AIPG 2011 NATIONAL CONFERENCE - ILLINOIS Geosciences: the Road to a Sustainable Future September 10-13, 2011 LM-A&WMA Bloomingdale, IL

Geosciences: The Road to a Sustainable Future

September 10-13, 2011 Bloomingdale, IL

Program AIPG 2011 NATIONAL CONFERENCE - ILLINOIS Geosciences: The Road to a Sustainable Future September 10-13, 2011 LM-A&WMA Bloomingdale, IL

CO-HOST IL/IN AIPG Section CO-SPONSOR Exhibitors Table of Contents

Welcome and Acknowledgements ...... 2

Meeting Sponsors and Exhibitors ...... 4

Meeting Schedule ...... 5

Hilton/Chicago Indian Lakes Resort Map ...... 8

Technical/Poster Session Schedule ...... 9

Conference Abstracts ...... 16

All photos contained in this program are courtesy of Kathy Casstevens-Jasiek/Starved Rock Lodge.

This AIPG Conference Program is published by the American Institute of Professional Geologists, 12000 N. Washington Street, Suite 285, Thornton, Colorado, 80241, (303) 412-6205.

AIPG/AIH/LM-A&WMA 2011 Geosciences: The Road to a Sustainable Future 1 Welcome From AIPG’s Illinois/Indiana Section

Welcome to the 2011 American Institute of Professional Geologist (AIPG) 48th Annual National Conference. This year’s conference theme is “Geosciences: The Road to a Sustainable Future”. This is the fi rst time the Illinois/Indiana Section membership has had the opportunity to host this meeting. This National Conference is being held jointly with the American Institute of Hydrology (AIH) and co-sponsored by the Lake Michigan Section of the Air and Waste Management Associa- tion (LM-A&WMA). This conference has a unique blend of technical interests that offer a solid selection of over 70 professional papers to be presented over the next several days. For those attending and who have not been to the Great Lakes Area, we have elected to provide a Plenary Session on Monday morning to kick-off this conference. We have the State Geologists from both Illinois and Indiana to present a discussion on the geological settings and conditions found in our two states. The AIH’s Past President will provide a hydrological discussion on the surface water relationships found in the Northern Midwest. In addition, the fi eld trip committee has assembled a large selection of exciting and informative fi eld trips that include Lake Michigan coastal geology and development and regional quarry and mining trips that will include fi eld lectures covering geological, hydrological, and environmental engineering areas of interest. The Exhibit Hall will include areas for student posters and exhibitor/vendor booths for marketing products and services to our profession. I encourage you to visit with these exhibitors as they do support our organization. Finally, the conference planning group has scheduled a fun selection of social events including a winery tour and a trip to Morton Arboretum.

We have worked hard to develop this conference program and have carefully selected a unique venue for the conference at the Hilton Chicago/Indian Lakes Resort offering a full suite of amenities from golf to spa services as well as fi ne dining and night-life. As many know, Chicago is a great place to visit, especially in September when the fall months bring outstand- ing weather. We do hope that you will also fi nd time to get to downtown Chicago to visit one of our world-class museums, take-in an architectural tour, visit Navy Pier or enjoy a walk along our beautiful lake front. Chicago also offers some of the fi nest restaurants and dining experiences in the world. This coupled with our diverse and unique night-life will add to a truly enjoyable, well-rounded conference.

As we all know, our organization’s success is due to its dedicated membership and leadership. As General Chairman for this 48th Annual Conference, I wish to acknowledge our committee chairs for their tireless efforts and conscientious skill-set. Thank you to Marzi Sharfaei as my Vice-Chairman, Jeff Groncki, and Harvey Pokorny who assembled a solid and diverse technical committee that has yielded over 70 professional papers for presentation at this conference. Ramona Cornea and Nadid Brown, thank you for diligently recruiting, screening, and selecting a unique blend of fi eld trips. I would also like to thank James Adamson for his work with the universities that offered poster competitions to attract young geological talent to AIPG and for developing creative methods to help fi nd resources to allow for student attendance and participation. I wish to thank Danielle Wallin and her marketing committee for fi nding innovative ways of promoting this conference to the professional communities. A thank-you to Craig McCammack, whose committee identifi ed and developed solid participation from our exhibitors. I sincerely appreciate the mutual participation, collective efforts and team-work attitude of our conference co-host organization AIH and the leadership of their President Emitt Witt. I also wish to acknowledge our co-sponsor LM-A&WMA with great appreciation. The professional contributions, presentations, fi eld trips and technical publications offered by our State Geological surveys has signifi cantly enhanced the quality and content of this conference and the efforts behind their contributions are greatly appreciated. Last, I sincerely wish to acknowledge and thank the entire AIPG Staff, including Cathy Duran, Wendy Davidson, and William Siok for their guidance, leadership, patience, in-sight, wisdom and hard-work. You are all special people and a great team, and I am pleased to be associated with such fi ne talent.

Finally, I would offer to all who have participated in the assembly of this conference, my profound and sincerest appreciation!

In closing, I welcome you to the 48th Annual National Conference.

Respectfully,

David G. Pyles, CPG, P.G. 2011 Conference General Chairman AIPG IL/IN Section President

2 AIPG/AIH/LM-A&WMA 2011 Geosciences: The Road to a Sustainable Future Welcome from the AIH Leadership

On behalf of the Executive Committee of the American Institute of Hydrology, I’d like to welcome each and every one of you to this interesting conference. As geosciences professionals, we know that a sustainable environment is critical to the growth and success of our country. And, we know that it will take the collective effort of all our geoscience disciplines to chart the path toward success. Our planet has a wealth of resources for our use, but we have seen in just the last 100 years of human history how those resources can be depleted. Because of resource depletion our landscape has changed, air and water quality has suffered, and the challenges and cost of new construction has increased. As geologists, hydrologists, and engineers we have a responsibility to help move our Nation forward by conducting the research needed for sustainability and by employing ‘best practices’ within our respective professions. This conference serves to communicate those technical aspects of our work. I encourage you to take advantage of this forum and build upon your knowledge base.

I would like to thank everyone who has participated in the planning and execution of this conference. I have served as a conference chairperson for several similar conferences during my long career and I know what a challenge it can be to organize such an event. It does not happen because of one person. It takes the collective effort of a cooperative team. Also, I would like to thank all who are presenting papers during the technical sessions. You’re contributions are the core of the program!

And fi nally I am impressed by the number and diversity of interesting fi eld trips. I have long supported the idea that the best way to learn is to ‘see-and-touch’. This can only be accomplished by going to the fi eld where your actions as professionals make a difference. Enjoy the conference and don’t forget to network with your colleagues. Collectively we can make a difference!

Emitt C. Witt III, P.H.(1586) President, American Institute of Hydrology

AIPG/AIH/LM-A&WMA 2011 Geosciences: The Road to a Sustainable Future 3 Meeting Sponsors and Exhibitors

Adventus Group AIPG California Section AIPG Colorado Section AIPG Florida Section AIPG Georgia Section AIPG Kentucky Section AIPG Missouri Section AIPG Northeast Section AIPG Ohio Section AIPG Virginias Section AIPG Wisconsin Section American Institute of Hydrology (AIH) Ashtead Technology Rentals Association for Women Geoscientists (AWG) Bays Environmental Remediation Management Boart Longyear Conestoga-Rovers & Associates DeepEarth Technologies, Inc. Dune Technologies, Inc. EnviroGroup Limited Environmental Data Resources EQ The Environmental Quality Company Flexible Liner Underground Technologies, Ltd. Co. Geo-Cleanse International, Inc. Groundwater & Environmental Services Historical Information Gatherers Illinois State Geological Survey In-Situ Inc. JRW Bioremediation Pace Analytical Prairie Analytical Systems, Inc. STAT Analysis Corporation TestAmerica The Wright Group, Inc.

4 AIPG/AIH/LM-A&WMA 2011 Geosciences: The Road to a Sustainable Future Meeting Schedule

Saturday, September 10, 2011

7:00 am - 5:00 pm Registration - Hotel Lobby 7:00 am - 8:00 am AIPG Executive Committee Breakfast - Cyperus 1 & 2 7:00 am - 9:00 am Breakfast Buffet (Open to all Registrants) - Cyperus 1 & 2 8:00 am - 5:30 pm Field Trip - Chicagoland Learning Adventure! How Geology Inﬂ uenced the Chicago Metropolis (Depart and return to the Hilton/Chicago Indian Lakes Resort Lobby-includes boxed lunch, bottled water, and snacks) 8:00 am - 5:00 pm Field Trip - Quaternary Deposits and History of the Ancient Mississippi River Valley, North Central Illinois (Depart and return to the Hilton/Chicago Indian Lakes Resort Lobby-includes boxed lunch, bottled water, and snacks) 8:00 am - 12:00 noon AIPG Executive Committee Meeting (Open to all Registrants) - Sorrell 1 9:30 am - 10:30 am Break (Open to all Registrants) - Lower Level Waterfall 12:00 noon - 1:30 pm Lunch Buffet (Open to all Registrants) - Cyperus 1 & 2 1:00 pm - 3:30 pm AIPG - Advisory Board Meeting (Open to all Registrants) - Sorrell 2 3:00 pm - 4:00 pm Break (Open to all Registrants) - Lower Level Waterfall 3:30 pm - 4:00 pm 2011-2012 Joint Executive Committee Meeting and Business Meeting (Open to all Registrants) - Sorrell 2 4:00 pm - 6:00 pm AIPG Meeting for all Sections - Presentation and Discussion of the AIPG Section Support Survey and Discussion on Communication and Support Between AIPG Sections (Open to all Registrants) - Sorrell 1

Sunday, September 11, 2011

7:00 am - 5:00 pm Registration - Conference Center 7:00 am - 5:30 pm Field Trip - Upper Mississippi Valley Pb-Zn District Revisited: Mining History, Geology, Reclamation and Environmental Issues 30 Years After the Last Mine Closed (Depart and return to the Hilton/Chicago Indian Lakes Resort Conference Center-includes boxed lunch, bottled water, and snacks)

AIPG/AIH/LM-A&WMA 2011 Geosciences: The Road to a Sustainable Future 5 Sunday, September 11, 2011

8:00 am - 5:00 pm Field Trip - Geology of the St. Peter Sandstone and Ottawa-LaSalle Area (Depart and return to the Hilton/Chicago Indian Lakes Resort Conference Center- includes boxed lunch, bottled water, and snacks) 10:00 am - 4:00 pm Exhibitor Set-up - Trillium 3 & 4 1:00 pm - 4:00 pm AIH Executive Committee Meeting - Cyperus 2 6:00 pm - 8:00 pm Welcome Reception and Exhibits (Open to all Registrants) - Trillium 3 & 4

Monday, September 12, 2011

7:00 am - 5:00 pm Registration - Conference Center 7:00 am - 8:30 am AIPG Past President’s Breakfast (By Invitation Only) - Cyperus 2 7:00 am - 9:00 am AWG Breakfast with Speaker Dr. Suzan van der Lee, Northwestern University - The Role of Earthscope Research in Student Training and Workforce Sustenance - Cyperus 1 7:00 am - 9:00 am Breakfast Buffet (Open to all Registrants) - Trillium 3 & 4 8:30 am - 5:00 pm Technical Sessions (See Technical Session Schedule on Page 9) 9:00 am - 5:00 pm Exhibits Open - Trillium 3 & 4 10:00 am - 10:45 am Break - Trillium 3 & 4 12:00 noon - 1:30 pm Lunch Buffet with Keynote Speaker Dr. Miguel Medina Jr., Professor, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC - The Global Water Crisis, Energy and Climate Change Uncertainty (Open to all Registrants) - Sorrell 2 1:30 pm - 4:00 pm Field Trip - Lynfred Winery Tour and Tasting (Depart and return to the Hilton/ Chicago Indian Lakes Resort Lobby - lunch is provided to registrants at the resort prior to departure) 3:00 pm - 4:00 pm Break (Open to all Registrants) - Trillium 3 & 4

6 AIPG/AIH/LM-A&WMA 2011 Geosciences: The Road to a Sustainable Future Tuesday, Septebmer 13, 2011

7:00 am - 4:00 pm Registration - Conference Center 7:00 am - 9:00 am Breakfast Buffet (Open to all Registrants) - Trillium 3 & 4 8:00 am - 5:00 pm Technical Sessions (See Technical Session Schedule on Page 11) 9:00 am - 4:00 pm Exhibits Open - Trillium 3 & 4 9:00 am - 5:00 pm Field Trip - Kentland, Indiana Meteorite Impact Structure Mine Trip (Depart and return to the Hilton/Chicago Indian Lakes Resort Conference Center-includes boxed lunch, bottled water, and snacks) 10:00 am - 3:30 pm Field Trip - Morton Arboretum (Depart and return to the Hilton/Chicago Indian Lakes Resort Conference Center-Registrants will purchase lunch at the Arboretum) 10:00 am - 10:45 am Break (Open to all Registrants) - Trillium 3 & 4 11:00 am - 5:00 pm Field Trip - Fermi Lab Tour (Depart and return to the Hilton/Chicago Indian Lakes Resort Conference Center-includes boxed lunch, bottled water, and snacks) 12:00 noon - 1:30 pm Lunch Buffet with Keynote Speaker Ronald Wallace, Georgia Department of Natural Resources, Roswell, GA - Energy Use: What Are We Using: Where Do We Get It? (Open to all Registrants) - Trillium 2 3:00 pm - 4:00 pm Break (Open to all Registrants) - Trillium 3 & 4 4:00 pm - 6:00 pm Exhibitor Tear Down - Trillium 3 & 4 5:30 pm - 8:45 pm Awards Dinner and Entertainment - Cash Bar open at 5:30, Dinner will be served at 6:00 - Trillium 1

Wednesday, September 14, 2011

8:00 am - 1:00 pm Field Trip - Indiana Dunes of Northwestern Indiana Dune and Shoreline Behavior/Lake-Level Change (Depart and return to the Hilton/Chicago Indian Lakes Resort Conference Center-includes boxed lunch, bottled water, and snacks) 8:00 am - 5:00 pm Field Trip - Silurian Geology of the Chicago Area and its Contribution to the Infrastructure of the Region, Thornton Quarry - TARP Reservoir (Depart and return to the Hilton/Chicago Indian Lakes Resort Conference Center- includes boxed lunch, bottled water, and snacks)

AIPG/AIH/LM-A&WMA 2011 Geosciences: The Road to a Sustainable Future 7 Hilton/Chicago Indian Lakes Resort Map

8 AIPG/AIH/LM-A&WMA 2011 Geosciences: The Road to a Sustainable Future Technical Session/Poster Program Monday, September 12, 2011

Room Session Time Abstract Title/Author Assignment Plenary Session David Pyles - General Chairman, Sam Gowan - AIPG President, Trillium 8:30 am Emitt Witt - AIH President, Don McKay - IL State Geologist, 1 & 2 John Steinmetz - IN State Geologist, Allen Wehrmann - AIH 10:00 am Networking Break, Poster Session Presentations, and Visit Exhibitors Trillium 3 & 4 Spray Sand Mixture on Oil Spills* - Send Oil to the Sea Floor, Not the Falling Poster 10:00 am- Shore Waters Session #1 10:20 am Douglas Edsall - Edgewater, MD Lounge Moderator: David Pyles - KPRG The Illinois Lidar Initiative: Achieving a Statewide Archive of Enhanced Elevation Data 10:20 am Donald Luman - Prairie Research Institute, Illinois State Geological Survey, Champaign, IL The Use of Lidar Bare Earth Digital Elevation Model Data in the Technical Identiﬁ cation of Lineaments in Terrain Dominated by Carbonate Session 1a 10:40 am Bedrock Samuel Panno - Prairie Research Institute, Illinois State Geological Survey, Trillium Remote Champaign, IL 1 & 2 Sensing / Geological and Geomorphological Evolution of the Egyptian Nile Geophysics Between Aswan and Kom Ombo: A Remote Sensing and Field Study 11:00 am Approach Leslie Lansbery - U.S. Geological Survey, Rolla, MO Locating and Mapping Unmarked Graves in Historical Cemeteries 11:20 am Evgeniy Torgashov - Missouri University of Science & Technology, Rolla, MO Electrical Resistivity Tomography Investigations 11:40 am Evgeniy Torgashov - Missouri University of Science &Technology, Rolla, MO

Moderator: Steve Nix - Texas A&M University-Kingsville Hydrogeologic Characterization and Atlas of La Gonave, Republic of 10:20 am Haiti James Adamson - Northwater Consulting, Woodridge, IL Otter Lake GIS, Nutrient, and Sediment Control 10:40 am Technical Jeff Boeckler - Northwater Consulting, Springﬁ eld, IL Session 1b Aquifer Storage and Recovery System in Fractured Rock Aquifer Using 11:00 am Deep Injection Wells Sorrell 1 Groundwater Bibhuti Panda - AMEC Earth & Environmental, Tempe, AZ Resources Direct and Indirect Estimations of Groundwater Contribution to the 11:20 am Highland Lakes and Colorado River of Texas, USA Geoffrey Saunders - Lower Colorado River Authority, Austin, TX Modeling “Bank Storage” in Ground Water from the Inﬂ ux Along a Tidal 11:40 am Channel at Craney Island Virginia Thomas McGehee - Texas A&M University-Kingsville, Kingsville, TX Lunch Buffet with Keynote Speaker Dr. Miguel Medina Jr. 12:00 The Global Water Crisis, Energy and Climate Change Uncertainty noon - Sorrell 2 Professor, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 1:15 pm Duke University, Durham, NC

AIPG/AIH/LM-A&WMA 2011 Geosciences: The Road to a Sustainable Future 9 Technical Session Program Monday, September 12, 2011

Room Session Time Abstract Title/Author Assignment Moderator: Seth Pitkin - Stone Environmental Your NAPL Site Conceptual Model: It’s Probably Wrong Technical 1:30 pm Session 2a Randy St. Germain - Dakota Technologies, Inc., Fargo, ND High Resolution Site Characterization: The Value Proposition 1:50 pm High Joe Fiacco - ERM, Boston, MA Trillium Resolution Remedy-Optimized Investigations - Application of Advanced Site 1 & 2 Site 2:10 pm Characterization Methods to Minimize Total Cost to Closure Characteriza- Joseph Quinnan - ARCADIS-US, Inc., Brighton, MI tion - Part 1 High Resolution Characterization for Assessing Remediation Time 2:30 pm Scales Adam Gilmore - The University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada 2:50 pm Networking Break, Poster Session Presentations, and Visit Exhibitors Trillium 3 & 4 Hyper-Alkaline Aquifers of Calumet Wetlands (South Chicago, IL): Falling Poster 2:50 pm- Biodiversity and Remediation Study Waters Session #2 3:10 pm Karel Waska - Northern Illinois University, Dept. of Geology & Environmental Lounge Geosciences, DeKalb, IL

Moderator: Dan Rogers - Amsted Industries Why Geology and Chemistry Matter in Developing Sustainable Urban 1:30 pm Areas Technical Daniel Rogers - Amsted Industries, Chicago, IL Session 2b The Roles and Responsibilities of Professional Geoscientists in Delivering and Adding Value to Sustainable Construction, Mining, Sustainable 1:50 pm Energy and Naturally Hazard Mitigation Projects Development Sorrell 1 Ruth Allington - President of the European Federation of Geologists (EFG), and Urban Belgium Geology - Part 1 Near-Surface Hydrogeology and Sustainable Redevelopment of Heavily 2:10 pm Urbanized Watersheds Martin Kaufman - University of Michigan-Flint, Flint MI Soil Contamination as a Legacy of the Auto Industry, Southwest Detroit 2:30 pm Cara Peterman - University of Michigan, Dearborn, MI 2:50 pm Networking Break, Poster Session Presentations, and Visit Exhibitors Trillium 3 & 4 Falling Poster 2:50 pm- Lithium Bromide Bentonite Exchange Complex Waters Session #2 3:10 pm Missy Setz - University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI Lounge

10 AIPG/AIH/LM-A&WMA 2011 Geosciences: The Road to a Sustainable Future Technical Session Program Monday, September 12, 2011

Room Session Time Abstract Title/Author Assignment Moderator: Seth Pitkin - Stone Environmental Hydro-Geologic Spatial Resolution Using Flexible Liners Session 3a 3:20 pm Carl Keller - Flexible Liner Underground Technologies (FLUTe), Santa Fe, NM High 3D Geologic Analysis and Remediation Hydrogeology Trillium Resolution 3:40 pm Nicklaus Welty - ARCADIS-US, Inc., Novi, MI 1 & 2 Site High Resolution Site Characterization Characteriza- 4:00 pm tion - Part 2 Seth Pitkin - Stone Environmental, Inc., Montpelier, VT High Resolution Mass Flux Proﬁ ling 4:20 pm Patrick Curry - ARCADIS-US, Inc., Brighton, MI

Moderator: Dan Rogers - Amsted Industries Environmental Pb as a Consequence of Urban Demolition 3:20 pm Technical Kent Murray - University of Michigan, Dearborn, MI Session 3b Geochemistry and Source of Pb in Fugitive Road Dust of Missouri’s 3:40 pm Lead Belt Sustainable Emitt Witt III, Missouri University of Science & Technology, Rolla, MO Development Sorrell 1 and Urban A Holistic Approach to Quarry and Open Pit Design - An Essential Geology - 4:00 pm Framework for Delivering Sustainable Operations and Final Land-Use Part 2 Ruth Allington - GWP Consultants LLP, United Kingdom The Use of Innovative Soil-Gas Sampling Methods to Locate VOC 4:20 pm Sources Martin Schmidt - Cox-Colvin & Associates, Plain City, OH

AIPG/AIH/LM-A&WMA 2011 Geosciences: The Road to a Sustainable Future 11 Technical Session Program Tuesday, September 13, 2011

Room Session Time Abstract Title/Author Assignment Moderator: Patrick Allenstein - KPRG Innovative Design and Testing Approaches Achieved Signifi cant Cost Savings and Carbon Footprint Reduction for a Chlorinated Solvent 8:00 am Plume Technical Leah Pabst - Conestoga-Rovers & Associates, Inc., Niagara Falls, NY Session 4a DNAPL Destruction Through a Green Technology-Trichloroethene 8:20 am Source Area Bioremediation in a Glacial-Lacustrine Sequence Green Kent Armstrong - Plant Products Co., Ltd., Brampton, Ontario Cyperus Remediation/ 1, 2 & 3 Brownfi eld Developing Accurate Remediation Strategies Through Effective Redevelop- 8:40 am Feasibility Testing ment Kevin Lienau - Groundwater and Environmental Services, Inc., Eagan, MN Sioux City Stockyards Brownfi elds Project: Building a Road to a 9:00 am Sustainable Future Todd Knause - Stanley Consultants, Inc., Coralville, IA Not Your Typical Brownfi elds Site 9:20 am Harvey Pokorny - NAVFAC Midwest, Great Lakes, IL 9:40 am Networking Break, Poster Session Presentations, and Visit Exhibitors Trillium 3 & 4 Enhanced Heavy Oil Recovery by Alkali-Surfactant in the Pennsylvania Falling Poster 9:40 am- Warner Sandstone Waters Session #3 10:00 am Rabia Hunky - Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO Lounge

Moderator: Erik Spande - CH2M Hill Rapid Early Response and Remediation of a Large Subsurface 8:00 am Gasoline Release Technical Daniel Carolan - LandTech, Inc., Elgin, IL Session 4b LNAPL Recovery Evaluation Using API LNAPL Distribution and 8:20 am Recovery Model Vapor Martin Hamper - GZA GeoEnvironmental, Downers Grove, IL Sorrell 1 Intrusion/ Vapor Intrusion: The Vapor Cloud Beneath the Surface 8:40 am LNAPL Will Elcoate - TestAmerica Laboratories, University Park, IL Remediation Vapor Intrusion Case Study at a Capped Drum Disposal Site 9:00 am David Heidlauf - ENVIRON International Corp., Chicago, IL Innovative Membrane for Vapor Intrusion Mitigation 9:20 am Jim Olsta - CETCO, Hoffman Estates, IL 9:40 am Networking Break, Poster Session Presentations, and Visit Exhibitors Trillium 3 & 4 Falling Poster 9:40 am- Low-Cost LNAPL Remediation Using Simple Green® Waters Session #3 10:00 am Ross Jones - ENVIRON International Corp., Chicago, IL Lounge

12 AIPG/AIH/LM-A&WMA 2011 Geosciences: The Road to a Sustainable Future Technical Session Program Tuesday, September 13, 2011

Room Session Time Abstract Title/Author Assignment Moderator: Jeff Groncki - ARCADIS-US The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly. Experiences in Chemical Oxidation 10:00 am Larry Kinsman - ORIN Remediation Technologies, LLC, McFarland, WI In Situ Chemical Oxidation of 1,1,2 Trichloroethane in Piedmont Setting 10:20 am Using Alkaline-Activated Persulfate Technical Eric Killenbeck - ARCADIS-US, Inc., Newtown, PA Session 5a Chemical Oxidation for NAPL Remediation 10:40 am Kevin Lienau - Groundwater and Environmental Services, Inc., Eagan, MN Cyperus Chemical Coupling Technologies with In Situ Chemical Oxidation (ISCO) for 1, 2 & 3 Oxidation 11:00 am Enhanced DNAPL Removal Technology Pamela Dugan - Carus Corporation, Peru, IL Chemical Oxidation of Wood Treating Contaminants Including 11:20 am Pentachlorophenol Larry Kinsman - ORIN Remediation Technologies, LLC, McFarland, WI Sustained-Release Permanganate Reactive Barriers for Green and 11:40 am Sustainable Remediation Pamela Dugan - Carus Corporation, Peru, IL

Moderator: Jim Cruise - University of Alabama Huntsville Al Wehrmann - ISWS Balancing Water Supply to Achieve Large-Scale River Restoration 10:00 am While Minimizing Impacts to Agricultural Users Jill Chomycia - MWH, Chicago, IL The Impact of Irrigation on Nutrient Export from Agricultural Areas 10:20 am Walter Ellenburg - National Space Science and Technology Center, Huntsville, AL Technical The Upper San Pedro Basin: Quest for Sustainable Groundwater Use Session 5b 10:40 am in the Arid Southwest Bruce Gungle - U.S. Geological Survey, Tucson, AZ Sorrell 1 Sustainable Environmentally Sustainable Irrigation Withdrawal Model Based on a Use of Water 11:00 am Synthetic Model of the Sipsey River Swamp Resources Cameron Handyside - University of Alabama Huntsville, Huntsville, AL One Small Florida Community Implements Sustainable Groundwater Supply Practices - Part 1 11:20 am Helen Madeksho-Hickman - Aquatech GeoSciences Inc., Lake Clarke Shores, FL One Small Florida Community Implements Sustainable Groundwater Supply Practices - Part 2 11:40 am Helen Madeksho-Hickman - Aquatech GeoSciences Inc., Lake Clarke Shores, FL 12:00 Lunch Buffet with Keynote Speaker Ronald Wallace noon - Energy Use: What Are We Using: Where Do We Get It? Trillium 2 1:15 pm Georgia Department of Natural Resources, Roswell, GA

AIPG/AIH/LM-A&WMA 2011 Geosciences: The Road to a Sustainable Future 13 Technical Session Program Tuesday, September 13, 2011

Moderator: Erik Killenbeck - ARCADIS-US Bioremediation of Chlorinated Solvents in the Brunswick Shale of 1:20 pm Southeast Pennsylvania Kevin Frysinger - Environmental Standards, Valley Forge, PA In Situ Chemical Reduction Technologies-Differentiators and 1:40 pm Technology Implementation Jim Mueller - Adventus Americas Inc., Freeport, IL Technical Electrical Resistance Heating (ERH) Remediation of PCE in Complex Session 6a 2:00 pm Glacial Lithology Cyperus David Wardwell - Dune Technologies, LLC, Grand Rapids, MI In-Situ 1, 2 & 3 Aerobic Soil Treatment for PAHs and TPH - Approaches and Cases Remediation 2:20 pm Technologies John Valkenburg - Adventus Americas Inc., Dewitt, MI An Archaic Organic Chemical Synthesis Process Formerly Used to Manufacture a Variety of Chemical Products has Found New Life as an 2:40 pm Abiotic In-Situ Method of Directly Converting Halogenated Contaminants to Carbon Dioxide William Lundy Sr. - DeepEarth Technologies, Inc., Alsip, IL Field Performance of In Situ Geochemical NAPL Stabilization 3:00 pm Jim Mueller - Adventus Americas Inc., Freeport, IL 3:20 pm Networking Break, Poster Session Presentations, and Visit Exhibitors Trillium 3 & 4 Methodology of Field Investigations, Quantitative Assessment and Falling Poster 3:20 pm- Cleanup of Contaminated Perched Water Waters Session #4 3:40 pm Laura Babayan - J&L Consultants, Freehold, NJ Lounge

Moderator: Harvey Pokorney - NAVFAC Midwest Important Changes to Canadian National Instrument 43-101 1:20 pm David Abbott Jr. - Consultant, Denver, CO Oil and Gas Prices and Currencies; How Did We Get Here and Where 1:40 pm Are We Headed? James Harden - Berkeley Research Group, LLC, Houston, TX Technical Practicing Professional Geologists and State Geological Surveys: The Session 6b Nexus for Applied Geology in the United States 2:00 pm James Cobb, Kentucky State Geologist, Kentucky Geological Survey, Sorrell 1 Energy/ Lexington, KY Natural The Future of Coal - A Kentucky Perspective 2:20 pm Resources Jerry Weisenﬂ uh, Kentucky Geological Survey, Lexington, KY The National Geothermal Data System - A Prototype for Accessing 2:40 pm Distributed Geoscience Data Steve Cordiviola, Kentucky Geological Survey, Lexington, KY Genesis of Rare Earth Element (REE) Deposits in Weathering Proﬁ les 3:00 pm from Southeast Asia Robert Stewart - ARCADIS-US, Inc., Manchester, CT 3:20 pm Networking Break, Poster Session Presentations, and Visit Exhibitors Trillium 3 & 4

14 AIPG/AIH/LM-A&WMA 2011 Geosciences: The Road to a Sustainable Future Technical Session Program Tuesday, September 13, 2011

Moderator: Jill Chomycia - MWH Global Rolando Bravo - Southern Illinois University Carbondale Brief Overview of America’s Responses to Major Environmental 1:20 pm Problems Martin Hamper - GZA GeoEnvironmental, Downers Grove, IL Possible Hydrological Scenarios of Global Climate Change in Three Technical 1:40 pm Mexican Watersheds Session 6c Jose Raynal-Villasenor - Universidad de las Americas, Puebla, Mexico Improving the NHD with Diversion Networks Sorrell 2 Hydrology/ 2:00 pm Kristiana Elite - U.S. Geological Survey, Denver, CO Water Reservoir Freeboard Wind Effect Uncertainty Resources 2:20 pm Matthew Coe - Meyers Engineering, Edmond, OK Hydrologic Uncertainty Pertaining to Freeboard Analysis - Unit 2:40 pm Hydrograph Analysis Matthew Coe - Meyers Engineering, Edmond, OK Rainwater Composition and Volume 3:00 pm Robert Corbett - Illinois State University, Normal, IL 3:20 pm Networking Break, Poster Session Presentations, and Visit Exhibitors Trillium 3 & 4

Moderator: James Adamson - Northwater Consulting

Prediction of Rock Failure During CO2 Sequestration by Coupled 3:50 pm Modeling in Complex Geological Fields Technical Amin Amirlatiﬁ - Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO Session 7a Conceptual Design for CO Sequestration in Maﬁ c Volcanic Rocks 4:10 pm 2 Paul Metz - University of Alaska-Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK Cyperus Carbon Biomineralization of Carbonates in Modern Microbial Sediments and 1, 2 & 3 Sequestra- 4:30 pm its Applications in CO2 Sequestration tion Varun Paul - Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO Geologic Sequestration: A Large-scale Demonstration Project at 4:50 pm Decatur, Illinois USA C. Pius Weibel - Illinois State Geological Survey, Champaign, IL

Moderator: Martin Hamper - GZA GeoEnvironmental Two Metals Treatments for Soil, Sludges, and Water Using Green 3:50 pm Remediation Criteria James Jacobs - Environmental Bio-Systems, Inc., Mill Valley, CA Technical Sustainable Water Treatment Practices for Blue Green Algae Blooms to Session 7b 4:10 pm Restore Lakes and Reservoirs James Jacobs - Environmental Bio-Systems, Inc., Mill Valley, CA Ecosystem Sorrell 1 Remediation An Alternative Approach to Reuse and Retain Dredged Sediment Using and 4:30 pm Geotextile Containers in Sustainable Ecosystem Restoration Recovery Nageshwarreddy Karnati - MacCaferri Inc., Williamsport, MD Hyper-Alkaline Aquifers of Calumet Wetlands (South Chicago, IL): Biodiversity and Remediation Study 4:50 pm Karel Waska - Northern Illinois University, Dept. of Geology & Environmental Geosciences, DeKalb, IL

AIPG/AIH/LM-A&WMA 2011 Geosciences: The Road to a Sustainable Future 15 American Institute of Professional Geologists (AIPG) American Institute of Hydrology (AIH) Lake Michigan States Section of the Air and Waste Management Association (LM-A&WMA) Conference Abstracts Alphabetical According to Lead Presenter

IMPORTANT CHANGES TO CANADIAN NATIONAL INSTRUMENT 43-101 David M. Abbott, Jr., AIPG CPG, Consulting Geologist, 2266 Forest Street, Denver, CO, [email protected]

On 30 June 2011 the Canadian Securities Administrators’ revised National Instrument (NI) 43-101 for disclosure by mining companies became effective. The revisions incorporate some major changes affecting geologists who prepare technical reports that are fi led pursuant to NI 43-101. Chief among these are the dropping of ASBOG state-licensed geologists from the list of recognized foreign associations and the liberalizing and reorganization of format for technical reports. Other changes include revisions in the defi nition of and handling of “historical estimates” and “preliminary economic assessments.” The revisions clarify that all technical information must be prepared or approved by a qualifi ed person, a change improving the fl exibility for assigning responsibility for the various parts of a technical report. The revisions also restrict or prohibit disclosures of economic assessments of exploration targets or based on unverifi ed historical estimates, gross metal or in-situ values, or metal equivalent values unless the individual metal grades are also disclosed.

HYDROGEOLOGIC CHARACTERIZATION AND ATLAS OF LA GONÂVE, REPUBLIC OF HAITI Adamson, James K., AIPG Professional Member, Northwater International, Woodridge, IL Miner, William J., V3 Companies, Dykstra, Stuart J., V3 Companies

The island of La Gonâve, Haiti is approximately 750 km2 in size and is known as the largest undeveloped island in the Caribbean. The island’s population was documented to have grown signifi cantly following the 2010 earthquake; current population estimates suggest approximately 115,000 inhabitants. Water supply and availability is the most signifi cant problem on the island not only for survival of the population but also for economic development. La Gonâve has been identifi ed as having the lowest water availability of any inhabited place in the world. The mountainous island does not have any signifi cant perennial surface water with the exception of several springs. The characterization and understanding of the groundwater resources of the island is critical to improve living conditions and to support economic growth and investment on the island. The hydrogeology of the island is complex and the aquifer systems are elusive and diffi cult to characterize due to the signifi cant structural history of the island and an Eocene chalk that both benefi ts and plagues different parts of the island.

An intensive water supply relief and hydrogeologic characterization effort is underway on La Gonâve, which has been funded and supported by the Direction Nationale de l’Eau Potable et Assainissement (DINEPA; Haiti’s water and sanitation ministry) and the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB). The project consists of establishing water supplies for over twenty rural communities while concurrently studying and analyzing the geology and hydrogeology of the island to characterize the groundwater resources of the island.

So far, the investigation has been successful in terms of drilling successful wells and characterizing several sodium bi-carbonate and calcium carbonate aquifers. Aquifer characterization is based on well pump testing, detailed water quality analysis, geologic mapping and the application of geophysics. The work is on going and the results will provide an important resource to guide water supply development efforts. The presentation will focus on the ﬁ ndings to date and present the milestones and challenges of the project.

A HOLISTIC APPROACH TO QUARRY AND OPEN PIT DESIGN - AN ESSENTIAL FRAMEWORK FOR DELIVERING SUSTAINABLE OPERATIONS AND FINAL LAND-USE Ruth Allington, Joint Senior Partner, GWP Consultants LLP, UK and David Jarvis, Managing Director of David Jarvis Associates Ltd, UK

The primary objectives of good quarry/mine design are the safe, effi cient and profi table extraction of the maximum usable material from the minimum area of land while causing the minimum environmental and social disturbance and resulting in benefi cial fi nal restoration and land-uses. The essential balance and interaction between these objectives is illustrated in the sketch below. Preparation of comprehensive quarry or mine plans and comprehensive environmental and social impact assessment of the proposals is a requirement in most jurisdictions as a basis for obtaining permits and licences to work.

A holistic approach to all elements in operational and ﬁ nal excavation design is essential to businesses that rely on raw materials recovered from quar-

16 AIPG/AIH/LM-A&WMA 2011 Geosciences: The Road to a Sustainable Future ries. The authors argue that the quarry design process is the only logical framework for resource measurement, business planning, management and monitoring of performance, and community engagement.

Failure to achieve a proper balance of these broad objectives beneﬁ ts no one.

Where no design is in place and forward planning is undertaken on a month to month or day to day basis, the viability of whole operations can be compromised by failure to plan ahead (e.g. constructing plant on future reserves, inadequate space allowed for quarry waste leading to the operation becoming ‘muck bound’).

Even if there is a design in place, an incomplete or ill-considered design may lead to under-performance against the business plan (e.g. increased cost, impacts on productivity compromising the value chain, early closure etc), unacceptable environmental or social impacts, nuisance or danger to the public, danger to the workforce, or additional monitoring costs for the operator and regulators. These all translate into cost, litigation risk, and loss of proﬁ t or asset value to the operator/landowner. Failure to maximize extraction from a quarry (within acceptable safety and environmental/social limits) leads to the need for more quarries or unnecessary pressure on other sources of minerals. Therefore good design is an essential step towards sustainability.

The authors will draw on the “Quarry Design Handbook”1 of which they were principal authors and their 60+ years of joint experience designing quarries in the UK and elsewhere in the world to illustrate the contribution. ______1. GWP Consultants LLP and David Jarvis Associates (2007). A Quarry Design Handbook. Prepared as a project funded through the UK Aggregates Levy Sustainability Fund. Available as a free download of the pre-publication draft from: http://www.gwp.uk.com/research.html

THE ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF PROFESSIONAL GEOSCIENTISTS IN DELIVERING AND ADDING VALUE TO SUSTAINABLE CONSTRUCTION, MINING, ENERGY AND NATURAL HAZARD MITIGATION PROJECTS Ruth Allington, President of the European Federation of Geologists (EFG), Belgium Isabel Fernandez, EFG Brussels Ofﬁ ce Director, Belgium

This presentation will present the professional geoscientist as a key player in multidisciplinary teams working to deliver sustainable construction, mining, energy and natural hazard mitigation projects.

It will deﬁ ne a “sustainable project” in these areas of activity by reference to the classic 3 pillars model of sustainable development1:

We will go on to examine the roles and responsibilities of geoscientists in each of the sustainability pillars and in the interfaces and overlaps drawing on generic examples in each of the practice areas (construction, mining and natural hazard mitigation). The importance of embedding the concept of sustainability in the education and training of geoscientists and its relevance to their professional practice will be examined by reference to the EuroAges project2 and the mission and vision of the EFG.

The contribution will develop the proposition that the roles and responsibilities of geoscientists in delivering sustainability are about much more than just the application of technical and scientiﬁ c excellence. Technical excellence without collaborative working with other specialists (within and outside the geoscience community) and with the wider public cannot, on its own, deliver sustainability.

The presentation will conclude with a case history based on the Geotrainet3 project. This is a European Union project co-ordinated by the EFG working with project part- ners representing all stakeholders in designing and installing shallow geothermal energy systems (ground source heat pumps - GSHP). The objective of the project was to design and deliver training courses for drillers and designers, both in technical aspects but also including the necessity for environmental and social aspects to be at the centre of project design and implementation. Work is now proceeding to develop accreditation and certiﬁ cation systems for GSHP, which is clearly relevant to the protection of the public and development of appropriate regulation. For its role in the GEOTRAINET project, the European Federation of Geologists has been recognized as an Ofﬁ cial Partner

AIPG/AIH/LM-A&WMA 2011 Geosciences: The Road to a Sustainable Future 17 of the Sustainable Energy Europe Campaign and contributes in the areas of promotional, communication and educational actions. ______1. Diagram from: Adams, W.M. (2006). “The Future of Sustainability: Re-thinking Environment and Development in the Twenty-ﬁ rst Century.” Report of the IUCN Renowned Thinkers Meeting, 29–31 January 2006.

UCN. 2006. The Future of Sustainability: Re-thinking Environment and Development in the Twenty-ﬁ rst Century. Report of the IUCN Renowned Thinkers Meeting, 29–31 January 2006

2. http://www.euro-ages.eu/

3. http://geotrainet.eu/moodle/

PREDICTION OF ROCK FAILURE DURING CO2 SEQUESTRATION BY COUPLED MODELING IN COMPLEX GEOLOGICAL FIELDS Amin Amirlatiﬁ , Andreas Eckert, Runar Nygaard, Baojun Bai Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO

Increasing interest in CO2 sequestration projects throughout the world calls for reliable modeling technologies to ensure that the CO2 is confi ned in the storage formation. One of the diffi culties in modeling of CO2 sequestration and injection projects is the geometrical complexity of the caprock and the trap that are required for CO2 sequestration. Increased pore pressure due to injection may result in generation of new fractures or reactivation of existing discountinuities, providing preferred fl uid fl ow pathways along which dissolved CO2 may escape into the atmosphere or freshwater zones above. As- sessment of these geomechanical risks requires a thorough modeling, coupling fl uid fl ow through porous media and geomechanics of a realistic representation of the reservoir as well as the overburden. Many aspects of geomechanics and reservoir simulation coupling have been studied using idealized horizontal layer basin structures that share the same discretization of the reservoir for both the fi nite element and the fi nite difference simulation, and few modeling studies of real reservoirs are carried out. But limited efforts have been made for predicting type and orientation of fractures forming in the caprock in a real reservoir. The shared earth model of a candidate shallow CO2 sequestration site in the state of Missouri was separately discretized before coupled simulation in the fi nite element software and reservoir simulator predicted fracture formations. The coupling module developed relates the two simulation grids by determining relative spatial position of fi nite element nodes compared to fi nite difference grid blocks. Fluid fl ow properties such as reservoir pressure, temperature and fl uid saturations are taken from the reservoir simulator at each time step and are fed into the fi nite element simulation model, from which a new state of stress together with new porosities and pseudo-compressibility values are calculated and used to update the reservoir model. Results of this study are used for predicting the best CO2 injection location and injection rates to provide maximum storage capacity and injection rates for safe sequestration. This approach also predicts the critical pore pressures which result in formation of extensional or shear fractures at different places in the caprock.

DNAPL DESTRUCTION THROUGH A GREEN TECHNOLOGY – TRICHLOROETHENE SOURCE AREA BIOREMEDIATION IN A GLACIAL-LACUSTRINE SEQUENCE I. Richard Schaffner, Jr., P.G., C.G.W.P., GZA GeoEnvironmental, Inc., 380 Harvey Road, Manchester, NH, [email protected], Phone (603) 232-8764 Eric C. Lindhult, P.E, GZA GeoEnvironmental, Inc., 501 Ofﬁ ce Center Drive, Suite 220, Fort Washington, PA [email protected], Phone (267) 464-3613 Kent C. Armstrong, Business Development, Plant Products Co. Ltd., 314 Orenda Road, Brampton, Ontario, [email protected], Phone (603) 731-3159

A single-injection event using the beta-version of the proprietary BioStryke® electron donor additive ERDenhanced™ remediated a trichloroethene (TCE) dense non-aqueous phase liquid (DNAPL) source, reducing TCE concentrations by 99.99 percent in approximately 9 years. The injection program demonstrated the amendment enhanced reductive dechlorination (RD) of chlorinated volatile organics (cVOCs) within an overburden groundwater source area at a site located in central New Hampshire, USA. Site stratigraphy includes two distinct hydraulically conductive zones consisting of ﬁ ne sand with silt and clay bounded by non-conductive clay. The cVOC concentrations in the lower zone, consisting of primarily TCE, were consistent with the presence of a DNAPL (concentrations were approximately 9 percent of TCE aqueous solubility). Approximately 2,600 pounds of the pourable slurry-phase amendment were injected utilizing direct-push technology (DPT). The remedial strategy included amendment injection into the source area to enhance an anaerobic treatment zone and biostimulate the dechlorination of residual DNAPL such that, dissolved-phase plume management via monitored natural attenuation (MNA) can be implemented.

Groundwater monitoring was conducted to evaluate the performance of this green amendment. Between September 2001 and May 2010, TCE concentrations decreased from 97,400 micrograms per liter (μg/L) to less than 10 μg/L. As TCE source mass was removed, concentrations of ethene and chloride, the end products of RD, increased from 1.7 μg/L to 110 μg/L ethene and 27,000 μg/L to 120,000 μg/L chloride. The increase and eventually decrease in the concentrations of these end products within a year of DNAPL removal is consistent with the complete transformation of TCE to ethene. During DNAPL dechlorination concentrations of the interim daughter product cis-1,2-dichloroethene (DCE) increased in groundwater. The concentration of DCE, which is dechlorinated less rapidly than TCE, began to decrease approximately 6 months after the DNAPL was destroyed and has since

18 AIPG/AIH/LM-A&WMA 2011 Geosciences: The Road to a Sustainable Future decreased by over 99 percent from its peak. Prior to amendment injection, background TCE concentrations at the property boundary exceeded regulatory standards and increased over time before peaking at 828 μg/L approximately 1 year after DNAPL destruction. The TCE concentrations at the property boundary are currently less than 2 μg/L and over the 8-1/2-year period, the molar percentage of parent compounds to total cVOCs decreased from 99.6 percent (baseline) to the current percentage of less than 0.3 percent.

The additive injection program, which involved a single injection event, generated a small carbon footprint and did not require any infrastructure (e.g., pumps, motors) post injection. The additive program also included the use of material that had been scheduled to be landﬁ lled, enhancing the programs green technology credentials.

Currently, Site TCE concentrations are non-detect and DCE concentrations are continuing to decrease. The ethene and chloride concentrations have similarly decreased and are currently approximating background conditions. No additional remedial injections have been performed since the initial 2001 event, and the site is anticipated to enter a formal MNA program in the near future with the new Hampshire Department of Environmental Services (NHDES).

METHODOLOGY OF FIELD INVESTIGATIONS, QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENT AND CLEANUP OF CONTAMINATED PERCHED WATER Laura Babayan, PhD, P.Hg., J & L Consultants, President, Freehold, NJ, [email protected]

The past 60 years are known as years of intensive human involvement into subsurface. The natural groundwater conditions became disturbed by human activities. Intensive human activities result in substitution of natural ground water conditions by human-made groundwater conditions.

Pollution from leaking underground storage tanks (USTs) is a focus of this study. It is a very real problem nationwide due to the fact that “Various estimates put the number of regulated tanks at 1.5 to 2.0 million, with somewhere between 10 and 30 percent of them leaking. Materials leaking from tanks generally will migrate down to groundwater and can cause signiﬁ cant contamination. Such leaks are not obvious because the tanks are not visible and because contamination effects may not become apparent for many years” (Kubasek, 2002). Continuing cleanup of contaminated sites requires better characterization of subsurface conditions of the sites and further development of contemporary methods or combined use of conventional methods of site investigations is preferable.

For the purpose of this study the perched water aquifer located in the vadose zone and created as a result of UST excavations is investigated. This study is of great importance due to speciﬁ city of location of perched water aquifer relative to ground water and due to the fact that 50 percent of the population of the United States is using ground water as a primary source for drinking purposes. The perched water conditions are poorly represented in the domestic literature due to multiple factors. Some of them are associated with the hydrogeologic characteristics of this aquifer such as limited areal extent and seasonal water table ﬂ uctuations.

The following study focuses on different site characterization techniques, ﬁ eld investigation methods, methods of laboratory analyses, quantitative assessment of resources of contaminated water and cleanup methodologies for the sites polluted from leaking USTs. Through the utilization of non-invasive ﬁ eld investigations, quantitative assessment of contaminated perched water aquifer will assist in cleanup of contaminated ground water.

It is recommended in this study to identify the geometry of the perched water aquifer as a spherical zone, and to calculate its

AIPG/AIH/LM-A&WMA 2011 Geosciences: The Road to a Sustainable Future 19 volume using appropriate formulae.

Through development of methodology, this study is supporting a necessity to provide assistance to all interested parties in conducting cleanup of properties contaminated by leaking USTs, where the process of site characterization revealed the importance of speciﬁ cs of hydrogeological setting and site-speciﬁ c approach for site evaluation and cleanup was needed.

OTTER LAKE GIS, NUTRIENT, AND SEDIMENT CONTROL Jeff Boeckler, Northwater Consulting, Springﬁ eld, IL, [email protected]

Addressing and mapping sediment and nutrients in the Otter Lake watershed required hands-on planning, a common sense approach to quantifying and modeling pollutant loading, and a targeted effort to implement projects aimed at reducing the delivery of pollutants to the lake. Otter Lake is a 770 acre public water supply reservoir in Macoupin County, Illinois. Much work had been done over the years to address water quality issues in the lake, however, nutrients and sediment entering the lake from adjacent cropland continued to be a problem. Working with the Otter Lake Water Commission, a holistic approach to addressing water quality problems was implemented. Site specifi c fi eld assessments and pollution load estimates using GIS were conducted. Working one-on-one with landowners, agricultural best management practices were identifi ed and an IEPA Section 319 grant application was submitted. Recently funded, this grant is being used to engineer, design, and install practices such as sediment retention basins and water and sediment control basins. These practices will keep thousands of tons of sediment and nutrients from entering the lake on an annual basis.

Complementary projects were implemented to further address nutrient and sediment loadings, and improve watershed wildlife habitat. Lake bank erosion was mapped using GIS; priority erosion areas were identifi ed and pollution loads quantifi ed. The Otter Lake Water Commission is currently using erosion maps to target grant funds at unstable shorelines and signifi cantly reduce bank erosion. Directly adjacent to the lake, a large scale prairie grass project has converted over four hundred acres of warm season to cool season grasses in order to improve diversity in bird habitat. Hundreds of acres of forested ground adjacent to the lake, over-run with Bush Honeysuckle, have been cleared to increase understory vegetation and further slow runoff and fi lter pollutants before entering the lake. Together, all of these efforts have served as a model for comprehensively addressing nutrients, reducing erosion, and applying GIS.

RAPID EARLY RESPONSE AND REMEDIATION OF A LARGE SUBSURFACE GASOLINE RELEASE Daniel L. Carolan, LPE, LandTech Inc., Elgin, IL

A subsurface release at an active retail gas station resulted in free product gasoline entering a storm sewer system adjacent to the site. Emergency Fire Department crews responded with absorbent booms and a vacuum tanker to collect free product in manholes, while minimizing vapors in the sewer system.

LandTech followed up by installing an emergency groundwater recovery and bioreactor treatment system that utilized a combination of several remediation technologies: 1) Down-gradient recovery of contaminated groundwater using an interceptor trench and recovery wells, 2) Physical separation of water and liquid free product (oil/water separator), 3) Physical groundwater treatment (aeration / air stripping / power venting), 4) Biological groundwater treatment (aerated water contacting plastic media covered with petroleum consuming bacteria), 5) In-situ biological treatment by re- injecting treated, oxygen saturated groundwater into a gravel-ﬁ lled reinjection gallery, and 6) Installation of four groundwater air-sparging well points and a horizontal soil vapor recovery well.

In three years this combination of remediation technologies removed more that 950 gallons of gasoline contaminates while treating more than 4,930,000 gallons of contaminated groundwater through the bioreactor system. A “No Further Remediation” (NFR) letter was issued by the Illinois Environmental Protection Agency (IEPA) after the 350-foot long dissolved benzene plume (with a central 140-foot long free product plume) was remediated to Class 1 Tier 1 Groundwater Remediation Objectives.

BALANCING WATER SUPPLY TO ACHIEVE LARGE-SCALE RIVER RESTORATION WHILE MINIMIZING IMPACTS TO AGRICULTURAL USERS Jill C. Chomycia1, William R. Swanson, P.E.2, 1Water Resources Planner, MWH, 175 W. Jackson Blvd, Suite 1900, Chicago, IL, 60604, [email protected], 2Vice President, MWH, 2121 N. California Blvd, Suite 600, Walnut Creek, CA, 94596, [email protected]

One of the largest river restoration efforts in the United States is now under way in one of the most productive agricultural regions in the United States, the Central Valley of California. Since the 1940s, Friant Dam on the San Joaquin River has provided water to approximately 1 million acres of agricultural lands, but also led to the extirpation of salmon runs on the river. In 1988, a coalition of environmental groups led by the Natural Resources Defence Council ﬁ led a lawsuit challenging the renewal of the long-term water service contracts between the United States and the Central Valley Project Friant Division contractors. The lawsuit contended that renewal of the long-term water contracts violated several environmental protection laws of the United States and the State of California. The Central Valley Project is the largest irrigation project operated by the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, providing

20 AIPG/AIH/LM-A&WMA 2011 Geosciences: The Road to a Sustainable Future water to over 3 million acres of farmland and over 2 million people in the Central Valley and the San Francisco Bay Area. Following 18 years of litigation, numerous environmental interest groups, water users, and the Federal government reached a Settlement in 2006. Settlement implementation began in 2006 with establishment of the San Joaquin River Restoration Program. The Settlement has two primary goals:

• The Restoration Goal - To restore and maintain fi sh populations in “good condition” in the main stem of the San Joaquin River below Friant Dam to the confl uence of the Merced River, including naturally reproducing and self-sustaining populations of salmon and other fi sh; and

• The Water Management Goal - To reduce or avoid adverse water supply impacts to all of the Friant Division long-term Contractors that may result from the Interim Flows and Restoration Flows provided for in the Settlement.

The Restoration Goal of the Settlement specifi es fl ow requirements, and numerous actions to provide adequate channel capacity, establish fi sh habitat, and introduce salmon. The Water Management Goal of the Settlement requires development of a plan for recapture, recirculation, reuse, exchange, or transfer of river fl ows be developed to reduce or avoid water supply impacts to all Friant Division long-term contractors; development of a Recovered Water Account to track water supply reductions that result from the release of Interim or Restoration Flows; and allows for the purchase of unstorable water at Friant Dam (during fl ood operations) at a pre-established rate, up to the amount of reduced deliveries recorded in the Recovered Water Account. Limited fl ows were initiated in October 2009 to support experimentation and data collection, including a complex accounting process to quantify water supply impacts and to recapture and deliver water to the Friant Division contractors. Achieving both goals is an ongoing process guided by stakeholder involvement, and will rely on innovation and fl exibility in water resource management through water recapture, recirculation, reuse, exchange, and transfer, as well as on modifi cations to existing infrastructure and/or construction of new infrastructure, including groundwater banking facilities.

PRACTICING PROFESSIONAL GEOLOGISTS AND STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEYS: THE NEXUS FOR APPLIED GEOLOGY IN THE UNITED STATES James C. Cobb, AIPG Professional Member, Kentucky Geological Survey, University of KY, Lexington, KY, [email protected]

The American Institute of Professional Geologists released a white paper, “Importance and Future Roles of State Geological Surveys.” The paper concluded that “state geological surveys provide critical functions in a cost effective manner that greatly enhances each state’s economy and environment. The surveys provide the public and private sectors considerable support on all types of important environmental and natural resources issues. Continued support of our state geological surveys is critical since the services they provide are invaluable.” As the past president of the Association of American State Geologists, I was pleased and gratiﬁ ed by the position AIPG took in creating such a powerful and comprehensive report on the value of state geological surveys. All 50 state geologists and their 2,500 geologists, engineers, and staff members should not only be aware of this support but should help to enhance AIPG and the practicing professional geologists in their states.

Practicing professional geologists in all states benefi t from technical workshops, continuing education, scientifi c lectures, professional gatherings, and assistance with legislative requirements such as licensure and registration. Many state geologists and survey staff members participate in and help facilitate professional development for practicing geologists in their states. State surveys can play vital roles in the professional lives of practicing geologists by providing rooms for meetings and workshops, helping organize and carry out communications through listservs and e-mailing, serving on committees and as offi cers, and in many other ways.

State geological surveys and the practicing professional geologists of any state are the nexus for applied geology in the states. Practicing professional geologists are one of the largest user groups of state surveys’ data and maps; and conversely, geologists in private practice are among the largest con- tributors of new data to state surveys. The great work by AIPG in creating the state geological survey white paper has motivated me to call upon all state geological surveys to do all they can to support and strengthen the roles of practicing geologists in their states. We are putting this into practice in Kentucky.

HYDROLOGIC UNCERTAINTY PERTAINING TO FREEBOARD ANALYSIS-UNIT HYDROGRAPH ANALYSIS Matthew A. Coe, Myers Engineering, Edmond, OK Rolando Bravo Ph.D., P.E., P.H., D.WRE, Associate Professor and Executive Director, American Institute of Hydrology, Carbondale, IL

Reservoir freeboard analysis has historically involved determining the maximum water surface elevation resulting from a design event (typically a precipitation-, wind-, or landslide-event), or combination of events, and adding an arbitrary amount to account for uncertainties. Freeboard analysis typically involves routing an inﬂ ow design hydrograph resulting from a design precipitation event and applying a less frequent wind event across the reservoir to determine the maximum water surface elevation. An arbitrary value, typically three feet, is added to the calculated water surface elevation to account for uncertainty. Current methodology neglects quantifying the effects of systematic and nonsystematic- variability making it difﬁ cult to fully understand the levels of protection provided and justify allocation of funds.

Design hydrographs are often determined through unit hydrograph (UH) analysis of a precipitation event. UHs inherit uncertainty originating from spatial and temporal variation, theory requirements, and assuming linear fl ow dynamics. With suffi cient data quantifi cation of the uncertainty associated with UH, analysis is possible. UH analysis of recorded storm events allows for comparison of the calculated and measured direct runoffs temporal

AIPG/AIH/LM-A&WMA 2011 Geosciences: The Road to a Sustainable Future 21 distribution and peak ﬂ ow rate. Analysis of measured runoff and precipitation data assist in quantifying and describing probabilistically the variability associated with lag-time, losses, interception, non-uniform rain distribution, error in collected data, and storage capacity of the drainage basin.

A hydrograph generation algorithm was developed for use in a Monte Carlo simulation, and provides a means to quantify hydrologic uncertainty related with UH analysis. The most likely design hydrograph is based on convolution of a unit hydrograph with the effective precipitation from a design storm event. After the most likely design hydrograph is determined, stochastic elements for losses, error in peak ﬂ ow, and lag-time are implemented into a random design hydrograph generator algorithm. The algorithm is carried out to generate a range of potential design hydrographs representative of the systematic variability of transformation processes.

The generated infl ow hydrographs are then routed through the reservoir to obtain a distribution of peak water surface elevations. The maximum water surface elevations from routing are fi t to a probability distribution. Decisions can be made based upon conditional non-exceedence probabilities and uncertainty can be quantifi ed with a level of confi dence.

RESERVOIR FREEBOARD WIND EFFECT UNCERTAINTY Matthew A. Coe, Myers Engineering, Edmond, OK Rolando Bravo Ph.D., P.E., P.H., D.WRE, Associate Professor and Executive Director, American Institute of Hydrology, Carbondale, IL,

Reservoir freeboard analysis has historically involved determining the maximum water surface elevation resulting from a design event (typically a precipitation-, wind-, or landslide-event), or combination of events, and adding an arbitrary amount to account for uncertainties. A lesser wind condition than the design-wind is applied to fl ood conditions to determine wave heights, setup, and runup because it is extremely unlikely that the 100-yr wind and 100-yr precipitation events will occur simultaneously (USACOE, 1997.) Depending upon the physical attributes of the reservoir the one hundred year wind or fl ood can be controlling. Should the infl ow design fl ood be controlling a lesser wind should be applied across the reservoir during fl ood analysis to quantify setup, wave height, and runup. There is no broadly accepted methodology that addresses the probability of joint occurrence for events. For example there is no broadly accepted method for determining appropriate wind speed for application during design fl ood analysis.

A Monte Carlo simulation is developed that addresses hydrologic uncertainty by generating random infl ow design hydrographs resulting from a design precipitation event and routing them through a reservoir to determine a distribution of resulting peak stages. During simulation, random wind speeds are generated from distributions fi t to direction-oriented wind speed data and applied to the results of routing to determine wave heights, runup, and setup for principal directions. Since it is impossible to know which direction the wind will originate from during the infl ow design fl ood, and it would be overly conservative to assume the worst case scenario, the simulation results for each direction are weighted to base the freeboard decisions.

The results of the simulation represent the potential range of maximum water surface elevations resulting from the design precipitation event and wind effects. This allows for reservoir freeboard determinations to be based upon conditional non-exceedence probabilities of simulation results as opposed to adding an arbitrary amount to the expected maximum water surface elevation.

RAINWATER COMPOSITION AND VOLUME Robert G. Corbett, AIPG CPG, Normal, IL

I presented “Acid Rain. Where are the rest of the data?”at the Annual Meetings of AIPG in 2009. I had modiﬁ ed the traditional Piper diagram to ac- commodate the unique composition of rain water, and using annual data from the National Atmospheric Deposition Program (NADP), suggested that rainwater composition appeared to change over time.

Is rainwater composition associated with volume? I decided to test this question by the following steps • Select sample sites for data • Identify 3 years of lowest-highest precipitation • Convert data for my modiﬁ cation of the Piper • Plot the composition points • Let the data tell us what it will

Ten sites were chosen, seven of which are national lands. The ratio of the three lowest precipitation years to the highest three years was calculated and is shown here

Ratio Site Designation Location <.20 AZ-06 Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument .20-.30 CA-99 Yosemite National Park .31-40 AK-03 Denali National Park ME-02 Bridgton .41-.50 AL-10 Dallas County

22 AIPG/AIH/LM-A&WMA 2011 Geosciences: The Road to a Sustainable Future Ratio Site Designation Location OK-00 Salt Plains National Wildlife Refuge WY-08 Tower Falls Yellowstone National Park PR-20 Rio Grande County .51-.60 MI-99 Houghton County PA-42 Huntingdon County

Deﬁ nitions and criteria were established for interpretation of data. First, the pattern of six points on each diagram falls into meaningful arrays. To support the concept that precipitation volume is a factor, the area enclosed within each set of three data points must not overlap the area enclosed by the other three. Data points that overlap and/or are tightly clustered show that volume is not related to composition.

Separation of data points appears in the diagrams for AZ-06 and CA-99. The other eight sites show overlap of the arrays of points. AL-10, OK-00, PR- 20, and PA-42 show tight clustering of points for one or both of the triangular diagrams.

El Nino is the irregular cycle of warmer sea surface temperatures in the eastern and central Paciﬁ c Ocean. La Nina is the cool counterpart. They affect the jet stream and precipitation patterns.

A summary of the El Nino and La Nina years appears at A back-of-the-envelope review shows 17 identiﬁ ed ENSO years over the 30 year period of NADP data. From our 10 rainfall stations, the numbers of examples of highest and lowest precipitation falling in an ENSO year appear in the lowest row. The total is 19 or just over 1 per year. Our ten sites (6 years per site) provide 60 possible entries over the 30 year span of data, or 2 per year. ENSO years apparently do not affect precipitation for the population of sites chosen.

Do El Nino or La Nina inﬂ uence our two stations showing separation of composition data points? (AZ-06 and CA-99) If we use the widely held concept of higher precipitation in El Nino years and lower precipitation in El Nina years, yes for CA-99. However, data for AZ-06 show just the opposite.

Not recognized as an ENSO Year AZ-06 1980, 1983, 1992 CA-99 1983, 1990, 2005

Tentative conclusions

1. El Nino and La Nina effects on precipitation are minimal at the 10 NADP stations 2. Rainwater composition is associated with precipitation volume for the two stations with a ratio < .40. (AZ-06, CA-99) 3. For AZ-06 and CA-99 three of the 6 years are ENSO years 4. AZ-06 results are a surprise if you expect that El Nino produces high precipitation and La Nina low precipitation

THE NATIONAL GEOTHERMAL DATA SYSTEM—A PROTOTYPE FOR ACCESSING DISTRIBUTED GEOSCIENCE DATA Steven Cordiviola, Principal Investigator, Kentucky Geological Survey, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY

The State Geothermal Data project, organized by the Association of American State Geologists with funding from the U.S. Department of Energy, is collecting and digitizing at-risk data relevant to geothermal exploration and development from 46 states. A limited amount of new data in areas lacking critical information is also being collected. The Arizona Geological Survey is the prime contractor, acting on behalf of the AASG, on a 3-year, $18 million project. The overall goal of the project is to deploy these state-speciﬁ c data in a Web-based, distributed, interoperable National Geothermal Data System and populate it by utilizing the U.S. Geoscience Information Network.

GIN is a system of online data from state and federal geological surveys and user applications linked together by a collection of shared Web services and interchange formats for the purpose of ﬁ nding, accessing, and using geoscientiﬁ c information. The objective of the GIN project is to develop standardized services to make data resources of the state and federal geological surveys accessible online in a distributed network using a few standards and

AIPG/AIH/LM-A&WMA 2011 Geosciences: The Road to a Sustainable Future 23 protocols, and to work with data providers to implement these services. The network is open to all providers and users.

Key components of this network are: 1. Catalog systems for data discovery 2. Service defi nitions that defi ne interfaces for searching catalogs and accessing resources 3. Shared interchange formats to encode information for transmission (e.g., various XML markup languages) 4. Standardized services defi ned by the network 5. Client applications that utilize information resources provided by the network.

HIGH RESOLUTION MASS FLUX PROFILING Patrick J. Curry, AIPG CPG, ARCADIS-US, Brighton, MI, Nicklaus R. H. Welty, ARCADIS-US, and Eric R. Killenbeck, ARCADIS-US

The environmental industry has begun to embrace mass fl ux as a valuable tool for site characterization and remediation. However, to map mass fl ux effectively requires new characterization methods and strategies. The three dimensional structure of aquifers is created by geologic deposition and often results in a concentration of fl ow and transport in a small fraction of the aquifer. Conventional site characterization and monitoring tools do not adequately collect data at the scale required to map mass fl ux, though. For example, geologic characterization with traditional drilling methods and soil descriptions often lump strata or mischaracterize sediments, hydraulic characterization with steady-state pumping tests provide only bulk hydraulic properties, and contaminant mapping with monitoring wells lacks the necessary vertical resolution. We advocate for a high resolution approach to site characterization utilizing tools which provide a vertical profi le of mass fl ux. For stratigraphic profi ling, tools like the hydraulic profi ling tool (HPT) and cone penetrometer testing CPT are ideal, as they provide real-time information on the relative aquifer permeability at the centimeter-scale. The results from stratigraphic profi ling can then be used to guide discrete vertical aquifer profi le sampling (VAP), and hydraulic testing to characterize the cross- section of a groundwater plume in high resolution. Taken together, these types of tools provide a detailed depiction of site hydrostratigraphy, contaminant mass profi le and preferential fl ow conduits within the aquifer. With suffi cient density of VAP and permeability measurements, a high resolution mass fl ux profi le can be constructed for a site, which provides valuable insight to plume dynamics and plume maturity. By focusing resources on the impacted portions of the aquifer, mass fl ux profi ling streamlines investigation activities, guides strategy development for risk assessment, and avoids costly remedy misfi res. We provide several examples which demonstrate the strategies and application of mass fl ux profi ling.

COUPLING TECHNOLOGIES WITH IN SITU CHEMICAL OXIDATION (ISCO) FOR ENHANCED DNAPL REMOVAL Pamela J. Dugan, Ph. D.1, Michelle Crimi, Ph.D.2 1Carus Corporation, 315 5th Street, Peru, IL, 61354, [email protected] 2Institute for a Sustainable Environment, Clarkson University, 8 Clarkson Avenue, Potsdam, NY, 13699

INTRODUCTION There are a number of signifi cant challenges associated with in situ remediation of sites where dense-nonaqueous phase liquid (DNAPL) is present including; (1) inability to remove “signifi cant” mass with a single remedial technology, and (2) undesirable impacts that limit technology imple- mentabilility and effi cacy. Source depletion technologies like surfactant-enhanced aquifer remediation (SEAR) and in situ chemical oxidation (ISCO) have shown promise for treatment of DNAPL. Surfactants can signifi cantly enhance the solubility of DNAPL compounds. However, they are ineffective for treatment of dissolved phase contaminants and extracted remedial fl uids require aboveground treatment. Permanganate ISCO has proven to be very effective for in situ destruction of dissolved phase chlorinated ethenes but can be less effective for treatment of large masses of DNAPL. The advantage of the combined SEAR-ISCO approach over SEAR alone is that contaminant destruction occurs within the subsurface, avoiding the need for above ground management of the resulting extracted solution. The advantage of the combined SEAR-ISCO approach over ISCO alone is the enhanced contaminant mass transfer to the aqueous phase that occurs, resulting in more rapid and extensive contaminant destruction and minimized unproduc- tive oxidant loss that can occur while “waiting” for the rate-limiting mass transfer to occur. One potential disadvantage of the combined SEAR-ISCO remedy is the generation of manganese dioxide (MnO2), a by-product from permanganate oxidation that can potentially reduce subsurface permeability. In the presence of surfactants, this impact could be even more pronounced than with permanganate solution alone because the high concentrations of both oxidant and contaminant in solution results in very rapid and extensive generation of MnO2 at a given point in space and time. The accumulation of MnO2 could challenge the effi ciency and effi cacy of surfactant-enhanced permanganate ISCO of DNAPL due to decreased contact of the oxidant at the DNAPL-water interface, as well as ineffective delivery of the surfactant-permanganate fl ushing solution to the DNAPL source zone due to permeability reductions.

METHODS

The polyphosphate, sodium hexametaphosphate (SHMP), has previously been identifi ed as a promising amendment to stabilize MnO2 in solution when included in the permanganate solution by inhibiting particle deposition that could adversely impact subsurface fl ow (Crimi et al. 2009). Coupling methods that can destroy DNAPL mass in situ and assist in limiting MnO2 deposition could increase DNAPL removal effi ciencies and reduce costs of environmental restoration efforts by reducing fl ushed pore volumes. The goal of these experimental studies was to investigate the ability of SHMP to inhibit particle deposition during surfactant-enhanced permanganate oxidation of trichloroethene (TCE) DNAPL. Four one-dimensional (1-D) column studies with emplaced TCE DNAPL source zones were conducted: 1) water fl ush (control), 2) a permanganate fl ush, 3) a surfactant-enhanced permanganate fl ush, and 4) a surfactant and SHMP-enhanced permanganate fl ush. The remedial goal for these experiments was to remove >90% of the

TCE DNAPL mass within the columns. TCE, permanganate and MnO2 samples were collected from the column efﬂ uent throughout the duration of the 24 AIPG/AIH/LM-A&WMA 2011 Geosciences: The Road to a Sustainable Future experiment. At the conclusion of the experiment the column contents were extracted to determine the ﬁ nal mass of MnO2 retained within each column.

RESULTS

Column experiments were conducted with and without the addition of SHMP to evaluate the effect of polyphosphates on MnO2 deposition/retention and DNAPL mass transfer during permanganate ISCO. The TCE concentrations measured in the effl uent of the columns are illustrated in Figure 1. The maximum TCE concentration of 34,000 mg/L was observed in the surfactant-SHMP-permanganate column indicating enhanced DNAPL mass transfer due to less MnO2 fi lm formation occurring in the source zone. Similarly, increased MnO2 mobility is observed in the surfactant-SHMP-permanganate column effl uent as a result of MnO2 sequestration and stabilization during permanganate ISCO (Figure 2).

Table 1 summarizes the MnO2 data measured in the column effl uents and the fi nal mass of MnO2 retained within each column. The results indicate 85% more MnO2 was measured exiting the surfactant-SHMP-permanganate compared to the surfactant-permanganate column. These results point toward enhanced mobility of the MnO2 solids due to the addition of the sequestering reagent SHMP. In addition, 80% more MnO2 was extracted from the porous media of the surfactant-permanganate column. This suggests increased MnO2 fi lm formation occurring in the TCE DNAPL source zone due to the absence of the sequestering agent SHMP in the fl ushing solution.

Table 2 provides the performance assessment for the column experiments. Greater than 90% of the DNAPL mass was removed from the columns that

had surfactants in the ﬂ ushing solution. However, a greater mass of DNAPL was removed in the column containing SHMP in the ﬂ ushing solution.

This result would point to increased DNAPL mass transfer occurring in the surfactant-SHMP-permanganate column due to less MnO2 ﬁ lm formation.

SUSTAINED-RELEASE PERMANGANATE REACTIVE BARRIERS FOR GREEN AND SUSTAINABLE REMEDIATION Pamela J. Dugan, Ph. D.1, and Lindsay Swearingen2, 1Carus Corporation, 315 5th Street, Peru, IL, 61354 [email protected], 2Specialty Earth Sciences

INTRODUCTION The intention behind site cleanup is inherently green; however, remedial activities use energy, water, and materials resources to achieve cleanup objec-

AIPG/AIH/LM-A&WMA 2011 Geosciences: The Road to a Sustainable Future 25 tives. Traditional remediation technologies (e.g., pump and treat, air sparging, soil vapor extraction, or multiphase extraction) require electricity and fossil fuel to power equipment to remove contamination from soil and ground water. Extracted fl uids are then processed aboveground, or disposed of in landfi lls when fi lters are used. The intractable nature of subsurface contamination suggests the need to explore the use of innovative technologies that reduce the environmental footprint of remedial treatments. Reactive materials in permeable reactive barriers (PRBs) have proven very useful for transforming or destroying organic waste in situ. Once emplaced they typically do not require a continued supply of electrical power and have the added benefi t of creating a reactive zone for the destruction of contaminants in place. Controlled-release techniques have been utilized extensively in diverse fi elds such as pharmaceutical and agrochemical technologies. However, controlled- and sustained release of an oxidant during in situ chemical oxidation (ISCO) is an emerging concept that is extremely relevant to the fi eld of environmental remediation, yet to date has received little attention. ISCO using the oxidants permanganate, persulfate, and catalyzed hydrogen peroxide has shown great promise for remediation of many recalcitrant organic contaminants of concern (COC). Because the oxidant also reacts with natural organic matter, inorganic soil constituents, and other reduced compounds, the presence of a protective barrier that controls oxidant release may enhance the effi ciency of ISCO and allow for long-term low-cost treatment of chlorinated solvents. To this end, sustained-release permanganate (SRP) was developed. Paraffi n wax was used as the environmentally benign and biodegradable matrix material for encapsulating the solid potassium permanganate (KMnO4) particles. The paraffi n matrix protects the solid KMnO4 particles from fast dissolution and potentially undesirable nonproductive reactions. The SRP material contains between 60%-80% permanganate and can be formed as candles for direct push applications in reactive barriers, or chipped material for hydrofracturing into low permeability media.

METHODS One-dimensional (1-D) SRP column experiments were conducted to evaluate permanganate release behavior using deionized (DI) water as the infl uent or COC removal effi ciency using dissolved trichloroethene (TCE) as the infl uent. The infl uent dissolved TCE concentrations were 1 mg/L and the fl ow rate used was 0.2 mL/min. TCE and permanganate samples were collected throughout the duration of the experiments.

RESULTS The results of 1-D SRP column experiments with water as the infl uent indicate that paraffi n wax effectively protected solid potassium permanganate particles from rapid dissolution. SRP release was characterized by a relatively fast initial rate followed by a signifi cantly slower rate in the later phases (>95 days) with only ~40% of the total permanganate utilized during the operational period. Estimates of life expectancy for the SRP column with DI water infl uent are predicted to be 250 days at a fl ow rate of 1 mL/min (Figure 1).

The results of 1-D SRP column studies with dissolved TCE as the inﬂ uent resulted in TCE removal efﬁ ciencies ranging from 87%-100% over 166 days (Figure 2).

The life expectancy of the SRP column with TCE as the inﬂ uent is predicted to be 325 days at a ﬂ ow rate of 0.2 mL/min.

26 AIPG/AIH/LM-A&WMA 2011 Geosciences: The Road to a Sustainable Future These results indicate that a reactive SRP barrier could serve as a long-term low-cost passive treatment for chlorinated solvents.

SPRAY SAND MIXTURE ON OIL SPILLS* – SEND OIL TO THE SEA FLOOR, NOT THE SHORE Douglas W. Edsall, AIPG CPG, Consultant, Edgewater, MD and J. Ross Rottier

When an oil spill threatens a coastal area, a quick and effective response is needed. The technique of spraying non-toxic and generally available quartz sand on the leading edge of an advancing surface slick is a simple, effi cient, and cost-effective way of creating a barrier to stop the shoreward movement of the spill. Incorporation of marine clays in the spray mix may accelerate the removal process. More importantly, unlike toxic dispersants in general use, the sand mixture doesn’t disperse the oil; rather it removes the oil from the surface and deposits it on the sea fl oor. The mechanism of removing oil from surface waters by sand grains is analogous to the creation of tar balls on a beach as they provide a myriad of nuclei for the oil to become attached to and sink to the sea fl oor.

The width of the zone of sprayed sand at the leading edge of an advancing slick should be narrow in order to confi ne the sand and oil removed from the water column to a well-defi ned zone on the sea fl oor. This will facilitate subsequent clean-up and should minimize damage to existing benthonic communities. Primary site selection criteria for creating a sprayed sand barrier on the sea surface include: rate and direction of spill movement; water depth; bottom sediment type; weather and sea state; location of major shipping lanes and established fi sheries; and easy access to a supply of the sand mix materials. The sea surface area selected as the barrier zone will need to be repeatedly sprayed to sustain the removal process. The addition of an electric charge to the sprayed sand might promote increased attraction of oil. The inclusion of certain bacteria in the sprayed material could aid in the decomposition of the oil.

In laboratory experiments, surface oil sank rapidly to the bottom of the test chamber when sand-sized quartz was added. Particles of a commercial mortar also removed the oil, but at a slower rate. This observed decrease in removal rate appears to be a result of differences in particle density and size. However, the oil and mortar sank as aggregates instead of as individual gains when the sand was added. The inclusion of pulverized clam or oyster shells and marine clay to the sand may be the most effective material for spraying, but more experiments are needed to identify the correct mixture. *(Patent applied for)

VAPOR INTRUSION: THE VAPOR CLOUD BENEATH THE SURFACE Will Elcoate, TestAmerica Laboratories, University Park, IL, [email protected]

The current area of signiﬁ cant public and regulatory interest in ambient air includes the inhalation risk posed by long term exposure to a range of volatile organic compounds.

Since the EPA published its vapor intrusion guidance in 2002 there has been increasing focus on vapor intrusion (VI) investigations for sites contaminated with volatile organic compounds. Organizations, agencies and states have developed and released guidance on how to conduct VI investigations with varying degrees of acceptance by the industry practitioners. Some guidances have been “re-ﬁ led”, some updated and re-released, as in the case of IEPA’s proposed guidance, challenge by the EPA and withdrawn.

The EPA has announced they will release an updated guidance in 2012. The IEPA has announced they will release an updated guidance this year. The presentation will discuss the challenges of VI, the current VI Status, current best practices for VI investigations and what to expect both from the IEPA and USEPA.

AIPG/AIH/LM-A&WMA 2011 Geosciences: The Road to a Sustainable Future 27 IMPROVING THE NHD WITH DIVERSION NETWORKS Kristiana Elite, U.S. Geological Survey, Denver, CO

The National Hydrography Dataset (NHD) provides a comprehensive representation of the surface water of the United States. The NHD is a digital vector dataset used by geographic information systems (GIS). These data largely represent the natural fl ow of water on the landscape using streams, rivers, and lakes. However, in some parts of the country engineered diversion features signifi cantly alter the fl ow network. Diversion conduits of canals, ditches, pipelines, and tunnels normally present in the NHD have not in the past been properly connected to form the actual fl ow network. The U.S. Geological Survey is now analyzing and editing the major diversion networks to more accurately model fl ow and make the NHD more suitable for areas where diversions are important. The incorporation of diversions in the NHD will allow for more accurate water modeling, empowering decision makers and researchers with intelligent information to help address today’s water issues and better prepare for the future. This is particularly important in California where over 2,000 miles of aqueducts, canals, and pipelines signifi cantly affect the fl ow networks in the state.

THE IMPACT OF IRRIGATION ON NUTRIENT EXPORT FROM AGRICULTURAL AREAS Lee Ellenburg, James Cruise and Cameron Handyside National Space Science and Technology Center, Huntsville, AL

Alabama receives a substantial amount of rainfall; however, this rainfall is not sufﬁ cient to maintain a stable agricultural base in the state. As much as 70% of the rainfall over the Southeastern US can be attributed to frontal systems that occur between October and March, leaving the main growing season, usually between April and August, the hottest and driest time of the year. Therefore, studies have shown that even a small amount of irrigation can have a signiﬁ cant impact on agricultural yields. Irrigation has increased 36% over the past decade and is expected to continue to rise.

Part of the increase in crop yields under irrigation comes from smaller plant spacing and higher rates of fertilizer application. Elsewhere, these practices are thought to have led to substantial increases in nutrient loads to the Mississippi River system and to be the main cause of the hypoxia zone in the Gulf of Mexico. However, the situation may not be so clear-cut. It is true, irrigation usually means higher rates of nitrogen application to reach potential yields and possibly increasing export by run-off and leaching. Irrigation allows surface applications of nutrients to be watered into the soil root zone and thus might reduce surface export. On the con side, irrigation keeps soils closer to saturation and perhaps increasing run-off potential. On the other hand, irrigated crops use up most of the available nitrogen applied, where in a rain-fed setting drought limits plant growth leaving residual unused nitrogen in the soil that can be ﬂ ushed to ground water.

The role that irrigation plays in runoff and nutrient export from agricultural areas in Alabama was examined using an industry-standard crop model together with a water and nitrogen export routine. The DSSAT crop modeling system contains the most up-to-date linkage of subsurface hydrology and nutrient dynamics of any current agricultural model. DSSAT maintains the nutrient cycle in each vertical soil layer for each model time step. How- ever, the model does not include lateral movement of moisture between grid cells, so nutrient export is not handled per se. To that end, a routine using DSSAT vertical moisture and nutrient proﬁ les was developed to estimate the potential lateral export of water and nutrients. Under irrigated conditions it is assumed that advection can be considered as the primary mode of lateral movement of water and nutrients. To model this condition, the simple kinematic wave approximation was employed. The goal was to estimate a percentage of the nitrate left by the DSSAT model at each time step that might be exported to the receiving surface waters.

The results are very promising in that the model shows that irrigated crops do uptake signiﬁ cantly more nitrogen, particularly from the near surface layer, than do rain fed crops. Irrigation, when judiciously applied, also does not appear to have a disproportionate impact on runoff in humid environments such as Alabama. Thus it is not expected that irrigated ﬁ elds in Alabama would export large nutrient loads to Mobile Bay.

HIGH RESOLUTION SITE CHARACTERIZATION: THE VALUE PROPOSITION Joe Fiacco, Environmental Resources Management, Boston, MA, joe.ﬁ [email protected],

Site investigation programs are known for seemingly endless phases of assessment and high degrees of uncertainty, due to the use of traditional investigation tools and approaches. This lack of certainty affects one’s ability to make sound decisions with respect to a host of health, environmental, fi nancial, and reputational risks. High resolution site characterization (HRSC) is an alternative approach to site investigation that signifi cantly reduces uncertainty and enables development of cost effective solutions to address those risks identifi ed. By applying proven scientifi c principles, investigation approaches, and characterization tools, we generate detailed two- or three-dimensional conceptual site models (CSMs) to support effective decision making.

The overburden site characterization toolbox includes Gore Sorbers, Membrane Interface Probe (MIP), Laser Induced Fluorescence (LIF), Cone Penetrometer (CPT), Waterloo Advanced Profi ling System, sonic drilling, and fi eld laboratories, among others. When subsets of these tools are used together to produce collaborative datasets, one can effi ciently generate high resolution CSMs. Where HRSC programs have been implemented from the outset, complex sites have been characterized over a period of months, resulting in accurate defi nition of sources and plumes, and evaluation of various risks. The evaluation of risks, compliance with regulatory requirements, establishment of reserves, and initiation of remediation or mitigation measures can be completed both quickly and accurately – typically within one to two years of problem discovery. This approach has demonstrated signifi cant reductions in business risk, stakeholder concerns, and life-cycle costs, in addition to improved safety and overall sustainability relative to more conventional approaches.

28 AIPG/AIH/LM-A&WMA 2011 Geosciences: The Road to a Sustainable Future Recent experience with HRSC programs at sites with more than a decade of investigation and remediation history found that source areas were over- looked in past investigations, potential risks to receptors were missed, and (not surprisingly) remediation programs failed. In some cases, these failures have led to litigation and fi ndings of substantial damage. In all cases, signifi cant amounts of money were spent with little actual improvement, making it diffi cult to justify spending more money on site investigation. Conducting a HRSC program at these mature sites enabled substantial progress toward a satisfactory and cost effective endpoint.

BIOREMEDIATION OF CHLORINATED SOLVENTS IN THE BRUNSWICK SHALE OF SOUTHEAST PENNSYLVANIA Kevin W. Frysinger, AIPG Professional Member, [email protected] Gerald L. Kirkpatrick, [email protected], Environmental Standards, Valley Forge, PA

A persistent chlorinated solvent plume was the target of voluntary bioremediation efforts at a fractured bedrock site in southeast Pennsylvania.

The site is located in the Mesozoic Newark Basin, is underlain by the Brunswick Shale of the Newark Supergroup, and surrounded by intrusive diabase dikes and sills. These rocks have low primary porosity and transmit groundwater via fractures and along weathered bedding planes. Flow along these secondary features results in groundwater movement being controlled by local and regional topography, formation bedding, and regional groundwater use. Shallow groundwater is affected by chlorinated solvents to a much higher degree than deeper groundwater at the site. This indicates that a high degree of attenuation occurs, as shallow groundwater seeps into the deeper bedrock aquifer. Additionally, the data suggest that shallow groundwater is in direct and continuous communication with the underlying bedrock aquifer; as a result, the aquifer was treated as a single unit, and the in situ groundwater remedy was designed with that conceptual ﬂ ow system in mind.

A six month pilot scale test using a patented soybean oil substrate was undertaken on July 29, 2008. Approximately 1,800 gallons of diluted substrate solution was injected into the bedrock groundwater aquifer through three injection wells. To evaluate the reaction of the aquifer to the amendment, monthly samples were collected in downgradient monitoring wells.

Results of the performance monitoring suggest that the substrate injections have stimulated reductive dechlorination by native bacterial populations. Several targeted chlorinated compound concentrations have markedly decreased to concentrations at or below Pennsylvania Department of Environ- mental Protection cleanup criteria, and ethane/ethene production has markedly increased. The injected substrate provided a multitude of electron donors (organic carbon), expended more efﬁ cient electron acceptors (especially sulfate), and forced bacteria to utilize chlorinated ethenes as electron acceptors. The information gained from this project will be used in the development of a design for subsequent phases of focused deployment of the remedy in speciﬁ c areas of the affected plume.

HIGH RESOLUTION CHARACTERIZATION FOR ASSESSING REMEDIATION TIME SCALES Adam Gilmore*, Steven Chapman, and Beth Parker University of Guelph, School of Engineering, Guelph, ON Canada N1G 2W1 *Phone: (519) 824-4120 x52897, [email protected]

A detailed research study is ongoing to evaluate effects of mass storage and release from low permeability zones on downgradient plume persistence (referred to as back diffusion) following treatment of a DNAPL source zone. At the South Carolina study site, small releases of mixed organic chemicals occurred decades ago into a surﬁ cial sandy aquifer, underlain by an organic-rich clayey aquitard. In 2007, the source zone was treated via soil mixing with zero-valent iron and bentonite, with the goal of reducing mass discharge from the source zone via abiotic degradation and source zone permeability reduction. The goal of this study is to collect clear performance data for evaluating back diffusion effects on downgradient plume cleanup. Several innovative high resolution site characterization and monitoring techniques have been employed including: (1) membrane interface probe (MIP), (2) collection of continuous cores for assessing small-scale heterogeneity with detailed VOC subsampling to quantify contaminant distributions, (3) installation and temporal sampling of multilevel wells, and (4) microbial characterization and application of compound-speciﬁ c isotope analyses (CSIA) for assessment of degradation in the aquifer and underlying aquitard.

High resolution characterization results show much contaminant mass occurs in low permeability zones within the aquifer and in the aquitard, providing an expectation of strong back diffusion effects. However, evidence exists that degradation readily occurs within the aquitard, and this can greatly reduce the magnitude and longevity of back-diffusion due to the large mass storage in these low permeability zones. Characterization work has also provided valuable insight into additional processes contributing to downgradient plume persistence observed to date, 3.5 years following source zone treatment, including: 1) isolated zones of residual DNAPL outside of the treatment area, and 2) slow horizontal groundwater velocities and seasonal variations in ﬂ ow direction and magnitude in the aquifer. This study shows the beneﬁ t of full-site characterization to identify mass distributions and processes relevant in both low and higher permeability strata due to the importance of mass transfer between these zones strongly affecting remediation system performance and plume persistence.

AIPG/AIH/LM-A&WMA 2011 Geosciences: The Road to a Sustainable Future 29 THE UPPER SAN PEDRO BASIN: QUEST FOR SUSTAINABLE GROUNDWATER USE IN THE ARID SOUTHWEST Bruce Gungle, US Geological Survey, Tucson, AZ

By an Act of Congress in 2004, the Upper San Pedro Partnership, a consortium of 21 jurisdictions, government agencies, and private organizations with an interest in the Upper San Pedro Basin of southeastern Arizona, was charged with achieving sustainable groundwater yield in the Sierra Vista Subwa- tershed by September, 2011. The San Pedro River ﬂ ows north out of Mexico into the Sierra Vista Subwatershed and remains perennial in sections up to eight miles in length. The river’s riparian system provides important habitat for migratory and resident bird populations (over half the species found in North America have been sighted there), plant species including the endangered Huachuca Water Umbel, ﬁ sh, mammals, and amphibians.

Surface runoff recharges the basin aquifer along the base of fault block mountain fronts on the east and west sides of the basin, and eventually discharges to the riparian area and river that runs along the basin center. Groundwater withdrawal associated with the U.S. Army’s Fort Huachuca and adjacent City of Sierra Vista removes about 16,500 acre-ft per year of groundwater originally destined for the San Pedro River while enhanced and incidental recharge return about 8,600 acre-ft of water to the subsurface. Natural recharge, discharge, and subﬂ ow into and out of the Subwatershed add another 1,900 acre-ft (net) to the groundwater budget.

Sustainable groundwater yield has been defi ned by the Upper San Pedro Partnership as “...managing [groundwater] in a way that can be maintained for an indefi nite period of time, without causing unacceptable environmental, economic, or social consequences.” Eight environmental indicators of progress toward sustainable groundwater yield are monitored across the Subwatershed, and reported on to Congress each year. The indicators include groundwater levels, surface fl ow, and changes in aquifer storage.

The Partnership has been able to agree on just one metric of sustainability: an annual aquifer storage balance of at least zero which would indicate sustainable groundwater yield has been achieved. Owing to reductions in Subwatershed groundwater pumping and a number of water management projects that increase the amount of water recharging the aquifer, in 2009 the annual aquifer overdraft had been reduced by about 5,600 acre-ft since the base line year of 2002. An annual overdraft of 6,100 acre-ft remains however, and it is unlikely that sustainable yield will be achieved by September, 2011.

BRIEF OVERVIEW OF AMERICA’S RESPONSES TO MAJOR ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS Martin J. Hamper, AIPG CPG, GZA GeoEnvironmental, Downers Grove, IL

It has been suggested that man’s impact on the earth since the start of the Industrial Revolution has been great enough to recognize a new stratigraphic epoch, the “Anthropocene.” Man has changed sedimentation patterns, distributed inorganic, organic and radioactive pollutants world-wide, caused plant and animal extinctions, and has contributed to global warming and sea level rise.

While global warming is the great issue of today, other environmental problems linked to the Industrial Revolution were previously at center stage. Dense smoke, noxious odors, excessive noise, trafﬁ c congestion, overcrowding, poor drainage and sewerage, polluted waterways, impure drinking water, and mountains of decaying garbage were common issues attributed to the Industrial Revolution. The Garbage Nuisance of the late 19th century and early 20th century was the ﬁ rst modern environmental crisis. The reliance on the individual for waste management could not cope with the pressures of the Industrial Revolution. Cities increasingly took over the responsibility for street cleaning and municipal refuse management. By 1919, 89% of American cities had municipal refuse collection, addressing the problem of the day.

Smoke from the burning of coal and other fuels was the next great environmental challenge. Smoke was considered a nuisance that blotted out the sun, colored childrens’ cheeks, and deposited an oily soot on every surface, but there was controversy whether it presented a health threat. Smoke abatement was achieved through local ordinances which were eventually enacted in the early 20th century. The health threat due to air pollution became clear in 1948 when in Donora, Pennsylvania, 20 people died and 6,000 people were sickened due to an air pollution episode. Smog emerged as a problem in Los Angeles in the 1950’s, and London experienced the “Killer Smog” of 1962 where 700 people died. The 1963 Clean Air Act, as amended over the years, solved many problems of the day.

Industrial Revolution waste from the growing populations and industry typically ended up in the nearby waterway without treatment. The introduction of urban sewer systems with untreated discharge to a nearby waterway was an important sanitary reform in the late 19th century, but not without consequences. For example, the fl ow from the Chicago River was reversed through the Sanitary and Ship Canal in 1900 to stop the water laden with pollutants from its residents and industry from reaching the city’s drinking water intakes in Lake Michigan. In the early and mid 20th century, the Federal government left water pollution control largely to the states with limited success. Oil and debris fl oating on rivers in major urban areas caught fi re many times in the late 18th century through the mid 20th century. On June 22, 1969, oil and debris fl oating on the Cuyahoga River caught fi re and is considered to have been a rallying point for the passage of the Clean Water Act. In 1970 and 1972, the Clean Water Act (CWA) provided funding for the construction of municipal wastewater treatment plants, required wastewater discharge permits and oil Spill Prevention, Control and Countermeasures (SPCC).

“In 1969, the New York Times called waste the third pollution.” In 1970, the newly formed USEPA began working to close the 15,000 open dumps across the nation. In 1976, Toxic Substances Control Act was passed to regulate asbestos and polychlorinated biphenyls, and the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) focused on regulation of solid and hazardous waste. In the late 1970’s, a former chemical waste disposal site, Love Canal, was developed for residential use resulting in human and environmental consequences and was a factor leading to the passage of Superfund (i.e., Com- prehensive Environmental Response and Compensation Act of 1980). In 1983, the nation became aware that leaking underground storage tanks were polluting drinking water, leading to the passage of Subtitle I of RCRA in 1984. The Ashland Oil spill on the Monongahela River in 1988 and the 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill each played a role in changes to SPCC and the enactment of the Oil Pollution Action 1990.

30 AIPG/AIH/LM-A&WMA 2011 Geosciences: The Road to a Sustainable Future Our history shows that we have come a long way in air, water and waste pollution control. We have used an incremental approach that is not unlike peeling an onion and sequentially revealing the next layer. We solve the big problem of the day, the situation improves, and the next big issue becomes apparent and then, in turn, is addressed. Our society’s ability to solve seemingly insurmountable problems gives hope that the Anthropocene may be followed one day by new epoch not deﬁ ned by man.

LNAPL RECOVERY EVALUATION USING API LNAPL DISTRIBUTION AND RECOVERY MODEL Martin J. Hamper, AIPG CPG, GZA GeoEnvironmental, Downers Grove, IL Charla Reinganum, PE., FedEx Express

Historic releases from underground storage tanks and an aboveground storage tank resulted in the presence of free product in the subsurface. A multiphase extraction (MPE) system was installed at the site and operated for approximately 30 months; during that period the free product thicknesses in monitoring wells decreased. When the MPE system was placed on standby to evaluate the program effectiveness, free product returned to some of the monitoring wells. This suggested that additional free product recovery may be needed in certain areas of the site.

The American Petroleum Institute LNAPL Distribution and Recovery Model (LDRM) Version 1.2 was used to evaluate past performance and predict future operation of the MPE. The model uses capillary pressure relationships to estimate initial LNAPL saturation from the thickness of LNAPL in a well, and provides estimates of the total and recoverable LNAPL on a unit basis. This can be scaled by the area of LNAPL represented by that thickness to obtain an overall total and recovery volume estimates.

The model also simulates changes that will occur in LNAPL saturation, relative permeability and thickness in a well as LNAPL is recovered. It demonstrates how the formation’s permeability to LNAPL decreases as LNAPL saturation decreases, resulting in decreasing recovery rates and volumes as LNAPL recovery progresses. The model reports the LNAPL thicknesses, recovery rates and volumes.

For this site, the model’s pumping well recovery and vacuum enhanced functions were used to simulate an MPE in a one layer system. The formation is assumed to be laterally homogeneous. The material property inputs to the model include LNAPL thickness in a well, porosity, hydraulic conductivity, the van Genuchten parameters N and alpha, the irreducible water saturation, residual LNAPL saturation, LNAPL density, LNAPL viscosity, and water and LNAPL surface and interfacial tensions. The model inputs for pumping well recovery include the recovery time, well radius, radius of recovery, radius of inﬂ uence, saturated thickness and water production rate. For the vacuum enhanced feature, the model inputs included suction pressure, screen length and radius of capture.

The model was calibrated against the declining LNAPL thickness in a site monitoring well during the 30 month MPE operation. Fluid and soil parameters were estimated from literature sources and adjusted during the calibration. Other operational parameters were also estimated. The Mualem Model was used as recommended for ﬁ ne grained soils. The LNAPL Distribution and Recovery Model results indicate an operational time of less than one year would result in satisfactory reductions in LNAPL thickness in a monitoring well. There are many unconstrained variables used in the model contributing to uncertainty and non-uniqueness, but it is considered suitable as a screening tool.

ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABLE IRRIGATION WITHDRAWAL MODEL BASED ON A SYNTHETIC MODEL OF THE SIPSEY RIVER SWAMP Cameron Troy Handyside, Earth Systems Science Center, University of Alabama Huntsville, Huntsville, AL

This paper presents a hydrologic study to determine the environmentally safe withdrawal limits from surface water in Alabama. The Study implements statistical analysis on geographical information and historic stream fl ow data. The withdrawals are intended for irrigation to increase agricultural production in Alabama; where rain-fed farming fails to compete with western, irrigated farms. The environmental limits are based on the principle of not altering river fl oodplain inundation levels, which are considered more sensitive to withdrawals than in-stream fl ows. The hydrologic reconnaissance of this study was applied to Sipsey river swamp in Alabama as a case study. The results show that even during a drought year, the Sipsey River Swamp provides 29,000 acre-feet of water that could be used for irrigation. Further historic data show that on average, the Sipsey River could provide 48,000 acre-feet per year and based on crop models, Alabama agriculture would greatly benefi t from just 1 foot of irrigation per acre. So in this case, a small river like the Sipsey could provide irrigation for 48,000 acres.

OIL AND GAS PRICES AND CURRENCIES; HOW DID WE GET HERE AND WHERE ARE WE HEADED? Clarence James Harden, ASA, AIPG CPG, Berkeley Research Group, LLC, Houston, TX

The US$ (dollar) began to devalue in 2002 and the current economic cycle could be much longer than many contemporary scholars believe. The volatility of the dollar has had tremendous implications on the price of oil. Original analysis of historical currencies, their correlation to oil prices and the volatility between each is examined. This paper will explain that there is a high correlation (up to 0.95 R2) between the dollar and oil prices, and that rational geological, engineering and ﬁ nancial decision-making must consider the short and long term ramiﬁ cations of energy prices.

AIPG/AIH/LM-A&WMA 2011 Geosciences: The Road to a Sustainable Future 31 Concisely, this paper will accomplish the following: 1) Examine recent economic events, focusing on the effects on the dollar and the subsequent price of crude oil, 2) Discuss how a devalued dollar affects reserve values of a sample oil ﬁ eld and a sample shale gas ﬁ eld, 3) Assess natural gas pricing dynamics and how shale gas has impacted the US gas supply and natural gas prices, 4) Suggest what the real price of oil and natural gas should be and provide insight into future oil prices and natural gas prices.

Applications include economic reserve analysis, valuation, acquisitions and divestitures, and business planning by way of a deeper understanding of fundamental movements; as well as how your understanding of those movements can bring enormous value to your company and your clients.

It is imperative that geologists, engineers and business planners understand key economic and ﬁ nancial drivers when performing analysis and making investment decisions. The audience will gain an understanding of the fundamental drivers behind commodity prices and allow more accurate forecast- ing.

VAPOR INTRUSION CASE STUDY AT A CAPPED DRUM DISPOSAL SITE David Heidlauf, AIPG CPG, ENVIRON International Corp., Chicago, IL

A multi-phase vapor intrusion investigation and response actions were conducted at a mid-continent buried drum disposal site in conjunction with the Site’s ﬁ ve year review. Over one hundred thousand drums were disposed of at the Site in the 1960’s in unlined trenches in upland areas with a 100-foot thick, sandy, vadose zone. Ten thousand plus part per million by volume (ppmv) carbon tetrachloride concentrations are present in source area vadose zone soil gas. Forty part per million (ppm) carbon tetrachloride concentrations are present in groundwater emanating from the source area. The carbon tetrachloride concentration in groundwater one to two miles downgradient of the source area decreases to approximately 5 ppm proximal to the groundwater discharge zone to creek. The vapor intrusion investigation was conducted approximately ten years after construction of the Site’s landﬁ ll capping and groundwater pump and treatment remedies.

Initial vapor intrusion investigation actions consisted of collection of ﬁ fteen shallow soil gas samples along a two-mile long county road right-a-way aligned along the plume axis and adjacent to local residences. Carbon tetrachloride soil gas concentrations were non-detect at 11 locations, between 20 and 60 parts per billion by volume (ppbv) at three locations, and 1,500 ppbv at one distal, downgradient location. Subsequent data acquisition consisted of collection of paired indoor and ambient air samples at 11 residences and conducting a comprehensive year long ambient air investigation. Two of the most downgradient residences where the vadose zone thinned to 30 to 40 feet were determined to have elevated carbon tetrachloride concentrations (~4 to 6 ppbv) in indoor air excess of the EPA November 2002 10-4 risk screening level of 2.6 ppbv. Vapor mitigation systems were installed and are operating at both of these residences. Residences located closer to the buried drum source area where the vadose zone is thicker had lower indoor air concentrations of carbon tetrachloride below the risk screening level.

An important aspect of the evaluation was accounting for background concentrations in ambient air. During warm weather conditions, background concentrations of carbon tetrachloride between 1 and 2 ppbv were detected and attributed to emanate from nearby impacted streams and wetlands and from the buried drum source areas. Adjusted indoor air carbon tetrachloride concentrations were determined by subtracting the detected ambient air carbon tetrachloride concentration from the detected indoor air carbon tetrachloride concentration.

ENHANCED HEAVY OIL RECOVERY BY ALKALI- SURFACTANT IN THE PENNSYLVANIA WARNER SANDSTONE Rabia Mohamed Hunky, Yongfu Wu, Shari Dunn-Norman, Baojun Bai, Department of Geological Science and Engineering Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO

In this research, a study of non-thermal method, alkaline-surfactant (AS) ﬂ ooding, to enhance heavy oil recovery from Pennsylvanian Warner sandstone reservoir in Western Missouri has been conducted. This work includes testing about 30 commercial surfactants and using a heavy oil sample with an API of 17.

It has been found that a number of surfactants can create stable emulsions. The viscosity of Warner heavy oil can be reduced from 18,518 cp to 2.5 cp at 25° C through emulsiﬁ cation by certain surfactants. The emulsion of the heavy oil and formation brine is stable. One of the major ﬁ ndings is that the emulsion created by commercial surfactant Igepal® CO-530 was stable for several weeks at 25° C, but the oil and brine can be readily separated at a slightly elevated temperature, e.g. 40° C, without the addition of any de-emulsion agent.

To measure incremental recovery of the heavy oil by alkaline-surfactant, core ﬂ ooding tests were performed by use of Igepal® CO-530 surfactant solution plus NaOH at 0.6 wt% in the synthetic brine. These tests were conducted under both oil-wet and water-wet reservoir conditions the highest oil recovery was always obtained under water-wet condition.

The mechanism of heavy oil recovery by different surfactants was studied. Spontaneous imbibition tests were conducted to measure heavy oil recovery by different surfactants. The oil recovery also was between 40% and 60% for nonionic surfactants; 10% and 20% for anionic surfactants, and ~ 0% with formation water only. These characteristics were investigated by measuring the contact angle of water on the sandstone surface treated with model heavy oil sample. The results showed that the contact angle of water was signiﬁ cantly reduced with the application of surfactant from oil-wet to water-wet.

32 AIPG/AIH/LM-A&WMA 2011 Geosciences: The Road to a Sustainable Future Screening tests were also performed to measure interfacial tension, to determine a chemical formula that could effectively disperse the heavy Warner oil in aqueous solutions. These results, along with relative permeability, residual saturations and wettability were used to conduct a simulation using CMG software. These results were in good agreement with experimental work, suggesting that further testing of AS ﬂ ooding should be conducted.

SUSTAINABLE WATER TREATMENT PRACTICES FOR BLUE GREEN ALGAE BLOOMS TO RESTORE LAKES AND RESERVOIRS James A. Jacobs, AIPG CPG, [email protected], Environmental Bio-Systems, Inc., Mill Valley, CA John Archibald, [email protected], inVentures Technologies, Inc., Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada David Drury, [email protected], Santa Clara Valley Water District, San Jose, CA

Sustainable water treatment practices focus on technologies that are less toxic, use fewer chemicals and conserve energy. Cyanobacteria blooms and other reducing geochemical conditions in lakes and reservoirs create problems for human health, algal toxins, taste and odor problems, elevated turbidity, and signifi cantly decreased oxygen concentrations. Blooms of cyanobacteria, also called blue green algae, are caused by low dissolved-oxygen concentrations, elevated water temperatures, high nutrient levels, high organic input, seasonal water fl uctuations, high sediment infl ow, calm or stagnant water, and other factors. Artifi cial lakes are particularly prone to blue green algae blooms where deep and thorough water circulation, especially near the dam, is limited, and sediment buildup with high organic content increases over time, reducing oxygen in the water. Similar ecosystem problems are seen in dead zones associated with excessive pesticide use or oil spills in river or marine environments. Dissolved-oxygen levels associated with lake, reservoir, and even marine environments are important indicators of a healthy ecosystem. The solubility of oxygen in fresh water at one atmosphere at 25° C is about 8.2 mg/L. Sea water at the same temperature, due to high levels of dissolved salts, has even less carrying capacity for dissolved oxygen (DO), which is about 7.1 mg/L. As a result of excessive nutrients or even naturally occurring optimal conditions for algae blooms, dissolved oxygen in lakes, reservoirs, or the marine environment is consumed rapidly, especially as the water temperature rises. In local areas when dissolved oxygen reaches less than 2 mg/L, fi sh kills and major dead zones will be observed. Under certain conditions, hypoxia may also promote the conversion of mercury in bottom sediment to methyl mercury in the water column, which may then become bioavailable.

Oxygen is non-toxic, and oxygenation of lakes, reservoirs, and marine dead zones restores the resource and economic value, reduces health risks, pre- vents harmful blue green algae blooms, expands aquatic habitat and community, and reduces invasive and nuisance species from becoming established. This talk will examine an industrial-scale technology that is solar powered and infuses large quantities of dissolved oxygen into hypoxic zones. The gas infusion technology can be used to treat blue green algae blooms in lakes and reservoirs, as well as the hypoxic conditions resulting from crude oil or chemical spills in restricted environments such as estuaries and bays.

TWO METALS TREATMENTS FOR SOIL, SLUDGES, AND WATER USING GREEN REMEDIATION CRITERIA James A. Jacobs, AIPG CPG, [email protected], Environmental Bio-Systems, Inc., Mill Valley, CA Stephen M. Testa, [email protected], California State Mining and Geology Board, Sacramento, CA

Sustainable practices for environmental remediation projects requires a new level of scrutiny where air emissions, energy resources, water use, materials and waste generation, energy effi ciency and land and ecosystems elements are evaluated. Two very different green technology approaches to the remediation of heavy metals, resource recovery, and in-situ geochemical fi xation were evaluated by implementing these approaches in the fi eld and subsequently reviewing the results obtained. Resource recovery was evaluated by incorporating metals-affected soils and sludges into a cold-mix asphaltic (CMA) product. In-situ geochemical fi xation using immobilizing compounds or fermentable oils was also evaluated.

From an environmental perspective, the use of cold-mix asphalt in dealing with petroleum-hydrocarbons in soils and sludges commenced in the early 1990s, and was successfully and widely used in southern California for the reuse and recycling of soils containing waste metals (tailing piles, metal recycling facilities, among others) or other contaminants, including chlorinated solvents, pesticides, and petroleum hydrocarbons. Unlike hot-mix asphalt with mix-design limitations, mix-designs for cold-mix asphaltic end products vary signifi cantly depending on the end use. Thus, the amount of contaminated material being incorporated can also vary signifi cantly since end-use specifi cations will differ greatly depending on whether a parking area, bike path, hiking trail, berm, or high-performance road is being constructed. One mobile pug mill can produce about 1,000 tons of product per day. An attractive feature of CMA is that the product produced can be stockpiled for several months until it is used. The most attractive feature is when the product can be used on site where the material being incorporated exists. Once CMA processing is completed, and the affected soils have been successfully incorporated as an ingredient in a commercially viable asphaltic end product, no further tracking of the material is required. The CMA process satisfi es several of the Federal guidelines for selection of a remedial action because it provides reduced contaminant mobility, uses resource recovery/ alternative treatment technology, and is cost effective. Feasibility studies and analytical testing descriptions will be discussed as well as a few California projects with results of the Cold-Mix Asphalt Process.

Geochemical fi xation uses redox changes to precipitate heavy metals into sulfi des, hydroxides, or carbonates. Immobilizing chemicals, notably, calcium polysulfi de, sodium metabisulfate or ferrous sulfate, can be used for reducing oxidized and soluble metals. For example, chromium [Cr(VI)] precipitates into Cr(III) and ultimately into an insoluble form of chromium hydroxide. Other heavy metals when reduced typically precipitate into sulfi des. Bench testing procedures, real-time fi eld laboratory monitoring using spectrophotometer analysis, and the results of the injection program will be discussed. Another form of metals precipitation is using biotic/abiotic reducing compounds to precipitate soluble metals in groundwater. These chemicals include the addition of fermentable carbon substrates, such as emulsifi ed vegetable oils. These metals immobilizing processes can be enhanced using

AIPG/AIH/LM-A&WMA 2011 Geosciences: The Road to a Sustainable Future 33 hydrogen infusion which can eliminate up to 50% of the volume of carbon substrate requirements. Examples of bench testing and ﬁ eld projects using in-situ geochemical ﬁ xation methods will be discussed during this presentation. In summary, both remediation strategies have a demonstrable record of being environmentally sound and cost effective when applied to the appropriate sites.

LOW-COST LNAPL REMEDIATION USING SIMPLE GREEN® Ross Jones, ENVIRON International Corp., Chicago, IL

The commercially available nonhazardous cleaning product Simple Green® was used to enhance the extraction of hydraulic oil present in the form of a light non-aqueous phase liquid (LNAPL) beneath an industrial building in suburban Chicago. For a period of 20 years, hydraulic oil and condensate leaked from two blow molding machines into shallow fl oor troughs beneath the machines. Open joints in the troughs allowed the oil and condensate to migrate beneath the building fl oor and horizontally within gravel conduits associated with subfl oor foundations and several underground interior utility lines. Up to 0.7 feet of LNAPL was measured on top of perched groundwater in shallow recovery wells installed inside the building, potentially representing several hundred gallons of free product. Periodic pumping of the recovery wells over a period of two years appeared to confi ne the oil to the building area, but did not signifi cantly reduce the total quantity of hydraulic oil present beneath the building.

The non-hazardous cleaning product Simple Green® was used to enhance the recovery of free product and oil-contaminated perched water beneath the building. Simple Green® contains two surfactants, an emulsifi er, and a wetting agent. Twelve 55-gallon drums of Simple Green® concentrate were mixed with tap water to make approximately 3,000 gallons of a 1:4 surfactant solution, recommended by the manufacturer for “heavy cleaning”. The solution was pumped into the recovery wells over a period of two days. Oil and perched groundwater were simultaneously removed from adjacent recovery wells using a vacuum truck to enhance the hydraulic gradient and disperse the surfactant through the saturated gravel fi ll materials. The presence of foam in wells being pumped provided an indicator of successful surfactant dispersal. Reductions in LNAPL thickness of up to 50% were observed with only limited rebound following the fi rst two-day surfactant fl ushing episode. A second surfactant fl ushing episode was completed approximately three months later, employing similar injections methods.

Approximately one month after the second surfactant fl ushing episode, the thickness of LNAPL measured in the wells was found to have decreased between 63% and 83% as compared with pre-remediation conditions. The vertical and horizontal confi nement of the perched groundwater zone beneath the site building and the coarse subsurface materials were favorable site conditions for surfactant fl ushing. Additional rounds of surfactant fl ushing are planned. The cost of the remedial program to date is less than $60,000, making surfactant fl ushing using Simple Green® an attractive alternative to LNAPL technologies likely to be more expensive and/or time consuming, such as in-situ chemical oxidation, bioremediation, or direct LNAPL recovery using skimmers or other methods.

AN ALTERNATIVE APPROACH TO REUSE AND RETAIN DREDGED SEDIMENT USING GEOTEXTILE CONTAINERS IN SUSTAINABLE ECOSYSTEM RESTORATION Nageshwarreddy V. Karnati, Williamsport, MD, Sachin Mandavkar, and Rusty Payne

This paper presents an alternative, innovative approach applied during construction by using a combination of both land-based and ﬂ oating-plant equipment used in dredging sediment. Filtering and reuse of dredged sediment by pumping into geotextile containers provided an environmentally friendly and efﬁ cient construction technique for establishing an island in a lake with soft clay sediments and shallow waters. Mechanical dredging adjacent to soft sediments was used to maintain a high solid content with 40 percent liquid for pumping into geotextile containers thereby reducing turbidity and minimizing habitat issues.

Geotextile containers are used in construction of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers’ Peoria Riverfront Ecosystem Development Project in Peoria, Illi- nois. The Illinois River basin’s ecosystem restoration was achieved with construction of 21-acre mid-sized island with associated dredging, and channel excavation to create an aquatic habitat and to restore a deep-water ﬁ sheries habitat that had been lost in Lower Peoria Lake due to sedimentation. Three rows of geotextile containers 100 ft long, 45 ft in circumference, and approximately 6 ft high when ﬁ lled are being used to create the island’s structural embankment. Stage one was completed in early 2010 and employed approximately 165 MacTube® geotextile containers. Bank stabilization would provide protection for approximately 80% of the hydrograph. Riprap would be placed after the completion of island construction until anticipated island slope erosion occurs at an unstable angle providing cost savings.

NEAR-SURFACE HYDROGEOLOGY AND SUSTAINABLE REDEVELOPMENT OF HEAVILY URBANIZED WATERSHEDS Martin Kaufman, University of Michigan-Flint, Flint, MI

A case study of the Rouge River in southeastern Michigan USA was performed to evaluate the opportunities for sustainable redevelopment within a heavily urbanized and impaired watershed. A stepwise pollution prevention framework was used to evaluate the processes generating waste, the types of wastes generated, identify specifi c chemicals used, and to calculate the relative vulnerabilities of the surface soil and groundwater. The fi ndings indicate that point sources and nonpoint sources of water pollution share similar characteristics, specifi cally their transport media and transport processes. This common ground allows for the application of a successful point source prevention framework to nonpoint sources. Analysis of the site and situation re-

34 AIPG/AIH/LM-A&WMA 2011 Geosciences: The Road to a Sustainable Future lationships of urban land uses also reveals that sustainable redevelopment alternatives must rely on the science used for remediation. For these efforts to succeed, detailed urban geological maps are required as a starting point to assess damaged sites and facilitate efforts for their remediation and redevelopment. Moreover, science-based landscape planning that incorporates geology at the parcel scale is a prerequisite for effective watershed management.

HYDRO-GEOLOGIC SPATIAL RESOLUTION USING FLEXIBLE LINERS Carl Keller, Flexible Liner Underground Technologies (FLUTe), Santa Fe, NM

Spatial resolution of water quality and formation hydraulic conductivity are important to contaminant plume assessment, contaminant transport, drinking water supply well design, and also mining and hydrocarbon extraction. Flexible Liner Underground Technologies, FLUTe, has developed a variety of unique and well-tested methods for mapping contaminant distribution and fl ow path characterization in geologic formations. Blank liners are used to quickly and completely seal boreholes. The blank liner installation procedure is also used to obtain a continuous map of the transmissivity distribution of the geologic formation intersected by the borehole (FLUTe T/K Profi le). Liners are also used with a reactive cover to map in two dimensions the spatial DNAPL pure product distribution (NAPL FLUTe). An activated carbon felt strip is incorporate with the NAPL FLUTe cover to obtain a replica of the contaminant dissolved phase distribution in the pore space of the formation (FACT). Multi-level sampling liners (Water FLUTes) can obtain depth discrete water quality samples and head distributions in sealed holes. A new technique (FLUTe RHP, for reverse head profi le) uses the blank liner stepwise removal to map the formation head distribution after the continuous transmissivity distribution was measured during the blank liner installation. A new air coupled transducer technique (ACT) can dramatically reduce the lifetime cost of continuous multi level transducer measurements of formation head histories by locating the recording transducers at the surface for reuse, repair or recalibration. These liner methods are used in vertical, angled, and horizontal holes. Advantages of these methods are that they are performed relatively quickly and therefore with reduced labor costs and with a minimum time for the borehole to be open for cross connection. These methods are used in karst formations and highly fractured rock formations with little concern about leakage past the continuous sealing liners. This paper briefl y describes how these several measurements are performed, how the data are reduced to hydro-geologic properties, and examples of the results are provided.

IN SITU CHEMICAL OXIDATION OF 1,1,2 TRICHLOROETHANE IN PIEDMONT SETTING USING ALKALINE-ACTIVATED PERSULFATE Burdick, J., Killenbeck, E., Newtown, PA, Lenzo, F., Shafer, J., Liao, K., and Liles, D.

In-situ chemical oxidation applications face a number of challenges, such as contaminant and geochemical compatibility, limitations related to reaction kinetics, and the overall challenge of delivering oxidants and achieving contact with target mass. These challenges are magnifi ed when applying the technique into heterogeneous Piedmont geology. A site in the southeastern US is examined for treatment of 1,1,2-trichloroethane (1,1,2-TCA) by persulfate in a geologically complex Piedmont setting. Prior to implementation a bench scale study was completed to evaluate the effi cacy of 1,1,2-TCA treatment via several persulfate activation scenarios. The bench scale included a control with no amendment, persulfate, persulfate with iron chelators and persulfate with alkaline activation using sodium hydroxide. Results from the bench scale test provided data showing reductions from the initial concentrations of 1,1,2-TCA for iron chelators and for alkaline activation. The alkaline activation scenario indicated reductions of greater than 99.9% occurred. A pilot test was then implemented in an area of 1,1,2-TCA impacts with concentrations up to 150 mg/L. The pilot goals were to achieve mass removal while also providing hydraulic and treatment parameters for full scale design. Pilot testing consisted of two injection events of alkaline activated persulfate to a target radius of infl uence that was verifi ed in the fi eld using specifi c conductance and pH as a tracer. The fi rst component of the pilot test was to introduce the activated persulfate into the pilot test area by injection only. Additional injection event during the pilot test utilized extraction while injecting in an attempt to enhance the distribution of persulfate. Performance monitoring included monitoring of pH during injections, sodium persulfate, chlorinated VOCs, and conductivity. Results from the fi eld scale applications demonstrated reductions in aqueous phase concentrations during the work of reductions of up to 100% in the injection wells and reductions of downgradient wells between 45% to 98% with persistence of residual persulfate maintained for two to three months during the post-injection monitoring.

CHEMICAL OXIDATION OF WOOD TREATING CONTAMINANTS INCLUDING PENTACHLOROPHENOL Kinsman, Larry, ORIN Remediation Technologies, LLC., McFarland, WI

ORIN used ex-situ chemical oxidation methods to successfully remediate soils contaminated with creosote compounds at a former wood frame manufacturing plant in Lester Prairie, Minnesota. Two onsite areas, Location One and Location Four, were selected for remediation using two differing treatment chemistries, iron-activated hydrogen peroxide and alkaline-activated sodium persulfate, respectively.

Prior to conducting onsite remediation, bench-scale testing was performed on representative samples from Locations One and Four using both treatment chemistries. Bench-scale testing evaluates different treatment chemistries and dosage rates for optimal contaminant oxidation of pentachlorophenol. The hydrogen peroxide chemistry successfully treated the soil from Location One but was unable to treat soil from Location Four, even after multiple applications, due to high petroleum concentrations. However, the sodium persulfate chemistry successfully treated soil from Location Four in one application and therefore was subsequently chosen for full-scale remediation.

Following bench-scale testing, onsite ex-situ remedial activities were implemented. Ex-situ remediation consists of spraying the pre-mixed treatment

AIPG/AIH/LM-A&WMA 2011 Geosciences: The Road to a Sustainable Future 35 chemistry solution directly onto the contaminated soil while simultaneously mixing the soil using an excavator. The soil may be treated within the excavation or in an onsite, bermed area adjacent to the excavation. The soil is fully saturated with treatment chemistry to ensure direct oxidant contact with contaminants.

The lime used for alkaline activation served a dual purpose: it catalyzed the creation of the sulfate radical necessary for oxidation by increasing soil pH, while simultaneously extracting pentachlorophenol from the creosote.

THE GOOD, THE BAD, AND THE UGLY. EXPERIENCES IN CHEMICAL OXIDATION Kinsman, Larry, ORIN Remediation Technologies, LLC., McFarland, WI

Larry Kinsman will present a brief overview of the types of chemical approaches and methodologies currently being used for chemical remediation as well as the good, the bad, and the ugly experiences that can occur utilizing chemical treatments.

Proper delineation is the key component to any successful remedial effort. Therefore, it recommended a Total Oxidant Demand (TOD) test and/or a treatability study be performed prior to remedial activities. This ensures real time data as well and the most cost effective treatment chemistry to destroy the contaminants of concern.

There are many oxidative chemistries as well as bioremediation and reductive dechlorination chemistries. Choosing the right one is crucial to the team’s success. In addition, ORIN will discuss multiple ways to inject/apply these chemistries to the areas of concern.

Even armed with proper delineation and effective treatment chemistry, you can’t always predict how the chemistry will behave in the subsurface, whether it is radius of inﬂ uence, residence time with the contaminant, fractures, unknown paths of least resistance, metals issues, adsorbed contaminants, short circuiting, etc. Some examples will be provided demonstrating the positive and negative dynamics of the above mentioned relationships.

To summarize, the topics to be discussed are delineation, TOD, treatability studies, implementation processes, pilot scale and full scale remedial activities. In addition, Larry will discuss a few case studies with mixed results involving some of the parameters listed above.

SIOUX CITY STOCKYARDS BROWNFIELDS PROJECT: BUILDING A ROAD TO A SUSTAINABLE FUTURE Michelle Brady, Sioux City Community Development Specialist Todd Knause, AIPG CPG, PG, Principle Environmental Scientist, Stanley Consultants, Inc., Coralville, IA

Sioux City is the fourth largest city in Iowa and located at the navigational headwaters of the Missouri River. The City was founded in 1854 and shortly thereafter James Booge arrived and started a meat packing business slaughtering over 100,000 hogs per year. As the City and Booge’s business grew, the need for expansion lead to the opening of the ﬁ rst large-scale meat packing plant and stockyards in the south bottoms of the ﬂ ood prone Floyd River. By the 1920s, the stockyards had grown to over 80 acres and supported the “big three” meat packing plants, Armour, Cudahy, and Swift. With the introduction of the railroad and refrigerated cars, animal production peaked in 1924 at over 3 million head per year with annual gross revenues of over $60 million. Thousands of people worked at the world’s largest stockyards and related businesses which covered more than 200 acres along both sides of the Floyd River. As recently as 1973, more livestock were sold in Sioux City than at any other stockyards in the world.

Even so, the stockyards and supporting industries were in decline. In 1974, the last of the “big three” closed its doors. The decentralization of the industry slowly led to the demise of open livestock auctions in urban areas. Smaller more automated plants began to open in the countryside, where animals were brought directly from producers. Finally in August of 2005, the ﬁ nal livestock auction was held and the Sioux City Stockyards were closed. Shortly thereafter the last slaughterhouse closed its doors in April of 2010.

The City, seeing a need to revitalize the “yards” and the great potential of having 200 acres adjacent to the downtown area, started acquiring abandoned and tax delinquent properties. In 1999, Sioux City was awarded its fi rst EPA Brownfi elds Grant to conduct environmental site assessments in the former stockyard and surrounding area. Since then the City has received over $3 million in EPA and Iowa Brownfi elds funding to acquire properties, demolish buildings, conduct environmental site assessments, and clean-up contamination. Thanks to the local geology, innovative brownfi elds cleanup techniques such as engineering and institutional controls have been successfully implemented to redevelop several properties impacted with asbestos, heavy metals, and petroleum products left behind by previous land use practices. The City worked with EPA Region 7 and the Iowa Department of Natural Resources to develop cost effective site-specifi c corrective actions that provided the public with adequate protection from exposure to the contaminants of concern and allowed for future redevelopment that would reuse the existing infrastructure. This enabled the regulators to issue No Further Action Required letters giving fi nancial institutions the needed comfort to provide gap funding. Partnerships were forged between the City and various county, state and federal agencies, developers, fi nancial institutions, and the community to assure optimization of all available funding resources.

In 2009, the City’s creativity and foresight was recognized for its Fourth Street Place brownfi elds project by receiving a Phoenix Award as one of the top success stories in the nation. This mixed used redevelopment project created over 100 new jobs and increased tax revenues by over 2000 percent annually. The project played a signifi cant role in Sioux City being selected as one of Iowa’s fi rst “Great Places” by the Iowa Department of Cultural Affairs. In 2008 and 2009, the Sioux City Tri-State Metropolitan Area was recognized by Site Selection as the top economic development community

36 AIPG/AIH/LM-A&WMA 2011 Geosciences: The Road to a Sustainable Future in the United States for communities with populations between 50,000 and 200,000 people. Most recently, Money magazine recognized Sioux City in its August 2010 issue of “Best Places To Live”.

GEOLOGICAL AND GEOMORPHOLOGICAL EVOLUTION OF THE EGYPTIAN NILE BETWEEN ASWAN AND KOM OMBO: A REMOTE SENSING AND FIELD STUDY APPROACH Leslie Lansbery, AIPG Student Member, [email protected], US Geological Survey, Rolla, MO

This work uses fi eld and remote sensing studies to examine structural controls of the Egyptian Nile between Aswan and Kom Ombo (referred here to as AKN). This segment of the Egyptian Nile incises through Cretaceous Nubian sandstone and Precambrian crystalline rocks separated by a shallow, north-dipping unconformity. It was only at 0.8 Ma that the Egyptian Nile connected to the rest of the sub-Sahara Africa drainage system. Prior to this time, the Egyptian Nile evolved independently through 8 phases: Pre-Eonile (>6 Ma), Eonile (6.0-5. 4 Ma), Gulf Phase (5.4-3.3 Ma), Paleonile Phase (3.3-1.8 Ma), Desert Phase (1.8-0.8 Ma), Prenile Phase (0.8-0.4 Ma), Neonile Phase (0.4 Ma-12 ka) and Modern Nile (12 ka-Present). Results of this work show the following: (1) The AKN region is dominated by N, NE, E, and NW-trending fractures. (2) The pre-Eonile phase is represented by a W (Wadi Abu Subbaira E of the Nile) and a NW-fl owing drainage system (Wadi Kubbania W of the Nile). The Wadi Kubbania is controlled by a ~4 km wide, ~150 m deep NW-trending graben. (3) The course of the AKN can be approximated by ~10 km long right-stepping segments controlled by discrete NNW and NE-trending fractures. (4) South of the unconformity between the Precambrian crystalline rocks and the Cretaceous Nubian sandstone, the river incised through the entire Cretaceous Nubian sandstone section to expose the Precambrian crystalline rocks. Here the AKN follows many fracture-controlled courses forming the fi rst cataract. (5) The Eonile and Gulf Phases did not extend southward to reach Aswan since the Precambrian crystalline rocks are exposed there. (6) The AKN evolution has been infl uenced by the Red Sea and the Nubian Swell regional tectonics but local structures have also played an important role in its evolution.

CHEMICAL OXIDATION FOR NAPL REMEDIATION Kevin Michael Lienau, PE, [email protected], Groundwater and Environmental Services, Inc., Eagan, MN Dean A. Richesin, PG, CEG, Groundwater and Environmental Services, Inc., Aurora, IL, [email protected]

Non-aqueous-phase liquid (NAPL) recovery, although used most frequently to remediate large plumes, may be limited in its effectiveness due to various factors. In-situ chemical oxidation may provide a more effective remedy for weathered NAPL, diesel fuel, or heavier fuel by minimizing risks and plume mobility via reduction of VOCs in soil, groundwater, and NAPL; volume and thickness of NAPL; and NAPL mobility by increasing viscosity. GES’ innovative approach to remediation of NAPL includes the following strategies: mobility analysis; risk assessment; and determination of the remediation endpoint. This approach involves determining the reduction of NAPL thickness necessary to prevent future off-site migration and the thickness at which NAPL can effectively be recovered; the concentrations in soil, groundwater, and NAPL which will not present an unacceptable risk to human health; and cleanup goals based on results of the mobility and risk analyses. The presentation provides several case studies demonstrating the effectiveness of these strategies in remediating large NAPL plumes via chemical oxidation methods.

DEVELOPING ACCURATE REMEDIATION STRATEGIES THROUGH EFFECTIVE FEASIBILITY TESTING Kevin Michael Lienau, PE, Groundwater and Environmental Services, Inc., Eagan, MN Dean A. Richesin, PG, CEG, Groundwater and Environmental Services, Inc., Aurora, IL, [email protected]

When selecting a remedial technology to address environmental impacts, the performance of an effective feasibility test is essential. The information gathered during the study is often used to design a full-scale remediation system; a properly conducted pilot test is crucial in developing an effective approach to site remediation. Years of system operation and maintenance can be eliminated through pilot test performance and effective system design, resulting in reduced life-cycle costs for site cleanup. The data acquisition and processing laboratory (DAPL) is a unique pilot-testing platform that allows for the evaluation of multiple technologies during one feasibility study mobilization. The DAPL vehicle enables engineers and geologists to collected accurate, real-time data to determine if a remedial approach is effective while the test is ongoing. The discussion will also detail how a one- or two-day feasibility test can be performed to evaluate up to eight different aggressive remediation technologies. Following an effective feasibility test, test data can be used to prepare life-cycle remediation costs for various remediation technologies. This presentation will walk through the steps of performing an effective feasibility study including: gaining an understanding of the site conceptual model; planning an enhanced test strategy; performing the test with the appropriate equipment and supervision; and summarizing/evaluating the test results to develop your remedial plan.

THE ILLINOIS LIDAR INITIATIVE: ACHIEVING A STATEWIDE ARCHIVE OF ENHANCED ELEVATION DATA Donald E. Luman, Principal Geologist, Illinois State Geological Survey, Champaign, IL 61820-6964, [email protected]

The median age of the elevation source data for a majority of Illinois’ USGS 7.5-minute topographic quadrangle maps is now 40 years, and in some

AIPG/AIH/LM-A&WMA 2011 Geosciences: The Road to a Sustainable Future 37 areas of the state the median age is 70 years. Outdated elevation data is especially of concern in areas where human activity and geomorphic processes are actively modifying the land surface. In addition to data source currency, the horizontal resolution and vertical accuracy of these elevation data is inadequate to meet many of the needs of professional geologists and engineers. Initially funded by the National Geodetic Survey in FY08, with additional funding support by the Illinois Department of Transportation (IDOT), the Illinois Height Modernization Program initiative was established by IDOT and the Illinois State Geological Survey (ISGS) to address the state’s need for updated and enhanced elevation data. Light detection and ranging (Lidar) technology provides the most cost effective method of collecting high-resolution elevation information for large geographic regions.

As a partner agency in the Illinois Height Modernization Program, the ISGS is the primary in-state point-of-contact for county-based airborne Lidar elevation data, as well as the responsible agency for providing public access and distribution of Lidar data products. While there is a mixture of data products that can be derived from Lidar point clouds, the most desirable for geologists and engineers is the Lidar last returns ﬁ ltered to bare earth data, in which only the elevation points collected by the laser sensor system and classiﬁ ed as ground surface are retained. County-based Lidar bare earth datasets archived at the ISGS possess a nominal horizontal spacing between 1.0-1.2 meters based on the Illinois State Plane Coordinates related to the North American Datum of 1983 (NSRS2007). Within low to moderate relief areas of the state and within terrain not densely vegetated, Lidar bare earth data demonstrate a tested vertical accuracy relative to the North American Vertical Datum of 1988 to support two-foot contours.

As of June 2011, Lidar data deliverables have been completed for approximately one-quarter of Illinois. It is anticipated this will increase to approximately one-half of the state area within the year. The presentation will provide an overview of the statewide initiative to achieve ﬁ rst-time Lidar cover- age, and recent applications using this enhanced elevation data in Illinois will be demonstrated.

AN ARCHAIC ORGANIC CHEMICAL SYNTHESIS PROCESS FORMERLY USED TO MANUFACTURE A VARIETY OF CHEMICAL PRODUCTS HAS FOUND NEW LIFE AS AN ABIOTIC IN-SITU METHOD OF DIRECTLY CONVERTING HALOGENATED CONTAMINANTS TO CARBON DIOXIDE William L. Lundy, Principal, DeepEarth Technologies, Inc., Alsip, IL Daniel P. Cassidy, Professor of Geochemistry, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI

An amended version of a chemical synthesis process formerly used to manufacture synthetic alcohols has been developed that directly converts halogenated organic compounds to carbon dioxide, halide ions, and water. This abiotic reductive dehalogenation process is based upon the well know substitution nucleophilic mechanism and proceeds immediately upon contact of the contaminant with the nucleophile which is produced upon contact with the soil matrix. Unlike chemical oxidation mechanisms, the process is non-reactive with natural organic matter (NOM) and unaffected by the oxygen demand produced by the soil matrix (MOD). Because the reaction kinetics are driven only by the concentration of the halogenated organic contaminants and the concentration of the nucleophile, the process continues to proceed so long as the contaminant is present. Thus, the mechanism is ideal for rapid mitigation of free phase DNAPL.

In a companion mechanism, proceeding simultaneously with the production of the nucleophiles, hydroxyl radicals are produced that are reactive with hydrocarbon co-contaminants. Although these radicals are subject to the affects of NOM and MOD, they exist in a mutually exclusive relationship with the nucleophile. Thus, contaminants that are subject to destruction via a reductive dehalogenation process are mitigated at the same time and in the presence of contaminants (such as hydrocarbons) that are subject to destruction via an oxidation (addition) reaction. The process is initiated by the introduction of a single non-hazardous reagent moiety to contaminants found either in-situ or ex-situ.

Large scale ﬁ eld applications have been conducted demonstrating the efﬁ cacy of the process toward treatment of tetrachloroethyene (TCE) in the presence of hydrocarbons. The presentation will include reaction mechanisms as well as site data.

ONE SMALL FLORIDA COMMUNITY IMPLEMENTS SUSTAINABLE GROUNDWATER SUPPLY PRACTICES Helen V. Madeksho-Hickman, PG, AIPG CPG, Aquatech GeoSciences Inc., Lake Clarke Shores, FL David D. Peters, City of Stuart, Mary Kindel, City of Stuart

The City of Stuart is a small community located on a peninsula surrounded by the St. Lucie and Indian Rivers, adjacent to the Atlantic Ocean in southeast Florida; it is known as a game fi shing and tourist destination whose population increases by up to 20 percent in the winter months. The City is the largest municipality within Martin County. The City’s municipal utility provides water and sewer services to approximately 18,000 persons. The wastewater treatment plant, located close to the Indian River Lagoon, has undergone signifi cant upgrades since construction, the latest being completed in 2011. For several years treated wastewater was discharged into the Indian River Lagoon. However, in 1991, the Indian River Lagoon was designated an “Estuary of National Signifi cance” by the EPA. All discharge into the Lagoon was phased out after that time and deep well injection was used ex- clusively for effl uent disposal.

The City supplies potable water from shallow groundwater to the community, through a 6.0 mgd water treatment plant. The raw water supply consists of 30 wells. Nine wells are located in the vicinity of the Water Treatment Plant, ten are generally along the western boundary of the Martin County Airport and the remaining nine wells are adjacent to the old City landﬁ ll. Some wells have experienced contamination issues, including several in the vicinity of the landﬁ ll and airport. The wells closest to the water treatment plant are also near the St. Lucie Estuary and over-pumping could create a

38 AIPG/AIH/LM-A&WMA 2011 Geosciences: The Road to a Sustainable Future susceptibility to saltwater intrusion. Wetlands are present to the south of the City’s well ﬁ eld, within its cone of inﬂ uence, so pumping levels are subject to drawdown limits.

In 2003, the City faced decisions about the future of its water supply, as availability changed and a permit renewal was imminent; several options were available. The current water supply could be abandoned and replaced with a 6.0 mgd reverse osmosis system utilizing a brackish groundwater supply; water could be purchased from an adjacent utility to supplement the existing supply as demand increased; a reclaimed water system could be developed to supplement irrigation needs or provide aquifer recharge; a water conservation program could be implemented; Aquifer, Storage and Recovery (ASR) technology could be utilized for storage of raw, treated or reclaimed water; de-salination using ocean or lagoon water could be utilized for all or a part of the supply; or a combination of these options could be implemented.

This paper explains the options selected by the City. It includes details about the evaluation that determined the ultimate water supply determination. It examines the elements that have resulted in a cost effective and sustainable future water supply, particularly the water conservation measures and programs implemented by the City over the past four years. This extensive groundwater re-evaluation process is not unlike that which has been undertaken by many communities in Florida recently. As more water is diverted to replenish the environment, communities are being challenged to provide a sustainable water supply for their existing customers and meet projected water use in creative ways.

MODELING “BANK STORAGE” IN GROUND WATER FROM THE INFLUX ALONG A TIDAL CHANNEL AT CRANEY ISLAND VIRGINIA Thomas McGehee, Texas A&M University-Kingsville, Kingsville, TX, Joseph Sai, Praveen Kokkanti, and Bob Magee

A calibrated fi nite element fl ow (FEMWATER) model consisting of 17 vertical layers with 21,060 nodes and 36,431 elements (small scale model) was developed to address a range of groundwater problems at a site with light non-aqueous phase liquid (LNAPL). A small scale model of the shore area was constructed to determine if a fl uctuating boundary condition (tidal creek) would be stable in FEMWATER and to determine how long it would take the simulation to achieve steady state. The model was stable and achieved steady state in 30 simulation days. A larger site-wide model was developed to incorporate the fl ow fi eld around nine subsurface fuel tanks.

The model solution was found to provide an adequate model of the groundwater fl ow and dynamic tidal effects. The natural barrier created by the interaction of tidal infl ux and the local groundwater fl ow from the site produced a low pressure zone between the creek and tanks 273, 275, and 277. This ground water ‘low pressure zone” forms a zone of LNAPL accumulation parallel to the creek on the water table.

THE GLOBAL WATER CRISIS, ENERGY AND CLIMATE CHANGE UNCERTAINTY Miguel A. Medina, Jr., Professor, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA, [email protected]

Exceptional, and possibly historic, drought conditions in North Carolina and the rest of the Southeast were endured through part of 2007 and 2008. Exceptional drought has been endured throughout Texas (extreme drought throughout Georgia) during 2011. The Mississippi River and its tributaries swelled to historic fl ood levels in May 2011. Although considered extreme events for the United States, these drought and fl ood events are viewed within a global perspective as far from exceptional. More than 2.4 billion people worldwide lack access to sanitation; more than 1.2 billion are without potable water. Arabian peninsula countries are currently using an average of 85 percent of their total natural renewable water resources. The population of these countries is expected to double in fi fty years (to 600 million). From 2006 through 2007, I led a team of fi ve regional water experts in a thorough evaluation of UNESCO’s World Water Assessment Programme (WWAP), which aims to improve the management of the world’s water resources through an ongoing assessment process conducted by representatives from twenty-four UN agencies. The Evaluation Team visited several river basins in countries where WWAP case studies were conducted, and also where no WWAP case studies had been conducted, and studied dozens of reports. Even in countries where WWAP case studies were conducted in the same geographical region, such as Japan and Sri Lanka, the impact of implementation of WWAP activities was remarkably different. Making matters worse for the global water crisis is climate change uncertainty: climate change could affect all sectors of water resources management worldwide. Fortunately, remote-sensing advances make it possible to consider climate change indicators - tracking changes or trends - as a routine component of hydrologic analysis.

An aspect of water not commonly recognized is its connection to energy. It takes water to generate hydroelectric power, and it takes power to pump groundwater to the surface. It takes water to cool thermal power plants (which consume coal, oil, natural gas or uranium). There are unanticipated impacts: in January 2008, Lake Norman near Charlotte, N.C. dropped to 93.7 feet (29.6 m), less than a foot above the minimum allowed level for operation of Duke Energy’s McGuire Nuclear Station. Dependence on foreign oil has helped shape the foreign policy and lifestyle of the strongest economies of the world: the price of a gallon of reﬁ ned gasoline is now nearing $4.00, while the average price of tap water in the USA remains $0.01 per gallon [$0.03 a gallon in water-scarce, arid southern Arizona]. This does not encourage conservation, nor efﬁ cient management of a natural resource essential for life.

AIPG/AIH/LM-A&WMA 2011 Geosciences: The Road to a Sustainable Future 39 CONCEPTUAL DESIGN FOR CO2 SEQUESTRATION IN MAFIC VOLCANIC ROCKS Paul Metz, Ph.D., AIPG CPG, P.G., Professor of Geological Engineering, Department of Mining & Geological Engineering, College of Engineering & Mines, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK The alternatives for the reduction of this greenhouse gas in the atmosphere have become a source of scientiﬁ c discussions and political debates. One alternative is to reduce fossil fuel consumption, another is to sequester CO2 in the subsurface. For several decades the petroleum industry has re-injected

CO2 into oil wells in order to enhance oil recovery. Opportunities for CO2 injection into oil ﬁ elds that are amenable to miscible CO2 enhance oil recovery are limited.

Injecting CO2 into non-petroleum bearing sedimentary rocks is one alternative for sequestration however, the potential for leakage of the gas back to the surface is a concern. Furthermore the injection of supercritical CO2 is an energy consumptive and costly process. Carbon dioxide separation and sequestration in porous media is estimated to increase the costs of electrical energy production from coal by 30 to 40 percent.

In recent years, concepts have been developed for the injection of CO2 into maﬁ c volcanic rocks resulting in the reaction of the CO2 with the calcium from calcic-plagioclase feldspar and with iron and magnesium from the maﬁ c silicate minerals to form calcium, iron, and magnesium carbonates.

Carbon dioxide contents of ﬂ ue gases from stationary power generating plants range from 12-15% of the total emissions. With secondary porosities of maﬁ c volcanic rocks generally 20% or less, the injected gas stream must be limited to pure CO2. Under current technologies, separation of gases is accomplished cryogenically or as chemical exchange process and thus is an energy intensive and costly process.

An alternative solution is to pump the entire fl ue gas stream at elevated temperatures into open cavities (stopes) in mafi c volcanic rocks and to allow the injected gases suffi cient time to react with the fractured rock. At temperatures of 1550 C, carbonate alteration of 80% of the exposed surface of the mafi c volcanic rock can occur within less than one hour and the carbon dioxide will be permanently stored as carbonate minerals. In addition the exothermic reaction results in a released of up to 160 kjoules/mole of carbon. This is not a trivial quantity of energy. The combustion of carbon releases approximately 400 kjoules/mole. However most coal-fi red power plants are 40 percent or less effi cient thus recoverable energy is 160 kjoules/mole or less.

By direct injection of power plant ﬂ ue gases at elevated temperatures into large stopes in maﬁ c rocks the non-reactive gases become heated and can be returned to the surface for additional power production and space heating. Thus the recovered energy from the fossil fuel combustion can be maximized and the carbon permanently sequestered at its lowest energy state – a carbonate mineral.

IN SITU CHEMICAL REDUCTION TECHNOLOGIES–DIFFERENTIATORS AND TECHNOLOGY IMPLEMENTATION Jim Mueller, [email protected], Josephine Molin, John Valkenburg, The Adventus Group, Freeport, IL

In situ chemical reduction (ISCR) as defi ned herein describes the combined effect of stimulated biological oxygen consumption (via fermentation of an organic carbon source), direct chemical reduction with zero-valent iron (ZVI) or other reduced metals, and the corresponding enhanced thermody- namic decomposition reactions that are realized at the lowered redox (Eh) conditions. A number of enhanced reductive dehalogenation (ERD) and other accelerated anaerobic bioremediation technologies exist (e.g., emulsifi ed oils, oils, carbon-based hydrogen release compounds) that purportedly offer similar responses. However, the original ISCR substrates are unique in their ability to provide ZVI thereby yielding Eh values as low as -600 mV under fi eld conditions. Accordingly, the use of ISCR technologies has recognized potential for managing soil and groundwater environments impacted by chlorinated solvents, pesticides, heavy metals and other constituents of interest (COI). A number of factors have been identifi ed as important variables in remedial design and ISCR technology selection. The potential benefi ts of ISCR include:

1. No reliance on physical, short-term sequestration of targeted compounds as a primary removal mechanism (as is common with [emulsifi ed] oils); 2. No accumulation of dead-end catabolic intermediates as a function of substrate addition (as is common with [emulsifi ed] oils and sources of carbon only); 3. No physical displacement of COIs via substrate addition and water fl ushing (as is common with [emulsifi ed] oils); 4. No problems associated with aquifer acidifi cation (as is common with [emulsifi ed] oils and sources of carbon only); 5. Will not mobilize arsenic or other heavy metals yielding secondary contaminants (as is common with [emulsifi ed] oils and sources of carbon only); 6. Has been easily applied globally in many lithologies using conventional construction equipment; 7. Environmental longevity (>5 years); 8. Green and sustainable; 9. Applicability to source areas, hot-spot treatment or permeable reactive barriers; 10. Ability to immobilize heavy metals present as co-contaminants; 11. Cost effective at $2.50/lb (volume discounts apply) and made within the USA; 12. Technology end users and their clients are fully protected from all Patent and other legal issues

With a particular focus on the application of various ISCR technologies under various site settings, the signiﬁ cance of these factors will be discussed and case studies will be presented summarizing various installation techniques/performance/cost.

40 AIPG/AIH/LM-A&WMA 2011 Geosciences: The Road to a Sustainable Future FIELD PERFORMANCE OF IN SITU GEOCHEMICAL NAPL STABILIZATION Jim Mueller, [email protected], Joanna Moreno, John Valkenburg, Adventus Americas, Inc., Freeport, IL Greg Council and Jim Erickson, GeoTrans, Inc., Denver, CO, Tom Al and Diana Loomer, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB, Canada Michael Slenska and Mitchell Brourman, Beazer East, Inc., Pittsburgh, PA

In situ geochemical stabilization (ISGS) entails the use of modiﬁ ed sodium permanganate (NaMnO4) designed for in situ management of non-aqueous phase liquids (NAPL). When added to an impacted aquifer, the ISGS reagents react with organic (and certain inorganic) constituents of interest (COI) present as soil residuals (e.g., NAPL or ganglia). Various reactions associated with ISGS processes serve to physically encrust NAPL and rapidly reduce aquifer permeability, thereby stabilizing NAPL residuals and accelerating remediation by natural attenuation of dissolved phase COI / plume constituents.

Field testing of the ISGS approach was undertaken in January 2008 at the Cabot Carbon / Koppers wood-treating site in Gainesville, Florida (Site) where soil and groundwater are impacted by organic wood preservatives. Multiple post-treatment soil cores were collected approximately 60 days after the ISGS reagents were injected. Multiple units of measure were used to deﬁ ne the effectiveness of the ISGS technology, and to assess the long- term permanence of the stabilization process. After only 60 days post-treatment, the ISGS technology was shown to provide safe, rapid, effective and predicted long-term treatment as follows:

• Reduced Soil COI Concentrations. An average 50% reduction of total PAHs in soil was observed, with the average soil PAH concentration being reduced from of 7,250 mg/kg soil to 3,600 mg/kg soil. • Reduced COI Concentrations in Soil Leachate: The amount of site-speciﬁ c COIs present in soil leachate was reduced by 95%, with an average total of 11,700 mg/L total PAHs present in the leachates prior to treatment and an average of 560 mg/L of total PAHs being present in the leachates from the soil cores recovered after ISGS treatment. • Rapid, Uniform and Environmentally Stable Encrustation of NAPL residuals: Optical Microscopy, Electron Probe Microanalysis, Scanning Elec- tron Microscopy and Transmission Electron Microscopy studies showed that the ISGS precipitates formed coatings around aquifer grains and NAPL droplets. The coatings were composed of crystalline aluminum silicate hydroxides that were not representative of conventional manganese oxyhydroxides that would typically form with the use of standard permanganate. Unlike the manganese oxyhydroxide coatings, these coatings are not expected to be affected by changes in the redox potential of the aquifer and are therefore considered to be stable and persistent with time. • Reduced Permeability: Between 27 to 81% of the pre-injection pore space was ﬁ lled in lightly coated to heavily coated areas, respectively.

The presentation will summarize laboratory and ﬁ eld performance data, and will present preliminary engineering design and cost data associated with larger-scale ﬁ eld application.

ENVIRONMENTAL Pb AS A CONSEQUENCE OF URBAN DEMOLITION Kent Murray*, Cara Peterman*, and Mary Dereski** *Department of Natural Sciences, University of Michigan-Dearborn, Dearborn, MI **Institute for Environmental Health Science, Wayne State University

The Geoscience Institute for Education and Research at the University of Michigan-Dearborn is investigating sources of lead (Pb) pollution in the Del- ray Community of southwest Detroit. In particular, we are concerned with Pb associated with fugitive dust generated from the demolition of abandoned homes. During the 1940s and 1950s, Delray was a thriving residential community with a strong commercial presence. However, like many other communities in the rust belt, Delray has been economically hit hard in recent decades by factory closings, urban sprawl and the decline in manufacturing. Many of these old industrial sites in southwest Detroit have left behind a legacy of soil and air pollution. Combined with current land use activities such as the Ford Rouge plant, steel mills on Zug Island and the Detroit wastewater treatment facility, the impact on Delray is unmistakable. Today, it is known as the most polluted zip code in southeast Michigan. The City of Detroit owns most of the abandoned homes in the community, and plans to demolish most of them within the next couple of years in an attempt to “right-size” Detroit. We believe that the demolition of these homes, within an existing residential community will impose a signiﬁ cant health hazard because of Pb associated with the dust that will be generated during demolition. Pb has two primary sources. Indoor Pb caused from the use of Pb-based interior paints, and outdoor Pb found in the soil. The outdoor Pb in turn, has potentially multiple sources, including the steel making industry, which has been the primary industry occupying Zug Island for more than 100 years. It is our belief however; that the primary source of outdoor fugitive Pb dust is due to the demolition of abandoned homes throughout the Delray community and indeed throughout all of southwest Detroit. It is our contention that the demolition of homes is contributing signiﬁ cantly to Pb exposure of children and this exposure is having an adverse effect of blood Pb levels.

INNOVATIVE MEMBRANE FOR VAPOR INTRUSION MITIGATION Jim Olsta, [email protected], CETCO Remediation Technologies, Hoffman Estates, IL Jianbo Di, Ph.D., [email protected], AMCOL International, Hoffman Estates, IL

Brownfi elds are areas the United States Environmental Protection Agency defi nes as “abandoned, idled, or under-used industrial and commercial facilities where expansion or redevelopment is complicated by real or perceived environmental contamination”. In many states brownfi eld redevelopment is possible through risk-based corrective action. However, new construction on many of these remediated sites still has the potential for vapor intrusion,

AIPG/AIH/LM-A&WMA 2011 Geosciences: The Road to a Sustainable Future 41 primarily with volatile organic compounds (VOCs).

A common vapor intrusion mitigation method for new construction at brownﬁ eld sites is to use a combination of sub-slab ventilation and a sub-slab membrane liner. Over the last few decades, the use of specially formulated asphalt emulsion polychloroprene latex spray-applied barriers has proven to be effective in controlling hazardous gases or vapors, such as methane. The spray applied membrane bonds well to concrete and provides a seamless and monolithic gas vapor barrier at pipe penetrations.

Recently, an innovative geomembrane that incorporates an EVOH layer between layers of polyethylene (PE) has been developed. The PE-EVOH geomembrane has been tested and shown to have very low VOC vapor diffusion properties. When used in combination with the latex-asphalt spray-applied membrane they provide an effective and easily constructible VOC vapor mitigation membrane. The presentation will include VOC vapor diffusion test data and construction photos.

INNOVATIVE DESIGN AND TESTING APPROACHES ACHIEVED SIGNIFICANT COST SAVINGS AND CARBON FOOTPRINT REDUCTION FOR A CHLORINATED SOLVENT PLUME Leah Pabst, [email protected], Sophia Dore, [email protected], Brian Kramer, [email protected], Kevin Lynch, [email protected], Doug Oscar, [email protected], Alan F. Weston, [email protected], Conestoga-Rovers & Associates, Niagara Falls, NY

The in situ treatment of groundwater contamination is often a more sustainable and efﬁ cient approach than ex situ remedial applications. However, some in situ applications require a high application frequency that can result in high O&M costs. These treatment approaches, while eliminating the O&M and up-front costs that a pump-and-treat or dig-and-haul can often exhibit a similar carbon footprint to the traditional approaches due to large volume injection requirements and multiple mobilization events. Thorough treatability testing and careful design approaches can reduce these additional costs and environmental impacts.

We will report on a site with chlorinated solvent impacts (PCE, TCE, and cis-1,2-DCE) in groundwater where signiﬁ cant cost-savings and a major reduction in treatment time were possible through the use of treatability testing and an innovative conceptual design. Treatability study testing evaluated the effectiveness of several oxidants, including potassium permanganate and activated sodium persulfate for use with in situ treatment of the site groundwater. Chlorinated solvent treatment rates were similar. The use of the two oxidants was thoroughly evaluated considering the anticipated O&M activities.

The evaluation showed that there was a signifi cant difference in the anticipated treatment time, cost effi ciency, injection frequency and carbon footprint of the two oxidants. Activated sodium persulfate was selected as the preferred oxidant based on the performance and cost savings associated with the use. The fi rst stage of the fi eld application has been completed and the use of activated sodium persulfate has produced the expected savings in injection frequency and mobilization events resulting in considerable cost savings. The preliminary studies and the fi eld application economies will be discussed in detail.

AQUIFER STORAGE AND RECOVERY SYSTEM IN FRACTURED ROCK AQUIFER USING DEEP INJECTION WELLS Bibhuti B. Panda, PhD, P.E., [email protected], and Richard Bansberg, R.G., [email protected], AMEC Earth & Environmental, Tempe, AZ 85284

Deep injection well technology was used to develop a sustainable groundwater resource within fractured granitic bedrock near Payson in Arizona. The groundwater is being used for roadway construction activities along State Route (SR) 260 between Payson and Heber, Arizona. A groundwater fl ow model based on discrete fracture fl ow predicted that the water level in the well fi eld would decline signifi cantly due to the withdrawal of 257.5 million gallons (about 790 acre-feet) of water during the 10 years of roadway construction. Therefore, construction of an underground water storage and recovery system using deep wells was developed to inject surface water from nearby Tonto Creek into the well fi eld aquifer. Construction of SR 260 was initiated in 2001 and is still ongoing with an adequate supply of construction water from the hard rock aquifer, supplemented with injected surface water. The injection and recovery wells were rehabilitated in 2005/2006 when construction activity was halted for about two years.

Groundwater level monitoring data for the 10 years the system has operated is being examined to demonstrate the success of using deep injection wells to recharge a fractured rock aquifer. The aquifer system has adequately met the water demand for construction (peak demand is about 225 gallon per minute). Monitoring data clearly show that the recharge system has prevented signifi cant drawdown in the well fi eld which would have impacted the local forest environment. The success of this project in Arizona shows that artifi cial recharge using deep injection wells is a viable alternative for developing a sustainable groundwater supply in a fractured bedrock aquifer.

42 AIPG/AIH/LM-A&WMA 2011 Geosciences: The Road to a Sustainable Future THE USE OF LIDAR BARE EARTH DIGITAL ELEVATION MODEL DATA IN THE IDENTIFICATION OF LINEAMENTS IN TERRAIN DOMINATED BY CARBONATE BEDROCK S.V. Panno, [email protected], and D.E. Luman, [email protected] Prairie Research Institute, Illinois State Geological Survey, Champaign, IL 61820-6964

We conducted a detailed examination of the karst features present in Jo Daviess County, located in the Driftless Area of northwestern Illinois. Bedrock in this county consists of Middle-Ordovician age carbonate rocks of the Galena-Platteville Group, thin remnants of the Ordovician age Maquoketa Shale, and Silurian-age dolomite, which constitutes much of the highlands in the county.

During our investigation, we analyzed 1940 and 2005 digital aerial orthophotography, along with 2008 Lidar bare earth digital elevation model data (DEM), in conjunction with a fi eld investigation that included much of Jo Daviess County. Previous mapping by the Illinois State Geological Survey identifi ed the county as a karst terrain. Solution-enlarged crevices of various widths and orientations in road cuts and quarries were examined, sinkholes ranging from 1 to 8 m (3 to 25 ft) in diameter, and large karst-type springs were all indicators of karst terrain. Lidar DEM data were examined to identify additional sinkholes and associated karst features. Sinkholes in this region of Illinois are generally small (1-2 meters in diameter) and shallow (<1 meter), well within Lidar horizontal resolution and vertical accuracy. While only a few sinkholes were detected, the Lidar DEM analysis revealed lineaments of surprising clarity throughout the county. Subsequent fi eld investigations revealed that the lineaments were coincident with previously identifi ed sinkholes and large springs, and were of the same orientation as solution-enlarged crevices present in roadcuts and quarries. The coincident nature of sinkholes and springs, and solution-enlarged crevice orientations with the Lidar delineated lineaments strongly suggest that the lineaments are solution-enlarged fracture crevices that are signifi cant groundwater fl ow paths. Lidar was determined to be a useful tool in delineating the fabric and geometry of the karst aquifer in the Driftless Area of northwestern Illinois.

BIOMINERALIZATION OF CARBONATES IN MODERN MICROBIAL SEDIMENTS AND ITS

APPLICATIONS IN CO2 SEQUESTRATION Paul, Varun, G1., Wronkiewicz, David, J1., Mormile, Melanie, R2., 1Dept. Geol. Sci. & Eng., 2Dept. of Biol. Sci. Missouri University of Science and Technology, 146 McNutt Hall, 1870 Miner, Rolla, MO 65409

Anthropogenic CO2 and SO2 releases have been shown to have adverse effects on global climatic conditions and may lead to other environmental concerns. The capture and sequestration of these gases, especially CO2 through geochemical, physical, and biological means have been widely investigated. Sulfate reducing bacteria (SRB) are a group of anaerobic bacteria which play an active role in cycling elements such as carbon and sulfur and induce precipitation of carbonates as a result of their metabolic activity. The ability of SRB to induce precipitation of carbonates by using CO2 and SO2 (as sulfates) was investigated by conducting experiments using sulfate-rich sediments collected from Lake Estancia, New Mexico. Lake Estancia sediments were shown to precipitate dolomite and high Mg-calcite in their natural environment. The sediments were tested in small batch reactors under atmospheric conditions and with the presence and absence of light. Sediments were further inoculated in an enrichment media to enhance the growth of SRB to be used in further experiments. Preliminary analysis of pH, alkalinity, calcium concentration and crystal structure seemed to reveal conditions favorable for carbonate formation. With further testing, it can be proposed that this microbial activity can be used as a potential CO2 and SO2 sequestration mechanism especially under subsurface conditions. Other microbial sedimentary features such as modern stromatolites are being currently investigated for their ability to cause precipitation of carbonates.

SOIL CONTAMINATION AS A LEGACY OF THE AUTO INDUSTRY, SOUTHWEST DETROIT Cara Peterman and Kent Murray, Department of Natural Sciences, University of Michigan-Dearborn, Dearborn, MI

The Delray community of southwest Detroit is one of the most depressed areas in southeast Michigan. Historically, Delray was a working class, racially diverse community that depended heavily on industrial jobs provided by nearby factories. However, decades of industrial waste discharges have left Delray with extensive air and soil pollution. Although high unemployment and poverty are major challenges confronting residents in Delray today, the threat to public health from Pb, Hg, As and Cr [VI] in the soil may become an even bigger issue and a signiﬁ cant source of concern. Newspaper head- lines cite crime, substance abuse, high school and labor force dropout, as being prevalent in Delray, but recent research suggest that soil contamination, which has resulted in elevated blood Pb levels may be an underlying factor. Recent interest in this area as a potential site for a new bridge to Canada, has offered new hope to the residents by potentially opening the door for redevelopment. The initial step in this process is an environmental assessment of the Delray community. This investigation is being conducted by the University of Michigan-Dearborn in consortium with local community groups and the Detroit Public Schools. Although preliminary, an analysis of soil samples from over 400 residences has indicated that signiﬁ cant levels of As, and Pb are present in the upper 0.1 meter of soil throughout the Delray area. The high levels of metals present in the soil suggest that further investigation and possible remedial action will be necessary prior to redevelopment.

HIGH RESOLUTION SITE CHARACTERIZATION Seth Pitkin, Stone Environmental, Inc., 535 Stone Cutters Way, Montpelier, VT, 05602, (802) 229-2192, [email protected]

Subsurface environments are characterized by a high degree of variability in hydraulic conductivity, capillary pressure, particle size distribution and

AIPG/AIH/LM-A&WMA 2011 Geosciences: The Road to a Sustainable Future 43 other variables over short distances both horizontally and vertically. Historically, site investigations have not adequately described either the hydrostratigraphy or the distribution of contaminant mass at the level of detail required for sound remedial or risk management decisions. The movement of non-aqueous phase liquid (NAPL) is controlled by even more subtle capillary pressure distributions at a very small scale. Solute migration is controlled by the distribution of hydraulic conductivity at a small scale, and transverse hydrodynamic dispersion is a very weak process, resulting in steep concentration gradients. Recent work on the effects of contaminant diffusion from high permeability units into lower permeability units has shown that the back diffusion of contaminants can be a long term source of groundwater contamination in spite of aggressive remedial efforts in source zones. These back diffusion sources need not be thick or massive, and the permeability contrast may be as small as two orders of magnitude. Understanding plume behavior and implications for remediation requires a detailed or high resolution data set on both hydrostratigraphy and contaminant concentration distributions.

Tools and techniques have been developed in response to the need for high resolution site investigations. These tools provide near continuous vertical data sets in real-time. The components of an adequate site investigation include:

• Development of a detailed conceptual site model • High resolution site investigation methods • Use of collaborative data platforms • Use of integrated data sets • Dynamic work strategies with real-time data

High resolution methods are evolving to provide data at a level of detail commensurate with the scale of heterogeneity of aquifer materials, contaminant concentration, and contaminant mass distributions. These techniques combine hydrostratigraphic and contaminant characterization methods to provide data in real-time to allow practitioners to make decisions in the ﬁ eld as they learn about the site under dynamic work practice structures.

NOT YOUR TYPICAL BROWNFIELDS SITE Harvey D. Pokorny, PG, AIPG CPG, [email protected], NAVFAC Midwest, Great Lakes, IL

One-half of a city block on the near south side of Chicago was acquired by the city as vacant property in 1992. Upon acquisition, an existing six-story industrial building was demolished down to the foundation with essentially no accompanying documentation. In early 2008, the vacant parcel was selected over several other parcels by the city as the site of a new ﬁ re station; and due diligence commenced to determine environmental liabilities that might be associated with the acquired parcel.

Subsequent site evaluations included a Phase I Environmental Site Assessment, an Environmental Assessment (EA) performed as a National Environ- mental Policy Act (NEPA) requirement in conjunction with a federal grant, three stages of subsurface investigations, and leaking underground storage tank closure reports. Historical sources were limited to aerial photographs and Sanborn maps. Subsurface investigations included use of percussion/ hollow-stem auger soil borings, trenching, magnetometer, and ground-penetrating radar.

Soil horizons were established and chemically evaluated for contaminants. Results were compared with Illinois EPA-published objectives. Groundwa- ter monitoring wells were installed to evaluate the shallow aquifer. Remedial actions included removal of impacted ﬁ ll soils, six underground storage tanks, and an extremely large volume of concrete/rebar subsurface foundation-related structures that resembled an exhumed ancient Mayan town center. Many lessons were learned.

REMEDY-OPTIMIZED INVESTIGATIONS – APPLICATION OF ADVANCED SITE CHARACTERIZATION METHODS TO MINIMIZE TOTAL COST TO CLOSURE J.A. Quinnan, PE, PG, ARCADIS, Brighton, MI, N.R.H. Welty, ARCADIS, Novi, MI E. R. Killenbeck, ARCADIS, Newtown, PA, F. Payne, ARCADIS, Novi, MI

The advent of next generation plume mapping (LIF, MIPs, whole-core sampling, vertical profi le sampling, etc.) and geology mapping (CPT, HPT, resistivity, etc.), allow cost-effective high-resolution data collection that address the impact of heterogeneities. Interpretation of these methods using classical geology perspectives and 3D visualization techniques with advection diffusion transport theory extend the utility of the methods beyond the simple resolution of the tools. By mapping the plume distribution relative to the site specifi c permeability architecture, it is possible to understand mass fl ux distribution, and leverage it to focus remedies on the appropriate aquifer volumes and develop realistic expectations about clean-up duration and endpoints. These methods can be used from the outset of investigation to expedite the process or prior to remediation to refi ne and optimize remedial strategies for the least total cost.

POSSIBLE HYDROLOGICAL SCENARIOS OF GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE IN THREE MEXICAN WATERSHEDS Jose A. Raynal-Villasenor1, Jose A. Vazquez-Garay1, Rafael Duran-Osorio1 and J. Alfredo Rodriguez-Pineda2 1Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Universidad de las Americas, Puebla, Ex-Hacienda de Santa Catarina

44 AIPG/AIH/LM-A&WMA 2011 Geosciences: The Road to a Sustainable Future Martir S/N, 72820, San Andres Cholula, Pue., Mexico, [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], 2World Wildlife Fund-Desierto Chihuahuense, Coronado # 1005, 31000 Chihuahua, Chih., Mexico, [email protected]

It is important for Mexico to develop climatic and hydrologic models to assess global climate change effects in all aspects that affect human beings and other animal and vegetable species as well; in particular, the knowledge related with the variation on potential evaporation and moisture content defi - ciency, in all Mexican watersheds, is essential. The model used is the well-known Penman formula with a specifi c formulation which allows computing radiation, back radiation, and possible maximum number of Sun hours, by using latitude of the site; and saturation vapor pressure and slope of the pressure-temperature saturation curve of the water vapor, by using the site’s mean daily temperature. Three global climate change scenarios for potential evaporation and moisture content defi ciency are presented for three Mexican watersheds: Conchos, Fuerte and Atoyac rivers. The selected possible scenarios, based on the projections of air temperature increase and the variation of annual precipitation for Mexico issued by the Hadley Centre of the MetOffi ce of the United Kingdom, are those for air temperature increments of 1, 2 and 3° C with respect to actual air temperatures. The results showed increments in potential evaporation up to 7.5% and increments in moisture content defi ciencies up to 20.3% in the worst case scenarios.

WHY GEOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY MATTER IN DEVELOPING SUSTAINABLE URBAN AREAS Daniel T. Rogers, Amsted Industries, Chicago, IL, Martin M. Kaufman, University of Michigan, Flint, MI, and Kent S. Murray, University of Michigan, Dearborn, MI

Humans have control over the types of chemicals used, and where and how they are used. However, control over the geological environment is usually beyond human control. Therefore, a detailed understanding of the geological environmental is necessary in order to understand and employ techniques to prevent a release and mitigate the potential harmful effects of a chemical following a release. In many urban locations a basic understanding of the near-surface geologic environment and contaminant behavior is lacking. This lack of basic scientifi c information contributes to poor performance in managing and creating a sustainable urban environment. To help overcome this defi ciency, a geological vulnerability analysis was performed within the highly urbanized Rouge River watershed located in southeastern Michigan, USA. This analysis was conducted using the subjective rating method and the fi nal product was a geologic vulnerability map. This vulnerability map is then combined with Contaminant Risk Factors (CRFs) for air, soil, and water developed to quantify the risks posed by specifi c contaminants when they are released into the environment. The three parameters used to derive the CRFs for each chemical included their toxicity, mobility, and persistence. The results indicate that the combination of vulnerability analysis and CRFs is able to explain a signifi cant amount of the variance attributed to the synergistic effect resulting from the release of certain chemicals into specifi c near-surface geological environments. Moreover, this method can be employed within any urban area of the world to assess and prioritize development or re-development in a sustainable manner.

DIRECT AND INDIRECT ESTIMATION OF GROUNDWATER CONTRIBUTION TO THE HIGHLAND LAKES AND COLORADO RIVER OF TEXAS, USA Geoffrey P. Saunders, PG, Lower Colorado River Authority, P.O. Box 220, Austin, TX 78767

The Highland Lakes consist of two large storage reservoirs and four smaller pass-through lakes in the Texas Hill Country used as a system to supply water to the lower Colorado River, which is a gaining stream from Austin, Texas to the Gulf Coast. Multiple approaches were used to estimate groundwater contribution to the Highland Lakes and Colorado River of Texas. These approaches included gain-loss fi eld studies, hydrograph separation analyses, gauge fl ow differential analyses, and mass balance accounting. In addition, information from hydrogeologic studies and groundwater availability models were used to support estimates of stream fl ow gains from groundwater contribution. The sources of groundwater contribution were identifi ed as major and minor aquifers intercepted by the Colorado River, and less-recognized formations that drain into and contribute to the river system. These sources provide a component of base fl ow to a highly regulated, regional water supply operation.

THE USE OF INNOVATIVE SOIL-GAS SAMPLING METHODS TO LOCATE VOC SOURCES Martin Schmidt, AIPG CPT, Cox-Colvin & Associates, Plain City, OH

Over 140 subslab soil-gas samples were collected in a grid conﬁ guration at a 56,000 square ft manufacturing facility in Ohio, to locate the source of tetrachloroethene (PCE) contributing to a groundwater plume. Because the facility is operating at capacity, we investigated after normal work hours and restored the area to working conditions each day, leaving no sample points in place that might interfere with production. The use of innovative, rapidly-installed sampling points (Vapor PinsTM), which require no cement, and disposable soil-gas vials, allowed us to prospect the entire building in one week, while limiting analytical costs to slightly over $100 per sample.

Sample points were quickly installed into 5/8-inch diameter holes. Following a one-hour equilibration period, dead space was purged with a meter equipped with photo-ionization detector (PID) and oxygen (O2) sensor. Purging was complete when the PID and O2 concentrations leveled off, indicating probable soil gas. Soil gas was collected into evacuated glass vials for the analysis of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) at a commercial lab. Im- mediately after sampling, the sample points were removed, the holes were plugged with hydraulic cement, and the sample points were decontaminated for reuse.

AIPG/AIH/LM-A&WMA 2011 Geosciences: The Road to a Sustainable Future 45 Upon receipt of the analytical data, areas with high VOC concentrations in soil gas were sampled for soil via direct-push drilling. Soil samples were analyzed via gas chromatograph/mass spectrometer (GC/MS) at a commercial lab. VOC contamination in soil corresponded well with soil-gas results, verifying the usefulness of soil gas as a low-cost prospecting tool. Furthermore, a comparison of fi eld PID readings to laboratory soil-gas results showed a high correlation, suggesting that further savings could be realized by using a limited number of lab samples to confi rm fi eld readings. Select subslab soil-gas points were also sampled via Summa canister to determine the risk of vapor intrusion to employees.

A map of VOC concentrations in soil gas did not correspond to previously known or suspected sources of PCE contamination, i.e., the locations of former degreasing equipment and storage tanks. The concentrations did, however, correspond to building outlines observable in aerial photographs from 1950. Additionally, soil gas and soil samples indicated the presence of a separate, and previously unknown, area of trichloroethene (TCE) contamination. The locations of PCE and TCE in soil suggest that the contamination occurred in the mid-1900s, when it was acceptable (and legal) practice to dispose of spent solvents by dumping them outside the nearest door. Similar patterns of solvent contamination relative to historic building outlines have been observed at other sites, using similar investigative methods.

This investigation demonstrates that newly developed, rapid soil-gas sampling techniques, together with fast and economical ﬁ eld and laboratory analyses, can be used to locate previously unknown and unsuspected sources of contamination, with a signiﬁ cant savings in cost, time, and resources.

LITHIUM BROMIDE BENTONITE EXCHANGE COMPLEX Missy Setz, AIPG Student Member, University of Wisconsin-Madison Geological Engineering and Geology, Madison, WI

Bentonite clay, and its characteristic of high swelling property is the main component of geosynthetic clay liners (GCL’s) which are used in today’s municipal solid waste (MSW) containment facilities. Studies have found that cation exchange, speciﬁ cally the replacement of sodium cations with other cations in the bentonite, occur over time and cause a decrease in the bentonite swell. This process increases hydraulic conductivity and increases the possibility of contaminating a groundwater source. Research is being conducted at the University of Wisconsin-Madison to ﬁ nd the amount of cation exchange that occurs in GCL’s permeated with municipal solid waste (MSW) leachate. The degree of cation exchange is determined by measuring the relative amount of bound cations in the bentonite and comparing the sum of the measured bound cations with the total cation exchange capacity (CEC). Traditionally sodium (Na), calcium (Ca), potassium (K), and magnesium (Mg) cations dominate the exchange complex in the bentonite. These cations are attracted to the surface of the clay particles because of the net negative properties of the clay, and the CEC (total net negative charge of the clay) and the bound cations satisfy the CEC are determined with an ASTM standard procedure. The ASTM standard uses ammonium acetate as a bound cation extraction solution. The bound cations are replaced with ammonium cations and the resulting solution is tested for cation concentrations with ICP-OES. Following bound cation extraction, potassium chloride (KCl) is used to extract the ammonium, which is then measured to determine the total CEC. The CEC should be equal to the sum of the charge of the bound cations.

MSW leachate is ionicly complex and contains a signiﬁ cant amount of ammonium cations in addition to typical cations such as Na, Ca, Mg, and K. Re- search involving GCL-MSW laboratory hydraulic conductivity compatibility tests were set up to mimic conditions found in MSW landﬁ ll containment systems. These GCL samples had been penetrated with a MSW leachate for several years until cation exchange equilibrium had been achieved. The current ASTM standard that is being followed for GCL exchange analysis uses ammonium cations as a replacement for the bound cations in the bentonite. If the laboratory samples penetrated with the MSW leachate are tested using the current matrix of ammonium acetate the reading will not allow for measurable differentiation between the matrix solution and any bound ammonium cations that may be present on the exchange complex of the bentonite via MSW leachate permeation. Without being able to measure the amount of bound ammonium the exchange complex cannot be properly characterized.

Feasibility testing was completed using a lithium bromide as the bound cation extracting solution, in place of the standard ammonium acetate solution, so that the exchange complex of the bentonite can be properly measured. The research project is aiding to develop a lithium bromide bentonite exchange complex test method that mimics the existing ASTM standard for determining the exchange complex and cation exchange capacity. Bentonite clay that has a well-deﬁ ned exchange complex that was determined using the ammonium acetate matrix solution will be used for this feasibility testing for comparison of testing procedures and results. The new test method will be used with bentonite from experiments where GCL’s were permeated with MSW leachate as discussed above. The ICP analysis requires the creation of calibration curves where solutions with known concentrations of cations of interest are measured with the ICP and concentrations are related to the intensity of a measured wavelength for each individual cation. The calibration curve is developed along with chosen wavelengths as part of the ICP method creation and can be an interative process to determine the optimal method for Lithium analysis.

YOUR NAPL SITE CONCEPTUAL MODEL: IT’S PROBABLY WRONG Randy St. Germain, President, Dakota Technologies, Inc., 2201 12th St. North, Fargo, ND 58102

Many sites are contaminated with fuels, oils, coal tars, and creosotes that persistently source contaminants to groundwater. The presence of these non- aqueous phase liquids (NAPLs) is often fi rst identifi ed by the detection of the dissolved phase fraction showing up in monitoring wells. Wells are great “canaries in the mine shaft”, alerting stakeholders that there is source term NAPL in the vicinity, but providing very limited information on the distribution of NAPL in the subsurface. Subsequent soil sampling investigations generate “soil concentration” data (TPH, GRO, DRO) but provide limited differentiation between source NAPL and particle-sorbed, dissolved, and vapor phases. The high costs of sampling and analysis prohibit acquiring the data densities necessary to adequately describe even a modestly complicated NAPL distribution. That fact is NAPL distribution is greatly infl uenced by geology and geology is only rarely homogeneous and simple. The result is that a disturbingly high percentage of LNAPL and multi-component DNAPL (mcDNAPL) remediation projects often fail, due in great part to grossly inadequate conceptual site models (CSMs) of the NAPL distribution.

46 AIPG/AIH/LM-A&WMA 2011 Geosciences: The Road to a Sustainable Future Many CSM failures can be avoided with the use of direct push delivered Optical Screening Tools (OSTs) that rapidly and accurately log the precise location and signature of LNAPL and mcDNAPL in unconsolidated soils. For 20 years OSTs have provided unprecedented insight into the way that LNAPLs and mcDNAPLs distribute themselves in the subsurface. NAPLs mainly follow the geology - contrary to overly simplistic models/concepts made popular in textbooks and seminars of the last 30 years. Simply put, NAPLs are where you ﬁ nd them, not where we suppose them to be.

We’ll cover how OSTs work, when/where you should consider using them, and how because of geologic inﬂ uences, NAPLs often do not behave like we’ve assumed. Some examples include:

• Despite the fact LNAPL ﬂ oats neatly on the surface in monitoring wells, it only does so in adjacent soils under “sandbox” conditions - LNAPL existence/thickness in monitoring wells often correlates poorly with existence/distribution in adjacent soils • The “pregnant pancake” is a rarity – LNAPL can and will follow geology which is normally more complex than we appreciate • LNAPL is commonly found 10-20 feet below historical groundwater lows • LNAPL doesn’t always ﬂ ow with the elevation-determined groundwater gradient • Localized heterogeneity for LNAPLs and mcDNAPLs is often spectacular (what does this say about ANY singular sampling event?) • mcDNAPL bodies are typically much smaller in volume than sampling or wells suggest, but their distribution is also more random and heterogeneous than traditional sampling CSMs are capable of demonstrating

GENESIS OF RARE EARTH ELEMENT (REE) DEPOSITS IN WEATHERING PROFILES FROM SOUTHEAST ASIA Robert A. Stewart, AIPG CPG, ARCADIS U.S., Inc., 160 Chapel Road, Suite 201, Manchester, CT 06042 Phone (860) 533-9901, [email protected]

This paper draws upon a number of studies of rare earth elements (REE) and yttrium (Y) in weathering crusts from China, Japan, and Laos. Perhaps the best known examples are from southeastern China, where REE and Y occur in exchangeable form (MEX-REY) on pedogenic clays in the weathering profi les of Ultisols. The MEX-REY commonly reach minable concentrations (>500 ppm) and extent, and are enriched in heavy REE (HREE: Gd→Lu) and Y as compared to light REE (LREE: La→Eu). The thickness of the weathering profi les typically varies from 15 to 35 m, and may reach 60 m. Most of the deposits occur south of latitude 28º N, and mainly in the provinces of Jiangxi, Guangdong, Guangxi and Fujian. At least 214 deposits have been identifi ed over an area of 90,000 km2, and the annual output of REE oxides is about 10,000 tons. A combination of factors led to the development of MEX-REY deposits in Southeastern China: a sub-tropical climate with abundant rainfall (>1,500 mm/yr), long-term tectonic stability leading to gentle relief and low denudation rates, suitably differentiated bedrock with an appropriate suite of REE minerals amenable to weathering, and adsorption sites in the form of 1:1 clays (kaolinite, halloysite), Fe-Mn oxy-hydroxides and organic matter. In view of their genesis the ore deposits are also known as ion-adsorption clays, or “ionic clays.” Because of the strategic value of REY, neighboring states with favorable geologic and geomorphic conditions (e.g., Japan, Laos, and Vietnam) are also actively exploring for REE in weathering crusts. The weathering profi les are zoned in a simple manner common to the southeast China geomorphic region. The uppermost A (lateritic) horizon (2-10 m), the B (weathered) horizon, which is subdivided into highly weathered (B1; 2-5 m) and less-highly weathered (B2; 10-20 m) horizons, and (C; 3-5 m) the weathering front developing upon bedrock. These zones do not appear to be strictly analogous to A, B and C soil horizons. Each horizon of the weathering crusts, and underlying bedrock, are typically analyzed for major element oxides, trace elements, and REE. Additionally, sequential leaching tests are used to assess the fractionation of REE among various ion-exchangeable mineral fractions. A useful technique by which weathered crusts from different regions can be compared employs a ternary diagram with apices of Al2O3, K2O, and CaO+Na2O. Normative mineralogies can be plotted on the diagram for common rock and soil minerals, including plagioclase, K-feldspar, montmorillonite, muscovite/illite, and kaolinite. Published analyses can then be plotted on the same diagram to illustrate a common weathering path of plagioclase and/or K-feldspar (bedrock and C-horizon) toward illite (B1, B2 horizons) and kaolinite/halloysite (B1 and A-horizons). Although the weathering pattern is similar among sites in southeast China, Laos, and Japan, the parent bedrock in the study sites from the latter two states is insuffi ciently enriched in REE minerals for the supergene weathering processes to create economically important REE deposits under prevailing economic conditions.

ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY TOMOGRAPHY INVESTIGATIONS Evgeniy Torgashov, Neil Anderson, and Ibrahim Ahmed, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO

Electrical resistivity tomography data were acquired at three study sites in Missouri. Sites 1 and 2 were earth ﬁ ll dams; site 3 was immediately adjacent to a bridge abutment.

At site 1, electrical resistivity tomography control was acquired across an earth ﬁ ll dam with the objective of locating and mapping the zone of seepage. On the basis of the interpretation of the acquired geophysical control, the investigating engineers concluded that seepage was through a solution- widened fracture zone the top of which constituted the original stream channel.

At site 2, electrical resistivity tomography data were acquired about the periphery of a small dam with the goal of determining if the decades-old reservoir was constructed about a pre-existing natural karstic depression. Analysis of the geophysical data indicated bedrock was anomalously low beneath the reservoir, supporting the interpretation that the dam was probably constructed to entrap water in an existing sinkhole.

At site 3, electrical resistivity tomography data were acquired immediately adjacent to a bridge abutment with the goal of mapping the extent of a water-

AIPG/AIH/LM-A&WMA 2011 Geosciences: The Road to a Sustainable Future 47 ﬁ lled cave discovered during routine exploratory boring program. Analysis of the geophysical data indicated the limited extent of the cave. Volumes of grout, consistent with the geophysically-estimated size of the cave were injected in order to ensure the integrity of bedrock.

LOCATING AND MAPPING UNMARKED GRAVES IN HISTORICAL CEMETERIES Evgeniy Torgashov, Neil Anderson, Ajay Hamasukwa, and Ibrahim Ahmed, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO Visual inspection, ground penetrating radar data and metal detector data were used to locate unmarked graves at two historical cemeteries in central Missouri. The organizations that maintain the cemeteries wanted to place commemorative markers in appropriate locations.

The larger cemetery is maintained by the Missouri Veteran’s Commission. The Commission asked Missouri S&T to acquire ground penetrating radar and metal detector control along closely-spaced traverses in a large area (in excess of 100,000 ft2) immediately adjacent to the existing and still active Veteran’s cemetery. Excellent quality geophysical data were acquired in this “golf course” quality setting and numerous anomalies were detected. A follow-up visual inspection, coupled with invasive excavation where necessary, established that all of the identiﬁ ed anomalies were caused by buried utilities, the foundations of demolished structures or tree roots. No unmarked graves were located.

The smaller cemetery was a county-owned burial site (poor cemetery) reserved for persons whose estate or family could not afford the purchase price of a regular burial plot. The “poor cemetery” was abandoned decades ago, and has only recently been cleared of vegetation. Although public documents indicate over one hundred and fi fty persons were buried in the cemetery, only a couple of headstones remain in-place. The not-for-profi t entity that now maintains the site asked MS&T to identify all of the graves on the basis of a detailed visual inspection (many of the graves are characterized by sunken ground), and acquired GPR and metal detector data. MS&T researchers were able to reconstruct the cemetery, ultimately determining that it consisted of nine rows each containing up to twenty graves. Many of the graves could be identifi ed on the GPR data; unfortunately, there were also many “false” anomalies generated by tree roots, tree stumps and buried headstones.

AEROBIC SOIL TREATMENT FOR PAHS AND TPH – APPROACHES AND CASES John Valkenburg, Adventus Americas, Inc., 1493 West Pratt Rd., DeWitt, MI 48820, [email protected], Alan Seech, Adventus Americas, Inc., 2415 Campus Drive, Suite 140, Irvine, CA 92612, [email protected], and Kerry Bolanos-Shaw, Adventus Remediation Technologies, 1345 Fewster Dr., Mississauga, ON L4W2A5, [email protected]

Aerobic bioremediation of impacted soils ranges from traditional landfarming of total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) to remediation of more challenging compounds such as polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and pentachlorophenol (PCP). This talk will discuss how we approach treating a variety of compounds aerobically, and will highlight some successful ﬁ eld-scale cases. We will provide an overview of a general process approach to aerobic soil treatment that we’ve found to be successful and, discuss some of the differences in products used to approach various compounds that can be treated aerobically.

ENERGY USE: WHAT ARE WE USING? WHERE DO WE GET IT? Rick Ricci, AIPG CPG, Terracon Consultants, Inc., Savannah, GA Ronald J. Wallace, AIPG CPG, Georgia Department of Natural Resources, Roswell, GA

In 2009 National AIPG President John Bognar created an energy committee to develop an energy statement for AIPG. The committee divided into six teams to study the following subjects: Oil/Gas, Coal, Nuclear, Other Resources, Environmental, and Carbon Dioxide. This presentation came out of the committee’s work. Hydrocarbons dominate as sources of energy and are projected to be the dominant sources into the future. Alternative energy sources currently make only a small percentage of the total energy but there is positive growth. The talk will concentrate on U.S. sources of energy and will discuss what the energy sources may look like in 2035 and some recommendations for the future.

ELECTRICAL RESISTANCE HEATING (ERH) REMEDIATION OF PCE IN COMPLEX GLACIAL LITHOLOGY David A. Wardwell, President, Dune Technologies, LLC, Grand Rapids, MI 49506, [email protected]

Electrical resistance heating (ERH) is an in situ thermal treatment for soil and groundwater remediation that can reduce the time to clean up volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from years to months. The technology has matured and provides site owners with both performance and fi nancial certainty in their site closure process. The ability of the technology to rapidly remediate soil and groundwater impacted by chlorinated solvents and petroleum hydrocarbons regardless of lithology proves to be benefi cial over conventional in situ technologies that are dependent on advective fl ow. It has been demonstrated on several ERH remediations that in situ contaminant destruction through both biotic and/or abiotic mechanisms occurs during and after ERH. Results are confi rming the benefi cial, long term effects following ERH with continued decline in contaminant concentrations in groundwater. In addition, ERH may also be combined with other treatment technologies (bio or chem-ox) to optimize and enhance their performance.

48 AIPG/AIH/LM-A&WMA 2011 Geosciences: The Road to a Sustainable Future This presentation describes the technology development, the process, and provides case studies including one where ERH was used to remediate elevated concentrations of chlorinated solvents in complex glacial lithology in the Midwest USA.

HYPER-ALKALINE AQUIFERS OF CALUMET WETLANDS (SOUTH CHICAGO, IL): BIODIVERSITY AND REMEDIATION STUDY Karel Waska and Melissa Lenczewski Northern Illinois University, Department of Geology and Environmental Geosciences, DeKalb, IL

The microorganisms in the groundwater of the Lake Calumet wetlands, Chicago, IL, have been described as one of the world’s most extreme alkali- philes. Over 100 years, Calumet wetland areas have been inﬁ lled with steel slags. The slags were deposited as waste from local blast furnace mills, were composed primarily of high-temperature calcium-silicate minerals and could contain as much as 50% metallic iron, manganese, and other steel additives (Cr, Mo, V) varying in composition within meters of each other. The weathering of these materials subsequently formed an aquifer with groundwater pH up to 13.0. The objective of this project is to determine the composition and structure of the microbial communities at different locations of the Calumet area, and their response to varying conditions. Preliminary results show promising potential for further study: (1) in-situ measurements of physicochemical parameters indicate that most of the sites have Ca(OH)2 buffering system highly sensitive to temperature changes, (2) chemical analysis of sediment and groundwater revealed extreme concentrations of heavy metals, (3) incubation of samples using sole source carbon utilization plates (BiologTM Ecoplates) revealed moderate microbial diversity of living members, and (4) screening of environmental DNA ﬁ ngerprint using Ribosomal Intergenic Spacer Analysis (RISA) showed fairly large microbial diversity and communities differing among sites and seasons. With additional gathering of data clearer conclusions will be drawn on temporal shifts in microbial composition of sites, and differences between particular sites according to heavy metal composition.

The second part of this project (starting June 2011) will focus on laboratory remediation column experiments in which sediment together with three different permeable reactive barriers (silica sand, dolomite, apatite) will be incubated. These materials are reported to be capable of decreasing the pH (silica), or the heavy metal concentration (apatite II), or both (dolomite). Incubating the columns under defi ned temperatures (4º and 25º C) will resemble the most striking differences from fi eld. The columns will be continuously fl ushed with water from the site and subsequently amended with nutrients (C, N, P).

The multidisciplinary character of this project will signifi cantly enhance the fi eld of environmental hydrogeology and extremophile microbiology by novel fi ndings about microbial response to pH and heavy metal remediation efforts.

GEOLOGIC SEQUESTRATION: A LARGE-SCALE DEMONSTRATION PROJECT AT DECATUR, ILLINOIS USA C. Pius Weibel, Illinois State Geological Survey, Champaign, IL, [email protected] Sallie E. Greenberg Illinois State Geological Survey, Champaign, IL, [email protected]

The Midwest Geological Sequestration Consortium (MGSC), a regional carbon sequestration partnership funded by the U.S. Department of Energy

(DOE), with additional funding from the Illinois Offi ce of Coal Development, is developing a one million-tonne test injection of carbon dioxide (CO2) into the Mount Simon Sandstone at Decatur, Illinois USA. The Mount Simon reservoir at the Illinois Basin - Decatur project (IBDP) site is a 493 m (1,620 ft)-thick braided fl uvial to nearshore marine/tidal fl at system overlain by 152 m (500 ft) of black shale, siltstone, and tight carbonates of the Eau Claire Formation acting as a reservoir seal. Injection will begin in fall 2011 at a depth of about 2,130 m (7,000 ft) at a rate of 1,000 metric tonnes/ day of supercritical CO2. One million tonnes will be injected over three years. The CO2 source is from the ethanol fermentation units at Archer Daniels Midland Company (ADM), a global processor of agricultural products with a major facility in Decatur. This work was initiated with baseline data collection (2D seismic) in 2007 and will extend through post-injection monitoring into 2016. Permitting was carried out with ADM as the permit holder, and the site holds a Class I Nonhazardous permit under US Underground Injection Control (UIC) rules, but will be repermitted under the new UIC Class VI rules in 2012.

The injection well was drilled, logged, and cased from February-May 2009 and completed in January 2010. A second well drilled to 1,067 m (3,500 ft) now holds a permanently cemented geophone array consisting of 31 levels of multicomponent sensors. This well was used for collecting a 3D vertical seismic proﬁ le (VSP) that actually showed greater resolution of bed geometry near the injection well than the surface 3D seismic survey of January

2010. Repeat VSPs will provide data during injection to monitor the CO2 plume distribution and to calibrate reservoir models to predict the long-term fate of CO2. The third well at the IBDP, for observation and verifi cation of pressure and fl uid chemistry responses to injection, was drilled 330 m (1,000 ft) from the injection well in October-November 2010 to a depth of 2,214 m (7,264 ft). Eight zones within the Mount Simon at and above the injection level and two in porous zones above the Eau Claire shale seal will be perforated and isolated by packers such that pressure data and fl uid samples can be taken through tubing ports using wireline tools with the Schlumberger Westbay System. Fluid sampling will occur pre-, during, and post-injection.

While the injection and monitoring infrastructure were put in place (2009-11) a compression facility was constructed to take the 99+ percent pure CO2 from the fermentation units and deliver supercritical CO2 to the wellhead. To supply the well, dual four-stage compressors with glycol dehydration fed by a single blower and followed by a variable speed pump were determined to be most cost effective from a capital and operating cost perspective for a three-year demonstration.

AIPG/AIH/LM-A&WMA 2011 Geosciences: The Road to a Sustainable Future 49 THE FUTURE OF COAL—A KENTUCKY PERSPECTIVE Jerry Weisenﬂ uh, University of KY, Kentucky Geological Survey, Lexington, KY, [email protected]

The recent scientifi c and political dialog concerning global warming raises serious questions about the future use of coal for electric power generation. At the present time, over half of U.S. electric power is generated from coal-fi red plants, and demand for electric power is expected to rise by 30% over the next two decades. EIA forcasts suggest that coal will continue to be a major contributor to U.S. energy supply, but there are signifi cant uncertainties about the extent of coal use because of resource and mining issues, impending air and water quality regulations, and advances in alternative fuel technologies.

This presentation will examine recent energy supply and demand in the U.S. in order to quantify the position coal has in current energy production. A review of existing baseload power capacity is helpful for understanding the challenges of developing environmentally sustainable energy portfolios. As the third largest coal producing state, Kentucky provides a good example of a mature mining region experiencing various resource-related issues that affect coal production and marketing. Trends in coal production will be related to resource availability, market conditions, and regulatory constraints.

The future of coal in the nation is unquestionably tied to the fate of carbon dioxide regulations and the necessary deployment of carbon capture and storage technology. An update on these developments will be given.

3D GEOLOGIC ANALYSIS AND REMEDIATION HYDROGEOLOGY N.R.H. Welty, ARCADIS, Novi, MI, E. R. Killenbeck, ARCADIS, Newtown, PA, and J.A. Quinnan, PE, PG, ARCADIS, Brighton, MI

The value of stratigraphic data from high-resolution profi ling tools can be signifi cantly increased by applying stratigraphic analysis and three-dimensional aquifer models. These methods build on conventional analysis by integrating multiple soundings into three-dimensional aquifer models and correlating the profi le data with key depositional elements. Because contaminant mass transport is largely controlled by the permeability structure of the aquifer, this approach can accelerate the characterization and remediation project phases. In contrast with water supply projects, where defi nition of the average hydraulic properties is suffi cient, remediation projects require defi nition of the maximum and minimum permeability on a fi ner scale which controls contaminant transport and reagent distribution. Ultimately, the distribution of maximum and minimum permeability in an aquifer is a function of the aquifer’s depositional history: lower energy depositional environments result in lower permeability units with gradual variations, while higher energy depositional environments result in higher permeability units with sudden transitions. By correlating aquifer facies with permeability measurements we can reconstruct the permeability structure of the aquifer. Three-dimensional aquifer modeling is an excellent tool for understanding the permeability structures, as it integrates our knowledge of the aquifer depositional environment, high-resolution stratigraphic profi ling tools, and facies-based analysis in a single platform. While there are several different tools available for high-resolution stratigraphic profi ling, knowledge of the aquifer depositional environment will help identify the optimal tool. For example, cone penetrometer testing is ideally suited for discriminating low permeability zones from high permeability zones, but is not ideal for identifying moderate vs. high permeability zones. After selecting the proper tool, stratigraphic data can be analyzed using facies-based methods that allow identifi cation of important features like channels and fi ning upward sequences. Most stratigraphic profi ling methods yield data of parameter intensity vs. depth, similar to petrophysical logging in oil and gas. By comparing the trends between soundings, analyzing the magnitude of parameter intensity, and evaluating the shape of parameter curves we can re-construct the permeability structures that combine to form the aquifer architecture. We emphasize that horizontal permeability structures can be as signifi cant of controls on contaminant mass fl ux as vertical permeability structures. Finally, we illustrate the geologic analysis concepts at multiple sites across the continental U.S.

GEOCHEMISTRY AND SOURCE OF Pb IN FUGITIVE ROAD DUST OF MISSOURI’S LEAD BELT Emitt C. Witt III, Missouri Science & Technology, Rolla, MO David J. Wronkiewicz, Missouri Science & Technology, Rolla, MO

There are hundreds of miles of un-surfaced roads (gravel, sand, and/or native loam) in Missouri’s county road maintenance program. Many of these roads are located in the St. Francois Mountains of Missouri where a legacy of Pb mining and smelting has left the area with a substantial amount of Pb contamination. These are well traveled roads that are important for the daily lives of thousands of the Region’s inhabitants. Traveling these roads during periods of dry weather create large plumes of fugitive dust that settle in automobile interiors and adjacent homes, and is captured by the lungs and digestive systems of individuals in the region. It is widely known that elevated environmental Pb concentration is associated with adverse effects on human health, including degradation of the central nervous system and other diseases. Under the new Federal standards, Pb is considered a hazard when equal to or exceeding 40 micrograms of Pb in dust per square foot on fl oors, 250 micrograms of Pb in dust per square foot on interior window sills, and 400 ppm of Pb in bare soil in children’s play areas or 1200 ppm average for bare soil in the rest of the yard. On October 15, 2008, the USEPA promulgated a revised National Ambient Air Quality Standard for Pb. The revision strengthened the 1978 standard tenfold, decreasing the allowable concentration from 1.5 to 0.15 μ/m3 Pb. This strengthening of the standard is the result of extensive research showing that blood-Pb levels as low as 10 ug/dl have affected child development (Bellinger, et al., 1987; Dietrich et al., 1987; Needleman, et al., 1990). Given the profound health concern for Pb in the environment, additional research is needed to better understand the relative behavior of different phases, mobility, and potential sources of Pb in fugitive dust in a region with a legacy of Pb contamination. Such specifi c information will enhance the body of information presently available on environmental Pb contamination allowing regulators to prioritize regions for cleanup, identify applicable and cost-effective remediation technologies (e.g., in situ fi xation versus removal), and determine relative proportions of contaminants derived from local sources. Presented here is an overview of a comprehensive study of fugitive road dust captured in suspension using an innovative sampling technique that will closely mimic the potential inhalation exposure to >1 μm particle sizes. This study will provide a better understanding of spatial distribution of soil/dust contamination, its geochemistry, and source using isotopic fi nger-printing. 50 AIPG 2009 Geology and Resources Conference Notes

AIPG/AIH/LM-A&WMA 2011 Geosciences: The Road to a Sustainable Future 51 Notes

52 AIPG 2009 Geology and Resources Conference AIPG 2011 NATIONAL CONFERENCE - ILLINOIS Geosciences: The Road to a Sustainable Future September 10-13, 2011 LM-A&WMA Bloomingdale, IL

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