DOCSLIB.ORG

The Interesting Transition of Third-Person Pronouns from the Old English to the Present Forms

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Interesting Transition of Third-Person Pronouns from the Old English to the Present Forms The Interesting Transition of Third-Person Pronouns from the Old English to the Present Forms 三人称代名詞の興味深い形態上の変遷 SATO Tetsuzo＊ 摘 要 古英語期の三人称代名詞の語頭は, 性, 格, 数に関わらず全てh であった. 現代英語のそれと比較すると, 中性単 数のh は消失し, 単数女性主格はsh に代わり, 複数はth に代わったことがわかる. 古英語期に整然と使用されてい たものが, 中英語期, 現代英語期への時代の変遷と共に変化していった過程は興味深いものがある. またその変遷 過程の一時期の古形と新形が混在している状況下で, 絶妙な意味合いの違いをそれぞれの形に付与して, 筋の展 開に奥行きの深さを与えている作品も生まれた. 本論では, 三人称代名詞における語頭の変遷過程を説明し, その 後で, 中英語期の中盤に書かれたHavelok the Dane (デーン人ハヴェロック) に現れる三人称単数女性主格形と三 人称複数主格形をつぶさに観察することで, その妙技の一端を確認したい. Keyword Old English forms, third-person pronouns, Havelok the Dane CONTENTS Introduction Chapter I A General View of the Changing Forms of the Third-Person Pronouns Chapter II Sentences and Phrases Containing “She” and “They” in Havelok the Dane Chapter III Consideration of the Lists Conclusion Notes References Introduction Due to this state of linguistic confusion, in the districts where these dialects were spoken there may have been All the third-person pronouns in Old English (OE) a strong motive for using sh-forms as the singular began with an initial letter h. As a result of the phonetic feminine nominative and th-forms as the plural development of various dialects between late OE and nominative. With regard to the former group, the early Middle English (ME), the third-person pronoun Peterborough Chronicle for the year 1140 provides our nominatives with the initial h, except the singular neuter first evidence of the form with the initial /∫/-sound, scæ, 1) hit (which lost its initial h between the 12th and 15th in ME. In Havelok the Dane, written in the North East centuries in Standard English), became almost or wholly Midland dialect about 150 years later than the Chronicle, identical in form. the more developed forms of scho, ＊ [email protected] －55－ sho, sche, and she appeared. Since Havelok was Several previous studies (by Kobayashi, Sato, Higuchi written while these forms were developing into the and Sato, D.Sato) have considered this topic. In the present form she, it is not surprising that all four forms present paper, I seek to elucidate how each form is used should appear in the literary work, and we could regard in Havelok by closely examining all sentences that scho and sho as the older forms and sche and she as the contain each of the sh-forms as singular feminine newer ones. nominatives or each of the th-forms as plural With regard to the th-forms, it was in the Ormulum,2) nominatives. Before doing so, I will present an overview written in the East Midland dialect around the year 1200, of the changing forms of the third-person pronouns. that the th-form þeʒʒ first appeared in ME. In Havelok the Dane, written about 100 years after Ormulum, the various forms he, hi, þei, and þey appeared. Again, since Chapter I A General View of the this romance was written in the transition period from the old forms to the new ones, it is no wonder that all Changing Forms of the Third-Person sh four forms should appear in it; as with the -forms, we Pronouns could regard he and hi as the old forms and þei and þey as the new ones. The author of Havelok, however, may have given a In OE, the base he (third-person pronoun, masculine certain role to each of the sh-forms as singular feminine singular, nominative case) supplied all parts of the nominatives and to the th-forms as plural nominatives third-person pronoun, both singular and plural. It was and may have used each of them properly. inflected as shown in Table1. Table1 The 3rd Person Pronouns in OE Singular Plural Masculine Neuter Feminine Allgenders Nominative he hit heo hi(e) Accusative hine hit hi(e) hi(e) Genitive his his hi(e)re hi(e)ra Dative him him hi(e)re him (Sweet) In all the cognate languages, even in the early period, This pattern also extended to English in the 11th or 12th certain parts of the hi- or i- stem were lost and replaced century. by the corresponding parts of the demonstrative base se. Table2 Demonstratives in OE Singular Plural Masculine Neuter Feminine Allgenders Nominative se þæt seo þa Accusative þone þæt þa þa Genitive þæs þæs þære þara Dative þæm þæm þære þæm Instrumental þy þy,þon (þære) (Wright, EOE) The feminine heo became supplanted by the feminine that. In Northumbrian, around the year 950, the OE þa, demonstrative seo, which appeared as sco, scho = sho in plural of þæt, was often used instead of hi(e), and within Northumbrian, and scæ = shæ in Mercian, and now as the next two centuries the equivalent Old Norse þeir she. In the oblique cases, which are cases other than must have been adopted, as it appears in full use in the nominative and vocative, her remains. The original Ormulum around 1200 as þeʒʒ . From this word arose plural has been supplanted by a plural of the demonstrative the later they, thei, thay, and thai, which gradually －56－ spread south, and before 1500 they superseded hi and hy, so that the plural forms are now they, them, and their. first in the nominative and then also in the other cases, Table 3 Demonstratives in Old Norse Singular Plural Mas. Fem. Neu. Mas. Fem. Neu. Nom. sa su þat þeir þær þau Acc. þann þa þat þa þær þau Gen. þess þeir(r)ar þess þeir(r)a þeir(r)a þeir(r)a Dat. þeim þeir(r)i þ(v)f þeim þeim þeim (Gordon) The original accusative forms have been replaced, Swanborow), was deprived of the right to succeed to everywhere except in the neuter gender, by an extended the throne after Birkabeyn’s death by Godard, an evil use of the dative. This process began in the Midland regent. Havelok was then raised by Grim, a Danish dialect before 1000 and was completed in the Southern fisherman, who had a wife named Leve, two daughters dialect by 1350. In the neuter, the accusative hit (Gunnild and Levive), and three sons (Huwe Raven, remained and also displaced the dative him. In all Roberd the Rede, William Wenduth). Later, Havelok constructions, hit lost its initial h between the 12th and became a kitchen boy under Bertram, cook in the 15th centuries in Standard English, and in the 16th and castle of Godrich (who was earl of Cornwall and evil 17th centuries the original neuter genitive his was regent of England after Athelwold’s death), at Lincoln. displaced first by it and then by it’s and its. Goldeborow (or Goldeboru), daughter of Athelwold―who The genitive cases his, hire, hire (their) were treated had been deprived of her own right of succession by after 1100. Like the other possessives, they also Godrich―married Havelok. The couple then regained developed two forms, an adjective and an absolute, the both of their rights by killing Godard and Godrich with latter being hers, theirs (the –s of which was originally the help of Grim’s sons, Ubbe (former seneschal of the possessive‘s). The changes that these words, Denmark), and others. In this way, Havelok became king originally genitives of the personal pronoun, have of Denmark and England. undergone make it more convenient in modern grammar to treat them separately as possessive pronouns.3) . II-3 The characters who appear in Havelok the Dane as speaker (S) or as referent (R) are as follows: Angel; Aþ(= th)elwold (king of England and father of Goldeboru); Chapter II Sentences and Phrases Bernard (headman of the community where Ubbe lives in Denmark); Bertram (cook in Godrich’s castle at Containing “She” and “They” in Lincoln); Birkabeyn（king of Denmark and father of Havelok the Dane4) Havelok); Chester (earl of Chester); Christ; (H)elfled (one of Havelok’s two sisters); Goldeboru (daughter of Aþelwold); Godard (regent of Denmark after Birkabeyn’s II-1 Havelok the Dane is a metrical romance that was death); Godrich (earl of Cornwall and regent of England popular in England between 1200 and 1500. after Aþelwold’s death); Grim (Danish fisherman (who It was written in rhyming couplet in the North saved Havelok’s life and founded Grimsby); Gunnild (one Midland dialect of English around 1285 and reflects of Grim’s two daughters); Havelok (son and heir of strong Norse influence, although the unknown poet’s Birkabeyn); Huwe Raven (one of Grim’s three sons); Leve style and ideas are believed to have been drawn from (Grim’s wife); Levive (one of Grim’s two daughters); French heroic poetry. The only known manuscript of the Roberd þe Rede（Grim’s eldest son）; Storyteller; poem is located at the Bodleian Library, Oxford, England. Swanborow (one of Havelok’s two sisters); Ubbe（former seneschal of Denmark, restored by Havelok）; William II-2 In the story, Havelok, son and heir of Birkabeyn (king Wenduth (one of Grim’s three sons). of Denmark and also father of two daughters, Elfled and From the above summary, we can roughly surmise the －57－ social standing of each character. pronoun “she” (scho, sho, sche, she) that appear in Havelok the Dane.5) II-4 Following is a complete list of the sentences and phrases containing the third-person nominative singular 1. R: Goldeboru; S: Storyteller] (1) (line 112) Ðat was so yung þat sho ne couþe (‘that was so young that she could not’) 2. R: Goldeboru; S: Athelwold] (2) (122) Sho is mikel in mi þouht (‘She is much in my thought’) (3) (125) Sho ne kan speke, ne sho kan go. (‘She cannot speak, nor can she go.’) (4) (126) Yif scho couþe on horse ride, (‘If she could ride on a horse,’) (5) (128) And sho were comen in-til elde, (‘and she were come into eld [‘of age’],’) (6) (129) And Engelond sho couþe welde (‘and she could wield England’) (7) (174) Til þat she wuman [be] of elde (‘till she [be] a woman of eld’) (8) (175) And þat she mowe [hir] yemen and welde? (‘and that [‘till’] she may [‘can’] yeme and wield [her])?’) 3.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The for Ma Tion of the Self. Nietz Sche and Com Plex
    The Forma tion of the Self. Nietz sche and Complex ity Paul Cilliers,1 Tanya de Villiers and Vasti Roodt De part ment of Phi los o phy, Uni ver sity of Stellenbosch, Pri vate Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Af rica Ab stract: The purpose of this arti cle is to exam ine the rela ti on ship be tween the form a- tion of the self and the worldly ho rizon within which this self achieves its meaning. Our in quiry takes place from two per spec tives: the first de rived from the Nietzschean analy sis of how one becom es what one is; the other from current devel op m ents in com plexit y theory. This two-angled approach opens up differ ent, yet relat ed dim ensions of a non-essentialist un dersta nd - ing of the self that is nonethe les s nei ther arbi tra ry nor de ter minis ti c. Indeed, at the meet ing point of these two per spec tives on the self lies a concep ti on of a dynam ic, worldly self, whose iden tity is bound up with its ap pearance in a world shared with oth ers. Af ter exam ining this argu ment from the respec tive view points offered by Nietzsche and com plexit y theory, the arti cle con- cludes with a con sid er ation of some of the po lit i cal and eth i cal impli ca tions of repre sent ing our situatedness within a shared hum an dom ain as a con di- tion for self-formation.
    [Show full text]
  • Are You Eligible for the Senior Citizen Homeowner
    Please read but do not submit with your application Homeowner Tax Benefits Initial Application Instructions for Tax Year 2018/19 Please note: If the property has a life estate, only the individual retaining the life estate can apply. If the property is held in a trust, only the qualifying beneficiary/trustee can apply. Are you eligible for the Senior Citizen Homeowner Exemption (SCHE)? • Will all owners be 65 years of age or older by December 31, 2018? n Yes n No OR • If you own your property with either a spouse or sibling, will at least one of you be 65 years of age or older by December 31, 2018? • Will you have owned this property for at least 12 consecutive months prior n Yes n No to the date of filing this application? • Is the property the primary residence for ALL senior owners and their spouses? n Yes n No (All owners must reside on the property unless they are legally separated, divorced, abandoned or residing in a health care facility.*) *If an owner is residing in a health care facility, please submit documentation including total cost of care at the facility. • Is the Total Combined Income (TCI) for all owners and spouses $37,399 or less, n Yes n No regardless of where they live? (The income of a spouse may be excluded if he or she is absent from the residence due to divorce, legal separation or abandonment.) If you have answered NO to any of these questions, you MAY NOT be eligible for the Senior Citizen Homeowner Exemption.
    [Show full text]
  • Person and Number in Pronouns: a Feature-Geometric Analysis
    PERSON AND NUMBER IN PRONOUNS: A FEATURE-GEOMETRIC ANALYSIS HEIDI HARLEY ELIZABETH RITTER University of Arizona University of Calgary The set of person and number features necessary to characterize the pronominal paradigms of the world’s languages is highly constrained, and their interaction is demonstrably systematic. We develop a geometric representation of morphosyntactic features which provides a principled explanation for the observed restrictions on these paradigms. The organization of this geometry represents the grammaticalization of fundamental cognitive categories, such as reference, plurality, and taxonomy. We motivate the geometry through the analysis of pronoun paradigms in a broad range of genetically distinct languages.* INTRODUCTION. It is generally accepted that syntactic and phonological representa- tions are formal in nature and highly structured. Morphology, however, is often seen as a gray area in which amorphous bundles of features connect phonology with syntax via a series of ad hoc correspondence rules. Yet it is clear from the pronoun and agreement paradigms of the world’s languages that Universal Grammar provides a highly constrained set of morphological features, and moreover that these features are systematically and hierarchically organized.1 In this article we develop a structured representation of person and number features intended to predict the range and types of interactions among them. More specifically, we will motivate the claims in 1. (1) Claims a. The language faculty represents pronominal elements with a geometry of morphological features. b. The organization of this geometry is constrained and motivated by con- ceptual considerations. c. Crosslinguistic variation and paradigm-internal gaps and syncretisms are constrained by the hierarchical organization of features in the universal geometry.
    [Show full text]
  • More Dialect Comparison Two Catechisms
    Middle English V More Dialect Comparison Two Catechisms Text 1 is from the York Lay Folk's Catcechism (1357), written by John de Thoresby (Archbishop of York). This is in northern dialect. Text 2 is written "a little later" by John Wyclif, who worked a long time in Oxford and Leicestershire. This is in West Midlands dialect. 2 Catechisms 1 - North 2 - Midlands This er the sex thinges that I have These be þe sexe thyngys þat y haue spoken of, spokyn of þat þe law of holy chirche lys most That the lawe of halikirk lies mast in yn That ye er al halden to knawe and to þat þey be holde to know and to kun, kunne; If ye sal knawe god almighten and yf þey shal knowe god almyȝty and cum un to his blisse: come to þe blysse of heuyn. And for to gif yhou better will for to And for to ȝeue ȝow þe better wyl kun tham, for to cunne ham. Our fadir the ercebisshop grauntes Our Fadyr þe archiepischop grauntys of his grace of hys grace Fourti daies of pardon til al that forty dayes of Pardoun. to alle þat kunnes tham, cunne hem Or dos their gode diligence for to and rehercys hem .... kun tham ..... 2 Catychisms 1 - Northern 2 - Midlands For if ye kunnandly knaw this ilk For yf ȝe cunnyngly knowe þese sex thinges sexe thyngys; Thurgh thaim sal ye kun knawe þorwȝ hem ȝe schull knowe god god almighten, almyȝty. Wham, als saint Iohn saies in his And as seynt Ion seyþ in hys gospel.
    [Show full text]
  • A Concise History of English a Concise Historya Concise of English
    A Concise History of English A Concise HistoryA Concise of English Jana Chamonikolasová Masarykova univerzita Brno 2014 Jana Chamonikolasová chamonikolasova_obalka.indd 1 19.11.14 14:27 A Concise History of English Jana Chamonikolasová Masarykova univerzita Brno 2014 Dílo bylo vytvořeno v rámci projektu Filozofická fakulta jako pracoviště excelentního vzdě- lávání: Komplexní inovace studijních oborů a programů na FF MU s ohledem na požadavky znalostní ekonomiky (FIFA), reg. č. CZ.1.07/2.2.00/28.0228 Operační program Vzdělávání pro konkurenceschopnost. © 2014 Masarykova univerzita Toto dílo podléhá licenci Creative Commons Uveďte autora-Neužívejte dílo komerčně-Nezasahujte do díla 3.0 Česko (CC BY-NC-ND 3.0 CZ). Shrnutí a úplný text licenčního ujednání je dostupný na: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/cz/. Této licenci ovšem nepodléhají v díle užitá jiná díla. Poznámka: Pokud budete toto dílo šířit, máte mj. povinnost uvést výše uvedené autorské údaje a ostatní seznámit s podmínkami licence. ISBN 978-80-210-7479-8 (brož. vaz.) ISBN 978-80-210-7480-4 (online : pdf) ISBN 978-80-210-7481-1 (online : ePub) ISBN 978-80-210-7482-8 (online : Mobipocket) Contents Preface ....................................................................................................................4 Acknowledgements ................................................................................................5 Abbreviations and Symbols ...................................................................................6 1 Introduction ........................................................................................................7
    [Show full text]
  • Early Modern English, an Introduction To
    116544 english-EUP 10/11/2005 11:17 am Page 1 EDINBURGH TEXTBOOKS ON THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE Early Modern English to An Introduction Series Editor: Heinz Giegerich This new textbook series provides introductions to the main areas of English Language study. Volumes cover aspects of the history and structure of the language such as: syntax, phonology, morphology, regional and social variation, Old English, Middle English and international Englishes. An Introduction to Early Modern English TERTTU NEVALAINEN An introduction to Early Modern English, this book helps students of English and linguistics to place the language of the period 1500–1700 in its historical context as a language with a common core but also as one which varies across time, regionally and socially, and according to register. The volume focuses on the structure of what contemporaries called the General Dialect – its spelling, vocabulary, grammar and pronunciation – and on its dialectal origins. The book also discusses the language situation and linguistic anxieties in England at a time when Latin exerted a strong influence on the rising standard language. The volume includes: • The major changes in English from the fifteenth to the eighteenth century • Emphasis on long-term linguistic developments • Sources for the study of Early Modern English • Illustrations ranging from drama and personal letters to trials and early science TERTTU NEVALAINEN TERTTU • Exercises encouraging further exploration of the changing English language. Terttu Nevalainen is Professor of English Philology
    [Show full text]
  • John Gower, Confessio Amantis (Selection) 1386-92, Preserved in 3 Recensions
    John Gower, Confessio Amantis (selection) 1386-92, preserved in 3 recensions I. from the Prologue If I schal drawe into my mynde If I shall summon to my mind The tyme passed, thanne I fynde Those olden days, then I shall find 95 The world stod thanne in al his welthe. its wealth How all the world was full of wealth: Tho was the lif of man in helthe, then The life of man was passed in health; Tho was plenté, tho was richesse, Riches and plenty nourished then; Tho was the fortune of prouesse, high time of virtue (strength) Then fortune favoured valiant men; Tho was knyhthode in pris be name, valued by report Knighthood was then an honoured name 100 Wherof the wyde worldes fame - Whereof, world-wide, men wrote the fame Write in cronique - is yit withholde. written; chronicles; yet maintained In chronicles that still endure; Justice of lawe tho was holde, justice was then upheld by law Then law and justice were secure, The privilege of regalie royalty The privilege of royalty Was sauf, and al the baronie safe Lipheld, and all the barony 105 Worschiped was in his astat; honored; its estate Respected in their high estate. The citees knewen no debat, The cities were not in debate, The poeple stod in obeissance people The people were subservient Under the reule of governance, Under the rule of government; And pes, which ryhtwisnesse keste, peace; justice kissed And peace, by righteousness caressed, 110 With charité tho stod in reste. then With charity lay down in rest.
    [Show full text]
  • A First Book of Old English : Grammar, Reader, Notes, and Vocabulary
    •' ""^••'"•^' ' LIBRARY Purchased bv Simdry Ftuad Vr/c 214635 3 A FIRST BOOK IN OLD ENGLISH GRAMMAR, READER, NOTES, AND FOCABULART BY ALBERT S. COOK PROFESSOR OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE IN YALE UNIVERSITY THIRD EDITION GINN AND COMPANY BOSTON • NEW YORK • CHICAGO • LONDON ATLANTA • DALLAS • COLUMBUS • SAN FRANCISCO L 3 COPYRIGHT, 1894, 1903, 1921, BY ALBERT S. COOK ALL RIGHTS RESERVED PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 227.1 gfic gtbengam jgregg GINN AND COMPANY • PRO- PRIETORS • BOSTON U.S.A. TO JAMES MORGAN HART Author of "German Universities" and Scholar in Old English y PREFACE TO FIRST EDITION. The present volume is an attempt to be of service to those who are beginning the study of our language, or who desire to acquaint themselves with a few speci- mens of our earliest literature. It has seemed to the author that there were two extremes to be avoided in its compilation — the treatment of Old English as though it consisted of wholly isolated phenomena, and the procedure upon a virtual assumption that the student was already acquainted with the cognate Germanic tongues and with the problems and methods of comparative phi- lology. The former treatment robs the study of its significance and value, which, like that of most other subjects, is found in its relations ; the latter repels and confounds the student at a stage when he is most in need of encouragement and attraction. How well the author has succeeded must be left to the judgment of others — the masters whom he follows at a distance, and the students whose interests he has constantly borne in mind.
    [Show full text]
  • City Council Strengthens Rent Freeze Program and Homeowners’ Property Tax Exemption for Seniors & People with Disabilities
    HELEN ROSENTHAL CHAIR Council Member, District 6 Contracts Manhattan COMMITTEES DISTRICT OFFICE Finance 563 COLUMBUS AVENUE, AT Housing and Buildings 87TH STREET Cultural Affairs NEW YORK, NY 10024 (212) 873-0282 Community Development Oversight and Investigations CITY HALL OFFICE 250 BROADWAY, ROOM 1744 THE COUNCIL NEW YORK, NY 10007 OF (212) 788-6975 THE CITY OF NEW www.council.nyc.gov YORK **FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE** May 27, 2015 Contact: Jennifer Blatus (CM Cohen): 718-549-7300 // [email protected] Stephanie Buhle (CM Rosenthal): 646-647-4395 // [email protected] Will Gerlich (CM Williams): 917-608-8784 // [email protected] CITY COUNCIL STRENGTHENS RENT FREEZE PROGRAM AND HOMEOWNERS’ PROPERTY TAX EXEMPTION FOR SENIORS & PEOPLE WITH DISABILITIES Reso 426-2014 by CMs Cohen & Rosenthal Calls on State to Remove Looming Expiration Date For Vital Expansion of NYC Rent Freeze Program Reso 282-2014 by CM Rosenthal Calls on State to Increase the Income Threshold to $50,000 for the Senior Citizen Homeowners' Exemption (SCHE) Program Reso 410-2014 by CM Williams Calls on State to Increase the Income Threshold to $50,000 for the Disabled Homeowners' Exemption (DHE) Program New York, NY – Today, members of the New York City Council voted in favor of three bills to help seniors and people with disabilities stay in their homes. Resolution 426-2014, sponsored by Council Members Andrew Cohen and Helen Rosenthal, calls on the State to eliminate the sunset provisions included in the major 2014 expansion of eligibility for the NYC Rent Freeze Program (also known as the Senior Citizens Rent Increase Exemption program, or SCRIE, and the Disability Rent Increase Exemption program, or DRIE), as proposed in State legislation proposed by Assembly Member Brian Kavanagh (bill A.5565A) and Senator Diane Savino (bill S.4748).
    [Show full text]
  • 1 the King of Tars
    1 The King of Tars Text is taken from The King of Tars, ed. by John H. Chandler, Teams Middle English Texts (Kalamazoo, MI: Medieval Institute Publications, 2015), https://d.lib.rochester.edu/teams/publication/chandler-the-king-of-tars. Translation is by Alaric Hall. There are probably quite a few typos in it, so I’d appreciate any corrections! Herkneth to me bothe eld and ying, Listen to me, people both old and young, For Marie’s love, that swete thing, for the love of Mary, that sweet person, Al hou a wer bigan all about how a war began Bituene a trewe Cristen king between an faithful Christian king 5 And an hethen heye lording, and a noble heathen lord, Of Dames the soudan. the Sultan of Damascus. The king of Tars hadde a wive, The King of Tars had a wife; Feirer might non ben olive — there is no-one alive who is more beautiful, That ani wight telle can. as anyone can see. 10 A douhter thai hadde hem bituen, The two of them had a daughter; Non feirer woman might ben — there couldn't be a more beautiful woman, As white as fether of swan. as white as the feather of a swan. The meiden was schast and blithe of chere The girl was chaste and had a cheerful look, With rode red so blosme on brere as rosy-cheeked as a flower on a briar, 15 And eyghen stepe and gray. and her eyes lively and pale. With lowe scholders and white swere With elegant shoulders and a white neck, Hir for to sen was gret preier it was a great desire among proud and fun Of princes proud and play.
    [Show full text]
  • Old, Middle, and Early Modern Morphology and Syntax Through Texts
    Old, Middle, and Early Modern Morphology and Syntax through Texts Elly van Gelderen 6 August 2016 1 Table of Contents List of Abbreviations Chapter 1 Introduction 1 The history of English in a nutshell 2 Functions and case 3 Verbal inflection and clause structure 4 Language change 5 Sources and resources 6 Conclusion Chapter 2 The Syntax of Old, Middle, and Early Modern English 1 Major Changes in the Syntax of English 2 Word Order 3 Inflections 4 Demonstratives, pronouns, and articles 5 Clause boundaries 6 Dialects in English 7 Conclusion Chapter 3 Old English Before 1100 1 The script 2 Historical prose narrative: Orosius 2 3 Sermon: Wulfstan on the Antichrist 4 Biblical gloss and translation: Lindisfarne, Rushworth, and Corpus Versions 5 Poetic monologue: the Wife’s Lament and the Wanderer 6 Conclusion Chapter 4 Early Middle English 1100‐1300 1 Historical prose narrative: Peterborough Chronicle 2 Prose Legend: Seinte Katerine 3 Debate poetry: The Owl and the Nightingale 4 Historical didactic poetry: Physiologus (Bestiary) 5 Prose: Richard Rolle’s Psalter Preface 6 Conclusion Chapter 5 Late Middle English and Early Modern 1300‐1600 1 Didactic poem: Cleanness 2 Instructional scientific prose: Chaucer’s Astrolabe 3 Religious: Margery of Kempe 4 Romance: Caxton 5 Chronicle and letters: Henry Machyn and Queen Elizabeth 6 Conclusion Chapter 6 Conclusion Appendix I Summary of all grammatical information 3 Appendix II Background on texts Appendix III Keys to the exercises Bibliography Glossary 4 Preface This book examines linguistic characteristics of English texts by studying manuscript images. I divide English into Old English, before 1100 but excluding runic inscriptions; Early Middle English, between 1100 and 1300; Late Middle English, between 1300 and 1500; and Early Modern English, after 1500.
    [Show full text]
  • Prototypical Meaning Vs. Semantic Constraints in the Analysis of English Possessive Genitives
    PROTOTYPICAL MEANING VS. SEMANTIC CONSTRAINTS IN THE ANALYSIS OF ENGLISH POSSESSIVE GENITIVES NAOKO HAYASE Osaka University This paper deals with the meanings of English possessive genitives based on a prototype-theoretic approach combined with a semantic con- straint implemented here in the form of a schema. Prototype theory can account for the subtle, gradient differences in accessibility among the various readings of the possessive genitive construction, while a schema is better suited to capturing a variety of marked contrasts in acceptability among possessive data. The schema proves to be powerful in account- ing for cases which interact with contextualization. This suggests that the correct analysis of the meanings of possessive genitives becomes possible in terms of the combination of both the prototype-theoretic analysis and the schema-based approach.* 0. Introduction In this paper we use the general framework of cognitive grammar to propose a two-part analysis of the semantics of the English possessive genitive construction. One part is based on the notion of prototype categories. In recent works of cognitively-based semantics (e. g., Lan- gacker (1987), Lakoff (1987), Taylor (1989a)), it has been demon- strated that most words are inherently indeterminate in meaning and cannot be defined in terms of necessary and sufficient conditions for membership in the categories that they designate. This amounts to saying that semantic categorization is not a matter of 'yes or no' but * This is a paper based on and developed out of my presentation at the 64th Conference of the English Literature Society of Japan, held at Seinan Gakuin Uni- versity, May 23-24, 1992.
    [Show full text]