Act, with broadcasts aired on aired broadcasts with Act, Supremethe Court is coverage how into media insight the three most popular broadcasters with the highest view highest the with broadcasters popular most three the

a programme – see Article 4(2) Article –see programme broadcaster’s the broadcaster, and how this leads to leads how broadcaster, and this the the Polish Television’s Polish the October 18, October analysed materials concerned media coverage of coverage media concerned materials analysed pertaining news item – a item news pertaining time given to given time JĘD a “programme”; a “programme”; R programme containing comments by comments containing programme Z to references makes part further its E the parliament; a parliament; the J S relative importance assigned to assigned importance relative 2018 but one of day last the TVN’s point of point K TV –the broadcaster R ZYP politicians representing different different representing politicians exclusively, protests held outside the the outside held protests exclusively, Fakty Fakty news item –a item news

C Wiadomości is view three events of events three ZAK, ZAK, of Gdańsk (programmes aired aired (programmes Gdańsk in item news assigned to assigned the Broadcasting Act; a Act; Broadcasting the and referring news item –a item news referring G differentiated through through differentiated usually featured at featured usually the Polish parliament, parliament, Polish the R

Polsat’s chronological order, chronological Z of piece E ). It station broadcasting broadcasting station GO news items. The The items. news to presenter the which the presen the which a

covered a R major import major import topic through topic through

Wydarzenia Z I the polarisa the the elections elections the news prepared prepared news July 20, July such events; events; such WA journalists journalists narrative narrative a SI partic

UT total total news news 2017, news news the the the the the the the the 2 A ) - - - - Adamowicz, the importance of importance the Adamowicz, Fakty noted in was PO On mayor of respective news programmes to programmes news respective in news service. Both Both service. news programme did not open with a not with open did programme two conclusions to conclusions two that fact the reason, this as television the least amount of amount least the decided on decided 90% moredevoted than as counterparts, caster’s of a after only of of of by as story. third the as as of assassination and referring news items was merely 37% was items news referring and

the three analysed analysed three the As October 18, October The question which should thereforebe should which The question is There their respective programmes to programmes respective their Gdańsk, but also from the fact that it that fact the from but also Gdańsk, the opening story. In opening the the latter case). In latter the In emotions. public strong one provoking L Wiadomości the other hand, the disproportionately little attention paid to paid attention little disproportionately the hand, other the A Pertaining/Referring and and 38% RIS regards the position of position the regards

Wiadomości A one of Wydarzenia TI a Fakty the specific exposure of exposure specific the Brexit piece. Similar importance was assigned to assigned was importance Similar piece. Brexit discernible difference between the commercial broadcasters and public and public broadcasters commercial the between difference discernible ON OF C regards the share of share the regards the programme aired on aired programme the 2018, in . In

pertaining and referring news items items news referring and of pertaining 1. Total share Figure as well Poland’s the Mayor of the

Fakty the case of case the be

its total time. total of its for 80% accounted time to time Fakty 62% Wiadomości ON Other , the topic of , the drawn regarding the public service broadcaster. Given the Given the broadcaster. service public the regarding drawn the programme of the remainder the to relative which the first news item about the local elections appeared appeared elections the local about item news first the which almost the same exposure of exposure same the almost

the case of case the (TVN) and and (TVN) TE

Fakty Fakty largest cities by cities largest and just under 70%, respectively, of respectively, 70%, under just and programmes a programmes N

all the three topics, but the most striking difference difference striking most but topics, the three the all T I a

in items news unrelated Gdańsk, the public broadcaster, only the October 18th 2018 October the broadcaster, public only the the topic stemmed from the very rank of rank very the from topic stemmed the and and Pertaining/Referring N PO topic within the sequence of sequence the topic within the topic appears justified in justified topic appears the pertaining or pertaining Source: own analysis own Source: in items news referring and pertaining 29% (TVP), by

the topics under analysis (almost three quarters quarters three (almost analysis topics under the Wydarzenia Wydarzenia the judiciary system reform was given priority priority given was reform system judiciary the Wydarzenia LIS the topics selected for the present study. for the For topics selected the Wydarzenia January 15th. While While 15th. January H N

(Figure 1).(Figure devoted The broadcaster public the public television relative to relative television public the pertaining or pertaining was a was E contrast, the total share of share total the contrast, is asked the case of case the W referring news item, which appeared appeared which item, news referring , the exception was the programme programme the was exception , the 71% S MAK devoted the vast majority of majority vast the devoted politically motivated murder. motivated For politically (Polsat) a more devoted than Other the judicial reform topic, allows allows topic, reform judicial the why the news broadcasters broadcasters news why the I NG referring news item was run run item was news referring the assassination of assassination the … Pertaining/Referring 63% Fakty Fakty terms of terms Wiadomości in items, news the analysed topics topics analysed the

the murder of murder the their time to time their the public broad public the and and this analysis. analysis. this Wydarzenia Wydarzenia pertaining pertaining

the Mayor the its private private its the entire entire the 37% Other Paweł their their each each half half the the the the 29

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Articles Articles Another aspect under analysis were the relative proportions of proportions relative were the analysis under aspect Another in notable imbalance any was Mayor of In as featured underplayed, therefore was assassination His 30 3 Given to Politicians of Time Proportions 2. Relative in sitting currently groups political main It materials. media ful with public funds, while the other one criticised the close-down of close-down the one criticised other the while funds, public with ful government’s existing defend the fastly hundreds ruling coalition and the opposition, for straight-to-the-camera comments (so-called (so-called comments for opposition, straight-to-the-camera the and coalition ruling it in the broadcasters, betraying its political leanings. political its betraying broadcasters, of the by any group negative light. The first one accused the former PO-PSL coalition of PO-PSLcoalition the former accused one first The light. negative nent of of nature 2017. 20, of July programme killer’s the may have influenced strategy its that broadcaster public the Brexit deal. Brexit the the topic, as an not with open did as only appeared elections in TVN media, private from criticism severe expecting by as in staged attack

involved in less was broadcaster public the proves that

is What in the news, but only slightly more important than the Brexit deal or deal Brexit the than more important slightly but only news, the that view. view. that SA TVP and lecka) SA TVP fact, the item was preceded by preceded item was the fact, the then government. For the sake of sake For government. the then the role of

the case of case the the Law and Justice government, could not for once could be government, Justice and Law the in be could this Gdańsk by Gdańsk the former incident, the late Mayor late of the incident, former the

materials could have inspired the killer. However, the Regional Court did not share not share did Court Regional However, the killer. the inspired have could materials brought a brought public media, according to according media, public more, it Gazeta Wyborcza Wyborcza Gazeta journalistic jargon). This allowed the study to study the allowed jargon). This journalistic

On Kenya. its news programme broadcast on broadcast programme news its is of journalists against indictment private is TV public the also important to important also elections-related news item, the opening material was about about was material opening the item, news elections-related misleading to misleading as seen in libel alleged for Czuchnowski) (Wojciech daily in hand, other the in story third the the exposure of exposure the an in opposition the depicting materials JĘD act of act station, and also the charges raised against the the against raised charges the also and station, say that since the news item about the local local item about the news the since that say R is line, programming current their remember the earlier harsh criticism of criticism harsh earlier remember the Z i.e. parliament, Polish the E conceding to conceding in did also they policy, which in comparison, J S K comments from politicians of politicians from comments the case of case the R the October 18, October the ZYP Gdańsk, who was a was who Gdańsk,

January 15, January C ZAK, ZAK, particular, could not afford, not afford, could particular, the the the criticism. Meanwhile, Meanwhile, criticism. the the most important story story important most the the judicial reform, TVP, reform, judicial the Wydarzenia the elections campaign. campaign. elections the establish whether there there whether establish Polityka G R time given to given time Z lambasted by lambasted

2018, programme, 2018, programme, E 2019, to GO ­ Sied (Ewa weekly members of members political oppo political R Z I being waste being , which also also , which behaviour. claiming that that claiming

a a WA evade the the evade the news news the hospitals hospitals terrorist terrorist strongly strongly to the two two the SI public public either either stead UT the the the the A 3 - - -

This part of part This value, shifting towards subjective, often emotionally fraught opinions. Whether Whether opinions. fraught emotionally often subjective, towards shifting value, not in applied was device analysed the conclusion that the warranting 3. Comments Not Originating from the Journalist the from Not Originating 3. Comments PO in provide information. to provide is government. All the same it same the All government. the quality of quality the this particular coverage. to comments not originating from the journalist cause material to material cause journalist the from notcomments originating is –what and identical were MPs almost opposition by a

neutral comments neutral or positive and comments negative all between proportions Relative 3. Figure

broadcaster tends to tends broadcaster the prevailing opinion that the public television sides politically with the current current the with politically sides television public the that opinion prevailing the The analysis revealed the greatest disparity in disparity greatest the revealed analysis The Wiadomości L were MPs in opposition A Positive 45% 53% RIS A Opposition MPs Coalition MPs TI Fakty the analysis will demonstrate the extent to extent the demonstrate will analysis the Fakty Negative ON OF C news coverage the main role of main the coverage news , the relative proportions of proportions relative , the comments comments to given of time proportions Relative 2. Figure 21% 47% 34% Neutral ON from ruling coalition MPs and opposition MPs opposition and MPs coalition ruling from resort to resort TE N total 2% total T I cannot serve to serve cannot N PO Positive Source: own analysis own Source: analysis own Source: 55% 31% is practice this Wydarzenia Wydarzenia Opposition MPs Coalition MPs LIS longer (Figure 2). This finding is finding 2).longer (Figure This H N Negative E comments from ruling coalition and and coalition ruling from comments W 54% 15% 45% the case of case the as which, prove the opposite point, at prove opposite point, the S MAK Neutral an in factor essential which straight-to-the-camera straight-to-the-camera which I NG more – statements made more made –statements opposed to opposed Wydarzenia … Positive 51% 28%

lose its informational informational its lose Wiadomości Wiadomości Opposition MPs Coalition MPs Negative . Interestingly, Interestingly, . commentary, commentary, 52% assessing assessing contrary contrary 20% creating creating 49% Neutral most most 31

Articles Articles Wiadomości 28% In Law and Justice government. This goes to goes This government. Justice and Law (a) Programmes of July 20, 2017 of July (a) Programmes 32 Only the finding that the of reform that finding the Only for each programme separately. programme for each 4. Figure rial was indeed compromised. compromised. indeed was rial in of number the same, the virtually remained positive ones. of positive proportion highest the had negative emotions. It emotions. negative satisfactory not a satisfactory still is which statements, expert four aired having programmes, tally, given that they represented barely 7% barely represented they that given tally, to during their notorious reform of reform notorious their during comments came from active politicians or politicians active from came comments in experts is casters of of of street by street at content that such is confirms also

the government coalition and the reform of reform the and government coalition the all the three broadcasters (Figure 4). While the percentage of percentage the 4). (Figure While broadcasters three the all The clear predominance of predominance clear The were to found materials evaluative The most Fakty so analysis the While itself does not imply that the piece of piece the not that imply does itself the programmes aired on aired programmes the as twice (almost them confirm the practice whereby the audience’swhereby the practice confirm In Positive of the case of case the 31% all comments being neutral. Definitely more neutral statements in statements more neutral Definitely neutral. being comments all or positive and comments negative total between proportions Relative were mainly at were mainly a to the case of case the us reporter, allows Fakty raise the emotional temperature of temperature emotional the raise Negative , as Wydarzenia as well 47% 22% Neutral is both both also worth looking at looking worth also their lower but still significant share in share significant lower but still their far shows that one of shows that far the expense of expense the in many Fakty and and 20, July to Wydarzenia in comments negative Positive and and conclude that the informational value of value informational the conclude that Source: own analysis own Source: Fakty the judiciary took precedence over criticism of over precedence took criticism judiciary the

intended to intended the judiciary was not on commented was judiciary the JĘD 15% the case of case the Wydarzenia in 2017, escalated practice observed the Wiadomości , 65% R as comments, negative news concerned lost its informational value. value. informational its lost concerned news Negative Z 69% E stood out this time from the competitor competitor the from time out this stood from random people approached people on random from J S show that criticism of criticism show that of of

the key objectives sought by sought objectives key the K serve as serve the distribution of distribution the 16% the negative comments were targeted were targeted comments negative the neutral ones fell significantly. This This significantly. ones fell neutral R be all straight-to-the camera camera straight-to-the all Fakty their news content, its further part part content, further its news their ZYP Neutral the judiciary, but a judiciary, the , meaning that nearly 100% of 100% nearly that , meaning put out by is interest C ) were a

a ZAK, ZAK, the case of case the

tool in tool Positive G Wiadomości, built around evoking evoking around built R direct assault on assault direct

the political struggle. political the Wiadomości the broadcaster also also broadcaster the Z 11% positive comments comments positive 70% E these proportions proportions these GO Fakty, Fakty, Wydarzenia the ruling party party ruling the Negative neutral comments neutral R vast majority majority vast Z I by may serve serve may WA with only only with 19% the broad the hundreds the mate the any legal legal any the case case the the case case the Neutral SI and and UT the the the the the the all all A

- - . positive comments concerned the coalition (Table 2). coalition the concerned comments of positive 20% PO the judiciary and the the and judiciary of reform the the to defending addition In actions. its ment and In were pushing. they reform government coalition, coalition, government 10%government, large investment (Table investment to large 2). As recorded. was tion divide the public television stood on, stood television public the divide more balanced way (Table 1). amore balanced in distributed or 9% only achievements of achievements the judiciary the of Reform European Commission European following the reform the following The proportion of The proportion Working conditions conditions Working in situation overall in Positive comments L Palikot Movement Palikot Judges appointed Judges appointed Judiciary system Judiciary Ruling coalition Ruling A Andrzej Duda Andrzej Donald Tusk RIS Tomasz Lis Opposition England in TOTAL Object of A TI them directed at directed them ON OF C as such government, the of were in them ON positive comments fully revealed which side of which revealed fully comments positive Poland, benefiting the lives lives of the benefiting Poland,

many as many Wiadomości TE negative comments of negative Table 1. Objects Fakty N Fakty In coalition. ruling the T I 100 43 22 22 13 – – – – – – – Wiadomości referred mainly to mainly referred

N PO 60% Source: own analysis own Source: favour of favour percentage terms percentage in comments of Number materials tended to materials LIS of with 100% of 100% with

those speaking expressed approval of approval expressed speaking those H N country’s the , the corresponding proportions were were proportions corresponding the , E the reform of reform the W Wydarzenia S MAK 100 38 27 13 – – – – 2 4 7 9 the parliamentary opposition, opposition, parliamentary the ordinary people and conducive and people ordinary Wydarzenia them directed at directed them I NG vigorous economic growth growth economic vigorous

positively highlight other other highlight positively the judiciary, while only only while judiciary, the … , a Wiadomości reverse propor reverse the political political the 100 the govern the 25 12 15 21 – – 3 9 3 3 9

the the 33 - -

Articles Articles in items news Analysing Therefore, the only expert comment found in comment found expert the only Therefore, in (serving standing for re-election. standing Zdanowska’s Hanna ofMayoress Łódź (b) Programmes of October 18, 2018 of October (b) Programmes 34 former’s reported on reported how their emotionality and politicisation were built by were built politicisation and emotionality how their political sphere of political of rule the and good public to is This tion. in discrepancies the While comments. camera could express impartial opinions on opinions impartial express could by be could broadcasters private and television public the between

taking a taking Justice and Human Rights Human and Justice on Wojciech Hermeliński, former chairman of chairman former Wojciech Hermeliński, Situation in Situation Poland in situation Overall Parliamentary Committee Committee Parliamentary the judiciary the of Reform Judiciary system Judiciary party’s ruling for the concern Opposition TOTAL Object that position until 2019), until position in that spoke who political stance. Especially that it that Especially stance. political Polish economy Polish due to the local elections do elections local the the state’sthe the nature of nature the the programmes aired on aired programmes the positive comments of positive Objects Table 2.

law, the findings on law, findings the is sides taking that –means functioning Source: own analysis own Source: the event being reported, which – involving the the –involving which reported, event being the Fakty 100 JĘD 82 not leave an – – – – 9 interests and the latter’s the and interests the situation of situation the percentage terms percentage in comments of Number R Z E J S any of any K is R the National Electoral Commission Commission Electoral National the more difficult to more difficult ZYP Wydarzenia equally wide scope for interpreta scope wide equally reporting on reporting

how the TV how the one in was programmes the 20, July favour offavour 100 C 20 10 10 – – – ZAK, ZAK, Poland’s means of means 2017, observe one could G concern for the general general for the concern R the possibility of possibility the

Z the judicial reform reform judicial the stations concerned concerned stations local governments. governments. local E GO find experts who experts find explained by explained straight-to-the- Wiadomości R Z I tantamount tantamount 100 34 25 33 – – – WA SI Fakty UT the the the the A - POLARISATION OF CONTENT IN POLISH NEWS MAKING… 35

Figure 5. Relative proportions between total negative comments and positive or neutral comments

Fakty Wydarzenia Wiadomości 3% 13% 17%

41% 46% 54% 33% 56% 37%

Positive Negative Neutral Positive Negative Neutral Positive Negative Neutral

Source: own analysis

The first noticeable difference in the case of the analysed news items concern- ing changes in the judiciary system was a much higher share of neutral comments on all the three TV stations. Moreover, in Fakty, they exceeded the total of evalua- tive statements. This time the news programme with the highest share of negative comments was Wydarzenia, whereas Wiadomości aired the most positive statements (Figure 5). At this stage of the analysis, given the greater neutrality of the news contents, their bias seems less pronounced.

Table 3 Objects of negative comments

Number of comments in percentage terms

Object Fakty Wydarzenia Wiadomości Ruling coalition 50 48 22 Opposition 25 16 22 Admission of refugees – 4 33 Public prosecutor’s office 12.5 – – Journalists 12.5 – – Polish society – 4 – Politicians – 4 – People choosing not to vote in political – – 23 elections Other (not relevant to the purpose – 24 – of this study) TOTAL 100 100 100

Source: own analysis On the other hand, taking into account the targets of negative comments, the previously detected trends remained unchanged. In Fakty, 60% of such comments were directed at representatives of the ruling coalition or its subordinate institutions. Articles – Paweł Adamowicz, broke the pattern identified in identified pattern broke the Paweł Adamowicz, In 36 (c) programmes of January 15, 2019 of January (c) programmes Only the broadcasts of broadcasts the Only in if his murder. to his contributed had that factors and himself directed examined topics. Rather than heralding a heralding than Rather topics. examined the Polish government policy (Table government policy 3). Polish to the contrary to negatively referred comments of of of statements shifting from Paweł Adamowicz’s shifting statements 5, Table (Figure 4). total. 3% only of the representing structure, a at political polarisation of polarisation political Admission of Admission its representatives won the local elections, they would start admitting refugees refugees admitting start would they elections, local won the representatives its

As July 20th 2017. 20th July However, were of they Fakty the broadcasters, this was attributable to attributable was this broadcasters, the the government. The reverse was the case in case the was The reverse government. the Wydarzenia In coalition. ruling the Ruling coalition Ruling in Opposition TOTAL Object were directed at were directed the case of case the at the government, a government, the refugees , almost a , almost is analysis this from transpires what comments, negative January 15, January the content. Predictably, the majority of majority the content. Predictably, the in those while opposition, parliamentary the positive comments of positive Objects Table 4. half of half Fakty Wydarzenia 100 66 34 – continuation of continuation Source: own analysis own Source: those asked to asked those the opposition, for instance by for instance opposition, the percentage terms percentage in comments of Number JĘD 2019, one day after the assassination of 2019,assassination the one after day R in importance marginal Z E , 100% of, 100% J S shift in shift

K the “centrethe of political opponents to political Wydarzenia R in seen trend the in spoke comment ZYP 100 100 Wiadomości – – the political sympathies of sympathies political the the case of case the C the positive comments were comments positive the ZAK, ZAK, G

gravity” in gravity” R Z the two previously previously two the all 55%where , of all E positive comments comments positive the overall content overall the GO the news service service news the suggesting that that suggesting Wiadomości negative terms terms negative

the late Mayor the R Z I Wiadomości Wiadomości 100 50 25 25

evaluative evaluative WA the late late the SI UT also also any any A expert contributions. 35% 17% and of expert in while PO 6. Figure including three neutral ones, came from MPs. None MPs. of from came ones, neutral three including number of number programmes that they featured more expert comments, with only a only with comments, more expert featured they that programmes tion MPs. This gives 7%, 0% gives 7%, This MPs. tion by

An 53% L all the three broadcasters (Figure 6). (Figure It broadcasters three the all Assassination of Assassination A Positive Security at Security RIS especially notable finding is notable finding especially Christmas Charity event Charity Christmas of office prosecutor’s Public Stefan W. attacker) (the Stefan or positive and comments negative total between proportions Relative Wydarzenia Wydarzenia A Paweł Adamowicz Paweł Hate-mongering Ruling coalition Ruling TI MPs speaking. Most of Most speaking. MPs Polish society Polish Fakty Nationalism Negative ON OF C the Great Orchestra Orchestra Great the TOTAL Object Paweł Adamowicz Paweł 22% Neutral only two (neutral) statements came from coalition or coalition from came (neutral)statements two only ON 25% TE negative comments of negative Table Objects 5. N T I and 3%, respectively, of respectively, 3%, and 41% Positive N PO Source: own analysis own Source: analysis own Source: a Wydarzenia in appeared them significant number of number significant LIS Fakty Negative 10.5 H N 100 5.5 5.5 5.5 39 17 17 – – percentage terms percentage in comments of Number E is W 35% characteristic of characteristic 24% S MAK Neutral Wydarzenia Fakty, MP I

NG them spoke in spoke them 50% 100 60 30 – – – – – 5 5 Positive comments, against 25%, 25%, against comments, … neutral comments aired aired comments neutral where five statements, statements, five where Wiadomości the January 15th January the Negative neutral comments neutral Wiadomości

Wiadomości negligible negligible 100 40 40 20 – – – – 25 25% Neutral opposi % 37

- ,

Articles Articles Paweł Adamowicz was replaced by replaced was Paweł Adamowicz 38 Orchestra of Orchestra measures referred to referred in pointed the finger at finger the pointed which which in media, public the news content news in the as actions their comparison, comparison, By extent. or lesser to agreater be can direction, of it message key the although service, news objective blame. While While blame. of coverage between shod organisation. However, of most organisation. shod service broadcaster, this confirms the earlier hypothesis that criticism of criticism that hypothesis earlier the confirms broadcaster, this service in spoke assassination, according to according assassination, a political context, through the use of use the through context, political

Gdańsk of Residents The analysis carried outso carried analysis The Fakty. in comments positive Most In favour offavour Paweł Adamowicz Paweł Polish society Polish

Jerzy Owsiak Jerzy the case of case the Gdańsk TOTAL Object This confirms the already established division line between private and private between line division established already the confirms This

, positive terms of terms positive hate-mongering (Table of hate-mongering 5). practice the and Mayor’s late at the killer the murder itself or itself murder the

As Charity. Christmas the late Paweł Adamowicz and Jerzy Owsiak, founder of founder Owsiak, Jerzy and late Paweł Adamowicz the Wydarzenia one of

in detected the private broadcasters, the majority of majority the broadcasters, private the favour of favour the incident by incident the the government coalition and nationalist movements, citing movements, citing nationalist and government coalition the the reasons behind the attack. This again seems to seems again This attack. the behind reasons the Fakty Fakty positive comments of positive Table Objects 6. did not indicate a not indicate did the late Mayor late of the those asked to asked those Fakty

one political side. A side. one political Wiadomości far indicates that in that indicates far 100 44 44 and and – 6 6 to the case of case the Source: own analysis own Source: Wiadomości Wiadomości

percentage terms percentage in comments of Number the practice of practice the JĘD marginalisation of marginalisation for in were directed, comments negative the Fakty Fakty various devices, always permeates the content the permeates always devices, various R Wiadomości Z E . This time one time of . This J S and by and comment, was the charity event’s charity the was comment, party they thought was to was thought they party the private broadcasters were voiced broadcasters private the K Wydarzenia R Gdańsk. In Gdańsk. extreme poles. at extreme situated are Wydarzenia Wydarzenia ZYP

in albeit bias, similar the case of case the hate-mongering. The difference difference The hate-mongering.

100 64 , 100% of, 100% 15 21 Wydarzenia Wydarzenia – – is conveys C ZAK, ZAK, his death (Figure 1, (Figure death his

G the reasons behind the the behind reasons the the case of case the those who commented commented who those Fakty R emerges as emerges negative comments comments negative Z much closer to much closer lied in E GO and and Wiadomości R

Z I blame, blame, the opposite opposite the have skewed have skewed Wiadomości Wiadomości pinning the 100 100

– – – – the public the

WA the Great the the most most the

Table 6). the late late the SI Fakty equal equal UT that that slip A -

The analysis so analysis The which taken together, may form the narrative of narrative together, may the form taken which or sequence, the within 20% Minister’s Prime However, the findings relate either to either relate However, findings the (a) programmes of July 20, 2017 – news item 1 (pertaining) –news 20, 2017 of July (a) programmes Narrative Own 4. Journalists’ PO 4 Gowin. The narrative of narrative The Gowin. the parliament. by the passed been had Act the SupremeCourt after just members i.e. control, full has responsible nalists’ narrative did not contain any persuasive components (Figure 7). components (Figure persuasive any not contain did narrative nalists’ political persuasion over informational value. over informational persuasion political put out by to is polarisation political the to their general drift can be can drift general their control, namely straight-to-the-camera comments. straight-to-the-camera namely control, opposition. This is This opposition. of by statements coming from the journalists of journalists the from coming statements

The most evaluative narrative was identified in identified was narrative evaluative The most on focused analysis the time, This a evoke a evoke them directed at directed them up ( Skórzyński Krzysztof Considering what kind of kind what Considering L examining this element that final conclusions can be can conclusions final element that this examining A topic, airing politicians’ comments and providing it providing and comments politicians’ airing topic, of and clap his hands at hands his clap and 30% RIS Evaluative all statements not including a not statements including all A Relative proportions between evaluative and neutral statements neutral and evaluative between proportions 7. Relative Figure TI particular opinion. Similar, albeit slightly less evaluative, narrative was was narrative evaluative, less slightly albeit Similar, opinion. particular Fakty Fakty ON OF C far has probed into how into probed is coverage has far . Standing out from its peers was was peers its out from . Standing reaction was different from that of from different was reaction Neutral 70% how the three broadcasters presented the fact that the Deputy Deputy the that fact the presented broadcasters three how the its specific representative – Deputy Prime Minister Jarosław Jarosław Minister Prime Deputy – representative specific its ON Fakty to

Wiadomości it. was that But moment. the TE

an described as described among broadcasters, and to and broadcasters, among N of member one was ): “There T I element only partially within the programme authors’ authors’ programme the within partially element only in were formulated opinions N PO the one consisting of one consisting the Source: own analysis own Source: Evaluative Wydarzenia , on LIS that part of part that direct opinion or opinion direct

the length of length the 0% unequivocally negative. All the evaluative evaluative the All negative. unequivocally H N

the other hand, focused on focused hand, other the Fakty Neutral E W 100% S MAK were critical of critical were content over which the journalist journalist content the over which the case of case the a Jarosław Gowin did support the bill, bill, the support did Gowin Jarosław created by created Wydarzenia news item ornews the other government coalition government coalition other the a didn’t who government the his or his I news item and its position position its item and news NG using expressions intended intended expressions using what extent journalists put journalists extent what an with as drawn … Fakty Fakty Wiadomości, her own commentary, commentary, her own 20% Evaluative Wiadomości assigning importance importance assigning

, in the authorities, one one authorities, the emotional quality. quality. emotional service. It service. and and which the jour the which

to criticising the the criticising Wiadomości how strong how strong Neutral 80% with only only with is stand stand only only 4 39

- ,

Articles Articles The TVN journalists warned of warned journalists TVN The In 40 8 7 6 5 informational. The clearly judgemental description of description judgemental clearly The informational. ing the claim that the reform would streamline the work of the streamline would reform the that claim the ing ofreform parties. between of war tug political the in have no that institutions in not formulate their own opinions, they also referred to referred also they opinions, own their not formulate of journalists the narrative inform but to persuade. not to inform was objective main the broadcasters of these case opinions of opinions whereas opposition, of both sides of sides both by as and

All three of three All

This example shows that only the coverage thecoverage put out by that only shows example This authority are used to used are authority may be. case the relation to relation Political involvement is Political purge the judicial staff and install loyal judges”. loyal install and staff judicial the purge to politicians allow simply or won’t majority of pieces new The for weeks. alarm raising been of slogan the behind hidden was ( Skórzyński Krzysztof Poland”. in independence judicial of end the as changes these regard who Parliament, European the of President the and Council European the of sident ( Kempka Grzegorz it whom for reformers, the for of end the over grieving of speaking are changes of Supporters Act. Court Supreme new the passed Sejm Polish the rejected, been had ( Ziemiec Krzysztof opposition”. the mention not to courts, and institutions by achieved ( Skórzyński (…)” justice Krzysztof administers party the rules, party to party Justice and Law the allowing passed, ( Pochanke Justyna aye”. voted having despite point, in a case was Gowin it vote, the after just taken footage, ( Kempka Grzegorz Gowin”. Jarosław Minister Prime Deputy ked by to chose Gowin to designed law for the voting is there too, case, this Fakty Fakty Wiadomości Wiadomości

more efficient, as efficient, more such calls”. Marcin Tulicki ( Tulicki Marcin calls”. such and the use of use the and the judiciary. For judiciary. the one side, the parliamentary opposition or opposition parliamentary one the side,

the political spectrum. political the street protests or protests street MP the broadcasters presented the likely effects of effects likely the presented broadcasters the of any solve behave loyally towards the ruling party. It party. ruling the towards loyally behave are designed to designed are Borys Budka by Budka Borys Wiadomości Wydarzenia 5 In Fakty the narrative of narrative the

lengthy court procedures are in are procedures court lengthy Wydarzenia Fakty democracy (…)” Marcin Tulicki ( (…)” Tulicki democracy Marcin is ): “This build up build of end symbolic the no as such terms pejorative in interest the existing problems. They won’t They problems. existing the Fakty to were examples real-life so-called ): “The doubt as

in manifested also Wydarzenia by of end symbolic the marks make courts dependent on dependent courts make of opinions the recalled Ombudsman Polish ): “The ): “Shortly past 3 past ): “Shortly Wiadomości

“judicial reform”. They were invoked by invoked were reform”. They “judicial appeals from the European Commission, a Commission, European the from appeals the threat of threat the twice cited representatives of representatives cited twice support. Both broadcasters invoked mainly the the mainly invoked broadcasters Both support. a a is , on JĘD the journalist of journalist the sad day for Poland. The Supreme Court Act has been been has Act Court Supreme The for Poland. day sad narrative and make it make and narrative clear that not everyone was expressing joy. Jarosław joy. Jarosław expressing was not everyone that clear 6 Wiadomości is which authorities, the criticising to Although the journalists of journalists the Although R the other hand, opinions came solely from from solely came opinions hand, other the Z which political sides the contents of the sides political which , it E ): “Today, the hyperactive Borys Budka attac Budka Borys ): “Today, hyperactive the J S As judges. all replace post-communism, while the opposition are are opposition the while post-communism, was the loss of loss the was K opposition’s the all after p.m., politicised judgments, while disprov while judgments, politicised legislation passed by passed legislation R ZYP contained opinions coming from from coming opinions contained that opinions voiced by opinions that

fact the biggest malaise. They will will They malaise. biggest the fact “hyperactive” and “attacked” “attacked” and “hyperactive” Wiadomości C a was nothing but a nothing was ZAK, ZAK, political decisions (…) decisions Jarosław political in era post-communist Wiadomości opinions voiced by opinions Jarosław Gowin’s Jarosław the government coalition, government coalition, the make the courts’ work faster faster work courts’ the make Wydarzenia In more credible. G judicial independence. independence. judicial Wydarzenia R courts. the opposition says: the the says: opposition the Z the newly enacted enacted newly the E Fakty the parliamentary parliamentary the in that imply GO the Law and Justice Justice and Law the success asuccess is “This ): Wydarzenia demonstrate what what demonstrate all those who had had who those all R 8 ): “Nothing was was ): “Nothing show, preceded show, preceded

Z I

Wiadomości host of host was purely purely was ): “From this ): this “From amendments amendments WA inherent inherent attitude attitude others. Poland”. figures figures the Pre the SI

Fakty Polish Polish their their UT did did the the the the A 7 - - - ,

Wydarzenia However, he 9 18th 2018 item 1 (pertaining) –news of October (b) Programmes PO 10 ment coalition and the opposition. the and ment coalition in of the programmes time, This reform. public television was definitely different from that seen in seen that from different definitely was television public this time lost its neutrality because of because neutrality its lost time this politically conditioned narrative. conditioned a politically not build did Poland. of power in a change after imprisoned be would coalition of representatives that viewers their informed opposition, the citing of is other each from broadcasters by sion between private media and the public television broadcaster. Both Both broadcaster. television public the and media private sion between atmosphere around the parliamentary opposition. What distinguishes the private private the distinguishes What opposition. parliamentary the around atmosphere

As The material broadcast by broadcast material The in wayThe the reform, while while reform, the Fakty Bogdan Rymanowski ( Rymanowski Bogdan future”. the in so of ( Tulicki Marcin but certainly one that ignites emotions.” emotions.” ignites that one but certainly to by respond members up a with L the prevalence of prevalence the A to trying go in voted who politicians that if cities Polish within RIS shown above, the analysis of analysis the above, shown Evaluative of topic only the not are refugees silence, pre-election the before (Figure 8). (Figure party election broadcast about refugees. It refugees. about broadcast election party A Relative proportions between evaluative and neutral statements neutral and evaluative between proportions Relative 8. Figure TI Fakty warned of warned 100%

0% ON OF C to threatened have They opponents. political their frighten only quoted representatives of quoted representatives only which the local elections campaign was covered by was campaign elections local the which Wiadomości Neutral Wiadomości neutral statements, but only accounted for of 100% accounted but only statements, neutral ON 29 only With manipulation. disgusting broadcast the calling Wydarzenia the possible loss of loss possible the TE the opposition win the elections. The outraged Civic Coalition Coalition Civic outraged The elections. the win opposition the to resorted has Platform Civic ): “The N Wydarzenia T I of favour N PO that only one of only that Source: own analysis own Source: ): “The Law and Justice strike a strike Justice and Law ): “The took the opportunity to opportunity the took Evaluative Wydarzenia 10 the narrative element also highlights the divi the highlights element also narrative the 91% LIS a be might Act Court Supreme new the H N all three broadcasters were characterised were characterised broadcasters three all single statement by single , which was fully neutral on neutral fully was , which

judicial independence as independence judicial 9% E Neutral the two political forces – the govern forces –the political two the W S MAK warns that Muslim pockets will spring spring will pockets Muslim that warns them, namely Polsat ( namely them, I NG try and create a create and try …

the case of case the an 67% blow at Bogdan Rymanowski. Rymanowski. Bogdan Evaluative Wiadomości unprecedented practice practice unprecedented the ongoing campaign, campaign, ongoing the amend the Penal Code Code Penal the amend TVN and by and TVN 9 the Civic Platform Platform Civic the the government government the

a

July 20th 2017, 20th July

consequence consequence Wydarzenia

the judicial judicial the Neutral imprisoned imprisoned Fakty 33% the total total the negative negative hours hours and and the the 41 ), ),

- -

Articles Articles – negatively biased personal opinions of opinions personal biased – negatively in explanation and name (full would receive from the central government. central the from receive would to refused who Right candidates, stemming mainly from close cooperation with and support they they support and with cooperation close from mainly stemming candidates, Right 42 14 13 12 11 for the future development of future for the –in comprising highest, the remained inant, ions on grounds. The ensuing part of part ensuing The grounds. proportion of proportion Trzaskowski’s Rafał tle to local elections put forward by put forward elections local comment, this time concerning Patryk Jaki, his main contender for the seat of contender seat for the main his Jaki, Patryk concerning time this comment, in cited of However, party. one statement critical only ruling the cising be could one in of benefits that could be could that benefits same material of material same quoted in statement about Grzegorz Schetyna, chairman of chairman Schetyna, about Grzegorz Warsaw.

The analysis of analysis The The most persuasive coverage of persuasive The most which the opposition leader had devoted the major part of major part the devoted had leader opposition the which PLN 6 billion.” PLN of excess in was which roads, on local spending planned government’s a signed to stand palities of for mayor, spoke of ( Pawelec Piotr regions.” between disparities the of Minister of candidates ( Pawelec Piotr ‘36 of mayor the for be ( Pawelec Piotr Gronkiewicz-Waltz.” Hanna mayor current the from off himself cut to trying also is As city. is Trzaskowski is same The party.” Justice and Law the on criticising focused also Schetyna Grzegorz in by Trzaskowski Rafał one-ups Jaki Patryk advertising. ( Pawelec Piotr Maritime Economy Marek Gróbarczyk, side by side Gróbarczyk, Marek Economy Maritime the local government.” Piotr Pawelec ( Pawelec Piotr government.” local the 36 spend will Jaki Patryk lost. impulses’ programme.” Wiadomości

that occasion, it occasion, that support, which makes it makes which support,

the campaign is campaign the considered a considered of construction the for contract 13 as shown was Jaki Patryk of spoke Brudziński Joachim Administration and Affairs Internal in statements evaluative of true in Right United the Wiadomości

Wiadomości as appear Wiadomości to promising Rafał Trzaskowski was that he that was Trzaskowski Rafał gain from road infrastructure projects. Minister Andrzej Adamczyk has has Adamczyk Andrzej Minister projects. infrastructure road from gain the the Warsaw will visit various places around the capital city, unveiling his his unveiling city, capital the around places various visit will Warsaw . Although the public broadcaster aired fewer opin negative aired broadcaster public the . Although the footnote clearly suggests a suggests clearly footnote the in safety flood another persuasive statement: Piotr Pawelec ( Pawelec Piotr statement: persuasive another Wiadomości if gained

piece ofpiece drawing to drawing electoral offer, especially when juxtaposed with another another with when juxtaposed offer,especially electoral is ): “Members of ): “Members in fight ): “The a ): “With the campaign in campaign the ): “With still apparent that it that apparent still

witness before the reprivatisation fraud commission commission fraud reprivatisation before the witness in playgrounds educational build the public broadcaster’s public the Warsaw, while all the viewers could learn from the the from learn could viewers the Warsaw, all while the Civic Coalition and the then Mayor of then the and Coalition Civic the the footnote).the Moreover, it the local government elections were won by elections government local the In Poland. across places many in was information, hours straight on straight hours

impossible to impossible a narrative led to led narrative the city.” Piotr Pawelec ( Pawelec city.” Piotr the

JĘD

the elections campaign has turned out to turned has campaign elections the of candidate the close,

that news service, although no although service, news that the government are on are government the R the Iłża ring road, near Radom. He Radom. near road, ring Iłża the is campaign elections local the Wiadomości a Z the journalist. the the Civic Platform, which at which Platform, Civic the E dynamic candidate, with plenty of plenty with candidate, dynamic J S Wiadomości 14 K R addition to addition

verify the journalist’s the verify conveyed a Right’s United the with side ZYP planned to planned Right’s United The feet. his

the home stretch, not a home stretch, the in campaigning ): “When more complex conclusions. The The more complex conclusions. link between a between link of lack out his pointing C ZAK, ZAK, an fact ): “In programme showcased the the showcased programme 11 the Civic Platform and Modern Modern and Platform Civic the Wiadomości Piotr Pawelec’s Piotr

the campaign trail, supporting supporting trail, campaign the of village the of district every quotes from politicians politicians from quotes was also meant to meant also was G Częstochowa, the Minister Minister the Częstochowa, pretty straightforward straightforward pretty build educational play educational build R opinion, according according opinion, Z the authorities was was authorities the Wiadomości E his speech to speech his GO also about political political about also in candidate ): “Small munici ): “Small longer predom R

Karczewie, the the Karczewie, Z I also noted the the noted also claim.

first glance glance first moment can moment can levelling out levelling

WA comment comment experience experience the capital capital the Białystok, Białystok, candidate candidate candidate candidate Warsaw, ): “Rafał “Rafał ): United

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43 przeanalizowano sumie 2020 [http://towarzystwodziennikarskie.pl; 2020 darzenia the European Communities and certain related acts, OJ acts, related certain and Communities European the mediapolicyproject/2016/01/27/can-the-new-charter-protect-bbc-independence/; 2.08.2020]. mediapolicyproject/2016/01/27/can-the-new-charter-protect-bbc-independence/; October 2nd 1997, 2nd 1st on force May 1999. into 17thon 1997, June entered on October and signed Drugim wydarzeniem była samorządowa kampania wyborcza w wyborcza kampania samorządowa była wydarzeniem Drugim

Fakty tragicznym wydarzeniu), było zabójstwo Prezydenta Gdańska Pawła Adamowicza. Adamowicza. Pawła Gdańska Prezydenta zabójstwo było wydarzeniu), tragicznym CZENIE Journalists Report. (2020). Report on (2020). Report Report. Journalists TVN’s and (2015), Can the New Charter Protect BBC Independence? [http://blogs.lse.ac.uk/ Independence? BBC Protect (2015), Charter New the Can publicznych. TVN i TVN Polsce. Pierwszym z Pierwszym Polsce. Amsterdam amending the Treaty on Treaty the amending Amsterdam wiadomości, media, nadawcy, pluralizm mediów, polaryzacja treści medial treści polaryzacja mediów, pluralizm nadawcy, media, wiadomości, Wydarzenia Fakty 18 października 2018 r., przedostatniego dnia kampanii wyborczej). wyborczej). kampanii dnia 2018 r., przedostatniego października before the first round of round first the before materiały trwające 2 trwające materiały Polsatu) oraz nadawcy publicznego (tj. publicznego nadawcy oraz Polsatu) nich była nowelizacja ustawy o ustawy nowelizacja była nich wieczornych wydaniach informacyjnych programów programów informacyjnych wydaniach wieczornych JĘD

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E tym stacji komercyj stacji tym GO 6 Wiadomości sekund. Badanie Badanie sekund. stycznia 2019 r., stycznia Polsce (analizo Polsce R Z I , Polsat’s WA SI TVP). TVP). życia życia UT lipca lipca Wy A - - - - -