Late Quaternary vegetation history of the southern Owens Valley region, Inyo County, California
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Authors Woolfenden, Wallace Bird, 1941-
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LATE-QUATERNARY VEGETATION fflSTORY
OF THE SOUTHERN OWENS VALLEY REGION,
INYO COUNTY, CALIFORNIA
by
Wallace Bird Woolfenden
Copyright © Wallace Bird Woolfenden 1996
A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the
DEPARTMENT OF GEOSCIENCES In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY
In the Graduate College
THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA
1996 UMI Ntunber: 9713433
Copyright 1996 by Woolfenden, Wallace Bird
All rights reserved.
UMI Microform 9713433 Copyright 1997, by UMI Company. All rights reserved.
This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code.
UMI 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, MI 48103 2
THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA ® GRADUATE COLLEGE
As members of the Final Examination Committee, we certify that we have
read the dissertation prepared by Wallace Bird Woolfenden
entitled Late Quaternary Vegetation History of the Southern Owens
Valley Region, Inyo County, California
and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation
requirement for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy
^ A'vuj / Owen K. Davis^ ^ ^, Date 7
William B. Bull Date r
C. Vance Haynes ^ DateI o^ ^
ylan Date
Date
Final approval and acceptance of this dissertation is contingent upon the candidate's submission of the final copy of the dissertation to the Graduate College.
I hereby certify that I have read this dissertation prepared under my direction and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement.
j^vxx>e/v7 S /^0/9(0 Dissertation Director Date Owen K. Davis 3
STATEMENT BY AUTHOR
This dissertation has been submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for an advanced degree at The University of Arizona and is deposited in the University Library to be made available to borrowers under rules of the Library.
Brief quotations from this dissertation are allowable without special permission, provided that accurate acknowledgment of source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the copyright holder.
SIGNED: 7/ 4
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Once upon a time Peter Meliringer and Roald Fryxell introduced me to The Secrets of the Past. Over the following years many teachers, collegues, and friends generously gave me their knowledge and encouragement. Paul Martin, Vera Markgraf, Wes Ferguson,
Val LaMarche, Geof Spaulding, Tom Van Devender, Bonnie Fine-Jacobs, Katie
Hirschboeck, Ken Cole, Martha Burgess, Connie Millar, Michael Moratto, and Linda
Reynolds especially come to mind. I am also grateful to my committee for their encouragement, patience, and precious help during difficult moments: Owen Davis, Jeff
Dean, C. Vance Haynes, Lisa Graumlich, and Bill Bull. 5
TABLE OF CONTENTS
L USTOFnCURES 7 2. UST OF TABLES 8 3. ABSTRACT 9 4. INTRODUCTION 11 4.1 Scope and Research Objectives 11 4.2 Theoretical Overview 14 4.3 Technical Problems to the Interpretation of the Owens Lake core 19 4.3.1 Pluvial Lake Depositional Environment 19 4.3.2 Effects of Mountain-Valley Topography 21 5. THE MODERN ENVIRONMENT 25 5.1 The Physical Landscape and Climate 25 5.2 Vegetation Patterns 31 6. QUATERNARY HISTORICAL CONTEXT 43 6.1 The Global System 43 6.2 Previous Research 47 6.2.1 The Early Pleistocene 49 6.2.1.1 Northeastern California 49 6.2.1.2 Southeastem California 51 6.2.2 The Late Pleistocene 54 6.2.2.1 Northeastern California 54 6.2.2.2 Coastal California 55 6.2.2.3 Southeastem California 56 6.2.2.4 Southern Sierra Nevada 62 6.2.3 The Holocene 66 6.2.3.1 Southeastem California 67 6.2.3.2 Southem Sierra Nevada 68 6.3 The Owens Lake System 70 7. METHODS 76 7.1 The Owens Lake Core 76 7.1.2 Stratigraphy 78 7.2 Sampling Procedures 83 7.3 Laboratory Procedures 85 7.2.1 Pretreatment 85 7.2.2 Extraction 86 7.4 Tabulation 87 8. RESULTS: THE OWENS LAKE RECORD 89 8.1. Variables 89 8.2 Pollen Stratigraphy 96 8.3 Modem Pollen Samples 110 9. INTERPRETATION: VEGETATION HISTORY OF THE SOUTHERN OWENS VALLEY REGION 116 6
TABLE OF CONTENTS - Continued
9.1 Zone OL-I (151-117.6 ka, 90-75,/umperus-Pmw^ Zone) 116 9.1.1 Vegetation Change 116 9.1.2 Qimate Implications 119 9.2 Zone OL-II (117.6-103.2 ka, 75-68 m, Pinus-Ambrosia- ChcnopodiacedielAmaranthus Zone) 123 9.2.1 Vegetation Change 123 9.2.2 Climatic Implications 126 9.3 Zone OL-IH (103.2-60.6 ka, 68-41 m, Pinus-Artemisia- Chenopodiaceaie/Amaranthus Zone) 141 9.3.1 Vegetation Change 141 9.3.2 Climatic Implications 144 9.4 Zone OL-IV (60.6-25.5 ka, 41-17 m, Pinus-Juniperus-Artemisia Zone) 147 9.4.1 Vegetation Change 147 9.4.2 Climatic Implications 148 9.5 Zones OL-V and OL-VI (25.5-17.7 ka, 17-10 m, Juniperus-Pinus Zone) and Zone OL-VI (17.7-10.2 ka, 10-5.5 m, Pinus-Artemisia Zone) ... 152 9.5.1 Vegetation Change 152 9.5.2 Climatic Implications 154 9.6 The Holocene 159 9.7 Algae and the Lake Environment 164 10. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: THE OWENS LAKE RECORD AND GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE 168 APPENDIX A: AGE-DEPTH RELAHONS 176 APPENDDCB: VARIABLES IN THE SUMMARY DATA SET 180 APPENDIX C: PALYNOMORPH DATA FOR OL-92 183 APPENDDCD: PALYNOMORPH DATA FOR OL-65 311 APPENDIX E: PALYNOMORPH DATA FOR SURFACE SAMPLES 327 REFERENCES 329 7
LUST OF nOURES
FIGURE L The California Section of the Basin and Range Province showing major features identified in the text (from Hollermann, 1973) 26 FIGURE 2. Location of paleoecological sites mentioned in text (from Woolfenden, 1996) 50 FIGURE 3. The Pleistocene Owens River system (from Benson et al., 1990) 73 FIGURE 4. The southem Owens Valley region showing the location of the OL-92 drill site (from Litwin et al., 1996) 77 FIGURE 5. Summary diagram of the sedimentary column and log for the entire 323 m OL-92 core (from Smith, 1993) 79 FIGURE 6. OL-92 age-depth curve for the upper 90 m 81 FIGURE 7. Plot of the "C dates analyzed by Bischoff and Kashgarian (from Kashgarian, 1995) 84 nGURE 8. Pollen percentage diagram for OL-92 100 FIGURE 9a. Pollen accumulation rate diagram for OL-92, with selected terrestrial tree, shrub and herb pollen plotted 101 FIGURE 9b. Pollen accumulation rate diagram for OL-92, with selected riparian and aquatic plan pollen plotted 102 FIGURE 10. CONISS dendrogram with pollen assemblage zones 103 FIGURE 11. Pollen surface samples Ill FIGURE 12. Modem pollen samples along an elevational transect plotten as accumulation rates 113 FIGURE 13. Modem pollen samples along an elevational transect plotten as percentages 114 FIGURE 14. Comparison of Juniper pollen percentages with carbonate content of Owens Lake sediments for the past 150 k.y 124 nGURE 15. Concentrations of freshwater and saline diatoms in the Owens Lake core for the past 800 k.y. (from Bradbury, 1993) 125 nGURE 16. 3D plots of Artemisia and Ambrosia (from Davis, 1995) 129 FIGURE 17. Ratios of cold to hot desert pollen taxa at Owens Lake for the past 150 k.y 130 FIGURE 18. Pollen percentage diagram for OL-65 160 HGURE 19. Comparison of Pinus^uniperus, Artemisia, Ambrosia and ChenopodiaceaeM/nara/ir/iws pollen and the marine oxygen isotope chronostratigarphy (Martinson et al., 1987) 170 FIGURE 20. Comparison of Juniperus pollen and the marine oxygen isotope chronostratigraphy (Martinson etai, 1987) for the past 150 k.y. ... 171 FIGURE 21. Comparison of Juniperus pollen curve and the marine oxygen isotope chronostratigraphy (Martinson et al., 1987) with suggested correlation of the oxygen isotope stages 172 8
2. LIST OF TABLES
TABLE 1. AMS Radiocarbon Dates from OL-92 82 TABLE 2. Pollen Sum File 89 TABLE 4. Pollen Assemblage Zones 99 TABLE 5. Ratios of Selected Taxa, Surface Pollen Samples 131 9
3. ABSTRACT
This study analyzes the pollen, spores, and algae in the upper 90 m section of a mostly continuous, well dated, 323 m core (OL-92) from Owens Lake, southeastern
California. The entire core has produced a paleoclimatic record for the past -800 ka.
The 90 m interval dates from ~9 ka to -151 ka beginning with the penultimate glaciation and ending during the termination of the last glaciation. The record shows high amplitude fluctuations in the abundances of pine, juniper, saltbush, sagebrush, chenopods/amaranths, md Ambrosia-type pollen. High percentages of juniper pollen with low percentages of desertscrub pollen during the intervals -150 ka to -120 ka and
73 ka to - 20 ka alternate with low juniper pollen and relatively high percentages of desertscrub and oak pollen during the intervals -118 ka to -103 ka and -18 ka -10 ka and into the Holocene. Sagebrush pollen varies with juniper pollen but has a tendency to lead it in time. Pine and fir pollen tends to vary inversely with juniper over the long term.
These trends are interpreted as vegetation change in response to glacial-interglacial cycles: During cold-wet glacial climates there was a downslope expansion of juniper woodland and sagebrush scrub, contraction of Sierra Nevada mixed conifer forest, and displacement of warm desertscrub, suggesting average temperature and precipitation departures from modem values ranging from -2°C to -6°C and from +100 nam to +350 mm. Conversely under warmer and drier interglacials warm desert shrubs expanded their range in the lowlands, juniper and sagebrush retreated upslope, and the Sierran forests expanded. Estimated average temperature and precipitation departures from modem 10 values ranged from -0.5°C to +3.7°C and +13 to -26 mm. Comparison of the pollen spectra spanning the penultimate and ultimate glacial maxima shows the former to have been longer and more intense, in accord with the Sierra Nevada glacial record. Similarly, the higher abundances of Ambrosia pollen during the last interglaciation, compared to the
Holocene, indicate warmer temperatures in the former. The presence of high oak percentages also during the last interglaciation suggest an expansion of the summer monsoon. Finally, the match of the juniper curve with the marine oxygen isotope chronostratigraphy suggests a link between vegetation change in the southern Owens
Valley and global climate. 11
4. INTRODUCTION
Has the earth's glacial winter, for all our mastery of science,
surely subsided? No, the geologist would answer. We merely
stand in a transitory spot of sunshine that takes on the illusion
of permanence only because the human generations are short.
--Loren Eiseley, 1978
4.1 Scope and Research Obfectives
Deep cores taken from ocean sediments, the ice caps of Greenland and Antarctica, and terrestrial sedimentary basins have revolutionized the investigation of Quaternary climate history. Chemical and microfossil analysis of marine sediments in deep ocean cores have provided continuous, high-resolution records of glacial-interglacial cycles throughout the
Quaternary (Imbrie et ai, 1992). The results of this research have been the replacement of the classical European and North American sequence of four glacial periods by more than 20, at least six of which are recognized in the Sierra Nevada. Correlation of these time series of ocean properties with the Milankovitch cycles of orbital parameters has given insight into the origin and behavior of continental glaciations (Imbrie, et al. 1992;
Imbrie et ai 1993).
Long terrestrial pollen records spanning one to several glacial cycles, often including the entire Quaternary Period or more, are becoming more common. They have been 12 retrieved from Europe (Van Der Hammen et al, 1971; Woillard, 1979; De Beaulieu and
Reille, 1984), South America (Hooghiemstra, 1989); Israel (Horowitz, 1989); Japan (Fuji,
1976); Australia (Singh and Geissler, 1985); and North America (Adam, 1988; Adam et al, 1989; Heusser and Heusser, 1990; Davis and Moutoux, 1996), to cite a few. The primary value of these records is the long term vegetation history that has been elucidated from them. Climate dynamics and the analysis of the orbital signal through correlation with the marine isotope stratochronologies have been important secondary contributions, for example, Adam and West (1983), Guiot et al. (1989), and Hooghiemstra and Melice
(1994).
A nearly continuous 323 m core, dated to 800 kyr at the bottom, was retrieved from
Owens Lake by the United States Geological Survey in the summer of 1992. The core provides a unique opportunity to add to this growing corpus of long pollen records a detailed study of the relationship of desert vegetation in the eastern Sierra Nevada to global climate change. I chose the upper 90 m as the sampling interval to provide a -151 ka vegetation history extending from the well studied Holocene and late Wisconsinan through the essentially unknown periods of last interglaciation and penultimate glacial maximum. The glacial-interglacial cycle also provides the climatic extremes for a clear comparison of vegetation response. This time interval has been the focus of much research interest in using the last interglaciation as a proxy for global warming scenarios and for understanding the dynamics of the last interglacial-glacial transition (Lauritzen and Anderson, 1995; Muhs and Pavich, 1994; Clark, 1992; Rutter etai, 1991). The 13 research objectives for this dissertation were (1) to interpret the Owens lake pollen record in terms of vegetation change in the southem Owens Valley region—including the Sierra
Nevada and Inyo Mountains—for the past 150 ka, (2) to provide a climatic explanation for the vegetation change in the context of the Owens Lake lacustrine record and the Sierra
Nevada glacial record, and (3) to compare the reconstructed vegetation-climate history to and marine and terrestrial (ie. Devils Hole, Winograd etal., 1992) 5'®0 isotope chonostratigraphies in order to demonstrate possible connections with global climate change.
The following chapters and chapter sections present (1) a background for the research objectives, (2) the methods used to acquire the research data, (3) a description of the resulting data, (4) the interpretation of the data to realize the first two research objectives, and (5) conclusions about the success in realizing the third research objective. The theoretical overview (4.2) is a discussion of some of the issues involved in the relationship between vegetation and climate. I assert the importance of spatial and temporal scales to the response of vegetation to climate change and to addressing the problem of whether or not vegetation is in equilibrium with climate change. Section 4.3 discusses interpretive problems particular to pollen dispersal, deposition, and preservation in a basin-range terrain and the pluvial lake depsitionsal environment.
Chapters 5 and 6 describe the modem landscape, the postulated mechanism of global climate change, and the previously reconstructed environmental history of Califomia during the past 2.4 Ma as a setting for the interpretation of vegetation and climate history 14 in the Owens Valley region. The chapter on methods (Chapter 7) details how the Owen
Lake core was retrieved, how the sediment samples were processed, and how the pollen was counted. Chapter 8 gives the results of pollen analysis, including a description of the most abundant taxa, a presentation of the pollen diagrams, and a quantitative description of the pollen assemblage zones. The results are interpreted in terms of vegetation history and its climatic implications for each pollen assemblage zone in Chapter 9. The concluding chapter is an attempt to link the regional vegetation and clunate history to global climate change using visual correlations with the marine oxygen isotope chronostratigraphy.
Conventional time-stratigraphic nomenclature is used in this dissertation (Coleman et al., 1987), although environmental change is not so simply bounded but is usually time-transgressive and operates at many nested frequencies. Chronometric ages are abbreviated ka and Ma (thousand and million years, respectively, measured from the present). Radiocarbon ('''C) ages are given as years before A.D. 1950 (yr B.P.); for example, 1200 yr B.P. Radiocarbon ages corrected for variation in the amount of '"'C produced in the atmosphere by calibration with tree-ring or coral chronologies is given as cal yr B.P. Informal time intervals are given as yr and k.y.
4.2 Theoretical Overview
An understanding of scale is important in the interpretation of a pollen record. The spatial scale resolved by pollen abundances depends on the basin size (Prentice, 1988).
The smaller the basin, the more detail the local vegetation will be recorded, at least in a 15 closed-canopy forest where extralocal pollen will be filtered out. Contrariwise, larger basin sizes will receive a proportionally greater amount of extralocal and regional pollen.
Because of the leptokurtic form of pollen dispersal (Prentice 1988), a pollen sample of any one taxon will include both local and long-distance sources so that a pollen spectrum is theoretically a summation of pollen from several spatial scales (Prentice 1988). The problem in interpreting past vegetation patterns is then to discriminate between the sources at local, extra-local, and regional scales, especially when only a single pollen diagram from a region is available. The consistently large area of Owens Lake— varying from 290 km" at the tum of the century (Owens Lake Core- Study Team 1995) to -330 km^ at pluvial highstands (Snyder et ai, 1964)-- diminishes this problem, assuming that a larger source area is reflected in the pollen from the lake sediments.
The relationship of basin size to source area is an important consideration in determining the type of vegetation information to be analyzed from a pollen record.
Analysis of proxy vegetation data has revealed that biotic processes dominate on the smaller time and space scales, whereas climatic and other non-biotic processes are the forcing functions on larger scales (Graumlich and Davis, 1993). For example, at small scales secondary succession resulting from mortality of individual plants or local disturbance events such as fire will produce changing patterns of species composition and abundance. At the regional or sub-continental scale, migrations, shifts in range, adaptation in place, or extinction resulting from variations in climate will change the composition and structure or the distribution of entire vegetation types (Delcourt and 16
Delcourt, 1991). On intermediate scales climatically influenced distribution of vegetation types is conditioned by substrate (Graumlich and Davis, 1993). The resulting landscape pattern is a shifting mosaic of secondary succession conditioned by landform and soil type (Bennett, 1988; Mueller-Dombois and Ellenberg, 1974) embedded in long term changes in vegetation type driven by climate change.
There are exceptions. For example, some desert shrub associations are very persistent because of life-history strategies that maintain long-lived individuals. Rates of intrinsic biotic change are so slow among associations dominated by Coleogyne ramosissima growing on very stable surfaces in the Mojave Desert of California that the non-biotic factors of geomorphological processes and climate change may be the primary drivers of vegetation dynamics (Webb etai, 1987).
Climate will also alter the competitive balance of species within a stand or community since species respond individualistcally to climate change; a shift in seasonality of precipitation, for instance, will favor some species over others and an increase in winter drought will be differentially tolerated. The amount of suitable habitat relative to different topographic, edaphic, and microclimatic conditions will also be altered by climate change so that, even though spatial distribution of plant species may be controlled by substrate, populations will expand and contract as fluctuations in climate influence their sensitivity to differences in soil waterholding capacity (Graumlich and Davis, 1993;
Prentice et ai, 1991). 17
Different dynamics, therefore, operate at different time and space scales, which are hierarchically linked. Global temperature variation, shifts in upper atmosphere circulation patterns, and redistribution of precipitation thus have a cascading effect down to the level of community dynamics and the physiology and life history of specific individuals that are relatively more important at that level. The relationship of processes between different scales, especially which processes become dominant at higher or lower levels makes the effects of climatic variability unclear and has led to one of the primary questions in historical ecology: has vegetation been in equilibrium with climate change during the Quaternary (Prentice, et al., 1991; Cole, 1985; Davis, 1986; Webb, 1986)?
Pollen studies in eastern North America have shown differential rates of expansion by a magnitude and crisscrossing migration paths between tree taxa throughout the post-glacial period (Davis, 1986). Macrofossil data extracted from packrat middens in the Grand Canyon suggests a lag of up to 3,000 years between the disappearance of glacial "dominants from marginal habitats and the subsequent arrival of Holocene dominants" (Cole, 1985). Furthermore, the use of dissimilarity coefficients to compare modem and fossil pollen spectra and the analysis of contemporaneous macrofossils in southwestern packrat middens have identified assemblages not presently known
(no-analog conditions), particularly during the late-glacial and early Holocene periods
(Betancourt etai, 1990; Overpeck etai, 1985).
Two competing hypotheses have been advanced to explain these diverse rates of migration and the unique vegetation associations (Davis, 1986; Webb, 1986). One 18 hypothesis claims that many species of plants have been in disequilibrium with climate change: that response to change was constrained by such endogenous biotic factors as different mechanisms of seed dispersal, rates of spread, inter-specific competition for seed establishment, life histories, shade tolerance, and "inertia", that is, the tendency of some species to persist long after conditions favoring their establishment have disappeared. The slow dynamic processes in many taxa, along with the continual instability of the climatic system, create a disequilibrium condition in which taxa perennially lag behind climate change at various rates, creating constantly shifting community compositions (Davis, 1986).
Conversely, the other hypothesis accepts the complexity of endogenous vegetation response to climate change but emphasizes that the response has been broadly in equilibrium with and draws its character from complex, continuous climate forcing. This includes the individualistic response of taxa to independently varying climatic components and the causal effect of a no-analog climate condition in producing a no-analog plant association (Webb, 1986). Webb argues that even though vegetation response to continual climate change will lag, a time and space scale of total vegetation response to climatic variation can be found to approximate an equilibrium condition. For instance, a change in climate may elicit a rapid alteration in the proportions of species present in a local area but elicit a lengthy response with a lag of several centuries when dispersal and soil development are necessary processes for the completion of a vegetation response on a regional scale. If vegetation did not respond relatively rapidly enough to 19 track climate change, evolution and survival of taxa would not be possible for long
(Webb, 1986).
Two studies of eastern North American climate change and vegetation dynamics since the last glacial maximum, using statistical pollen analysis and General Circulation
Models, support the dynamic equilibrium hypothesis and gave no evidence that vegetation lagged more than 1.5 kyr, if at all, behind climate change on a subcontinental scale (Prentice et al., 1991; Webb, 1993). The complex, regional patterning of temperature and precipitation changes, allowing for slow maximum dispersal rates of some plant species and slow development rates of some soils, will have resulted in an irregular movement of species ranges that appear to be migrational lags or disequilibrium distributions. The differential directions and rates of shifting plant distributions, therefore, coincide with disparate variations in climatic components.
4.3 Technical Problems to the Interpretation of the Owens Lake Core
The Owens Lake drilling site possesses several environmental factors prevalent in an arid basin-range geography that influences pollen dispersal, deposition, and preservation, and should be addressed in the analysis.
4.3.1 Pluvial Lake Depositional Environment
The pollen record, as part of the dynamic lacustrine sedimentary system in arid regions, is influenced by processes governing the history of the lake and the complex relations between its chemistry, its ground, vadose, and surface waters, and its biological, sedimentary, playa, and aeolian processes (Torgersen, 1986). 20
Pleistocene Owens Lake fluctuated between a deep, freshwater and mildly alkaline lake throughout most of its history (Chapter 6.3; Bischoff et al., 1993). During the warm peaks of the last interglaciation and Holocene, however, the lake had shrunk to a shallow saline lake stage, and reached a playa stage for the first time in its history during the middle Holocene (Owens Lake Core- Study Team 1995). These lake level stages can cause a mixing of the sediments (Torgersen, 1986 ; Hardie et ai, 1978). Fluxes in surface water salinity can cause diagenesis and mixing: by O^ diffusion into the anoxic sediments at a full lake stage, and by evaporative pumping from the porewater with reduction of water volume. Wave action at a shallow lake stage will disturb the bottom sediments. Salt tolerant organisms growing around the reduced lake margin at a shallow water or playa stage can disturb the sediments of the pluvial lake basin by root action, insect burrows, and oligocaete worm burrows (Hardie et al, 1978). When Owens Lake was at the playa stage, with all surface water evaporated, the dry lake surface was exposed to deflation by winds except where the salt crusts are indurated, as can be observed today.
Transportation of extralocal pollen by streams will supplement the pollen airfall to the lake. When the lake was shallow and confined to the present basin, Owens River discharged into the lake after traversing the southern Owens Valley, incorporating water, sediment, and pollen from tributary streams arising from the Sierra Nevada and
White-Inyo Mountains. During periods of pluvial high stands when Pleistocene Owens
Lake had expanded upvalley the tributaries would have debouched directly into the lake. 21
Long distance fluvial delivery of pollen which causes the sort of false fluctuations of pollen spectra found in alluvium (Fall, 1987) is assumed to be a minor source of error because the pollen source area for the Owens Lake drilling site is large and most of the pollen reaches the lake by atmospheric fallout. Stream transport, however, probably contributes a proportion of mechanically damaged pollen to the sampling site (Adam, D., personal communication, 1995).
4.3.2 Effects of Mountain-Vallev Topography
The influence of mountain-valley topography on local climate introduces a complexity into two components of the pollen deposition system: (1) vegetation patterns
(pollen source), and (2) mesoscale wind pattems (pollen dispersal).
1. Vegetation diversity, induced by topographic relief and latitudinal situation is a hindrance to precise reconstruction of past vegetation. Daubenmire (1980) warns that vegetation zonation of a mountain range is a function of temperature and moisture gradients rather than a monovariate elevation gradient; the differing microclimates fashioned by aspect and slope, along with altitude, interfinger and reduce the distance between environmentally diverse species. Any reconstruction of montane vegetation assuming a uniform altitude of a tree line will be erroneous.
2. Westerlies are the prevailing geostropic winds of the study area. These are modified at the surface by topography and permanent and migratory pressure cells.
Mountains tend to deform the prevailing flow in an anticyclonic direction. Pressure falls on the lee side causing subsidence with accompanying warming and drying, often 22 penetrating the valleys (Rohn, 1969). Passage of a winter cyclonic storm embedded in the westerlies will shift the wind from the south to the north. During the summer and early fall southwesterly winds are derived from the high pressure ridge over southern
United States and northwestern Mexico, and tropical cyclones, respectively (Pyke, 1972;
Hales, 1974). The orientation of Owens Valley will channel and intensify southerly and northerly surface winds because of its northwest-southeast axis (Solomon and Silkworth,
1986). Therefore, pollen dispersal will mostly be along the Owens Valley axis rather than from the east or west and will reflect the latitudinal movement of warm and cold desert taxa during glacial cycles.
Mesoscale montane winds are complex branches of an overall thermally driven circulation consisting of horizontal, vertical, and longitudinal components (Flohn 1969).
Diurnal changes in insolation produce daytime upslope and nightly downslope flows which fill the valley. The "effect of mass continuity" (Flohn, 1969) also produces a daytime subsidence and nighttime uplift along the center of the valleys, creating baroclinic circulation cells with opposing cross-valley winds at the surface and above, and vertical winds along the valley margins and axes. This is combined with longitudinal up and down valley flows.
Ice and snow also have an effect. During full glacial and perhaps stadial periods an ice cap- valley glacier complex covered the crest of the southern Sierra Nevada south to
~2)6° 20'. The White Mountains were also extensively glaciated; glacial deposits are exclusive to the drainages of the eastern escarpment. A preliminary glacial chronology 23 has been developed by EIliot-Fisk who postulates a correlation with the Sierra Nevada
(Elliott-Fisk, 1987). Increased albedo from the snow and ice reduces daytime insolation causing a permanent temperature inversion and persistent gravity flow of cooled air.
Vegetation would also be affected. Summer snow cover fluctuation during the interglacials and interstadials would have had negligible effects.
These air circulation systems transport pollen in various ways but to a more limited extent than previously realized if recent experiments are correct. Markgraf (1980) and
Solomon and Silkworth (1986) have observed that a linear or exponential function is not appropriate for downwind pollen deposition in a mountain region. Rather, pollen seems to be deposited in a stepwise manner with abrupt decreases in frequency from the source and constant low frequencies thereafter, irrespective of distance. The explanation is the presence of thermal barriers or inversion layers that prevent upslope and downslope transport of pollen between mountain and valley air and isolate pollen within each of these two atmospheric layers. Solomon and Silkworth cite several air pollution studies providing evidence for these lids on vertical mixing. Markgraf also cites evidence for a decrease in the strength of upslope wind relative to prevailing winds flowing perpendicular to the slope at high elevations. Experiments in a small Swiss valley revealed stratification of nighttime mesoscale winds with two zones of low velocity at mid-elevations and a third low velocity zone at the ridgeline separating the local and general flows. This stratification could be another limiting factor to pollen transport if it also occurred in the daytime. 24
Diurnal, seasonal, and long-term variations in depth of the inversion layers add another complication. Further testing is needed but a critical implication of stepped pollen deposition is the limited use of regional fossil pollen for information about past vegetation (Solomon and Silkworth, 1986). 25
5. THE MODERN ENVIRONMENT
This chapter sets the stage for interpreting the paieoecoiogy of the Owens Valley region. It first characterizes the physical attributes of the overall research area and then focuses on the topography, climate, and vegetation patterns of southern Owens Valley and the flanking Sierra Nevada and Inyo Mountain ranges.
5.1 The Physical Landscape and Climate
The research area lies geographically within the California section of the Basin and
Range Province (Figure 1) plus the southern Sierra Nevada. The section is defined somewhat arbitrarily by the California-Nevada state line on the east, the eastern escarpment of the Sierra Nevada on the west, the Mono Basin on the north and the
Garlock fault on the south (Hollermann, 1973). As typical of the Basin and Range
Province it is characterized by a horst and graben system of subparallel, block-faulted mountain ranges and hydrologically closed or restricted sediment-filled basins containing ephemeral saline lakes and surrounded by alluvial fans. It differs from the rest of the province by the extreme relief resulting from the height of the massive White-Inyo
Mountain range (4,341 m above msl for White Mountain Peak) and the bottom of Death
Valley (86 m below msl). This elevation range, along with the orographic influence of the proximate Sierra Nevada and its rain shadow, provides for a well-developed bioclimatic zonation and high diversity (Hollermann, 1973).
The climatic diversity of the region is further enhanced by three overlapping precipitation maxima. Winter is the season of the primary maximum, delivered by 26
Mono Lakt 118' '116* iSM V 38*
US ^ Fish Lake I tn V Bishop tiir B2D ^<^•^>2578 50 km r*N • • Vifci^.'c •» •30 •> X. \» - {voe::-' \-* I/a- Onrert* ^ .- V - V Greenwaier • 'V^znjtfv /?a''^e m 1U8^ p _ JSC li lake •?! ^ '^•. *N_ Resting Spring <. vV ^ . >. w >• \ :5?.t k \ 4-• f'I .• '\. Nopah O 1> 36* I Indian '%/i\•'I'ti, -"'•ttTS ! Wells "i i ^ / Vallay Chicago Valley
FIGURE 1. The California Section of the Basin and Range Province showing major geographic features identified in the text (from Hollermann, 1973). 27 extratropical Pacific cyclones tracked by the polar jet stream to the south and east from the Aleutian low, anomalous cold storms from the north, and anomalous warm storms from the west or southwest. A secondary late spring maximum from the northwest interior possibly results fi-om unstable Pacific airmasses carried inland by the westerliesand is largely convective. Another convective precipitation regime is the secondary summer maximum from tropical moisture originating out of the Gulf of
California, the Pacific, and to some extent, the Gulf of Mexico. (Pyke, 1972; Hales,
1974).
At the westernmost edge of the Basin and Range Province is the deep, narrow Owens
Valley trough. Owens Valley is a 258 km-long downdropped block with an elevation range of 1372 m at the northern end to 1067 m at Owens Lake playa. It is one of a series of grabens extending from the north end of the White Mountains to the Coso Range south of Owens Lake. It consists of two basins divided by the Poverty Hills, a gravity slide block of pre-Tertiary rock south of Big Pine, where the bedrock is -300 m below the alluvial surface (Gillespie, 1991). The structure of these basins is asymmetric, consisting of the deep graben itself along the east side of the valley at the base of the White/Inyo
Mountains and a shallow bedrock bench or pediment to the west, buried by alluvial fans of the Sierra Nevada to a depth of ~300 m. The two grabens differ in depth, from 1.2 km in the north to 2.1 km in the southern basin (Pakiser et ai, 1964). Total subsidence, including substantial down-to-the-east tilting, has been about 4 km during the past 6 m.y. with an average rate of 0.6-2.0 mm yr ' (Gillespie, 1991). The Owens Valley right-lateral, oblique-slip fault zone runs along the axis of the valley, just to the east of center. It is still seismically active as demonstrated by the M7.8 to MS.O 1872 Lone Pine earthquake and the 1986 Chalfant Valley earthquake (Pinter and Keller, 1992). There may be a Sierra Nevada fault zone along the western bench but minimal tectonic activity has taken place during the past 1 m.y., as is apparent from the continual deposition of the alluvial fans, and no recent seismic event or faulting has been recorded (Gillespie, 1991).
Range front faults are limited in extent and may be activated by local volcanic events.
Faulting has recurred at erratic intervals of ~10-20 k.y.
Classic bajadas of the eastern Sierra Nevada have formed south of Big Pine Creek and to the north end of Owens Lake as a nearly continuous depositional landform against the equally continuous steep escarpment. To the north of Big Pine Creek the escarpment and bajada are broken by deep canyons and their emergent composite end moraines, and such features as the high crustal block of Coyote Warp. The apron of coalesced alluvial fans of Owens Valley has a topographic relief of -305 m to ~760 m above the floor of the valley. The continuity of the bajada is primarily determined by the structure of the
Owens Valley Fault Zone and the normal dip-slip range front faults of the Sierran escarpment (Pinter and Keller, 1992). Subsidence of the Owens Valley must be considered in relation to the uplift of the Sierra Nevada and the White-Inyo Mountain range on the east.
The age of the fans comprising the southern Sierra Nevada bajada ranges from ~0.5
Ma to the Holocene, as determined from the development of soil profiles, K/Ar dates on 29 interbedded basalt flows, and by relative dating and correlation with Pleistocene moraines upstream (Gillespie, 1991). Evidence of earlier fans exists as erosional remnants of fanglomerates such as the one at Oak Creek overlaying a 1.2 Ma basalt flow capping the ridges of a dissected foothill block. There are no preserved fan surfaces of the present bajada older than 7 ka since the Bishop Ash, a good regional time marker dated to the
~7.6 ka formation of the Long Valley caldera, is not found on any of the surfaces or within the fan stratigraphy as exposed in cutbanks.
Subsidence of the Owens Valley coincided with the uplift of the Sierra Nevada since the Late Miocene or Pliocene (Gillespie, 1991; Pinter and Keller, 1992). Evidence from the Mammoth Lakes region shows that the height of the Sierra Nevada increased about 1 km during the past 3 m.y. (Huber, 1981). This synchronized subsidence and uplift were apparently not continuous but occurred during three separate episodes each with a duration of about 1 m.y., beginning in the south and propagating northward. The overlapping fans that resulted from the latest tectonic episode are of nine different ages but they do not vary topographically; their distal contacts with recent valley alluvium north of former Pleistocene Owens Lake are at a remarkably similar elevation, with only a few meters' difference between them. These data, plus the minimal stream incision and the location of fan apices near the range front, has been interpreted by Gillespie (1991) as evidence for a stable base level throughout the 1 m.y. period of deposition, which means that uplift and subsidence, erosion and deposition, have been in equilibrium. The Owens Valley watershed drains 8500 km'although almost all the river volume is contributed by runoff from the Sierra Nevada. During the past ~13 k.y. the hydro logic system has been closed, according to the calculated carbonate content (>7% CO3) in the sediments (Bischoff et ai, 1993; Owens Lake Core- Study Team, 1995). The Owens
River is the primary carrier of surface water, flowing in a meandering course from its headwaters in the northern end of Long Valley through a gorge, over riffles, into pools and wetlands south to Owens Lake. Most of the tributary water flowing into Owens
Valley is delivered by the 30 streams draining the Sierra Nevada snowpack. There is no outflow from the valley since the bedrock substrate is impermeable and the outlet from the Owens Lake sink is higher than the potential lake levels of the present climate regime.
The climate of the watershed ranges from arid in the valley, with an average annual precipitation of 100-150 mm, to humid near the crest of the Sierra Nevada, with an average annual precipitation of >1000 mm. Most precipitation and almost all recharge of ground water occurs in the cool season months between November and March.
Precipitation on the valley floor is highly variable from year to year. Mean temperatures in the valley are high in the summer (~24°C at Independence), with a July maximum of
35°C, and cool in the winter (~5°C at Independence), with a January minimum of -6°C.
Xeric conditions in the summer are increased by low relative humidity and southerly winds of up to 15-20 mph (City of Los Angeles, Department of Water and Power and
County of Inyo 1990). 31
5.2 Vegetation Patterns
The latitudinal extent of the California Section of the Basin and Range Province
(Hollermann 1973), along with the north to south decrease in base level, results in its present spanning of the cold Great Basin and hot Mojave Deserts. These two deserts, characterized by the shadscale-sagebrush and creosote bush Intermontane Valley Zones, respectively, interfinger approximately along the 37th parallel and reach their common northernmost boundary in the Horsethief Hills at the northem end of Eureka Valley (Lat.
37°22' N) (Cronquist et ai, 1972; Spaulding, 1980). In the following description, plant nomenclature follows The Jepson Manual (Hickman, 1993) and vegetation types are, for the most part, taken from Barbour and Major (1990), Sawyer and Keeler-Wolf (1995) and
City of Los Angeles, Department of Water and Power and County of Inyo (1990). The
Califomia Native Plant Society vegetation classification system is used. Definitions of floristically-based terms such as vegetation type, series, and association are given in
Sawyer and Keeler-Wolf (1995). Lists of species associates of vegetation types are selected characteristic species and not inclusive. Some of the descriptions of vegetation distributions are based on personal observations by the author. The area described is limited to the southern Owens Valley watershed fi-om the narrow part of the valley on the north end just south of Poverty Hills at Taboose Creek (37° GO'), through the Owens Lake basin, to Rose Valley on the south end (36° 00') and bounded on the west and east by the crests of the Sierra Nevada and Inyo Range. 32
The vegetation of Owens Valley has been considerably altered after it was homesteaded by Euroamericans beginning in 1861 and after completion of the Los
Angeles Aqueduct in 1913 (City of Los Angeles, Department of Water and Power and
County of Inyo, 1990; DeDecker, 1977). Many wetlands were drained by irrigation ditches constructed by farmers for agricultural development. Later, almost the entire
Owens River and its tributaries were diverted by the aqueduct below the intake dam south of Tinemaha Creek between Big Pine and Independence. Disruption of natural streamflows resulted in the loss of riparian vegetation along the tributaries, dried marshes and riparian vegetation in the meander channels, and eventually dried Owens Lake by
1924. Agricultural ditches, stream diversion and groundwater pumping, which supplemented the surface water for the expanding aqueduct system, periodically lowered watertables and either reduced productivity or decreased the extent of alkali sacaton and saltgrass meadows and tule, cattail, cottonwood, and willow-dominated wetlands. An impression of "presettlement" vegetation was given in a report written by Captain John
W. Davidson who, in the summer of 1859, led a punitive expedition to the Owens Valley in search of suspected horse thieves among the Paiute (pitan ag'^ adi) (Wilke and Lawton,
1976). Captain Davidson wrote: "...we traveled between two ranges of Mountains, the
Sierra Nevada on our left, and the range first spoken of on our right, now receding from, now approaching each other, with water and grass abundant for 35 miles, to the southern end of Owen's Lake... I then marched as far as the Canon of Owen's River through some of the finest country I have ever seen. It may be said literally to be a vast meadow, 33 watered every few miles with clear, cold mountain streams, and the grass (although in
August) as green as in the first of spring."
Although the natural distribution of vegetation types in Owens Valley has changed,
they still exist and have been described. Vegetation of the uplands and mountains has
probably not been significantly altered by human activity. The general pattern of vegetation along the axis of the valley is a highly diverse mosaic of plant associations transitional between the Mojave Desert Floristic Province at the south end and the Great
Basin Floristic Province toward the north. The transition zone centers on Owens Lake and, since it is sensitive to climate change, the lake sediments provide a sensitive clunatic record.
Modem vegetation types of the southem Owens Valley floor surrounding Owens Lake include saltbush-greasewood scrub and alkali meadows and seeps. The moister margin of the lake with a high water table and sodic soils support halophytic plants such asAtriplex phyllostegia (arrowscale), A. parryi (Parry saltbush), Allenrolfea occidentalis (iodine bush), and Suaeda spp. On higher ground and stabilized sand dunes where the depth to water table is more than 3 m the dominant shrub is Sarcobatus vermiculatus
(greasewood) typically associated with various species of saltbush, especially Atriplex canescens (fourwing saltbush). This greasewood series is the most extensive type along the valley floor where it can also associate with Chrysothamnus nauseosus (rubber rabbitbrush), Kochia californica (rusty molly), and Artemisia tridentata (big sagebrush). 34
Also along the Owens River and over the valley bottom where the alkaline soils are permanently moist from a high, saline water table, intermittent flooding, or springs and seeps, grow various meadow vegetation types. Alkali meadows and seeps of dense perennial grasses, sedges, and rushes are the most common with the characteristic species
Sporobolus airoides (alkali sacaton), Distichlis spicata (saltgrass), Juncus balticus (wire grass), Anemopsis californica (yerba mansa), Carex spp. (sedge), Suaeda moquinii (bush seepweed), Triglochin concinna (arrowgrass), Phragmites australis (common reed), and
Rosa woodsii (wild rose), among others. Remnants exist of once extensive alkali and freshwater bogs and marshes in meander channels and depressions where there is standing or flowing water and permanently waterlogged soil. They are dominated by
Carex spp., Distichlis spicata, Juncus spp., Triglochin concinna, and emergent herbaceous vegetation such as Phragmites australis, Scirpus spp. (bulrush), Typha latifolia and T. domingensis (cattail).
Broadleafed, winter-deciduous riparian and bottomland associations growing along
Owens River, tributary streams, and associated alluvial flats are dominated by Populus fremontii (Fremont cottonwood) and Salix spp. (willow). Cottonwood/willow riparian forests have an understory of shrubs (Chrysothamnus nauseosus, Artiplex lentiformis (big saltbush), Rosa woodsii, and herb layer of Distichlis spicata, Sporobolus airoides, Juncus balticus, and Carex spp. The marsh plants Scirpus acutus (tule) and Typha latifolia are also associates. Dense thickets of several species of shrubby willows, rose, Shepherdia 35 argentea (buffalo berry), and Betula occidentalis (water birch), occur along gravel bars and alluvial terraces.
Altered lands comprise about 8925 ha of irrigated alfalfa fields, meadows of introduced perennial grasses (such as Agropyon intermedium and Festuca arundinaceae), and barrens; artificial lakes, ponds, and reservoirs; and townsites. Disturbed areas, abandoned farmlands, and former meadows dried by lowered water tables have been invaded by Chrysothamnus nauseosus. Three exotic trees have become naturalized in the valley: the aggressive phreatophites, Tamarix chinensis and T. ramosissima (tamarisk) has been spreading along intermittant streams, washes, and around artificial ponds and
Robinia pseudoacacia (black locust), widely planted as an ornamental and windbreak, forms scattered woodlands in wet areas, along with a few individuals of Eleagnus angustifolius (oleaster).
Above the valley floor along the marginal slopes and on the alluvial fans and bajadas, well drained soils with low water-holding capacity and low alkalinity provide habitats for several desert shrub associations. One of these is the creosote bush scrub that is the most characteristic vegetation type of the Mojave Desert Province. Larrea tridentata (creosote bush) and Ambrosia dumosa (white bursage) are the two dominant or important shrubs in the canopy. Other associates are Ephedra spp., Psorothanmus arborescens (indigo bush),
Opuntia spp., Grayia spinosa (hopsage), Hymenoclea salsola (cheesebush), Atriplex spp. and, at the south end of Owens Lake, Yucca brevifolia (Joshua tree). Larrea is limited by the lower temperatures and higher precipitation related to higher base levels and latitudes. 36
It does not grow where extreme minimum mean winter temperatures are below -17° C, or the mean annual rainfall exceeds 183 mm (Beatley, 1974,1975). It is also excluded by dense, saline soils such as those around playas. Creosote bush grows from below sea level in Death Valley to about 1500 m at its upper elevational range. Extensive stands of creosote bush scrub predominate on the flats and alluvial fans of Rose Valley (3400 m,
36° 00') and becomes restricted to the fans further north, occurring as a zone above the cold air drainage sink of Owens Valley along the base of the Inyo Mountains north to
Mazourka Canyon at about 36° 50' N. Lat.
Along the steep, narrow eastern base of the Sierra Nevada on the southwest margin of the Owens Lake basin creosote bush scrub intergrades with complex mixed shrub associations that continue northward up the Owens Valley and southward along the westem margin of the Mojave Desert. The last individuals oi Larrea tridentata are found south of Cottonwood Creek. This shrub complex may or may not be understory to emergent Yucca brevifolia and the associates include Ambrosia dumosa, Atriplex spp.,
Coleogyne ramosissima (blackbush), Psorothanmnus arborescens, Ephedra spp.,
Hymenoclea salsola, Grayia spinosa, Artemisia tridentata, Ericameria cooperi
(goldenbush), Eriogonum fasciculatum, Lupinus excubitus (grape soda lupine),
Chrysothamnus spp., Opuntia basilaris (beavertail cactus), Tetradymia axillaris
(cottonthom), and Salvia dorii (Qokey blue sage), among many others.
Desert saltbush scrub series are found on poorly drained and well drained, slightly alkaline soils at the toe-slopes of the Sierra Nevada alluvial fans. The most common is 37 the shadscale series, dominated by Atriplex confertifolia (shadscale) associated with the shrubs, Artemisia spinescens (budsage). Ambrosia dumosa, Atriplex polycarpa (allscale),
Coleogyne ramosissima. Ephedra nevadensis (Nevada ephedra), Krascheninnikovia lanata (winter fat), Grayia spinosa, Gutierrezia spp. (snakeweed), Kochia americana, and Tetradymia axillaris, among others. This vegetation type intergrades upward into a mixed scrub and blackbush scrub.
The blackbush series is dominated by Coleogyne ramosissima interspersed with other shrubs characteristic of the saltbush and mixed shrub associations with the addition of
Artemisia tridentata, Opuntia echinocarpa (silver cholla) and the grass, Pleuraphis jamesii. Atriplex confertifolia drops out in the blackbrush/mixed shrub communities with increase in elevation along the alluvial fans (about 1675 m) while sagebrush increases in abundance to become a dominant in the big sagebrush series. This series includes
Purshia tridentata (bitterbrush) (which is often locally dominant), P. tridentata var. glandulosa (desert bitterbrush). Ephedra viridis (green ephedra), and the grasses,
Achnatherum hymenoies, Hesperostipa comata, and Elymus spicatus, along with other mixed shrub species. Coleogyne ramosissima eventually drops out at higher elevations.
Scattered individuals of Pinus monophylla (singleleaf pinyon) occur higher on the fans among rocky outcrops and in drainage channels, becoming emergent over the shrub canopy and increasing in density until the conifer is dominant and forms a woodland structure on the mountain front and in the canyons. Cercocarpus ledifolius (mountain 38 mahogany) also occurs on the Sierran escarpment on rocky ridges and steep slopes in thin soil. The species may grow as a scattered shrub form or a small tree in dense thickets.
The drainages emitting from the Sierra Nevada canyons contain two main riparian series. The willow series (Salix spp.) is found generally above 1680 m as stringers along streambanks and moist canyon bottoms. Its associates include Betula occidentalis, Rosa woodsii, Populus trichocarpa (black cottonwood), Populus tremuloides (aspen) and, above the southernmost Owens Lake basin, Fraxinus velutina (velvet ash). North of
Owens Lake Populus tremuloides forms a riparian forest or occurs in stands on slopes in wet habitats. A few drainages west of the town of Independence (~36°50' N) contain stands of Quercus kelloggii (black oak) and Q. chrysolepis (canyon live oak). There is an unusual gallery forest of associated Pinus ponderosa (ponderosa pine) and Quercus kelloggii on the alluvial terrace of a low gradient reach of Independence Creek just within the escarpment, with a shrub understory of Betula occidentalis growing along the streambank. The black oak extends out on the alluvial fan only a short distance from the mouth of the canyon while individual ponderosa pine follows the creek down fan for several hundred meters. Another unusual occurrence is a small stand of Juglans californica var. hindsii (northern California black walnut) associated with Quercus kelloggii. They are growing on a spring-fed mesic bench and slope at the fan apex above
Symmes Creek just south of Independence Creek. The walnuts must be a historic planting although there is no archaeological evidence of a homestead or ranch in the vicinity and no local information about the origin of the trees is available. 39
The coniferous forest zone grows above the singleleaf pinyon and basin sagebrush series. Between 2590 to 2740 m, are relatively pure stands of Pinus Jeffreyi (Jeffrey pine) with a shrub understory olArtemisia tridentata. Stands and scattered individuals of
Pinus contorta ssp. murrayana (lodgepole pine) are found at higher elevations, along
with scattered to dense, extensive thickets of montane chaparral. The chaparral is a low compact mix of shrubs such as Arctosaphylos patula (greenleaf manzanita), Ceanothus cordulatus (mountain whitethorn), Ceanothus velutinus (tobacco brushy, Ceanothus greggii (cupleaf ceanothus), Artemisia tridentata, Castanopsis sempervirens (bush chinquapin) and Quercus vaccinifolia (huckleberry oak).
The Kem Plateau, along the crest of the southern end of the Sierra Nevada, contains,
among its diversity of conifer forests, a mixed conifer-fir series growing on cold soils
between 2130 m and 2740 m. The dominant trees are Abies concolor (white fir), A. magnifica (red fir), and Pinus jeffreyi with a shrub understory of Arctostaphylos patula,
Quercus vaccinifolia, and Ceanothus cordulatus.
Above 2900 m on shallow, nutrient-poor soils is a subalpine conifer-foxtail pine
mosaic forest. Characteristic species are Tsuga mertensiana (mountain hemlock), Pinus albicaulis (whitebark pine), P. flexilis (limber pine), P. balfouriana (foxtail pine) and occasionally P. monticola (western white pine) and Juniperus occidentalis ssp. australis
(western juniper) with a sparse shub understory of Ribes cereum (wax current),
Holodiscus microphyllus (rock spiraea), Chrysothamnus viscidiflorus (yellow
rabbitbrush), Tetradymia canescens (horsebrush), Eriogonum spp. (buckwheat) and 40
Artemisia tridentata. Pinus balfouriana is a long-lived (>1 ka) tree growing as an associate with other subalpine conifers or in very open pure stands on shallow, well drained, decomposed granitic soils on exposed slopes and ridges. Its primary habitat lies west of Owens Lake on the Kern Plateau and in the Cottonwood Basin. The southernmost extensions of Tsuga mertensiana on the eastside of the Sierra Nevada are small stands on slopes of two headwater tributary streams of the South Fork Kings River
(36° 45' N) west of Independence (Parsons, 1972). The typical tree-line species is Pinus albicaulis which forms dense stands of stunted, multistem or knimmholz individuals and clones at its upper elevation limit on windswept slopes and ridges.
Meadows are scattered throughout the montane and subalpine forest zones. Wet meadows are composed of sedges, rushes and grasses, with associated Ericaceae shrubs such as Vaccinium caespitosum (bilberry), Kalmia polifolia (alpine laurel), and Ledum glandulosum (labrador tea).
Mixed alpine scrub is the dominant vegetation type above timberline. The vegetation is a mix of sedges, grasses, forbs, and such dwarf shrubs as Holodiscus discolor
(oceanspray), Phyllodoce breweri (mountain heather), and Cassiope mertensiana (white heather).
The Great Basin-related vegetation types of the xeric Inyo Mountains are similarly zoned but less diverse in species and associations. Desert saltbush scrub, dominated by
Atriplex spp, Grayia spinosa, and Artemisia tridentata, occupies the valley floor while a creosote bush scrub series occurs on well-drained sites and the lower slopes of the 41 alluvial fans. With elevation gain individuals of Joshua tree and singleleaf pinyon pine with a mixed desert scrub-shadscale scrub understory, including the above- named species, in addition to Menodora spinescens (spiny menodora) and Krascheninnikovia lanata (winterfat), comprise a transition zone to the pinyon-juniper (Juniperus osteosperma) woodland at about 2000 m. The shrub understory of the pinyon-juniper woodland is dominated by Artemisia tridentata, A. nova (black sagebrush), Purshia tridentata, P. tridentata var. glandulosa, Ephedra viridis, and Chrysothamnus viscidiflorus.
Beginning with an elevation of about 2900 m a mosaic of sagebrush scrub, mountain mahogany, and open conifer woodland forms the subalpine zone. The only other two pines in the Inyo Range are Pinus flexilis and the long-lived (>3 ky, Ferguson and
Graybill, 1983) P. longaeva (bristlecone pine). Pinus flexilis is either the sole dominant in the subalpine woodland, especially at lower elevations on moist, granitic soils, or is mixed with Pinus longaeva below timberline. The dominant woody shrub asssociates are
Artemisia tridentata, A. nova, Chamaebatiaria millefolium (ferabush), Chrysothamnus viscidiflorus, and Ribes cereum. Riparian woodland and shrub of Populus trichocarpa,
P. fremontii, Rosa woodsii, and Salix sp. occur along the watered drainages and wetlands on the eastem escarpment. The west slope of the Inyo Range is very dry.
Water is the limiting factor in the southern Owens Valley region (City of Los Angeles and County of Inyo, 1990). The influence of water sources on the distribution of vegetation types, especially in and around the valley proper, is important for 42 understanding the relation of vegetation as represented by the pollen spectra to climate change. Vegetation is divided into three water source categories (City of Los Angeles and County of Inyo, 1990): 1. Not dependent upon groundwater but on soil moisture recharge by precipitation and surface runoff. This category includes conifers, shrubs, and grasses in mountain habitats and primarily shrubs and scattered grasses on alluvial fans. 2. Dependent upon groundwater and/or capillary rise from the water table. This category consists of salt-tolerant shrubs and grasses adapted to fluctuations in water supply and located on the valley floor. 3. Dependent upon standing and/or running water.
Marsh and riparian species requiring a constant supply of water are in this category.
Changes in precipitation and evapotranspiration are most likely to affect vegetation types more quickly in the first and third categories while the long-term storage of groundwater will buffer the vegetation on the valley floor. 43
6. QUATERNARY HISTORICAL CONTEXT
6.1 The Global System
The Quaternary vegetatioa history of the southem Owens Valley Region can be more fully understood if it is placed in the context of the global climatic chronology. Climate is a major driver of vegetation dynamics and the interpretation of climate change has been a chief objective of the reconstruction of past vegetation. This section summarizes the major concepts about the causes and climatic trends of the giacial-interglacial cycles and indicates how effects on the global climate system influences regional climate.
The Pleistocene was classically defined as a unique time toward the proximal end of the history of the earth when major glaciations occurred. The causes of the Pleistocene ice ages have been one of the dominant research problems in Quaternary science. The initiation of continental glaciation has been attributed to changes in the coupled atmospheric and oceanic circulation system that responded to such tectonic events as the closure of the isthmus of Panama and the uplift of the Sierra Nevada, Himalaya-Tibetan plateau, and other mountain ranges (Ruddiman and Kutzbach, 1989). The pattern of glacial oscillations is widely assumed to be driven by the seasonal and latitudinal distribution of incident solar radiation according to periodic variations in the earth-sun geometry (Berger, 1991). There are three major components, a 100,000-year cycle of the eccentricity of earth's orbit, a 41,000-year cycle of earth's obliquity about the ecliptic plane, and a 23,000-year precession of the equinoxes. Climatic information in ocean sediments, in ice cores taken from the Greenland and Antarctic ice caps, and in cores 44 taken from terrestrial sedimentary basins has exhibited patterns that reflect these periodicities and demonstrate their influence on phenomena responsive to climate change.
The combined effect of these geometric relationships with the sun produced the strong
100 kyr glacial-interglacial rhythm since about 700 ka. Within these cycles, glacial periods averaged about 90 kyr and warm interglacial periods averaged 10-20 kyr.
Global ice volume grows with low summer insolation and high winter insolation and vice versa. There are also "free" oscillations generated by intemal system feedback mechanisms and a large chaotic component. The presence or absence and limits of land and sea ice, sea surface temperatures, land albedo, effective soil moisture, composition of the atmosphere, and circulation of the atmosphere and oceans are other variables that can act as external forcing functions or intemal variations, depending on scale. In general, extemal controls cause the large scale variations over time and space while intemal controls operate on smaller scales, inducing continuous short-term variation (Bartlein,
1988).
The initial response to decreasing summer insolation apparently occurs in the Arctic with a reduction of heat transport to the deep ocean and is followed by a systematic propagation of responses, such as the expansion of Antarctic sea ice and changes in atmospheric and oceanic circulation, leading to expansion of continental ice sheets
(Imbrie et ai, 1992; Imbrie et al., 1993). An important theoretical mechanism in this climatic system is a global-wide ocean "conveyer belt" or thermohaline circulation
(Broecker, 1990; Broecker et al., 1990) which balances heat and salinity throughout the 45 earth's oceans. Broecker (1995) suggests that the sensitivity of the conveyer to changes in the salinity of the North Atlantic leads to two modes of circulation. During warm interglaciais a stable circulation similar to that of today existed. During glacial periods, on the other hand, the '^C record from benthic foraminifera indicate that a shallower, but inherently stable mode of circulation was being driven by the release of heat and formation of deep water at least 20° further south than today. The conveyer, in conjunction with an increase in summer insolation, may have triggered deglaciations by warming the north Atlantic and causing the retreat of the ice sheets.
Compared to the past 120 kyr, the climate of the Holocene has been comparatively stable, but it has also been fluctuating through warm and cold cycles at several time scales, to the present day. Although predictable within a certain confidence interval the actual environmental conditions attending each cycle are not comparable because of the non-repeatable interactions of many variables. Major trends in climatic components include the decrease in land ice and the increase in sea surface temperatures, carbon dioxide, atmospheric dust, and— a particularly important component for vegetation change— seasonal variation in insolation (COHMAP Members, 1988; Kutzbach and
Guetter, 1993). The latter is caused by changes in the season of perihelion. An increase in summer solar radiation and a decrease in winter solar radiation occurred from near present levels at 18 ka to a sunmier maximum and winter minimum at -10 ka in the northern hemisphere. A rise in global temperature affects atmospheric circulation and, consequently, the position, orientation, and steepness of temperature gradients and 46 precipitation patterns on a regional scale. So, while the northwestern United States became dry, the monsoons expanded and delivered increased summer rainfall to the
Southwest, with resulting changes in vegetation and higher lake levels (Davis and
Sellers, 1987).
Since the previous interglacial, dated to about 123 ka, global cooling was accompanied by brief, warmer excursions, producing an irregular sawtooth pattern when the temperature curve is plotted. Empirical data and GCMs provide a set of inferences about environmental conditions during the glacial maximum (Kutzbach and Guetter,
1986; COHMAP Members, 1988): Global surface temperatures averaged 4'C less than that of today, ice covered one third of the land surface of the earth, sea level was ~121 m below present sea level, and atmospheric circulation patterns were modified. Global climate was predominantly a winter precipitation regime. The expanded land and sea ice strengthened the latitudinal temperature gradient, displacing the westerlies southward and weakening the summer monsoon (Kutzbach and Guetter, 1986). Pacific frontal storms were tracked into California further south than today, possibly throughout much of the year due to the contraction of the North Pacific high pressure cell. Cooler summer temperatures and greater effective moisture led to the filling of large lake basins in the
Great Basin and southeast Califomia and the altitudinal and latitudinal displacement of many plant species compared to modem distributions; elevational ranges were depressed up to more than 1000 m in the southern Sierra Nevada and northem Mojave Desert. 47
The postulated links between variation in global insolation and changes in regional temperature and precipitation patterns are necessary for explanating a pollen-based vegetation record in terais of global climate change. If regional vegetation ultimately responds to changes in global circulation, then the climatic signal interpreted from various oxygen isotope records may be present in the trends of the Owens Lake pollen stratigraphy.
6.2 Previous Research
This section presents an overview of changing vegetation patterns throughout the
Quaternary in southeastern California, as reconstructed from paleoecological data. The few long paleoecological records from elsewhere in California are also summarized to provide a large-scale, subcontinental comparison of glacial-interglacial conditions prior to the last glacial maximum, with a focus on the past 150 kyr.
There is an extensive literature on Late Quatemary vegetation and climatic history of southwestern North America that often propounds conflicting arguments about the exact nature of that history. Varied response functions of the climatic proxies used, regionalization of climatic patterns, the several permutations of the precipitation/ temperature ratio, and differences in ecological interpretation and methods of analysis are some of the causes of the different stories (Brackenridge, 1978; Wells, 1979,1983;
Spaulding et ai, 1983; Galloway, 1983; Hall, 1985; Van Devender et aL, 1987;
Thompson, 1990). For example. Wells (1979) and Van Devender et aL, (1987) interpret the southwestem record as indicating an equable climate with mild winters and cool 48 summers. Whereas the latter postulate an inaease in winter precipitation with a diminishing of summer precipitation, Wells (1987) uses the apparent steeper northwest to southeast vegetation diversity gradient as evidence for the persistence of monsoonal summer rainfall throughout the late Wisconsinan.
Micromorphological changes in radiocarbon-dated rock varnishes on sierra Nevada moraines suggest a relatively wetter period after the full glacial, either during or after the final retreat of the Tioga glaciers (Dom et al., 1987). If the precipitation side of the P/T ratio is emphasized, the high lake stands of Pleistocene Lake Russell (Mono Lake),
Searles Lake, Lake Lahontan, and Lake Bonneville between about 15,000 and 13,500 yr
B.P. is evidence for a Late Wisconsin pluvial period (Benson et al., 1990).
On the other hand, high frequency values of Artemisia and TCT (cf.Juniperus) pollen for the late Wisconsin sediments of two eastside Sierra Nevada sites at Osgood Swamp
(Adam, 1967), plant indicators of water depth at Black Lake (Batchelder, 1970), and high frequencies of Artemisa and xerophilous conifer pollen and macrofossils in Kings
Canyon (Cole, 1983) are interpreted as indicating a cold, dry late glacial period. This is supported by a similar climatic interpretation of macrofossils, former tree and snow lines, and periglacial features for the western United States (Galloway, 1983; Brackenridge,
1978).
Much of the historic vegetation data of arid lands is derived from analysis of fossil packrat middens, which are well preserved in dry conditions. In the greater eastside and southern Sierra Nevada region paleoecological studies have significantly increased over 49 the past decade since the pioneering work by David Adam (1967) on a core from Osgood
Swamp and three stratigraphic sections from Yosemite National Park. The few packrat midden sites studied so far are located in Kings Canyon, the White-Inyo Mountains,
Owens Valley, and the Scodie Mountains (Cole, 1983; Jennings and Elliott-Fisk, 1993;
Koehler and Anderson, 1994,1995; McCarten and Van Devender, 1988). Almost all the pollen and midden sites together date within the period since the mid-Wisconsin (40 ka) and most only record the Holocene (Figure 2).
The following overview is organized according to three major time divisions— early
Pleistocene, late Pleistocene, and Holocene— which are subdivided into the geographic divisions of California represented by the paleoecological records. It is important to note, however, that descriptions of vegetation changes may not conform exactly to time boundaries since a regionally coherent vegetation response to a climatic transition, for instance, will occur at different times according to elevation and latitude.
6.2.1 Early Pleistocene C2.4-1.Q Mat
6.2.1.1 Northeastern California
The only pollen record in California that shows continuous vegetation changes during the early Pleistocene is from Tulelake basin on the Modoc Plateau (Adam et ai, 1989,
1990). The bottom of the 334 m sediment core is dated to 3 Ma. The published pollen diagram presents only the most abundant taxa, including Pinus, Quercus, TCT (probably mostly Juniperus occidentalis and Calocedrus decurrens), Artemisia, other Asteraceae,
Chenopodeaceae/Amaranf/iM5, Sarcobatus, Poaceae, and Cyperaceae. While these pollen 50
JT
i - i (Susanville 5 Nevada
* City • Key Paleoecological Site TT Tuielake MM McMurray Lake BL BunKer Lake 05 Osgood Swamp GM Gabbot Meadow Sacramento LK Lake Moran BG Burgson Lake TL Tule Lake ML Mono Lake SL Swamp Lake TP Tioga Pass Pond BK Black Lake WP Woski Pond SP Starkweather Pond WM V- BA Barrett Lake NM Nichols Meadow WM White Mountains Sites BW Balsam Meadow EM Exchequer Meadow DM Dinkey Meadow Fresno LP Lily Pad Lake KC Kings Canyon Sites OL Owens Lake LM Log Meadow AH Alabama Hills RM Ramshaw Meadows BM Bakeoven Meadows KM Kennedy Meadows LL Little Lake RR Robber's Roost
FIGURE 2. Location of paleoecological sites mentioned in the text (from Woolfenden, 1996). 51 types represent the surrounding terrestrial and lakeside vegetation, the presence of algae colonies and diatoms in the sediments reflect a lacustrine enviroimient. The pollen is used by the authors primarily as a climatic record; proportional variations between the pollen taxa are interpreted as changes in forest and woodland, desert, and valley bottom vegetation as they respond to climate change. Adam interprets the high percentages of pine and TCT pollen during the termination of the Pliocene as extensive coniferous forest around a warm, shallow, drying lake. When the low percentages of Artemisia and
Chenopodeaceae/A/naran//iM5 pollen are also taken into account, the climate can be inferred to have been more humid than today, although there were dry periods.
At the beginning of the Pleistocene the pollen curves change from lower ("smoother") to higher ("spikier") frequency variation, the amplitude of TCT pollen decreases slightly,
Artemisia pollen becomes more abundant. An appreciable drying trend began after
1.64 Ma, as indicated by a decrease in TCT pollen and coextensive increase in Artemisia,
Asteraceae, Poaceae, and Chenopodeaceae/A/narfl/zf/iM5, along with intervals of lake desiccation. The vegetation was apparently responding to both the dryer, colder glacial climates and the increasing rainshadow as the Cascades were uplifted. The coniferous forest seems to have been opening up and sagebrush steppe was becoming more prevalent.
6.2.1.2 Southeastern California
The earliest Quaternary vegetation records for the study area have been questionably dated to the early Pleistocene. They consist of discrete pollen assemblages (termed 52
"floras" by Axelrod) from sedimentary units representing single depositional episodes in
the southern Sierra Nevada (Axelrod and Ting, 1962). Almost all the pollen has been
identified to species, a level of taxonomic resolution not usually attained by Quaternary
palynologists and regarded with some skepticism. Analysis was done according to
traditional paleobotanical methods of treating macrofossils by sorting the "species" into groups resembling modem plant communities, placing the pollen site into the most likely community, and then estimating the elevation and climate during the time of deposition.
Finally, the sites were dated according to the composition of the taxa relative to other dated pollen assemblages and the available geological evidence. A north-to-south sequence of three pollen assemblages was recovered from exposed sediments at
Ramshaw Meadows, Bakeoven Meadows, and Kennedy Meadows on the Kera Plateau.
The other two assemblages were taken from road cuts through the Alabama Hills in the
Owens Valley and further south near Little Lake in Rose Valley. Axelrod interpreted the assemblages to be representative of the modem upper yellow pine (white fir-mixed conifer) forest of northern California and southern Oregon with red fir and subalpine communities growing at higher elevations. This geographic placement is due to the presence of pollen identified as Abies grandis (grand fir), Tsuga hetrophylla (western hemlock), Cupressus lawsoniana (Port Orford cedar), Taxus brevifolia (Pacific yew),
Pseudotsuga menziesii (Douglas fir), Lithocarpus densiflora (tan oak), Acer circinatum
(vine maple), and Myrica hartwegii (Sierra sweet bay) [some names have been changed according to The Jepson Manual nomenclature]. These species now grow further north in 53
the Sierra Nevada, Cascades, and along the coast. A latidudinal and elevational gradient
from Ramshaw Meadows to Little Lake are inferred from a decrease in the abundance of
these humid elements. The abundance of Pinus longaeva (bristlecone pine) pollen from
the Owens Valley and Little Lake sites lead Axelrod to postulate that this species was
also a component of the yellow pine forest during the early Pleistocene.
According to Axelrod, these pollen assemblages indicate a climate cooler and wetter
than at present. The apparent absence of elements indicative of alpine, pinyon woodland,
and sagebrush and warm desert shrub points to a later origin of these vegetation types.
Elevations were apparently lower with little difference in relief between the depositional
basins; the Sierra Nevada rainshadow was not climatically effective and the Owens and
Rose Valleys grabens were not yet downdropped. Because of the moderate topography and the lack of Tertiary pollen, Axelrod dates the southern Sierra Nevada pollen assemblages to the early Pleistocene, after the initial uplift of the mountain range and at
the inception of alpine glaciation (the McGee) between 2.71 and L57 Ma (Fullerton,
1986).
Recent work on the tectonic history of the Sierra Nevada, however, estimates the initiation of significant uplift and westward tilting between 25 and 10 Ma, in the late
Miocene or Pliocene (Huber, 1981). Uplift accelerated until the range essentially achieved more than 80 percent of its present height during the early Pleistocene.
Furthermore, subsidence of Owens Valley is estimated to have begun during the early
Pliocene, 5-6 Ma (Bacon etai, 1979; Giovanetti, 1979) and the 3 m.y. laucustrine beds 54 of the Coso Formation give evidence that Rose Valley was depressed by that time
(Duffield et ai, 1980). Considering this, if Axelrod's vegetation reconstruction is correct,
the Kem Plateau and Owens Valley pollen assemblages may be mid-Pliocene in age or at
least greater than 3 Ma, rather than late Pleistocene.
6.2.2 Late Pleistocene n.O Ma-IQ kal
The few marine and terrestrial paleoecological records of Califomia sparming more
than one glacial cycle show consistent pattems in vegetation change as assemblages of
taxa representing lowland and montane coniferous forests, xeric woodlands, and hot and cold desert scrub responded to changing climate.
6.2.2.1 Northeastern Califomia
After 1 Ma, on the Modoc Plateau, there is a significant decrease in TCT pollen while
Artemisia, other Asteraceae, Chenopodeaceae/Amara/ir/iu^ and Poaceae increase to the
highest percentages in the Tulelake core. Inverse fluctuations between pine and TCT and oak pollen may indicate glacial cycles imposed on the overall drying trend as the modem sagebrush steppe became established. The relationhip is not clear since the time
resolution is coarse and the pollen oscillations do not fully coincide with the established
marine oxygen isotope stratochronologies. When the last 150 k.y. interval is interpolated
from the Tulelake core age controls, however, isotope stages 1 through 5 seem to be
represented. Substage 5e is especially prominent, with large maxima of TCT, oak, and
Sarcobatus pollen and low frequencies of pine pollen. 55
6.2.2.2 Coastal California
California coastal vegetation has retained its regional identity during the past -160 k.y., as inferred from pollen assemblages analyzed in marine sediments along the coast of
California from ~34°N to 47°N (Heusser, 1995). Within the coastal vegetation types there has been a consistent pattern of change driven by glacial cycles: abundances of
Pinus, Poaceae, Asteraceae, and Chenopodiaceae/Amaranthus pollen increase as representatives of Quercus and temperate conifers, such as Sequoia sempervirens and
Tsuga heterophylla, decrease during glacial periods (Heusser, 1995). The 130 k.y. pollen record from Clear Lake in the northern Coast Range shows full glacial pollen assemblages similar to those from modem montane forest, Pinus-Cupressus forest, and mixed evergreen forest of northwest coastal Califomia and interglaciation assemblages similar to the oak-pine woodlands now growing around the lake (Heusser and King,
1988). The three most abundant pollen taxa— oak, pine, and TCT~ were used to define climatic zones for the Clear Lake core (Adam, 1988). The oak pollen curve has been demonstrated to visually correlate with the oxygen isotope record from the Greenland ice cap, the pollen record from Grand Pile, France, and with other long paleoclimatic records
(Adam, 1988). The interval of high oak pollen abundances at the bottom of the core, dated to ~131 ka, has been proposed as equivalent to the last interglaciation (oxygen isotope stage 5e). This is based on the age of the interval and on statistical similarities of the pollen spectra to that of the Holocene sediments. 56
6.2.2.3 Southeastern California
Vegetation of the southeastern California desert basin and ranges also apparently changed in concert with the glacial cycles during the late Pleistocene Epoch. Preliminary pollen analysis of the entire -800 ka Owens Lake core (OL-92), at a resolution of about
5.9 k.y. sampling intervals, documents 10 vegetation fluctuations that resulted from responses to cool-warm climate shifts (Litwin etai, in press). The increased magnitude of the last 6 oscillations in pollen frequencies may represent glacial to interglacial transitions. These general patterns of glacial cycles are interpreted from the inverse relation of pine and juniper pollen; as climate went into a glacial phase Juniperus increased and Pinus decreased. The reverse occurred with termination of the glaciations as climate warmed into an interglacial phase. Another clear periodicity is an increase in
Artemisia that preceded Juniperus with the beginning of each glaciation. Long-term trends are the increase in peak abundances of juniper pollen and a slight increase in
Quercus and Salix. The other taxa show no trends throughout the core.
The interval of 800 ka to about 685 ka at the bottom of the core is distinguished by relatively high percentages of Abies and Picea and low percentages of Juniperus. Abies attains similar values in the upper part of the core but Picea is only occasionally present.
Picea is an anomaly. The only other place in which Picea has been identified in eastern
Califomia Quaternary sediments is in a pollen assemblage recovered from a clayey silt deposit beneath a latite flow K-Ar dated to L9 Ma and located on the north side of the
Tmckee River west of Tahoe City (Adam, 1973). It is more likely to have grown in the 57 northern Sierra Nevada during the early Pleistocene than in the more xeric southern end of the range, even during the full glacial periods. It was not identified in the Tulelake core of northeastern California (Adam et al., 1989), although there are populations of two species (Picea engelmanii and P. breweriana) in restricted areas to the southwest and in the Siskiyou and Klamath Mountains (Griffin and Critchfield, 1972). Picea pollen is very buoyant like Pinus, although nearly four times heavier and with twice the settling velocity of Pinus (Erdtman, 1969), so it will not travel as far. It has been reported as a component of the modem pollen rain from Pleistocene Searles Lake, about 37 km southeast of the Owens Lake coring site (Leopold, 1967). The nearest Picea populations today are in northern Arizona mountains. The pollen may have been brought into southeastern California by expanded monsoonal flow during the height of the interglacials since most of the peaks of Picea pollen coincide with periods of high
Pmits-low Juniperus, which mark the interglacials.
All other paleoecological records for southeastern California date from the mid-Wisconsinan or later. They provide consistent pollen and macrofossil evidence that the characteristic lowland vegetation type of the last glaciation was a pygmy conifer woodland, dominated by Utah juniper, with an understory of cold desert shrubs. This means that the lower border of juniper and pinyon-juniper woodland was depressed from
~500 m in the Owens Valley to 1200 m in Death Valley.
A pollen diagram from Searles Lake, dating to ~33,000 yr B.P. at the top of the
Bottom Mud unit, coincides with the Owens Lake record with an increasing trend in 58
Juniperus pollen to maxima between -24,000 and 17,000 yr B.P. within the late glacial period (Leopold, 1967). In an earlier, undated, pollen diagram from Searles Lake
(Roosma, 1958) the juniper peak in the Parting Mud unit, which has been bracketed with dates of -10,200 to 24,000 yr B.P. (-12-26 ka) (Benson etal, 1990) has an interpolated age of -16,600 yr B.P. (19.5 ka).
Plant macrofossils from packrat middens collected on the northeast side of Owens
Lake, 10 m above the Pleistocene lake highstand (1145 m), from the Alabama Hills north of Owens Lake (Figure 2), and from the Volcanic Tablelands north of the present town of
Bishop supplement the pollen records with evidence for the floral characteristics of
Owens Valley vegetation at intervals between 31,450 and 14,870 yr B.P. (Koehler and
Anderson, 1994; Koehler and Anderson, 1995; Jennings and Elliott-Fisk, 1993).
During the middle to full-glacial interval from 31,450 to 20,310 yr B.P. in the
Alabama Hills a Utah juniper-Joshua tree (Yucca brevifolid) community with an understory of Artemisia tridentata, Purshia tridentata, m^Atriplex confertifolia
(shadscale) grew in the Alabama Hills (Koehler and Anderson, 1995). Yucca brevifolia may signal a moderate local glacial climate influenced by an expanded lake, with winter temperatures not much colder than recent times. Artemisia and Purshia tridentata, however, imply cooler summers.
The full- to late-glacial lakeside vegetation was typical of a Utah juniper-singleleaf pinyon woodland with an understory of xeric shrubs, cactus, and grass such as
Ericameria cuneata (cliff goldenbush). Ephedra viridis (green joint fir), Menodora 59
spinescens, Glossopetalon spinescens (Nevada greasewood), Opuntia basilaris
(beavertail cactus), and Achnatherum hymenoides (Indian ricegrass), among others
(Koehier and Anderson, 1994). The unusual find of Juniperus scopulorum (Rocky
Mountain juniper) in midden layers dating 20,590 and 16,010 yr B.P. is the first
observation of this species west of its present westernmost location in the Charleston
Mountains of southwestern Nevada. As with Joshua tree, its Pleistocene occurrence around Owens Lake may be due to high water tables or the moderating influence of the expanded lake on local climate. Pollen extracted from the midden samples reflects the macrofossil assemblage except for a high abundance oi Artemisia pollen.
On the Tablelands, at 19,290 yr B.P., Utah juniper, in association with Purshia tridentata var. glandulosa (desert bitterbrush), Tetradymia axillaris (cottonthom), T. cane5ce/u. (horsebrush), and Ericameria cuneata, among other species, grew around the site about 600 m below the present lower border of pinyon-juniper woodland (Jennings and Elliott-Fisk, 1993). About the same time, around 19,070 yr B.P., climatically significant changes occurred in the southern Owens Valley with the appearance of more xeric shrub species, Ericameria cuneata and Purshia mexicana (cliffrose) and the departure of bitterbrush in the Alabama Hills. Joshua tree disappeared by 17,760 yr B.P., followed by the departure of Rocky Mountain juniper and the upslope retreat of pinyon from the shores of Owens Lake by 16,010 yr B.P. (Koehier and Anderson, 1994; Koehier and Anderson, 1995). 60
Some of the most arid portions of California are the deep basins that lie within the intensifying rain shadow of the Sierra Nevada and the series of mountain ranges that parallel it to the east. On the east side of the massive Inyo Mountains, EurekaValley (900 m) contains the northernmost extension of the Mojave Desert. At present, a Larrea tridentata-Atriplex confertifolia-Ambrosia dumosa association ascends the slopes of the hills at the north end. As elsewhere in the northern Mojave Desert, a Utah juniper woodland grew in the locality about 500 m lower than it does at present during the waning centuries of the late glacial period. A packrat midden located at an elevation of
1430 m contained a macrofossil assemblage of Utah juniper, shadscale, green ephedra, and Hecastocleis shockleyi (prickle leaf) dating ~14,700 yr B.P. (Spaulding, 1990).
To the southeast of Eureka Valley the base level drops to below sea level in the extremely arid Death Valley. Extreme climate and topography is matched by extreme vegetation displacements during the late Pleistocene (Wells and Woodcock, 1985;
Woodcock, 1986). At a low site (775 m) near the toeslope of the Panamint Range on the west side of the valley, J. osteosperma grew 1200 m below its present elevation range at
13,060 ± 460 yr B.P. Woodland apparently did not extend down to 425 m in this area; juniper is absent in packrat midden macrofossil assemblages at this elevation with late
Pleistocene age ranges between 19,550 ± 650 yr B.P. and 17,130 ± 550 yr B.P. These assemblages are unusual, however, for the presence- along with Joshua tree, shadscale
Chrysothamnus teretifolius (green rabbitbrush) and beavertail cactus— of Yucca whipplei, which today is a component of coastal sage scrub, coastal chaparral, and desert chaparral 61
and California juniper woodland of the inner coast ranges of southern California where
the arid climate is moderated by marine air.
Late glacial woodland is also documented at the southern end of the Sierra Nevada
(McCarten and Van Devender, 1988). Three packrat macrofossil assemblages dated at
13,800 to 12,820 yr B.P. from the 1125 m elevation Robber's Roost site in the Scodie
Mountains (Figure 2) are dominated by Pinus monophylla, Juniperus californica,
Ceanothus greggii, Artemisia tridentata, Purshia tridentata var. glandulosa, Quercus turbinella, and Yucca brevifolia. The best analog for the assemblage is surprisingly not
the pinyon-oak woodland 600 m above the midden site, which is composed of Pinus
monophylla, P. sabiniana, and Quercus chrysolepis, but pinyon-juniper woodland on the
north slope of the San Bemadino Mountains. The modem vegetation around the Robber's
Roost site is a creosote bush-white bursage scrub.
The Robber's Roost assemblage contains the only known late-glacial macrofossils of
Quercus turbinella or any other oak in the Mojave Desert (Spaulding, et al., 1983). This
record and the increase in oak pollen at about 15,000 B.P. in the Searles Lake sediments
may signal the northward dispersal of oak or its spread from relictual populations
(Spaulding, 1990).
McCarten and Van Devender make an important point about the macrofossils at
Robber's Roost which can be extended to the Alabama Hills middens. Even though these
midden sites are located near the base of the eastem escarpment of the Sierra Nevada, the 62 lack of montane conifer fossils in the midden assemblages indicate that conditions were too dry for montane conifers at those elevations.
The apparent warming and drying trend after the last glacial maximum in the Owens
Valley continued between 13,350 yr B.P. and 9540 yr B.P with the arrival of blackbush,
Opuntia echinocarpa (cholla), and Lycium andersonii (wolfberry) in the Alabama Hills area and the local departure of Juniperus osteosperma soon after that (Koehler and
Anderson, 1995). A Tablelands macrofossil assemblage dated at 9830 yr B.P. indicates thsx Juniperus osteosperma and Purshia tridentata var. glandulosa were still in the area but the other shrub associates were replaced by Chamaebatiaria millifolium (fembush),
Prunus andersonii (desert peach), Ribes velutinum (gooseberry) and Artemisia spp. This apparent shift in the flora is among species now occupying shared elevation ranges on dry slopes (or, in the case of Ribes velutinum, moist and shaded habitats) in the White
Mountains and does not necessarily signify the influence of climate change (Jennings and
Elliott-Fisk, 1993).
Along the eastern Sierra Nevada escarpment where today sagebrush-bitterbrush scrub dominates pollen records from Mono Lake and Tule Lake record a typical late glacial
Great Basin juniper/sagebrush woodland during the interval ~12 ka to 10 ka (Davis,
1993; Byrne etal, 1979).
6.2.2.4 Southern Sierra Nevada
Unlike the area east of the Sierra Nevada and the northern Mojave Desert, where the availability of deep Pleistocene lake basins and geologically stable packrat midden sites allow for extended vegetation chronologies well back into the Quaternary Period, the
Sierra Nevada itself has produced continuous vegetation histories only subsequent to the
Tioga glacial maximum. Two exceptions are middens recovered from caves in lower
Kings Canyon (Cole, 1983) and pollen records from Tulare Lake in the southern San
Joaquin Valley (Atwater et ai, 1986). This is a consequence of the scarcity of natural lakes and wetlands at elevations below the glacial termini and conditions arid enough for the preservation of packrat middens. Another reason may be a deficiency of field work intensive enough to discover deeper sediments and middens. Before deglaciation was initiated by 18 ka (Clark et ai, 1995) the 430 km-long ice cap-mountain glacier complex covered and was scouring what were to become pollen sites. The ice cap itself was limited by the balance between winter snow accumulation and summer melting. This annual snowline or equilibrium line altitude (ELA) on southem aspects ranged from about 2400 m in the northern Sierra Nevada to about 4000 m in the southem Sierra
Nevada (Porter et ai, 1983; Wahrhaftig and Birman, 1965). Above an average of about
2500 m valley glaciers fed mid-altitude ice fields created when glaciers overtopped canyon divides and coalesced. Below 1800 m in the central Sierra Nevada, the ice fields fed valley glaciers which descended further than 60 km down west slope canyons to about to about 600-1200 m. On the steeper eastern escarpment valley glaciers descended
15 to 27 km to elevations between 1300 and 2200 m. It is clear that the basins from which upper elevation pollen records were retrieved were within reach of glaciers or that 64 the high velocity of glacial meltwater streams prevented the accumulation of deep sediments.
Pollen and macrofossil stratigraphies document a consistent pattern of vegetation- climate change in the southern Sierra Nevada although timing and floristic details differ among sites according to latitude and elevation. The earliest of the records are from intermediate elevations, below 2500 m within the lower and upper montane forests. The composition of the Pleistocene Sierran forest was more typical of the east side than the present west slope montane forest. It must have grown in a relatively cold, dry periglacial climate with a local, irregular distribution of water availability and an uneven snow accumulation maintaining the more mesic species. Throughout the interval from
40,000 yr B.P. to 14,000 yr B.P, and between 920 and 1270 m, BCings Canyon was occupied predominantly by a xeric and mesic mix oiJuniperus occidentalis and associated Abies grandis, Calocedrus decurrans (incense cedar). Pirns lambertiana
(sugar pine), P. cf. ponderosa (yellow pine), and Pinus monophylla (Cole, 1983).
Sequoiadendron pollen extracted from the middens implies the presence of
Sequoiadendron giganteum closer to the sites than the modem groves. The present vegetation type is oak-pine/chaparral woodland consisting of Quercus chrysolepis and
Pinus monophylla.
This periglacial climate is recorded by pollen and macrofossils at other mid-elevation sites above 1500 m with a range of basal ages the full glacial at ~18,500 yr B.P. (Koehler and Anderson, 1994) to ~11,000 yr B.P., and continues until 13,000 to 10,000 yr B.P., 65 depending on elevation and latitude (Smith and Anderson, 1992; Byrne etai, 1993;
Adam, 1967; Edlund, 1994; Davis etai, 1985; Edlund, 1991; Edlund and Byrne, 1991;
Davis and Moratto, 1988; Anderson, 1987; Anderson, 1990). The modem vegetation at these sites ranges from lower to upper montane forest. The pollen assemblage represents an open sagebmsh-grass steppe community or perhaps a woodland with scattered white and yellow pine and Juniperus nearby. This is indicated by very high percentages of
Artemisia and Poaceae with relatively significant amounts of Pinus and Cupressaceae based on a very low pollen influx, which means the tree pollen came from a distant source or from a very few individuals in the area. The pollen spectra also resemble that of modem Sierra Nevada alpine communities east of the crest. The single high elevations record is from Barrett Lake (2816 m). The pollen spectra are similar to modem samples from open subalpine forest and at treeline and implies a near-treeless newly deglaciated landscape at about 11,730-10,000 yr B.P. (Anderson, 1987).
Cold, dry glacial conditions apparently extended down into the southem San Joaquin
Valley as indicated by high abundances ot Juniperus, Artemisia, and Sarcobatus pollen taken from Tulare Lake sediments dated from about 26,000 yr B.P. to about 13,000-
11,000 yr B.P (Atwater, et al., 1986; West et ai, 1991).
Unlike the other sites but similar to the Kings Canyon macrofossil assemblage, a very diverse forest of lower and upper montane and subalpine species was established at
Swamp Lake, Yosemite National Park after 13,700 yr B.P. and remained for about 3300 years. Lodgepole pine, western white pine, ponderosa pine, white and red fir, incense 66 cedar, mountain hemlock and western juniper provided the species mix. Smith and
Anderson (1992) conjecture that the upper elevation conifers may have lagged behind in suitable micro-habitats as the other trees followed the changing climate upslope and that the development of a more extreme seasonality of cooler, wetter winters and warmer summers created a greater variety of habitats.
Sagebrush steppe was replaced relatively rapidly by a closed conifer forest as the climate became warmer with more effective moisture and the glaciers retreated; percentages of Pinus spp. and Abies increased as Artemisia, Poaceae, and herb pollen decreased, along with an increase in overall pollen concentration. Pinus especially reached maximum values for the entire late Quaternary record.
6.2.3 The Holocene
Since 18,000 years ago average solar insolation over the Northern Hemisphere is computed to have increased in the summer to a July maximum of 8 percent higher than today's values and decreased in the winter to a January minimum of about 8 percent lower than today's values by 9000 years ago. (COHMAP Members, 1988). According to the analysis of deuterium to hydrogen ratios in bristlecone pine tree rings from the White mountains, optimal temperatures were reached in southeastern California at 6.8 ka followed by a continuous cooling (Feng and Epstein, 1994), Vegetation responded to this warming to cooling trend throughout southeastern California, including the southern the Sierra Nevada. 67
There is widespread evidence for a cool-moist episode between 4000 and 2500 yr
B.P. in the Southwest, including a highstand at Mono Lake at 3770 cal yr B.P. (Stine,
1990), the lowering of the bristlecone pine upper treeline in the White Mountains between 3500 and 2500 yr B.P. (LaMarche, 1973), and the existence of a shallow lake in the Silver Lake playa around 3620 yr B.P. (Enzel et ai, 1992), to cite only a few.
6.2.3.1 Southeastern California
The general trend in the Mojave Desert throughout the Holocene is a replacement of the extensive pygmy conifer woodland by modem desert scrub at lower elevations as woodland elements dispersed upslope. Juniper had disappeared from the northern slopes of Eureka Valley by ~8300 yr B.P. as Psorothamnus fremontii (indigo bush) and
Haplopappus brickellioides (holly goldenbush) colonized the site (Spaulding, 1990).
Ambrosia dumosa arrived by 6800 yr B.P. along with Lycium sp., Encelia virginensis, and beavertail cactus, followed tardily by Larrea tridentata between 5600 and 3900 yr
B.P. In Death Valley, juniper was gone by 11,210 yr B.P. at the 775 m site and Yucca whipplei retreated upslope and then disappeared from the macrofossil assemblages after
10,000 yr B.P. as did shadscale (Wells and Woodcock, 1985; Woodcock, 1986). Hot desert began to develop at 425 m by 10,230 ± 320 yr B.P. with the early arrival of
Ambrosia dumosa and between that age and 1990 ± 160 yr B.P. the creosote bush scrub series was fully established.
Juniperus osteosperma departed from the Alabama Hills locality between 9500 yr
B.P. and 7650 yr B.P. as Krascheninnikovia lanata (winter fat), Chrysothamnus 68 teretifolius (rubber rabbitbrush), Grayia spinosa (spiny hopsage), Lycium andersonii
(wolfberry) and Mirabilis bigelovii (wishbone plant) were added to the developing xeric plant associations (Koehler and Anderson, 1995). In the White Mountains the upper limit of 7. osteosperma and P. monophylla was extended to elevations now occupied by bristlecone pine-limber pine woodland by 5640 yr B.P. (Jennings and Elliott-Fisk, 1993).
P. monophylla had been extirpated from its glacial-age range on the lower slopes of
Owens Valley by 16,000 yr B.P. (Koehler and Anderson, 1994) and presumably moved north or upslope as climatic conditions became favorable. Radiocarbon dates providing minimum ages for the presence of pinyon in the White Mountains and northern Inyo
Mountains are 8790 yr B.P (Jennings and Elliott-Fisk, 1993).and 7880 ± 60 yr B.P.
(Reynolds, 1996), respectively.
Three middens from the southern end of the White Mountain, dating from 4510 to
2130 yr B.P. contain macrofossil assemblages that are little different from the modem flora at the sites. Similarly, only small changes are evident from the Alabama hills midden assemblages. Cowania mexicana disappeared from the record and Echinocactus polycephalus (cottontop cactus) was added to the flora after 2830 yr B.P.
6.2.4 Southern Sierra Nevada
As warming intensified during the early Holocene there was a decrease in effective moisture and the post-glacial montane forests began to change rapidly. At several sites lake levels dropped and meadows dried and were invaded by conifers (Koehler and
Anderson, 1995; Anderson, 1990; Wood, 1975). Cismontane Sierra Nevada sites show a 69 an upslope migration of Pinus ponderosa, P. lambertiana, and the mesic upper montane and subalpine species~P. contorta, Pinus monticola, Abies grandis, Tsuga mertensiana, and Juniperus—, and an increase in Cupressaceae (Juniperus and Calocedrus decurrens),
Quercus, Alnus, and herbs (Smith and Anderson, 1992; Edlund, 1994,1991). Quercus pollen especially reaches its peak frequencies during the early Holocene. High-altitude forests replaced the alpine sagebrush steppe after about 9300 yr B.P. and an open-canopy forest structure is inferred from the abundant montane shrub pollen (Anderson, 1987,
1990). A sagebrush steppe-woodland seems to have persisted into the early Holocene because of drier conditions until about 7000 yr B.P. at Balsam and Exchequer Meadows in the more arid southern Sierra Nevada (Davis et al., 1985; Davis and Moratto, 1988).
East of the Sierra Nevada crest a lodgepole-limber pine forest is inferred to have been established at Barrett Lake by 10,000 yr B.P., followed by local individuals of Tsuga mertensiana a thousand years later. There is then no discernible trend in conifer pollen between 10,000 and 6000 yr B.P. except for a slight increase in mountain hemlock.
Shrub pollen representing eastside mountain and basin vegetation also increases during this interval.
More effective moisture, from a combination of cooler temperatures and higher levels of precipitation after 6 ka are expressed on the mid-elevation west slope by a decrease in oak and alder pollen from their early Holocene maxuna and an increase in
Abies and Cupressaceae (Calocedrus decurrens). Around Barrett Lake, east of the crest, arboreal pollen increased after 5500 yr B.P. when A. grandis was added to the previous 70 lodgepole pine-limber pine-mountain hemlock forest and the T. mertensiana population increased in density.
The high altitude sites of Starkweather Pond (2438 m), Tioga Pass Pond (3018 m), and Ten Lakes (2743 m) are sensitive to the response of upper montane and subalpine vegetation to Holocene climate change. Anderson (1990) interprets the collective pattern from all three sites as a response to cooler conditions beginning about 3,000-2500 yr
B.P., depressing the upper altitudinal limits of Tsuga mertensiana znd Abies grandis and the lower limits of Pinus albicaulis.
6.3 The Owens Lake System
This section summarizes the history of Owens Lake and its role in the regional hydrology. Throughout most of the Holocene, until the Los Angeles Aqueduct became operational in 1913, Owens Lake was the terminus for the Owens River. Before water diversions desiccated the lake it was about 10 m deep with a surface area of 290 km* and a salinity (Na) of about 9%, making it very alkaline (Bischoff et al., 1993; Smith and
Street-Perrott, 1983). This salinity has been estimated to have accumulated for a period of either 2 kyr or 4 kyr (Smith, 1976; Gale, 1914). This implies that the lake spilled before that time, perhaps during the cool-moist episode between 4 and 2.5 ka, mentioned above.
Dated fluctuations in carbonates (CaCOj) and organic carbon (C„g) analyzed from bulk sediments are interpreted as cycles of closed and open lake conditions (Bischoff, et al., 1993). Calculated percent weight of CO3 represents the carbonate content of the sediment. A value of 7% CO3 was estimated from the CO3 flux of the modem Owens river, the mass accumulation rate (MAR), and lake area at spill level, to be used as a threshold value between periods when the lake overflowed and stopped overflowing
(Owens Lake Core- Study Team, 1995). Carbonate and organic carbon minima are close to zero, indicating that Owens Lake was cold, fresh, and nonproductive when it was spilling. According to low 6'®18 values, indicating a relatively short residence time of lake water at intervals corresponding to isotope stages 2 and 6, "Owens Lake was little more than a wide spot in the Owens River" (Benson and Bischoff, 1993). Overflow occurred at seven intervals during the past 500 kyr (centered on 450 ka, 365 ka, 300 ka,
230 ka, 160 ka; between 155 ka and 120 ka, and between 55 ka and 10 ka), although the total elapsed spill time was only about one quarter of the half million years. Owens Lake was, therefore, relatively alkaline for most of its recorded history but had never before attained the levels of carbonates as analyzed for the early Holocene (19.1 wt % at
~10,0G0 cal yr B.P.) (Bischoff, et al., 1993). Other than the historic salts and mid-Holocene oolite bed overlying the sublacustrine erosional surface, there are neither evaporite beds nor evidence of desiccation or erosion in the rest of the core. This suggests that the past 5 kyr has been more arid than any period of time over the past 800 ka (Owens Lake Core- Study Team 1995). This anomalous aridity is reflected downstream in the unique characteristics of the Overburden Mud unit of Searles Lake which are diagnostic of playa and shallow saline lake conditions (Smith et al, 1983;
Jannikera/., 1991). 72
A comparison of the chronological plot of the carbonate flux with a marine d'^0 record shows that periods when the lake was closed and periods of overflow are broadly conelated with interglacials (sensu lata) and glacials, respectively (Owens Lake Core-
Study team 1995). This is to be expected since lake levels in closed basins respond primarily to fluctuations in the balance between input from precipitation/runoff and evaporation from the lake surface (RP-E, Street-Perrott and Harrison 1985). When
Pleistocene Owens Lake overflowed water loss shifted from evaporation toward surface discharge (RP-DE). During glacial periods, Owens Lake had an area of 330 km" (Snyder et ai, 1964), a stable surface level of 1140 m, and extended upvalley about 16 km north of Lone Pine. At full lake stage, it was a major non-tectonic control on base level in the
Owens Valley. The elevation of the valley north of the lake was also controlled by the relationship of the lake level to the Owens River and its tributaries (Gillespie, 1991).
When Pleistocene Lake Owens overflowed at the spill level of about 1146 m, it became the contributing part of a chain of pluvial lakes occupying a series of closed basins along an elevation gradient downstream from the Mono Basin (Lake Russell) on the north, through Owens Valley, China Basin (China Lake), Searles Valley (Searles
Lake), Panamint Valley (Panamint Lake), to Death Valley (Lake Manly) at the terminus
(Figure 3). The total elevation drop at highstand lake surfaces is 2088 m. Most of the water was supplied by the Owens River. Lake Russell occasionally added to the water volume when it probably spilled to the Owens River drainage system via Lake Adobe and the Chalfant Valley, although it did not do so at its highstand (2155 m) after the last 73
118'
EXPLANATION
Mono PRESENTDAY PLAYA OR LAKE 38'
PLEISTOCENE LAKE
PRESENT-DAY RIVER
PLEISTOCENE RIVER
Bishop
37"
Owens Panammt Area of Lake
Manl\f Lake Death Valley)
36"
China V"-".; Lake
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 KILOMETERS
10 20 30 40 50 MILES
FIGURE 3. The Pleistocene Owens River system. The chain of lakes is shown at both modem and pluvial lake levels, along with the rivers which connected them during periods of overflow (from Benson et al., 1990). 74 glacial maximum (Tioga Glaciation) betweenlS ka and 13 ka (Lajoie, 1968). Overflow of the entire pluvial lake chain apparently did not occur with every glacial cycle.
Searles Lake was the terminus in the system during the first half of the Quaternary, between about 2.0 Ma and 1.2 Ma (Jannik et ai, 1991). After this, Searles Lake began to rise until about.2 Ma, when all the lakes in the system are inferred to have been at spill level into the Lake Manly sink until about 1.0 Ma. Thereafter, for most of the latter half of the Pleistocene, Searles Lake was once again the terminal lake except for stratigraphic evidence of overflows into Panamint Lake (and possibly into Lake Manly) between 700 ka and 600 ka and again only into Panamint Lake between 440 ka and 400 ka, 380 ka and
350 ka, 150 ka and 120 ka, and a minor overflow during the Tioga Glaciation, between
24 ka and 10 ka (Jannik et al., 1991).
The reconstructed lake level chronology from Owens Lake (OL-92) has some irreconcilable conflicts with the Searles Lake chronology. For almost the entire time during the past 500 ka, Searles Lake sediments indicate a large, often shallow, fluctuating lake while the carbonate curve from Owens Lake show that the lake was closed 75% of the time (Jannik et al., 1991). There is evidence for only two periods when Searles Lake completely dried, between 330 ka and 290 ka, when, to the contrary, low carbonate percentages suggest a brief overflow event from Owens Lake. The best correlation between the two lake records is the synchonicity of overflow intervals. Underlying these overflow periodicities and within-lake fluctuations the lake level curve shows a low frequency trend toward greater aridity over the past 1.2 Ma. This has been attributed to 75 increased amplitude of the glacial-interglacial cycles and the increasing rainshadow effect resulting from the continual uplift of the Sierra Nevada (Jannik et al., 1991).
As demonstrated in this section Owens Lake has been an integral part of the regional hydrologic system dominated by the Sierra Nevada watershed. Understanding its history and its role in the regional hydrology is important to the interpretation of the pollen record. 76
7. METHODS
The methods presented in this chapter include how the core was retrieved and how it was dated in order to derive an age-depth relationship. A summary description of the sediments is also given, along with methods of sampling, extracting, and tabulating the pollen.
7.1 The Owens Lake Core
The 323 m-long sediment core from Owens Lake is a component of the Correlation of
Marine and Terrestrial Records (CMTR) Project funded by the U.S. Geological Survey's
Global Change and Climate History Program. The objective of CMTR was to collect high-resolution paleoclimatic proxy records from paired marine and terrestrial sites along the Pacific coast of North America and to correlate them independently in order to link the oceanic and continental climatic systems (Adam et ai, 1995). Emphasis has been on the past 130 ka. The rationale of the project is based on the knowledge that the climate of the Western United States, including the California Current system, is controlled by the position and strength of the atmospheric pressure cells. So far, sediment cores retrieved under CMTR have been studied from the upper Klamath Basin, Owens Lake, and sites off the continental margin of North America. In addition, related cores from
Carp Lake, Washington, Tule Lake and Clear Lake, California, and Lake Estancia, New
Mexico are being integrated into the project.
The Owens Lake core, designated OL-92, was retrieved between April 22 and June 9,
1992. The drill site is in the south-central playa of the former lake (Figure 4), I
Klf^SdCANVOK milQNAU SEQUOIA OI.-920 Onll «I8 core OL-92
IIBOIS-W _ N IBoiS Los Angeles L.A.A. Aqueduct
(NVq
U.S. Route
..t >>>" INVO
State Route , VfOflPST NATKINM.
Elevations below 5000 rr
jA A* lg\ \ , 5 \ ^ ^ • • Elevations above C J ' ' fC S' 5000 FT
o Wilderness Area
pT] Ml WWtney. \4494 tt BANoe 0 (Tl Cirque Peak; 12600* tl
Muah Mounialn; V36«30'N 1016 It 37»00' N Qml Inyo; 11107 n
Owens Lake (dry): y^? ; S 3SS9tt
FIGURE 4. The southern Owens Valley region showing the location of the OL-92 drill site (from Litwin et al., 1996). -J --4 approximately 140 m west and 420 m north of the southeast comer of Section 9, T.18S.,
R.37E. (Smith, 1993). The drill used was a Portadrill®, Model S24-3A mounted on a
Ford 9000 truck. It has a rotary bit and a 4 7/8 in (12.4 cm) core barrel with a split spoon liner. The core diameter is 7.6 cm. Three separate cores were taken from adjacent sites:
OL-92-1 is 5.49 m to 61.37 m deep; OL-92-2 is 61.26 m to 322.86 m deep; OL-92-3 is
0.00 m to 7.16 m deep. Because the top 5.5 m were disturbed by the rotary drill, the third core was retrieved by two techniques. The upper 2.58 m was sampled by a rotary, sawtooth-edged drill, and the rest was sampled with a 3 in. diameter PVC pipe pushed through the sediments by a backhoe. Core recovery was >80 percent (Smith, 1993).
7.1.1 Stratigraphy
The top 38 cm of OL-92-3 consists of historic salts (mostly well-bedded halite
[NaCl], trona [Na2C03-NaHC03-2H20], and burkeite) precipitated by desiccation of the former saline lake. Desiccation resulted from water diversions into the Los Angeles
Aqueduct between 1913 and 1924 (City of Los Angeles, Department of Water and Power and County of Inyo, 1990). At other locations on the playa the salts reach a maximum of about 2.75 m. Beneath these salts is a 3.84 m unit of oolites and sand resulting from an earlier period of drying. The rest of the sediments comprising all three cores together are
199 m of silty clays deposited in deep water between ~9 ka and -442 ka, followed by 119 m of silty clays and thin beds of coarse- to medium-grained sand deposited in shallow water between -442 ka and -800 ka (Smith, 1993; Owens Lake Core- Study Team, 1995;
Figure 5). The contact between the oolite bed and silty clays at 5.12-5.16 m is the most OWENS LAKE DRILUNG PROJECT
Core OL92
Clay
Silt and clay
20 tel Silt Sand and silt
40- Sand, very fine to medium
Sand, coarse to very coarse
60- Tephra • Salts 80' Oolites
Generalized log of Core OL92 ilOO Bscib Thickness Lliholoev •sa. (m) (m) 120 0-1.32 1.32 Sails 1.32-5.16 3.84 Ooliics Clay-si/cil scdimcni 140 5.16-12.83 7.67 12.83-17.15 4.32 Silt and clay
17.15-20.19 2.68 Clay 160 20.19-24.77 4.58 Silt 24.77-39.49 14.72 Sill nnd cliiy 39.49-40.00 .51 Sand, ver>' line 40.00-66.74 26.74 Silly clay 180 r-s'AV-' 66.74-66.99 .25 Sand, fine lo conr.sc
66.99-95.24 28.25 Silly clay A'A'A'A'JK'JXy^ 95.24-96.51 1.27 Sand, medium lo very coarse, meihanc 200 96.51-174.16 78.65 Silly clay - 24.n-39.49 14./.i oia lliiu iiiiy 39,^9.40.00 .51 Sunil, vco' line 40.00-66.74 26.74 Silly cluy 180 66.74-66.99 .25 Sand, fine 10 coar.sc 66.99-95.24 28.25 Silly clay 95.24-96.51 1.27 Sand, medium 10 very coarse, methane 200 96.51-174.J6 78.65 Silty clay 174.16-178.03 3.87 Clay 1 z wmm 178.03-184.82 6.79 Silly cluy mm) 220 184.82-190.63 5.81 Clay, sill, and sand
190,63-204.46 13.83 Silly clay /• '.*• ••*. ••*• •. • •. •'. • • 204.46-208.46 4.00 Sand, fine 10 very coarse
240 208.46-216.54 8.08 Silly cluy •. • •. • '. .* •. • % • *. • •. • • • .*• .* • .* •.* •V • .* •. 216.54-221.25 4.71 Sand, fine 10 very coarse •• .* • .• • .* • •• • .* • .* 221.25-223.08 1.83 Clay and sill .•.W;VV/VVVVV'.- •/. • •. •/. •.*. •.*. •' vAvVVVVVVV-VV 223.08-227.51 4.43 Sand, fine (o medium 260 ••V 227.51-227.67 .16 Sand, very coarse, and granules 227.67-266.22 38.55 Sand, mostly fine to medium, some sill Clay, some sill 280 266.22-278.86 12.64 278.86-280.27 1.41 Sand, medium 10 very coarse 280.27-297.08 16.81 Clay and sill
297.08-302.94 5.86 Sand and sill 300 302.94-303.53 .59 Sand, medium 10 very coarse, some granules
303.53-309.14 S6I Tephra, basal 0.6 m is primary fallout of Bishop Tuff ash, overlying 5 m is reworked ash and lapilli; iwo 0.3 m beds ol 320 silt and clay, 1/3 and 2/3 down T.D. = 322.86 tn 309.14.311.01 1.87 Sand, fine 10 medium, and silt
311.01-311.69 .68 Tephra
311.69-317.71 6.02 Clay and silt, some sand
317.71-322.86 5.15 Sand, very fine to medium, 8 cm of very coarse 10 granules ai 319.88 m.
FIGURE 5. Summary diagram of the sedimentary column and log for the entire 323 m OL-92 core (from Smith, 1993). -4 NO
80 abrupt sedimentary change in the entire core. It may be an erosional surface which occurred during the middle Holocene when Owens Lake lowered to a critical level where sublacustrine erosion was initiated at the coring site (Owens Lake Core- Study Team,
1995). This event is bracketed by radiocarbon dates of 5090 ± SO yr B.P. at the base of the oolite bed and 8930 ± 70 yr B.P. from the top of the underlying lacustrine clays.
There are several intervals where no core was extracted; the most significant gaps in the top 90 m used for this study are 1.13 m between 19.06 and Figure 520.09 m, 3.08 m between 27.78 and 30.86 m., 1.13.m between 48.02 and 49.15 ra, and 1.51 m between
50.69 and 52.20 m.
Chronological control for the physical and biological variables which have been measured and observed in the core was established by age-depth relations based on average mass accumulation rates (MAR) of the sediments (Bischoff et ai, 1993; Figure
6). The MAR model, which assumes a constant rate of 51.4 gcm'^k.y. ' (translated to about 40 cm k.y."'), was calculated from pore-water content, bulk density, and apparent accumulation rate. It is constrained by 25 AMS radiocarbon dates from the top 31.13 m of the core, and the 800 ka date at the bottom of the core. The latter was estimated from the presence of a basal 3 m section (317.6 or 320.2 m depth) of transitional directions
(paleomagnetic excursions) interpreted as the 780 ka Brunhes-Matuyama magnetic-reversal boundary (Glen et ai, 1993) and a bed of Bishop ash with a K/Ar age of 758 ka at depths of -320 to 304 m (Sama-Wojcicki et al., 1993). The AMS dates were derived from oolite bed samples and humates extracted from the underlying silty clays. 170-
FIGURE 6. OL-92 age-dcplh curve for the upper 90 m. Ages were interpolated for each depth by a cubic spline fit to 26 age-depth points calculated by BischofF(1993).
00 82
The practical limit for Owens Lake radiocarbon dates was determined to be -30 kyr. A suite of 37 radiocarbon dates from die lake muds was also calculated by Michaele
Kashgarian, USGS (Benson, L., personal communication, 1996). All the dates are relatively coherent and show a continual trend but they also identify two sections of core which apparently slumped during drilling: between 10.97 and 12.83 m, and between
14.30 and 16.55 m (Table 1 and Figure 7). Another anomalous date of 11,990 ± 150 at a depth of 12.97 m (Bischoff, et al., 1993) is contradicted by the better fitting dates of
18,470 ± 220 and 18,990 ± 230 at 12.95 ra (Benson, L., personal communication, 1996).
Characteristics of the sediments and pollen profiles at these intervals confirm the slumping and indicate their original stratigraphic occurrence between 7 and 9 m. This will be discussed further in Chapter 8.
TABLE 1
AMS Radiocarbon Ages from OL-92 Depth (m) ''Cage Depth (m) ''Cage 3.72 3320±70 12.63 13,490+80 3.82 4080±70 12.95 18,470+220^ 3.82 4280±70 12.95 18,990+230'-^ 4.02 3390+70 12.97 11,990±150 4.29 4130±60 14.05 20,990±340 4.29 4400±60' 14.05 20,790±350'-^ 4.65 4660+100 15.32 12,570±70 4.8 5300±70 15.95 12,640±700^ 4.8 5310±70' 15.95 14,520±800'-^ 5.02 5010±80 16.65 18,510±31G' 5.02 5010±100' 16.65 20,510±400'-^ 5.12 5090±80 17.35 22,500±390^ 5.23 8280±120 17.35 21,150±220'-^ 5.27 8930±70 17.65 17,120+200^ 5.99 9980+70 17.65 16,050±200'-^ 83
TABLE 1 (Continued)
Depth (m) "Cage Depth (m) ''Cage 7.11 11,140±70 18.31 25,370±160 7.21 11,360±70 19.03 29,170±300^ 7.95 14,920±190- 20.25 29,140±310 7.95 14,240±90'-^ 21.85 30,480±310^ 9.55 14,410±140- 22.2 30,710±350- 9.55 14,000±80'-^ 23.27 30,310±310 10.45 15,.880±80 23.95 32,600±400^ 11.05 11,840±70 31.13 32,320±1780 11.05 11,640±70' 31.13 30,670±1420' 'Additional ages made from the same sample ^Kashgarian data The age-depth plot derived from the MAR model is not linear but has a slightly increasing slope upward toward the top. The assumption of a constant rate of sedimentation was confirmed by correlating the plot with 11 shallow paleomagnetic excursions between the Bishop Ash and the surface (Glen etai, 1993). The apparent lack of variation of sedimentation rates through glacial-interglacial cycles is explained by
Bischoff as a balance of increased sediment yield and larger depositional area during glacial periods and the inverse during interglaciations.
7.1 Sampling Procedures
The three cores (OL-92-1, OL-92-2, OL-92-3) were sampled from 3.52 m to 6.72 m
(OL-92-3), from 7.12 m to 61.12 m (OL-92-1), and from 61.52 m to 90.00 m (OL-92-2).
A total of 413 samples were taken, including four duplicates to account for core disturbance. Sampling was done at the U.S. Geological Survey sedimentological laboratory in Menlo Park, Califomia. 84
0.0 I i rn r ! 1 i i I 1 I I ! I i I i i i I I 1 I r RESERVOIR EFFECT = 900 yr ' nI •AGE = 1.150D-0.6176 CNJ 4.0 O) OL92-1,3 8.0
BISCHOFF ETAL (1993) DATA 12.0 Q_ KASHGARIAN DATA CD 16.0 CO o 20.0 LJJ H ATUS CD < 24.0
28.0
32.0 SALTS PRECIPITATED ^BETWEEN 1916 AND 1921 - I 36.0 > I • • ' ' ' i ' ' I ' ! ! ' ' ' ! ! ' I ' • » I I ! I I 0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 35.0 DEPTH BELOW SEDIMENT SURFACE (m)
FIGURE 7. Plot of the ages analyzed by Bischoff and Kashgarian. The plot shows departures from the fitted age-depth curve that are at assumed intervals of slumped sediments (from Kashgarian, 1995). 85
The split core half was sampled at 20 cm intervals and at 1 cm depths below the split surface, with a volume range of 2-5 cm^. In a few instances, where the core was disturbed from previous sampling for other analyses, the sample interval and depth were adjusted to no more than 5 cm and 2 cm, respectively. Each sample was trimmed of external sediments adjacent to the plastic core liner in order to prevent contamination from any vertical displacement of material during coring operations, placed in a Nasco
"WHIRL-PAK" plastic bag and stored at a temperature of approximately 5'C.
1.1 Laboratory Procedures
7.2.1 Pretreatment
A1 cm^ fraction of each sample was placed in a 50 ml plastic test tube with deionized water. A small amount of ALCONOX (a phosphate detergent) was added and the sample was shaken vigorously in order to disperse the fine clays. The sample was then poured into a 500 ml Nalgene beaker to which 50 ml of 10% HCl was added to further disaggregate the sediments and hydrolyze the carbonates. Two tablets containing
-12,077 or 13,911 each Lycopodium spores were also added as a tracer to determine pollen concentration. The sample was then swirled and screened through a 149 mm mesh screen into a 50 ml Nalgene test tube and repeatedly centrifuged and decanted until the entire beaker volume was concentrated in the tube. Alternatively, each sample was placed in a 12 ml vial with deionized water and ALCONOX then agitated with a vibrator for about 1 hour. It was then screened with 149 mesh into 50 ml tubes and given a water wash until the denatant was clear. The process continued with the 10% HCL treatment. 86 etc. The residue sediments on the screen were washed into a petri dish and examined for minerals, plant tissue, rootlets and other plant parts, unidentified organic material, and charcoal fragments.
7.2.2 Extraction
Extraction procedures began with acidification of each sample by adding 10 ml of concentrated HCl and thoroughly mixing; any remaining carbonates were thus removed.
This was followed by diluting the sample with 30 ml of deionized water, stirring, centrifuging and decanting. (Centrifuging and decanting were done between each of the following steps.) The sample was then neutralized with a hot water rinse.
To remove silicates, concentrated (48%) HF was added to near the top of each 50 ml tube, which was either left to stand overnight or placed in a boiling water bath for at least one hour. The sample was then neutralized by a hot water rinse and transferred to a 15 ml Pyrex test tube. A second concentrated HCl step was sometimes inserted here to remove silica colloids.
Cellulose and cellulose derivatives were digested with an acetolysis mixture of one part H2SO4 to nine parts acetic anhydride. The sample was first dehydrated with 5 ml glacial acetic acid. It was then stirred and acetolized by adding 5 ml acetic anhydride with a volumetric dispenser, followed by the addition of 0.55 ml H2SO4 with a volumetric pipette and mixed. This makes H" available for bonding between acetate and cellulose, synthesizing rayon. Another series of glacial acetic acid (to dissolve the rayon) and water rinses completes this step (Davis, O.K., personal communication, 1992). 87
Humic acids were then removed by a 10% KOH solution in a ~2 minute hot water
bath, followed by several hot water rinses until the remaining solution is clear and
colorless. The sample was then stained with safranin, rinsed with water, and transferred
to 1 dram shell vials, after which several drops of glycerol were added.
7.3 Tabulation
After a small portion of a sample was mounted on a slide, the pollen, spores, algae,
and charcoal were counted by systematically scanning along a transect across the cover
slip, from edge to edge, with a Leitz binocular microscope at a magnification of 450X.
For positive identification of difficult taxa, oil immersion at lOOOX was used.
Identification of unfamiliar types was assisted by published keys, microphotographs and slide reference collections at the University of Arizona and in possession of the author.
Unknown taxa were described and photographed for future reference.
A minimum of 300 non-aquatic pollen grains were counted and no less than 100
noa-Pinus or non-Juniperus type pollen when the abundance of those taxa was extremely
high. The bladders of many pine pollens were separated from the body by mechanical damage. These isolated bladders or single bladders still connected to the body were, therefore, counted as one-half of a pollen grain. Fungal spores (except the functionally significant Sporomiella) and algae were counted to a minimum of 100 individuals or colonies. A ratio of the taxon to the tracer was then calculated, to be multiplied by the total tracer count. Pediastrum colonies also suffered mechanical damage. A system was devised to count broken colonies according to the observed fractions, 2/3,1/2,1/4 to 1/3, or <1/4. 89
8. RESULTS: THE OWENS LAKE RECORD
The focus of this chapter is the paiynomorphs extracted from the Owens Lake sediments and from two surface samples collected from the Mono Basin and Owens
Valley. Included is a list of the major taxa and the plants they represent, a discussion of how adjustments to the disturbed sediments were made, and an account of the abundances and stratigraphic distribution of the paiynomorphs according to pollen assemblage zones.
A total of 95 terrestrial and aquatic pollen taxa, two types of Botryococcus sp., and four types of Pediastrum sp. algae have been identified from 150 samples. Preservation for all samples counted is generally good, with a range from excellent to poor.
Indeterminate grains are usually deteriorated or obscured by detritus. Deterioration mostly takes the form of mechanical breakage, bending, and crumpling resulting from transportation or diagenesis and degradation (that is, thinning of the exine) by oxidation.
Grains are rarely corroded, that is, the exine perforated or etched by microbial activity
(Moore, Webb, and Collinson, 1991).
8.1 Variables
The pollen sum was calculated according to the sum file in Table 2:
TABLE 2
Pollen Sum File (TILIA, Grimm 1992) A Terrestrial Trees B Terrestrial Shrubs and Herbs D Indeterminate E Algae F Spores 90
Table 2 (Continued)
Q Aquatics R Riparian Trees and Shrubs P = A + B + R, Pollen sum C = P + Q, Pollen Sum + Aquatics T = P + C-t-E + F + D, Total Pollen Sum
The basic pollen sum includes terrestrial trees, terrestrial shrubs and herbs, and riparian trees and shrubs. Riparian vegetation is included in the basic sum since it is a component of the extra-local and regional vegetation and part of the "universe" of study (Birks and
Gordon, 1985). Percentages of aquatics, algae, and spores were calculated outside the basic pollen sum because of the significant number and variability of these taxa. They are also components of the lake environment and are, therefore, local taxa. The indeterminate category includes deteriorated and unknown paynomorphs. The category is calculated outside the basic pollen sum since it possibly includes spores and aquatic pollen besides terrestrial and riparian pollen. All the variables are listed in Appendix B.
A few of the more important taxa are defined as follows:
Abies (fir). This pollen type probably represents either A^7ie5 concolor (white fir) or
A. magnifica (red fir), the two species of firs of the eastern Sierra Nevada upper montane forest, which collectively have an upper elevation range of ~3100 m.
Pinus (pine). When orientation and preservation permit, recognition of several attributes identify pine pollen to at least four subgeneric categories. The presence or absence of verrucae on the leptoma (the thin exine on the distal side of the body from 91 which the pollen tube emerges) classifies pine pollen as haploxylon (white pines) or diploxylon (yellow pines), respectively. If the length of the grain is greater than 70 [xm, the haploxylon type may include the mixed subalpine woodland species of the Sierra
Nevada: Pinus monticola (western white pine), P. balfouriana (foxtail pine), P. albicaulis (whitebark pine), and P. flexilis (limber pine); and of the White-Inyo
Mountains: P. flexilis and P. longaeva (bristlecone pine). P. lambertiana (sugar pine) may rarely be represented from the midmontane forest of the west slope. Grains <70 nm long with bladders (saccae) less than 30 ^m are classified as P. monophylla (single-leaf pinyon) after the system of Jacobs (1985). Diploxylon grains probably represent P.
jejfreyi (Jeffrey pine) and P. contorta var. murrayana (lodgepole pine) of the eastern
Sierra lower montane forest or these pines plus P. ponderosa from westside forests. Pine pollen is very widely dispersed because of the abundant production and the buoyancy provided by the saccate design and so is usually overrepresented in most western United
States pollen diagrams.
Tsuga (hemlock). The attributes of this type identify it as T. mertensiana (mountain hemlock). It is a bisaccate grain, similar to Pinus. The saccae have a rugulate sculpturing pattern, are usually small, and attached or folded directly under the body.
Exine is thin, including the dorsal surface of the body, which has no "cap". This conifer is a component of the mixed subalpine woodland up to timberline at 3500 m. It is rare in
Owens Lake sediments. 92
Sequoiadendron (giant sequoia). Sequoiadendron giganteum is now limited to a few groves witii high water tables in the mixed conifer forest of the west side at elevations of
825-2700 m. This rare type is differentiated from other TCT (Taxodiaceae,
Cupressaceae, and Taxaceae) pollen by the prominent papilla.
Juniperus (juniper). Juniper pollen includes/, occidentalis var. australis (the montane variety of western juniper, Sierra juniper) and possibly 7. communis of high elevations (1900-3400 m) of the Sierra Nevada, and J. osteosperma (Utah juniper) of the
White-Inyo Mountains. Other TCT pollen could be uncommonly misidentified as juniper, such as Sequoiadendron with obscured or missing papilla or an occasional
Calocedrus decurrens (incense cedar) grain from the west slope.
Quercus (oak). Today two species of oak, Quercus kelloggii, and Q. chrysolepis, grow in a few western canyons of the Owens Valley tributary to the Sierra Nevada as part of the riparian woodland. Oak pollen is distinguished from the morphologically similar
Cercocarpus-Purshia pollen by an unevenly distributed mix of scabrae and verrucae over the tectum, giving a coarse appearance to the surface.
Shepherdia (buffaloberry). Shepherdia argentea is now distributed widely in scattered stands in southem California, and with denser coverage in the northern plains of the Dakotas, Montana, and Canada (Little, 1976). In the Sierra Nevada isolated stands have been observed in Pine Creek canyon and the Mono Basin north of Owens Valley.
Shepherdia pollen is occasional in the core sediments. 93
Populus. This taxon may be represented by either two species of cottonwood or
quaking aspen. Populus fremontii (Fremont cottonwood) and P. balsamifera spp. trichocarpa (black cottonwood) are riparian species growing throughout California and
locally in the Owens Lake basin. P. tremulaides (quaking aspen) is widespread in the eastside Sierra Nevada, growing in cloned stands along streamsides and on moist slopes
in a variety of habitats between 1800 and 3000 m (Hickman, 1993). This pollen type
does not preserve well and is uncommon in Owens Lake sediments.
Two other riparian taxa identified throughout the core are Salix (willow) and Betula
(birch). Salix is much more common and represents several possible species of willow,
including 5. goodingii, S. exigua, S. lasiolepis, and 5. lutea. Betula occidentalis (water
birch) is the most abundant birch species in the eastem Sierra, producing thick stands in association with willow, cottonwood and aspen although its pollen is rare.
Ephedra. Also called Mormon tea and joint fir, this shrubby gymnosperm is an associate of lower elevation xeric plant communities from creosote bush and sagebrush shrub to pinyon-juniper woodland. Most of the pollen has been identified as E. viridis
(green ephedra). E. nevadensis (Nevada ephedra) is more infrequent. Since Ephedra is a long distance traveler, other species from without the region may also be represented.
The species were differentiated by the descriptions in Kapp (1969).
Chenopodiaceae/A/nara/i^Aus. The polyporate pollen of the large chenopod family and the genus Amaranthus (both belong to the order Caryophyllales) are indistinguishable with a light microscope. Chenopodiaceae/A/nara/i/ZiMs pollen from the 94 core most likely belongs to the various halophytes composing the shadscale scrub and salt desert communities surrounding Owens Lake and growing along the axis of Owens
Valley. Representative species include Atriplex canescens (fourwing saltbush), A. confertifolia (shadscale), A. parryi, and A. polycarpa, among others; Krascheninnikovia lanata (winterfat), Grayia spinosa (hop-sage), Kochia americana (gray molly), Suaeda calceoliformis (sea-blite), Allenrolfea occidentalis (iodine bush) and various species of
Chenopodium.
Sarcobatus vermiculatus (greasewood). Greasewood pollen is one of the few types identifiable to species. This halophyte presently grows around the shorelines of Owens
Lake with a free water table about 1 m deep, and is abundant throughout Owens Valley.
Cercocarpus/Purshia type. Rosaeae pollen belonging to this category is similar to that produced by Cercocarpus ledifolius and C. intricatus, two species of mountain mahogany growing on the slopes of the White-Inyo Mountains and Sierra Nevada between 1200 and 3000 m; Purshia tridentata and P. mexicana, shrubs of the pinyon-juniper woodland and sagebrush shrub; and Coleogyne ramosissima, the dominant species of the blackbrush shrub community growing along the west side of the southern Owens Valley below the sagebrush shrub community. Blackbrush is an indicator of the Great Basin and Mojave Desert ecotone.
Artemisia subgenus Tridentatae (sagebrush). Among the several species of sagebrush represented by this pollen type those common to the Owens Valley region are
Artemisia tridentata, A. nova, and A. arbuscula. Artemisia grows as a dominant in 95 sagebrush steppe along the west side of Owens Valley and as an associate of the pinyon-juniper woodlands of the lower slopes of the Sierra Nevada eastern escarpment, and in the White-Inyo and Coso Mountains.
Ambrosia-type. It is assumed that this short-spined, wind-blown, Asteraceae pollen type primarily represents Ambrosia dumosa (white bursage) the major associate of the creosote bush series (Larrea tridentata-A. dumosa community) of the Mojave Desert.
This community grows on the alluvial fans along the east side of the southern Owens
Valley and to the east and south of Owens Lake. The pollen type may be used as an indicator of the community but with discretion since, according to the packrat midden record, A. dumosa disassociated from creosote bush in response to effective climate change at the last glacial termination and preceded creosote bush during the migration of the series into its northernmost range (Spaulding, 1990). It is best used as an indicator of hot desert scrub. Other species that may be represented by the pollen type are
Hymenoclea salsola, Iva axillaris, and I. nevadensis.
Aquatic Pollen. This category comprises hydrophytes formerly growing around the lakeshore, along the Owens River channel, and in associated wetlands. The very large
Cyperaceae family is represented by one pollen type. It includes mostly Carex sp.
(sedge) and Scirpus sp. Typha latifolia (cattail) is identified to species by the distinctive pollen tetrad. TyphaSparganium is undifferentiated from the warm climate Typha domingensis, broken tetrads of T. latifolia, and the genus Sparganium (bur-reed) 96 although the pollen type is probably Typha since bur-reed in the Owens Lake region is presently known only from the high Sierra Nevada.
Algae. Tentative identification of the four types of Pediastrum colonies to species is based on the key by Prescott (1962). P. simplex type has the highest frequency but all taxa are periodically abundant throughout the core. There are two types of Botryococcus, which I have termed (Type A) and (Type B). Type A is smaller with apparently thinner cell walls than Type B.
Sporormiella. Spores of the dung fungus Sporormiella sp. have been discussed by
Davis (1986). (See also Ahmed, 1971). They are commonly found in the dung of domestic and wild herbivores and have been found in historic sediments subsequent to the introduction of horses and cattle to North America, although they are absent during the rest of the Holocene. Prior to ~11,000 years BP they are abundant in late-glacial sediments. The significance of Sporormiella to Pleistocene paleoecology is that it may indicate the presence of megafauna when other evidence is lacking. The spore is rare but occasional in Owens Lake.
8.2 Pollen Stratigraphy
The top and bottom of the pollen diagram (Figure 8) plots samples from a depth of
5.52 m to 90 m, which have been given interpolated ages of approximately 10.2 ka to 151 ka, respectively. Chronological control for sample depth was provided by interpolating ages for each sample point from Bischoffs age versus depth table (Bischoff, 1993) using a cubic spline curve fit (Appendix A). The sedimentation rate (SR) of the sampled core segment is about 60 cm k.y."' or about 333 yr to 1334 yr for the 20 cm to 80 cm between samples. This SR is a higher value than the average 40.1 cm k.y."' for the entire Owens
Lake core to Bishop Tuff because it is weighted by the pre-Holocene radiocarbon-dated
SR of 78.8 cm k.y. ' (6-24 m) (Bischoff, 1993).
As mentioned in chapter 7.1.2, AMS radiocarbon dates, sediment characteristics, and the anomalous appearance of the pollen stratigraphy identified two segments of core which apparently slumped during drilling from an interval higher up in the drillhole between about 7 and 9 m (Table 1 and Figure 7). The segments are at depths between
10.97 m to 12.72 m, with near top and bottom radiocarbon ages of 11,840 yr B.P. (11.05 m) and 13,490 yr B.P. (12.63 m); and between 14.30 m and 16.55 m, with radiocarbon ages of 12,570 yr B.P. (15.32 m) and 14,520 yr B.P. (15.95 m). The slumped segments are, for the most part, coextensive with sedimentary units retaining an internal integrity.
The units are clay-sized sediment, mottled, lumpy, black and greenish. This integrity is corroborated by the coherency of the pollen sequences within each segment. That is, for both the lithology and the pollen assemblages there is no physical evidence for discontinuities. Between segments, however, the variation in abundances of indicator pollen taxa with inverse relationships, noticeably Juniperus and Ambrosia, imply reversals in vegetation change that are too abrupt and large to be ecologically and climatically feasible. The uncorrected time interval in which the slumping occurred (-26 to 19 ka) encompasses the first half of isotope stage 2 (Tioga Glaciation) during a trend toward minimal regional (and global) temperatures and maximal glacial advances in the 98
Sierra Nevada. There is high variability in the pollen record but the rapid, high-amplitude shifts between pollen representatives of juniper woodland and warm desertscrub in this interval are not in accord with known responses of these vegetation types or with the full glacial climate pattern.
An attempt was made to reconstruct the disturbed stratigraphy. This was fairly straightforward, given the assumptions that the anomalously young radiocarbon dates are correct and that the dated core segments are both litho- and biostratigraphically coherent.
Both slumped segments have pollen sequences that show low abundances of Juniperus pollen and relatively high abundances of Ambrosia, Artemisia, and
Chenopodiaceae/A/?iflra/i//iu5 pollen. The pollen samples from each slumped segment are
#48-55 between 11.33 m and 12.72 m; and #63-76 between 14.32 m and 16.52 m. They were inserted at levels appropriate to the radiocarbon ages and sediment characteristics: between sample #39 at 9.52 m and sample #41 at 9.92 m. The two radiocarbon samples at 9.55 m are 14,000 yr B.P. (17 ka) and 14,410 yr B.P. (17.75 ka) and coincide with the lower ages for the two segments. There are still two anomalously young ages of 16,050 yr
B.P. and 17,120 yr B.P. (originally at 17.65 m) in the sequence and the displaced core segments may overlap in their actual age intervals.
Another explanation for the radiocarbon age reversals is that older sediments were reworked from the lake margins by wave action during post-glacial fluctuations of the lake and superimposed on more recent sediments (Haynes, C.V, 1996, personal communication). The multiple lake transgressions during the intervals 13,000-12,000 yr 99
B.P., 11,500-11,000 yr B.P. (Orme and Orme, 1995) coincide with the sections of
displaced stratigraphy (cf. chapter 9.5.2.).
Eric Grimm's Tilia Software Package (Grimm, 1992) was used to enter the data, calculate percentages, and plot the diagram (Figure 8). Pollen accumulation rates were
also plotted (Figure 9a, 9b). The reconstructed Owens Lake record was divided into six objective pollen assemblage zones (Figure 10, Table 4) by use of the Constrained
Incremental Sum of Squares Cluster Analysis (CONISS) program (Grimm, 1987), with a
square root transformation and Edwards and Cavalli-Sforza's chord distance dissimilarity
coefficient. The sixteen pollen types' selected for the analysis all had abundances greater
than the recommended 2%. The age boundaries for the zones were determined from the
CONISS dendrogram and the pollen characteristics for each zone were based on the
dominant taxa.
TABLE 3
Pollen Assemblage Zones Zone Depth (m) Age (ka) Characteristics OL-VI 5.5-10 10.2 - 17.7 Pinus-Artemisia OL-V 10-17 17.7 - 25.5 Juniperus-Pinus OL-IV 17-41 25.5 - 60.6 Pinus-Juniperus-Artemisia OL-in 41-68 60.6 - 103.2 Pinus-Ambrosia-ChenolAmar OL-II 68-75 103.2-117.6 Juniperus-Pinus OL-I 75-90 117.6 - 151 Juniperus-Pinus
^ The pollen types used for CONISS analysis are, Abies, total Pinus, Pinus cf. monophylla, Juniperus, Quercus, Populus, Salix, Ephedra vtrzWw-type, Chenopodiaceae/ Amaranthus, Sarcobatus, CercocarpuslPurshia-type, Artemisia subg. Tridentatae, Ambrosia-ty^Q, Fabaceae, Other Asteraceae, Poaceae. ns Lake, OL-92 ounty. California id Toxo Shrubs and Herbs
o- ,44i€44^
5. 50-
t^vi llO • 40 ' 6'o'^C' 40 60 80 20 ' 40 • 60 • 80 ' iOO^ Percent (shaded curve* xlO)
FIGURE 8. Pollea percentage diagram for OL-92. Only the most abundant palynomor plant life form and habitat categories along the X axis and into stratigraphic assemblage portion of the curves are a 10% exaggeration plotted in order to more clearly display the horizontal spaces are missing core sections. W. Woolfenden is the analyst.
100
Riparian
le most abundant palynomorphs are plotted. They are grouped into ito stratigraphic assemblage zone along the Y axis. The shaded r to more clearly display the less abundant taxa. The blank a is the analyst.
'ens Lake, OL-92 County. ColifornKi li Pollen Accumulation Rote Terrestricl Trees • cted TOXQ
/
soo 1000 isbo' Ibo2d036o4dosdo' ibo 300 4^0^ soo 1000 isoo' 200 400 600' soo 1000 isbo' ioozooaoowo'sooioooisofflobo' sdo loiio lAo' zoo 4< Pollen accumulation rate
FIGURE 9a. Pollen accumulation rate diagram for OL-92, with selected terrestrial tree, accumulation rates express the deposition of numbers of pollen grains per unit area of se accumulation rate for each pollen taxon are independent of changes in other pollen taxa. - Terrestnal Shrubs and Herbs
io' 500 loooisocdoo' 500 tooo iSbO' 200 «00 600 aoo' 1002^300400500' iSo ioo iSo' 200460600800Ck)o' 2d0 400 6dO aoo' ioo 200 300
92, with selected terrestrial tree, shrub and herb pollen plotted. Pollen pollen grains per unit area of sediment per unit time. Changes in the of changes in other pollen taxa. W. Woolfenden is the analyst.
Owens Lake, OL-92 [nyo County, California Total Pollen Accumulation Rate Riparian Trees and Shrubs Selected Taxa
10- 5-1 10- 20- 15- 30- 20- 25- 40- 30- 50- 35- — 40- 60- E 45- 70- S.0} 50- 80- 55- 90- 60- 100- 55- 110- 70- 120- 75- 130- 80- t40- 85- 150- 90- 500 1000 1500' 500 1000 1500 500 1000 1500* 200 400 600 800' 500 1000 1500 20040060080a000 Pollen accumulation rote
FIGURE 9b. Pollen accumulation rate diagram for OL-92, with selected ion Trees and Shrubs Aquatics
OL-VI
OL-V
OL-IV
OL-I [
OL-II
) 1500 2604606608001000 160 260 360 460 ^ 500 1000 1500 56o 10001SOCEOOO 260 46o 660 860
for OL-92, with selected riparian and aquatic plant pollen plotted.
103
Owens Lake, OL-92 Pollen AssemblGce Zones (CONISS) Dendrogram of tVlean WiThin-Ciusier Dispersion
Zone CONISS 10-j 5"! OL-VI 10 20- 15- OL-V h h 30- 2z-i 40 30-j OL-IV SO- 35-! SO- 40-1 45-1 70^ L CD Q. 5Gi CP O) I < 8C^ — 55- oL-in
90 50^ 55- 100- I
I 10- CL-II 75n 120-j • ^0-J 0L-[ I r1 40"i ! S5n H' 1I cwv.' ^ J ' 2 4 5 8 10 12 1^ W;:hin-clusrer sum of scucr.e-s
FIGURE 10. CONISS dendrogram with pollen assemblage zones. The assemblage zones are biostratigraphic units of pollen which are defined by cluster analysis according to their dissimilarity to adjacent stratigraphic units. 104
ZoneOL-I. ClSl-117.6 ]siz.9Q-15 m.Juniperus-PinusZon€\. The bottom of this zone begins with the lowest pollen sample in this analyis. Sediments are silty clays,
ranging from massive to weakly color bedded and contain many to abundant cuboidal
pyrite crystals. Juniperus pollen (34.7-71.2 %) clearly dominates this zone. Pinus (max
38.8%) and Artemisia (max 13.9%) are also well-represented. Other Asteraceae (<6.5%), and ChenopodiacQae/Amaranthus (<4.6%) pollen are present in moderate amounts but, in general, terrestrial tree pollen abundances (±80%) are proportionately much greater than shrub and herb pollen (±20%). The riparian taxa, Shepherdia, Populus and Salix, are present in small amounts and there are only traces (<2 %) of Ambrosia and
Cercocarpus/Purshia type. Total pollen influx is low for most of the zone although the accumulation rate loi Juniperus pollen is the highest among all the taxa. There is no discemible trend in relative pollen abundances throughout this interval, but a 52% decrease in Juniperus with a concomitant increase in Pinus,
Chenopodiaceae/Amaranthus, Artemisia, Sarcobatus, Poacea, riparian taxa, aquatic taxa and algae occurs between 412 m and 404 m (146-142 ka). Both Shepherdia and
Sarcobatus increase with a slight lag. Total pollen influx shows a sharp peak in this interval.
Juniperus peaks in abundance about 81 m (~130.5 ka), begins to decrease with fluctuations thereafter until 75.50 m (-119.6 ka) when the taxa rapidly declines from
31.1% to 16.4% within 40 cm (~670 yr). Concomitant with the juniper pollen decline are increases in Poaceae, Cyperaceae and algae. 105
Zone OL-II (117.6-103 ka. 75-68 m. Pinus-Ambrosia-Ch&nolAmar ZoneV Along with the rapid decline in Juniperus the base of this zone is defined by an equally rapid increase in Ambrosia and ChenopodiacesLe/Antaranthus to 21.2% and 16.3%, respectively, by -117 ka. Pollen accumulation rates for Ambrosia and Chenopodiaceae/
Amaranthus pollen, in addition to Cercocarpus/Purshia pollen, are also high. Ambrosia fluctuated between 17.2%-10.2% with a declining trend to 5.3% at the top of Zone II
(67.80 m, -103 ka). Percentages of Chenopodiaceae/A/narart//iM5 abruptly increase with fluctuations to 24.4% at 71.40 m f 110 ka) then decrease throughout the zone. Other
Asteraceae pollen also increase abruptly in the second half of Zone OL-I to maxima of less than 8%. CercocarpuslPurshia type and Ephedra viridis type also first become relatively abundant with the beginning of this zone. The former increases from <1% to a brief peak of 24% at 73.6 m (-114.5 ka) and then varies around >3% and <8% for the rest of the period. Fabaceae pollen reaches the highest percentages in the entire 90 m core interval, averaging 1.2% and Poaceae continues at a relatively steady average of 1.3%.
Pinus, and Artemisia briefly have high relative percentages (44.8% and 16.4%) at about
118 ka, then drop to >20% and <8%, respectively, throughout the zone. Pediastrum shows a similar brief increase around 117 ka. Juniperus maintains a low mean of 9.9% during the first 10 m of the interval and begins an increase into Zone OL-III by 69.40 m
(-105.8 ka). In summary, Zone OL-II is proportionally dominated by terrestrial shrub and herb pollen. 106
Riparian taxa are also relatively abundant. Salix pollen begins to increase at the top of Zone OL-I, reaching maximum values (5.6%) between 77 m (-122 ka) and 70.2 m
(107.6 ka) while Populus quickly reaches fairly constant levels of >1% and <3%. The abundance of Quercus pollen is unique to this zone and defines a curve from 0.5% at 75 m to maxima between 2.1% at 74.4 (116.3 ka) and 3.8% at 71 m(108.7 ka), after which it decreases to less than 1%. Juglans increases from a trace appearance to an average of
0.55% between 73.6 m (114.5 ka) and 69 m (105.1 ka). No Shepheria pollen was observed. The pollen accumulation rates for these riparian taxa reflect the percentages.
The sediments are silty clays as in Zone OL-I except that the color bedding is more prominent in most units and there are only a trace to a few cuboidai pyrite crystals. There is no change in sediment characteristics across the boundary between Zones OL-I and
OL-n and no evidence of a disconformity. It is assumed, therefore, that the rapid transition in pollen assemblages is a result of vegetation change and not of a missing core section.
Zone OL-III ("103-61 ka. 103.2-60.6 m. Pinus-Artemisia-Cheno/Amar Zone). This zone is distinguished by a fluctuating increase in the frequencies of Pinus and Abies pollen achieving the highest percentages within the entire 90 m record. Pinus has a steady rise to a maximum peak of 75.5 % at 57.3 m (84.0 ka), followed by a secondary peak of 62.8% 13 m upcore (65.3 ka) before a rapid decline to 25.9% at the boundary of
Zone IV. Pinus monophylla pollen begins to have high accumulation rates after -65 m
(-97 ka). Abies increases to the highest percentages and accumulation rates of the 90 m 107 core section (2.2 % to 2.5%) between 55.52 m (~81.2 ka) and 54.32 m (~79.5 ka).
Juniperus pollen, on the other hand, has two periods of higher percentages (with a mean of 18.8%) and two periods of lower percentages (with a mean of 10.2%), the periods ranging in duration from 6.8 ka to 13.3 ka. Accumulation rates for Juniperus pollen remain low throughout the zone. The Juniperus curve in Zone OL-EI could be included in the cycle as an equivalent period of low abundance for both percentages (9.9%) and influx. Artemisia pollen defines a bimodal curve, increasing by 13% to a peak of 17.6% at 65.0 m (-97.4 ka) then variably decreasing to a minimum of 2.2% at 57.32 m (-84.0 ka) before gradually attaining another maxima of 18.4% at 45.9 m (67.6 ka), followed by a decrease to 5.1% near the top of the zone. This pattern is somewhat duplicated by
Ambrosia but the taxa does not exceed 7.9%. Chenopodiaceae/Amara/if/iM^ fluctuates between a minimum of 2.2% and a maximum of 14.5% without an apparent trend. An anomalous spike of Chenopodiaceae/AmaranrAiis at 24.6% occurs at 54.92 m (-80.3 ka).
It is not paralleled by any other abrupt change in palynomorph frequencies in this spectrum. Poaceae drops off to nil and trace frequencies at 57.32 m (84 ka). Riparian taxa are variable; Quercus maintains trace to nil frequencies while Juglans increases to its last significant percentages at the bottom of the zone averaging 0.87% with a maximum of 1.6% at 66.2 m (99.6 ka). Cyperaceae increases from minimal values in
Zone OL-II to steady abundances. Botyococcus and Pediastrum attain high percentages at two intervals: 65 m (97.3 ka) to 58.1 (85.2 ka) and 45.3 (69.6 ka) to 44.3 (65.3 ka). In summary, terrestrial shrubs decline to <40% while terrestrial trees increase to >60%. 108
Pollen influx is high throughout the zone. Sediments are mainly massive to faintly color
bedded silty clays with a few thin sand lenses.
Zone OL-IV (60.6-25.5 ka. 68-41 m. Pinus-Juniperus-Artemisia ZoneV This zone is characterized by a proportional increase of Juniperus pollen and decrease of Pinus pollen from the previous zone to equivalent values averaging about 30%. Total pollen influx is
low at the beginning of the zone, around 40 m (~60 ka), and increases to high
accumulations between -35 and 20 m (-51-28 ka). Artemisia also increases at the
beginning of the zone to previous abundances of <20% and steadily increases to
maximum percentages of 23.3% to 23.7% between 25.12 m (34.4 ka) and 23.12 m (31.7
ka). Ambrosia pollen has low percentages and influx averaging 0.8% (2.8% maximum) and Chenopodiaceae/ Amaranthus and the other Asteraceae continue to vary only slightly around an average of 5% and 4%, respectively. Poaceae also attains higher but variable
percentages. Salix increases to maxima between 2% and 3.5% and the other riparian taxa are represented in low (<1%) abundances. Cyperaceae also maintains a variable presence
while Botryococcus increases with high variability throughout the zone and Pediastrum attains rapid and short-lived maxima at 37.1 m (54.7 ka), 32.3 m (46.6 ka) and 20.9 m
(29.3 ka). Overall, terrestrial tree pollen is 35%.greater than terrestrial shrub and herb
pollen. Sediments from bottom to top of the zone are mostly massive to mottled silty clay to massive to mottled clay.
Zone OL-V ^25-18 ka. 17-10 m.Juniperus-PinusX As in Zone OL-I Juniperus pollen is dominant, attaining maximum abundances averaging 57% between 14.9 m (-23.2 ka) 109 and 13.1 m (~21.2 ka) and rapidly declining thereafter to 20.1% with decreasing maxima at 10.9 m (~20.4 ka) and 10.3 m (~17.9 ka). Also as in Zone OL-I Juniperus pollen has high influx in spite of low total pollen accumulations rates. Pinus decreases to an average of 27%, increasing to a maximum of 38.2% at the top of the zone. Abies and all of the dominant shrub taxa— Artemisia, Cercocarpus/Purshia type, Chenopodiaceae/
Amaranthus, Sarcobatus, and Ambrosia— similarly decrease to low abundances until about 41 m (20.8 ka) after which they increase. Ambrosia pollen was not observed between 45 m (21.9 ka) and 41 m. The Other Asteraceae pollen also decrease to lower but fluctuating percentages between 0.6% and 3.55% throughout most of this core interval. Salix pollen abundance continues to increase to an average of 3% (5.6% maximum). The other riparian taxa are present but Betula and Quercus are not observed between 16 m (24.4 ka) and 12.3 m (20.4 ka). The algae have an inverse relationship in this zone. Botrycoccus increases rapidly to a maximum between 13.1 m (21.2 ka) and
12.3 m (20.4 ka) and rapidly decreases thereafter while Pediastrum abundances decrease within the same interval to minima of <0.5%, after which a rapid maximum is attained by
11.3 m (19.1 ka) at the top of the zone. It is obvious that terrestrial tree pollen dominate the shrub and herb pollen by about 9/1, as in Zone OL-I. Sediments are mottled black and greenish silts and clays.
Zone OL-VI. 17.7-10.2 ka. 10-5.5 m. (Pinus-Artemisia ZoneV This coretop interval is characterized by a continued decrease in terrestrial tree pollen and an increase in terrestrial shrub and herb pollen. Pinus, Abies, Ambrosia, Chenopodiaceae/Amaranthus, 110 and Cercocarpus/Purshia type pollen increase to maxima of 45.9% at -11.5 ka, 2.3% at
-4.3 ka, 8.8% at -10.9 ka, 13.3% at -10.2 ka, and 5.6% at -10.9 ka, respectively.
Artemisia pollen increases to 17.2% at the zone boundary of 17.7 ka and 16.9 ka and reaches a secondary maximum of 19.8% at 14 ka before decreasing again to 10.5% at the top of the diagram (5.5 m, 10.2 ka). The percentage of Ephedra at 5.5 m (2.5%) is at the highest since Zone OL-II, The decrease in Juniperus to less than 5% gives the largest weight to the summary tree curve. All the riparian taxa except Salix, which decreases to
<1% from a maximum of 4%, are occasionally present in variable percentages.
Botryococcus decreases while Pediastrum increases to minimum and maximum percentages, respectively. The sediments are almost all clay-sized.
8.3 Modem Pollen Samples
Eleven surface samples were taken on a transect from the north side of Mono Lake
(38°05' N) to the south side of Haiwee Reservoir Dam in Rose Valley (36°02' N). Two samples were pinches of soil and the rest were wet sediments taken from meadows and marshes. Two samples have been counted to assist in interpreting the Owens lake diagram (Figure 11). Sample ML-2 is a soil sample from a Pleistocene strand line just north of Mono Lake. The surrounding vegetation is a Juniperus osteosperma woodland with a few associated individuals of Pinus monophylla and an understory of Artemisia tridentata, Chrysothamnus nauseosus, Purshia tridentata, Sarcobatus vermiculatus,
Astragalus sp., Distichlis spicata, and other Poaceae. Sample OV-6 is a wet silty mud sample from a pond next to the Owens River just north of the Owens Lake Playa (38° 12' I'ollcri ^iurface Lioriiplus; Oweny l.cike (lop), Mono Lake (bollom)
yvCi-
x'^V^ cs?^" <
•T—» I T—I ,5^.^BT-"
FIGURE 11. Pollen surface samples. The pollen was extracted from two samples of wet sediment at sites on the north shores of Mono and Owens Lakes. Surface samples represent recent pollen deposition and are used to calibrate pollen assemblages with modern vegetation types. 112
N). The surrounding vegetation is a Poaceae-/M/icuj s^.-Anemopsis californica meadow
next to a Salix/ Scirpus riparian woodland. Surrounding these wetlands is a saltbush scrub dominated locally by Atriplex parryi, A. phyllostegia, and Sueda cf. calceoliformis.
Tabulations are given in Appendix E.
Solomon and Silkworth (1986) report on 18 pollen air samples along a transect from
the Sierra Nevada montane forest (2850 m), across the Owens Lake basin, to the crest of
the Inyo Mountains (2530 m). The transect crosses most of the vegetation zones on both sides of the valley. The published data were used to plot the mean pollen influx (Figure
12) and pollen percentages (Figure 13). As expected, the plots show that the pollen taxa
tend to be most abundant at sample sites within or near the source vegetation and least abundant away from the source.
The Owens Lake pollen record is highly variable with both rapid changes and low frequency trends. The CONISS-derived pollen assemblage zones define intervals that are distinctive in proportions of taxa. In general Zones OL-I and OL-V bracket the pollen diagram with high abundances of terrestrial tree pollen, dominated by Juniperus. Zone
OL-II and OL-VI are characterized by high abundances of terrestrial shrubs and herbs, especially Ambrosia, and Chenopodiaceae/Amara/ir/iMs. Zones OL-in and OL-IV define
intervals of low Juniperus and high Pinus pollen percentages, and low Pinus and high
Juniperus and Artemisia pollen percentages, respectively. According to the modem
pollen transect (Solomon and Silkworth 1986) pollen distribution in Owens Valley is sensitive to spatial changes in local and extra-local vegetation associations. This -•J'' .<> ,lV vV '.ivllllpll.! Ollt! Vci) iOno Ml-I I"
I'fi bOH m ic ii> in SI 1
Playa
SIT
CR5 SI ID 1 PNJ I00(i.'0()(i;i(){)(>}0()0r—t 1 —1—T—-'—r*f)';o loooi^orroijo lOo ;oo -iiX) niH) -100 600 aoo 1000 ;iooo 3000 1000 ?000 "iOOO Mimiii Pfplloh (.HI"' V tleviiliDii (rn) FIGURE 12. Modern pollen samples along an elevational transect plotted as accumulation rates. The pollen was from airfall sampled by traps placed along a transect across the Owens Lake basin. Vegetation zone abbreviations are MNT= Sierra Nevada montane forest, PN= pinyon woodland, SGB= sagebrush scrub, BLK-SHD= blackbrush-shadescaie scrub, SLT= saltbush scrub, CRS= creosote bush scrub, PNJ= pinyon-juniper woodland. [
viJ .(V
f^- .A'.- .:S^ \V ..o^' • U I.)' ..f aV J' \V cf- Elevuiiori (rii) Veq Zone
MNT •V PN SGB / BLKEJHD 10 SLT
i 15 oOj Playa c o a
25 SLT CRS iO SHD « I ' I ' I ' I ' *r^ PNJ 20 'lO 60 80 10 60 ' lo'oo'2000 3000 3fj Perceni Elevciiion irn) FIGURE 13. Modern pollen samples along an clevalional transect plotted as percentages. The samples are the same as in Figure 12. 115 sensitivity can be projected onto vegetation changes through time as represented by the pollen record and as interpreted in the following chapter. 116
9. INTERPRETATION: VEGETATION fflSTORY OF THE
SOUTHERN OWENS VALLEY REGION
Interpretation of a pollen diagram should be primarily in terms of vegetation dynamics, after which the higher order explanation of climate forcing can be introduced
(Bennett, 1988). The pollen assemblage zones are also biostratigraphic units, defined by dissimilarities between stratigraphically adjacent clusters of selected pollen taxa, and not necessarily climatic units. This chapter will, therefore, focus on the history of vegetation in the study area according to each pollen assemblage zone, followed by climatic implications of vegetation change supported by other paleoenvironmental data taken primarily from the Owens Lake record. Chapter 11 will compare the vegetation-climate history with the global climatic record. The vegetation reconstructions are considered hypotheses to be tested. Modem ranges of taxa represented by the pollen are used as general guidelines, with the caveat that the range of conditions under which a plant might potentially grow is constrained by interspecific competition which may change through time as species respond to climate change, with changes in species associations (Bennett,
1988).
9.1 Zone OL-I ri51-117.6 ka. 90-75. Juniperus-Pinus Zone't
9.1.1 Vegetation Change
The OL-92Juniperus percentages (40% to 71.2%) exceed those for modem pollen rain on the northern end of Owens Lake (0.6%) and in the small stands of Juniperus osteosperma (5.5%) on the northern pluvial strand lines of Mono Lake (Figure 11), in the 117 pinyon-juniper woodland in the Spring Mountains, southwest Nevada (16%, Mehringer,
1967), and the TCT pollen (>25%) anywhere across the crest of the central Sierra Nevada
(Anderson and Davis, 1988). Juniperus pollen attained percentages above 30% in historic (post-A.D. 1880) sediments at Pecks Lake (Davis, 1987). The lake is located in a semi-desert grassland-scrub vegetation type below the pinyon-juniper woodland. Thus, if pine forests are at a distance far enough from a sampling site so as not to contribute typically over-representative amounts of Pinus pollen to the sediments, Juniperus pollen may show relatively high abundances, even at sites nearby but not within the woodland.
Artemisia pollen is the only other abundant taxa after Pinus, and Pinus cf. monophylla in
Zone OL-I has the lowest percentages for the entire 90 m core interval.
The very high abundances of Juniperus pollen in both the proportional and pollen accumulation rate diagrams indicate that an extensive juniper woodland with some Pinus monophylla as an associated conifer and an understory oiArtemisia subg. Tridentatae,
Purshia tridentata, and Poaceae was the prevailing vegetation type around Owens Lake.
The concentration of Juniperus pollen is also high compared to other abundant taxa, even though the total pollen influx for Zone OL-I is relatively low (Figure 9a). The woodland probably grew on well-drained soils of the alluvial fans fronting the Sierra Nevada and
Inyo Mountains and at higher elevations in the Inyos. I suggest that the structure of the woodland may have been similar to the present Utah juniper woodland on Cedar Flat
(2200 m) in the Westgard Pass area between the White and Inyo Mountains or along the strandlines north of Mono Lake (average elevation, 2000 m). The series type (Sawyer 118 and Keeler-Wolf, 1995) has an open or intermittent canopy with a shrub understory consisting of various associations oi Artemisia tridentata, Purshia tridentata, Ephedra sp., Chrysothamnus sp. and, at higher elevations, Grayia spinosa. Pinus monophylla may be present. All the above plant taxa have representatives in the OL-92 pollen assemblage.
The structure is shared by the westem juniper woodland (Juniperus occidentalis ssp. occidentalis with a primarily Artemisia tridentata understory) of the Columbia Plateau
(Vasek and Thome, 1990). The Utah juniper woodland analog is assumed here, however, since Juniperus osteosperma is the species identified in late Pleistocene packrat middens from the Owens Valley area (except for a temporary appearance of J. scopulorum)
(Koehler and Anderson, 1994; Koehler and Anderson, 1995; Jennings and Elliott-Fisk,
1993). Furthermore, the species has been widely distributed throughout most of the
Great Basin for at least the past 35 kyr and extended its range to lowland habitats during the glaciations (Nowak et ai, 1994). This does not rule out the contribution of a large component of/, occidentalis pollen. Western juniper was growing on the eastem shore of an arm of Pleistocene Lake Lahontan (which occupied what is now the Winnemucca
Basin) about 12 ka (Thompson et al., 1986). The macrofossil data from a packrat midden shows that the species had expanded its range to the southeast due to an elevated mean annual precipitation at least 80 mm higher than the present (Thompson, 1990). Today the
"mountain juniper" subspecies (/. occidentalis ssp. australis) occurs mainly in xeric subalpine habitats of the Sierra Nevada south of about 40''30' N lat. in association with 119
Pinus jejfreyi and other elements of the mixed conifer forest, Cercocarpus ledifolius,
Purshia tridentata, zsid Artemisia tridentata. It is widely dispersed on the Kem Plateau west of Owens Lake. There are also small populations and individuals in the Panamint and White-Inyo Mountains above the pinyon-juniper woodland and below the bristlecone pine forest (Griffin and Critchfield, 1972; Vasek and Thome, 1990). Thus, it is possible that populations occupied rocky ridges and slopes, including the apices of alluvial fans, of the Sierra Nevada and Inyo Mountains around the Owens Valley during the Zone OL-I interval.
The low percentages of Chenopodiaceae/Amarartf/iw^, Sarcobatus, Ephedra and
Am6rosia-type pollen is interpreted as a restriction of the range and abundance of saltbush-greasewood scrub and warm desertscrub species.
9.1.2 Climatic Implications.
An ecologically compatible explanation for the terrestrial tree and shrub pollen assemblage is that the prevailing climate in Owens Valley during this period was cold and semi-arid with cool, dry summers and precipitation delivered by Pacific storms embedded in the westerlies between October and April. Juniperus osteosperma seems to prefer a cool, semi-arid (250-500 mm total annual precipitation) winter-wet and summer-dry climate (Neilson, 1987) even though much of its range falls within the secondary sunmier precipitation maximum (Pyke, 1972). As generalized from its entire
Great Basin range the species usually sorts out from its Pinus monophylla associate in drier and colder habitats at lower elevations, increasing in relative cover from 50% to 120
100% between -2050 m and ~1600 m (West, 1988). In the Inyo Mountains Utah juniper occurs about 150 m higher in elevation than singleleaf pinyon, becoming an associate of the pinyon-juniper woodland about 2100 m. The depression of the lower elevational range of Utah juniper by -950-1000 m, as calculated in this study, suggests a decrease in mean summer temperatures by '•6°C and a decrease in mean winter temperamres of
-4.5°C (assuming the modem mean lapse rates of -0.6°C and -0.45°C 100 mMajor,
1990) and an increase in average annual precipitation by 125-350 mm (according to the difference between the modem precipitation within the pinyon-juniper woodland and the valley floor).
The climatic conditions that the vegetation was responding to during Zone OL-I was apparently glacial. The base of the pollen diagram begins around the maximum of the penultimate glaciation in the Sierra Nevada (locally termed Tahoe I, Mono Basin, or
Rovana), variously dated between about 130-200 ka (Gillespie, 1982; Fullerton, 1986;
Dora et al., 1987; Bursik and Gillespie, 1993; Bach et al., 1992). The last glacial maximum in the Sierra Nevada, termed the Tioga Glaciation, is encompassed by Zone
OL-V. The high abundances of Juniperus pollen of OL-I, compared to Zone OL-V is consistent with the cooler climate. This is also seen in the more extensive Tahoe I =
Mono Basin-age glaciers compared to later glacial advances, as determined from the topographic relationship of dated moraines (Bursik and Gillespie, 1993) and calculation of past equilibrium-line altitudes (ELAs) (Gillespie, 1991; Gillespie, 1995). Moraines of succeeding glaciers are always inset within the earlier Tahoe moraines and the Tahoe 1 = 121
Mono Basin ELAs are 195 to 230 m lower than those of the Tioga (last glacial maximum)^. Furthermore, the higher of the two late Pleistocene shorelines of Lake
Manly has been dated to the penultimate glaciation, and coincides with the last major overflow event from Searles Lake in the Pleistocene Owens River system (Jannik et al.,
1991; Oviatt and McCoy, 1992). The carbonate record (Owens Lake Core- Study Team,
1995) and high percentages (>90%) of the open, fresh-water diatom species,
Stephanodiscus (Bradbury, 1996), between ~160 and 120 ka are evidence for an Owens
Lake highstand during the Zone OL-I interval.
Although cooler temperatures and increased precipitation and runoff are implied by this data, both the marine 6'®0 chronostratigraphy and the Vostok Antarctica ice core
6'®0 record (converted to air temperature) have lower values for the last glacial maximum than for the stage 6 glacial maximum. The apparently more intensive penultimate glacial climate in southeastern California may have resulted from a regional difference of Sierra
Nevada climate with sustained full-glacial conditions over a longer period of time, or delivery of more moisture at high altitudes by cool season air masses.
The relatively low percentages of Chenopodiaceae/A/warc/if/iMj and Sarcobatus pollen can be explained by inundation of much of the present habitat for saltbush and
^ Age determinations of glacial deposits mapped m the Sierra Nevada have been controversial (Porter et al., 1983). Terminal and lateral moraines have been differentiated, placed in chronological order, and named according to subjective and semi-quantitative topographic relationships, weathering characteristics, and soil profile development. In a few canyons the same moraines have been lumped or split into the standard glacial-age classes: Mono Basin, Tahoe, Son of Tahoe, Tenaya, Tioga (Fullerton, 1986). Only recently have chemical and isotopic dating methods been applied to the deposits (Dom et al, 1987; Phillips et al., 1990; Bach et al., 1992). 122 greasewood scrub on the valley bottom and fan toe slopes by an expanded and
overflowing Pleistocene Owens Lake. The small percentages of Ambrosia and Ephedra
pollen indicate low abundances of the thermophilous white bursage and Ephedra in the
area. Most of the CercocarpuslPurshia type pollen probably represents reduced
populations of bitterbrush and mountain mahogany since blackbrush was unlikely to have
tolerated the full-glacial climate. The Sierra Nevada icecap and regional lowering of
ELAs about 1 km restricted the area of montane and subalpine forests to the lower
mountain slopes. Most of the Pinus pollen was probably derived from the bristlecone
and limber pine forests of the unglaciated Inyo Mountains and Kem Plateau. Riparian
woodland was also reduced during the glacial maximum since much of its habitat was
occupied by the expanded Pleistocene Owens Lake and valley glaciers.
A brief interstadial between about 146 ka and 142.4 ka may explain the decrease in
Juniperus pollen, the appearance of Abies pollen and slight increase in Pinus, cold-desert shrub, saltbush, Eriogonum, Brassicaceae, Poaceae, and riparian pollen. A possible vegetation scenario is the thinning or extirpation of juniper from the lower fans, leaving a
big sagebrush series as the dominant vegetation type. On the other hand, the influx of
juniper pollen increased with the other pollen taxa so it is possible that juniper woodland diminished only slightly and ihzi Juniperus pollen percentages was constrained by the
Riparian woodland may have extended upstream in the tributaries with a slight retreat of valley glaciers an pine-fir forests may have expanded on the Kern Plateau because of warmer temperatures. 123
There is no chemical evidence of lowered lake levels during this interstadial even though the small increase in saltbush, greasewood, and Cyperaceae points to it. The carbonate and diatom (Bradbury, 1993; Figures 14 and 15) records indicate an overflowing freshwater lake although the brevity of the interval may have produced a small amount of carbonate that could have been missed in sampling.
9.2 Zone QL-II Q17.6-103.2 ka. 75-68 m. Pinus-Ambrosia- Chenooodiaceae/
Amaranthus Zone")
9.2.1 Vegetation Change
The boundary between Zones OL-I and II is defined by a major change in vegetation which began with a diminishing of juniper soon after 130 ka and was essentially stabilized by 116.9 ka. The pollen spectra of the greater part of Zone OL-II suggest a interval of expanded xerophytic shrub associations at the expense of sagebrush and other cold desert plant taxa. The response of Ambrosia, ChenopodiaceaefAmaranthus, and
CercocarpusfPurshia to presumably changing environmental conditions was rapid around 118 ka. Ephedra followed soon after. Increase in maximum abundances of these pollen types, in addition to Fabaceae and Other Asteraceae, represents the establishment of primarily warm and diverse desertscrub within 900 years. During this vegetation transition the lower treelines of conifer woodlands and forests retracted higher on the mountain slopes and ridges or into the canyons. Pinus pollen maintained moderate abundances after the initial increase, followed by an abrupt, temporary decline. The lower pine-fir forest border was apparently at higher elevations in both mountain ranges. Pcrccnt Juniper Minus Pine Pollen Wt. %C03
10 80 60 40 20 0 0 5 10 15 0 r n "I I "T" I 'T I T r t: i i i "r j- r |-1 I I I r - 10 20
30
40
50
f)0
70 -I 80
90 • V too 110
120 I • \ 130 Mean Overflowing Closed 140
150 I I I fv- I I I I I I I I omp irison of Juniper pollen percentages with carbonate content of Owens Lake sediments for the past 150 k.y. epre lents changes in the salinity of lake water and indirectly records the amount of precipitation and runoff Tl le median line is the 7% CO, level which has been calculated to differentiate between intervals when > do 4cd or spilling. Juniper responds positively to increases in evapotranspiralion. The two curves are similar variation in water availability. The carbonate curve was plotted from data in Bischolf el iil., 1993. Luiiiliic I liiuiliinii liusliMiilui iMiilliic II (lasliwMai plankton salins planHloii saiina btnihic
so- SO
100- 100 L
150- ISO E 3 I
200- 200
r- 250- 250
300- 300
I —, 350- -> ' 1 350 • ' 1 100 0 50 0 200 0 30 diatoms I mm dialoins / mm
FIGURE 15. Concentrations of freshwater and saline diatoms in the Owens Lake core for the past 800 k.y (from Bradbury, 1993). 126
Overall, terrestrial shrubs and herbs dominated the nearly treeless landscape of lower elevations.
Throughout the time interval of Zone OL-II riparian woodlands of willow, aspen (at higher elevations) cottonwood, oak, walnut, and wild rose presumably grew along the streams within the Sierra canyons, down the bajadas and into the valley, where they spread out along the grass-fringed ponds, oxbows and the meandering channel of the
Owens River. The river ran through the saltbush-covered valley and across the newly exposed lake sediments until it emptied into the declining waters of Owens Lake.
9.2.2..Climatic Implications.
This vegetation reconstruction suggests a warm, arid climate with a high surface water budget. I assume that the interval of Zone OL-II is an interglacial period. Owens
Lake stopped overflowing by this time and began to subside, exposing new shoreline and valley bottom to the colonization of saltbush species. Shallow water saline diatoms were present in high concentrations between 75 and 70 m or -17.5-16.5 ka (Bradbury, 1993).
Warmer temperatures exceeding the range of tolerances of sagebrush and bitterbrush resulted in the local extinction of these species on the lower fan slopes, opening this habitat to the immigrating thermophilous desertscrub species and those associated with the xerophytic phase of saltbush scrub. A large component of Cercocarpus/Purshia type pollen in this zone is assumed to be Coleogyne ramosissima and Purshia tridentata var. glandulosa or P. mexicana, given the nature of interglacial climate. Poaceae pollen abundances increased at about 122 ka, slowly declined at the middle of the 127 interglaciation, then variably increased again. The present data cannot determine the proportional contribution to the Poaceae pollen group made by the species of grass associated with vegetation types dependent on different water sources. It is likely that the two most abundant grass species (Sporobolus airoides and Distichlis spicata) of meadows, some saltbush scrub associations, and playa associations on the valley floor dominate this time interval.
Riparian vegetation associations also responded to warmer temperatures and increased availability of suitable habitat with the retreat of valley glaciers with sustained high percentages of Populus, Salix, and Quercus and the disappearance of the cooler-adapted Shepherdia cf. argentea. Betula seems to have briefly flourished during the most rapid interval of the glacial termination, between 76.2 ka and 75.1 ka., after which the species diminished in number. As long as there is a permanent source of water
Betula occidentalis can span a wide temperature and latitudinal range. The species is widely scattered throughout the interior mountains of western North America north of
35°N lat. Its greatest extent is in the Canadian Rocky Mountains and east onto the prairies to Lake Winnepegosis between 50° and 55° N lat. (Little, 1976), within the region of the strongest westerlies and the Pacific air wedge. The modem distribution in
California includes disjunct populations concentrated along eastern Sierra Nevada streams tributary to the Owens River and a few small populations growing along perennial streams and by springs in the northem Mojave Desert (Griffin and Critchfield,
1972). Termination 2 must have provided optimum conditions for the expansion of water 128 birch with an ideal temperature range and water availability, as valley glaciers retreated and winter precipitation increased after a cold, semiarid glacial maximum.
The same brief high rate of increase with a rapid decline was also true ol Artemisia,
Ambrosia, and Brassicaceae. In order to clarify the response oi Artemisia dead Ambrosia to climate change, a comparison of the climatic tolerances of Artemisia and Ambrosia is given in 3D graphs of pollen percentages plotted against precipitation and temperature
(Davis, 1995; Figure 16). Both pollen taxa represent semiarid conditions, hut Artemisia clusters toward colder temperatures and Ambrosia has greater abundances toward the very warm end of the temperature axis. Another attempt to gain insight into the relations between climate and Artemisia md Ambrosia, "pXnsJuniperus, was to plot ratios between the pollen taxa (Figure 17). Increasing Ju/izperi/j in relation to Ambrosia indicates greater effective moisture and lower temperatures. There is a complementary relationship between the two plots of ratios. Increasing Arre/nw/a relative to Ambrosia indicates lower temperatures but during intervals when the trend of Artemisia is opposite that of
Juniperus[Ambrosia the implication is a decrease in abundance of sagebrush relative to
Juniperus. Both plots should, therefore, be used together. Ratios of modem relative abundances for the Owens Lake and Mono Lake surface samples (OV-6 and ML-2, respectively) are given in Table 4 for comparison. 129
Ar L0 m I s La
Ambr o s la
FIGURE 16. 3D plots of Artemisia and Ambrosia. Pollen percentages from a network of sampling sites are plotted along temperature and precipitation axes and reflect the climatic tolerances of the two taxa (Davis, 1995). Jimiper lis!A mbrosia A rtemisia/Ainbrosia
100 10 1 0.1 10 1 0.1 0 irnr "I I prnrri -"I - iirn i r rn I T' I " inTTi in—I irrrn TT 10
20
30
40
50 x: z:: 60
70 ,;r 80
90
100
110
120 /• 130 "A ( I - 140
150
FIGURE 17. Ratios of cold to hot desert pollen taxa at Owens Lake for the past 150 k.y., plotted around the mean on a (decimal) scale. Increasing/4/w/>ray/rt pollen corresponds to decreasing effective moisture and increasing temperatures. 131
TABLE 4
Ratios of Selected Taxa, Surface Pollen Samples Taxa OV-6 ML-2 J uniperus/Ambrosia 0.12 5.5 Artemisia/Ambrosia 0.4 3.9 Cyperaceae had been increasing since it attained low frequencies during the glacial maximum but decreased again after the glacial termination and remained at relatively suppressed levels throughout the interglaciation. This may reflect a transition from minimal habitat on the bottomlands at the overflowing highstand, to increased freshwater wetlands with lowered lake levels and high water tables, to low water tables and the development of dry to wet saline soils.
The high percentages of Quercus in Zone OL-II is unique to the past 150 ka. As already stated in the modem vegetation description, Quercus kelloggii is a codominant with Pinus ponderosa in the unusual riparian association along Independence Creek.
That species and Q. chrysolepis grow along other perennial streams, primarily within the canyons and entrenched stream channels at the heads of alluvial fans of the Sierra Nevada escarpment. Outside the riparian habitat, a population of black oak occupies a seep on the upper fan slope near Symmes Creek. Both species of oak are primarily distributed along the west slope of the Sierra Nevada, in the Klamath Mountains, and along the Coast
Ranges from southern Oregon south into the transverse ranges and coastal mountains of southern California. The range of Q. chrysolepis, however, extends further south and east, continuing as isolated populations in northern Baja California's Sierra San Pedro
Martir, the Providence and New York Mountains of southeast California, and follows the 132 southeast trending ranges across central and southern Arizona to a location in the northwestemmost comer of Chihuahua, Mexico (Little, 1971). The species also ranges further south along the eastern Sierra Nevada than Q. kelloggii, occupying a series of canyons to Owens Peak. Q. chrysolepis is highly variable and occupies a wide variety of habitats, tending toward more xeric, rocky slopes and ridges as well as a component of riparian woodland.
The only other possible species of oak to have been present in Owens Valley during the last interglacial is the more xerophytic Q. turbinella. Its distribution is restricted in the southwestern United States including the central Coast Ranges, southern California ranges, the southeastern extremity of the Sierra Nevada, and the New York Mountains
(Barbour and Major, 1990).
Because of its modem distribution and presence in southem Owens Valley, Q. chrysolepis is the most likely species to have expanded during the last interglaciation, either from local "refugial" populations in restricted habitats or immigration from more distant sources, and may have contributed the greater amount of oak pollen to Owens
Lake sediments. Parallels drawn from Wisconsinan paleobotanical data do not provide much insight into the dynamics of oak during a glacial-interglacial transition. Oak macrofossils have not been found in full glacial packrat middens from the Mojave Desert
(Spaulding, 1990). Evidence of oak expansion as early as the later stages of the last glaciation are mummified leaves of Q. turbinella extracted from a ~12,960 yr B.P. packrat midden from the Scodie Mountains (McCarten and Van Devender, 1988) and an 133 increase in Quercus pollen before 11,000 yr B.P. in the Searles Lake cores (Spaulding et al., 1983) as well as in OL-92. This has been interpreted as immigration of oak into the
Mojave Desert. Traces of Quercus pollen, however, are recorded throughout the
Juniperus maximum and before in both Searles Lake and Owens Lake sediments, which could also signal a regional source.
A remaining problem is reconciling the greater abundance and/or expansion of the local range of oaks at a time of higher temperatures and potentially limited suitable habitats. One explanation is that more frequent summer rainfall and increased cloud cover, resulting from warm, humid unstable airmasses brought in by an expanded southerly flow, reduced evapotranspiration (Neilson 1987).
Another anomalous pollen type needing explanation in terms of climate is found occasionally throughout the Owens Lake core is Juglans (walnut). A small stand now growing in a mesic habitat at the base of the eastem escarpment of the Sierra Nevada in southern Owens Valley may have been planted in historic times. The habitat of Juglans hindsii and J. californica, historically present along the Sacramento River and near the delta, and in the southem California coastal mountains, respectively, has a strong marine influence with small seasonal temperature variations, unlike the more continental regime of the eastem Siena Nevada. It is more in keeping with modem ranges of oak species, therefore, that the Juglans pollen of Owens Lake represents a northward expansion of J. major (Arizona black walnut) during the Pleistocene. 134
The rapid increase of pollen representative of warm desert plants, especially
Ambrosia, argues either for rapid immigration of the plants from full glacial distributions in southerly latitudes of North America or from glacial refugia in favorable habitats not too distant from Owens Lake. Similarly, the persistence oiAmbrosia pollen in small abundances (0.2-1.3%) throughout the penultimate glaciation may have resulted either from long-distance transport or dispersal from nearer sources. Data for contemporary pollen rain provides only a hint of the source areas for Ambrosia pollen frequencies.
Percentages of Ambrosia pollen range from 0.0 to 1.2 at modem surface sites on the west slope of the Sierra Nevada (Anderson and Davis, 1988). At Fish Slough in northern
Owens Valley, about 87 km north of the creosote bush-white bursage scrub. Ambrosia pollen was 6.9% (Anderson and Davis, 1988). A surface transect along Kyle Canyon in the Charleston Mountains showed percentages oi Ambrosia pollen ranging from
-15-27% within the creosote bush-white bursage scrub to >5% on top of Charleston Peak at an elevation of 1820 m (Mehringer, 1967). At Owens Lake, the abundance of
Ambrosia pollen from the modem surface sample on the north side of the playa is 5.2%.
The Solomon and Silkworth (1986) pollen sample transect across the lake showed peak
Ambrosia pollen percentages of 28.2 % and 25% in the blackbush-shadscale and creosote bush associations on the west and east side of the lake, respectively. Percentages fall to
10.5% and 4% at the lake edges and also decrease upslope away from the source (Figure
13). The modem Ambrosia pollen distributions show that only samples from within the source vegetation association will have percentages equivalent to those of Zone OL-II 135
(mean= 13.3% with a maximum of 21.2%). From this data and from the high acumulation rates oi Ambrosia pollen in Zone OL-II (Figure 9a) I infer ihaX Ambrosia dumosa and other species were dominant and widespread shrubs in the local and extra-local vegetation associations of Owens Valley.
The published macrofossil data from packrat middens on the historic biogeography of
Ambrosia dumosa during the last glacial-interglacial transition is sparse but shows a wide distribution of the species from low elevation sites in the mountains of the lower
Colorado River Valley (240-580 m) to the northern Fanamint Mountains (425 m) by
-15.8 to 10.2 kyr B.P. (Spaulding, 1990; Woodcock, 1986; Van Devender, 1990; Wells and Woodcock, 1985). There are no full-glacial macrofossil records of Ambrosia dumosa although reliable evidence of its associate, Larrea tridentata, from the Tinajas Altas
Mountains in the Colorado River Valley of southwest Arizona has an AMS date of
18,700 yr B.P. (Van Devender, 1990).
Considering that pygmy conifer woodlands occupied most of the rocky sites below
~1000 m throughout the Mojave Desert during the last glaciation and that more xeric low elevation habitats below ~900 m in the northern Mojave Desert contained treeless cold desert shrub associations (Spaulding, 1990), it would seem unlikely that the thermophilous shrub. Ambrosia dumosa, would be in the region before ~12 ka and unlikely to have been part of any vegetation association within or to the south of Owens
Valley during the penultimate glaciation. On the other hand, Spaulding (1980) proposed that some warm desert species may have persisted in isolated habitats within their range 136 during glacial times besides occupying a "core desert area" such as the one identified in the lower Colorado River Valley (Cole, 1986). He cites evidence for the sporadic occurrences of Larrea and other thermophiles in packrat middens north of 36° N lat., if the presence of the macrofossils are not due to contamination. Such a patchy distribution may be overlooked in the macrofossil record by the coarse-mesh spatial sampling limited to rocky habitats of packrat midden analysis but would be more obvious in the pollen record from both sediments and packrat middens.
The floristic composition of the last interglaciation hot desert is a problem which available paleoecological data cannot yet solve. I assume that most of the Ambrosia-type pollen represents A. dumosa and is used in this study to characterize the hot desert biome.
The pollen of its codominant, Larrea tridentata, was not, however, identified in the entire
Owens Lake core. It is not dispersed widely and so would be rare in the lake sediments.
The available literature gives no pollen or macrofossil evidence for Larrea prior to the middle Wisconsinan. The earliest reliable date claimed for creosote bush is an AMS date of 18,700 ± 1050 yr B.P. from packrat midden macrofossils in the Tinajas Altas
Mountains of extreme southwestern Arizona (Van Devender, 1990). Earlier published dates are 21,000 ± 400 on packrat material from the Artillery Mountains in Westem
Arizona (Van Devender and Spaulding, 1979) and 32,560 ± 730 yr B.P. on fragments extracted from Shasta ground sloth dung deposits in Rampart Cave, Arizona (Hansen,
1978). Wells and Hunziker (1976) argue for a South American origin of creosote bush and a late Pleistocene arrival in North America, transported long distances over the 137 tropical rainforests by the golden and upland plover. A fruitful exercise to verify or falsify this hypothesis would be a more intensive reexamination of samples from core intervals of high Ambrosia frequencies, during earlier interglaciations, to look specifically for Larrea pollen. If Wells and Hunziker (1976) are correct about the late establishment of creosote bush in the North American warm deserts the species is so far invisible in the Owens Lake pollen record.
An estimate of the average temperature and precipitation in the southem Owens
Valley region during the last interglacial, compared to the present or the mid-Holocene climatic optimum, was attempted using abundances oi Ambrosia pollen. Clearly, the range olAmbrosia pollen percentages (7.4% to 21.2%) from lake sediments within Zone
OL-II compared to the 5.1% surface sample taken from the lake basin (OV-6) and the equivalence of the OL-II percentages to the modem influx within or near the source vegetation impliesa large presence of the taxa surrounding the lake above the saltbush associations.
The upslope decrease \n Ambrosia pollen abundances on the Sierra Nevada bajada reflects the decrease in the source vegetation with elevation, which is controlled by the lapse rate. The interpolated difference in elevation between percentages that are equivalent to the percentage of the modem surface sample (OV-6) and the average
Zone OL-II percentage of 13.3% is about 700 m. Assuming no change in the mean lapse rates for temperature and precipitation (3.7 mm 100 m"'), I estimate a mean summer temperature increase of ~4.2°C, a mean winter temperature increase of ~3.1°C, and a 138 mean annual precipitaion decrease of -26 mm from modem values. This is somewhat at variance with higher percentages of Juniperus pollen (5.8-11.9%) in the warmest interval of Zone OL-II than in Zone OL-VI and the modem surface sample (0.6%). One explanation is that the lapse rate itself increased and became steeper with elevation during this period.
Other studies, such as qualitatively estimated conditions from analysis of pollen and plant and insect macrofossils taken from presumed Sangamonian sediments in northwest
North America (Clague et ai, 1992), concluded that climate was warmer and drier than the present or at any time during the Holocene In the north Coast Ranges of California, transfer functions were developed from the negative correlation between elevation and the oak/oak+pine ratio in modem surface samples in order to reconstract temperature and precipitation values from a 130 ka pollen record recovered from Clear Lake (Adam and
West, 1983). Results show that the last interglaciation was about 1.0°C to 1.5°C warmer and had about 25 cm less average annual precipitation than during the entire Holocene.
An attempt was made to further define vegetation/climate conditions for the southern
Owens Valley during the time of Zone OL-II by applying the experimental simulations of an atmospheric general circulation model (AGCM) for the last interglaciation (Harrison et ai, 1995). The model ran two experiments based on the extremes of northern
hemisphere insolation as compared to the present. One experiment used parameters approximating maximum summer insolation between -125-126 ka when the axial tilt of
the earth was 0.5° greater than the present 23.4°, orbital eccentricity was greater, and the 139 earth was at perihelion during the northern hemisphere sunmaer. The second experiment simulated conditions at the minimum northern hemisphere summer insolation (115 ka) when axial tilt was 1.0° less than today and perihelion was during the northern hemisphere winter. The simulation of climatic variables was translated into biome changes using a physiologically-based model of the global distribution of vegetation types. Resolution of the plotted simulations is coarse (0.5° grid). The simulated 125 ka conditions show summer (June, July, August) temperatures +4''C higher than present and no change in winter (December, January, February) temperatures. Hot southwestem deserts expanded north into the Great Basin. Simulated 115 ka conditions show summer temperatures cooler than present by 2°C while winter temperatures were 1°C warmer.
Hot deserts contracted and were replaced on the north by semideserts and cool grass/shrub. Mediterranean xerophytic woods and scrub expanded eastward.
The model agrees with my summer temperature estimates by increasing mean summer temperatures to 28.5°C in the southern Owens Valley but simulates a less seasonally equable climate by leaving mean winter temperatures at about 5°C. This condition enhances the water deficit during the growing season but does not significantly shift the present winter temperature-based boundaries between cold and hot deserts
(Smith and Nowak, 1990) and it probably does not shift the boundary between the two desert types if the criteria for the boundary is whether or not most of the winter precipitation is in the form of rain or snow (MacMahon, 1988). These climatic values are more in alignment with modem values recorded at Inyokem, located 111 km south of 140
Independence in the China Lake Basin at an elevation of 590 m. The vegetation there is a
creosote bush series on the valley bottom with associated Mojavean plant species, such as
Cassia armata and Salazaria mexicana, on the slopes. The mean annual precipitation is
106 mm with 7.5% delivered in the summer months. Southern Owens Valley mean
summer temperature for the last interglaciation is 0.7°C lower than the mean July
temperature for Inyokera (29.2°C) and mean interglacial winter temperature is a
comparable -0.8°C from that of the present Inyokera mean January temperature of 5.8°C.
The interglacial climate of southern Owens Valley, however, cannot be compared
directly with the modem climate of China Basin since it was uniquely modified by the
valley's narrowness, its position between two very high mountain ranges, and the high
runoff it receives from the Sierra Nevada. Also, nocturnal cold air drainage and a higher
base level probably maintained a more transitional hot and cold desert vegetation mosaic
during the last interglaciation. Elevated water stress and interspecific competition at the
time of maximum photosynthetic activity and transpiration may have been the primary
factors in the expansion of warm desert elements. Artemisia tridentata and its cold desert
associates are drought-tolerant but are limited by threshold levels of evapotranspiration during the short period of vegetative growth before exhaustion of available soil moisture
in early summer (Young et ai, 1990). Therefore, cold desert species could be outcompeted by the more drought tolerant xerophytes of warm deserts since the latter are more efficient in restricting transpirational loss of water at times of aridity (Vasek and
Barbour, 1990). 141
Comparison between the pollen spectra of the last interglacial and the early Holocene shows little difference in the taxa representing warm desert plants: Ambrosia, Rosaceae,
Chenopodiaceae/Amaranthus, Cercocarpus/Purshia, and Fabaceae. It is possible that the greater abundances of these taxa during the last interglaciation interval, as compared to
the early Holocene, may be partly attributed to the occupation of habitat now dominated
by creosote bush.
9.3 Zone OL-III f103.2-60.6 ka. 68-41 m. Pinus-Artemisia-Chenopodiaceae/
Amaranthus Zone)
9.3.1 Vegetation Change
This zone is characterized by a continuation from the previous pollen assemblage zone of low frequency oscillations in percentages oiJuniperus, Chenopodiaceae/
Amaranthus, Cercocarpus/Purshia, Artemisia, and Ambrosia-t)fpe. A rapid increase in
Juniperus pollen from the previous zone and a concurrent decrease in
CercocarpuslPurshia-type at 105.8 ka [115 ka] is interpreted as a drop in the elevational
range of juniper woodland on the western slopes of the Inyo Mountains and the contraction of blackbrush scrub on the fans of both ranges. Pinus cf. monophylla became emergent in the woodland ~3 kyr later with the first significant rise in its pollen. At the same time the decline in Ambrosia pollen expressed the local dieoff and receding range of warm desert scrub. Sagebrush was the last major shrub to expand in the area (by about 100.4 ka [-110 ka]) replacing blackbrush, saltbush, white bursage and their associates on the Sierra Nevada bajadas. The alluvial fans of the Inyo Mountains and 142
Coso Range on the xeric east side and southern end of Owens Valley, which are now dominated by creosote bush scrub, would have also been colonized by sagebrush. The likely scenario is a sagebrush scrub series on the upper fan segments with Artemisia spp. less dominant on the more arid soils of the lower segments. The plant associations on the lower elevation sites were probably a mixed scrub of Artemisia, Atriplex confertifolia,
Tetradymia axillaris, Chrysothamnus, spp. and other cold-desert species.
Pinus pollen increased with oscillations from a significant rise at about 103.7 ka to a peak at 84 ka. Abies has a similar, but more irregular rise in abundance during this interval, peaking later at 79.4 ka. Most of the trend probably represents the development and expansion of Sienan montane forests.
Riparian woodland was augmented by the rare appearance of Betula and Shepherdia as Salix and Populus decreased in average abundance and fluctuated in concert throughout Zone OL-III. The range or abundance of oak apparently was drastically reduced after 103 ka, followed by the disappearance of walnut after -94 ka.
The incease of Pinus cf. monophylla pollen relative to Juniperus pollen after -95 ka is interpreted as a shift in dominance between singleleaf pinyon and juniper in the Inyo
Mountains as the lower treeline of juniper retreated and individual trees thinned out within the woodland, leaving singleleaf pinyon as the dominant or sole species. A fraction of the Pinus cf. monophylla pollen was probably contributed by the previously established pinyon woodland series on the Sierra escarpment. A Pinus pollen peak at 84 ka, proportionally suppressed almost all the rest of the pollen taxa. This peak is a 143
culmination of an upward trend in abundances of Pinus since -130 ka and may represent
the maximum expansion of montane forest in the Sierra Nevada. With the pine increase
Poaceae pollen disappeared from the record for 5.4 kyr; and both Sarcobatus and
Cyperaceae decreased before the pine maximum. Except for the pine, there seems to
have been a general balance during this interval among warm and cold desert scrub and
saltbush associations, although Amfcrosia dominates \ht ArtemisialAmbrosia pollen ratio
(Figure 17). Ephedra has a lower, intermittent representation, however. Conditions
continued to be unfavorable for Quercus but Betula became reestablished as a regular
component of the riparian woodland.
A third vegetation oscillation began about 80 ka with a rapid increase of Juniperus
pollen accompanied by a more moderate increase in Artemisia and decrease ia Ambrosia
and Chenopodiaceae/A/narfl/i//i«5. This reflects mutual adjustments in abundances and
ranges between species associated with pinyon-juniper woodland, big sagebrush, and
warm desertscrub, implying adjustments to cooling temperatures. Some of this period is
discontinuous because two core sections with a combined time value of approximately 5
ka were not recovered. A broken interval shows slightly lov/er Juniperus and Artemisia
percentages and proportionally higher percentages of Pinus, including Pinus monophylla.
Ambrosia does not have the expected increase although there is a brief rise in saltbush.
The abundances of Sarcobatus and Cyperaceae pollen show that extensive valley bottomland was available to allow greasewood scrub and wetlands to expand. Quercus
became a regular but minor component of the riparian woodland again. 144
In the final oscillation of this zone, there was a rapid retraction of the elevational range of juniper after about 70 ka and little or no change in the abundance of singleleaf pinyon. Assuming that juniper and sagebrush were associates, an initial increase in
Artemisia pollen can be attributed to the local dieoff of the juniper overstory and opening of the former woodlands rather than a spread of sagebrush scrub. Mountain mahogany, bitterbrush and blackbrush all probably contributed pollen to the Cercocarpus-Purshia pollen percentages. The range of Ambrosia expanded but only slightly, and Artemisia decreased over the interval after its initial increase. Overall, there is a balance in the shrub taxa. At higher altitudes in the Sierra Nevada a secondary expansion of pine-fir forest occurred. Riparian woodland was augmented with the re-establishment or expansion of Shepherdia and Betula but water-dependent Sarcobatus and Cyperaceae dramatically decreased throughout this interval, reaching a minimum toward the end of it.
9.3.2 Climatic Implications
The oscillations of vegetation change described above are attributed here to cool and warm climatic cycles. Changes in the frequencies otJuniperus, Cercocarpus-Purshia, and Ambrosia pollen toward the top of Zone OL-II and continuing into Zone OL-III signal a shift to cooler temperatures between about 105.8 and 105.1 ka. This cooling signaled the end of the last interglacial optimum in the southern Owens Valley region and establishes the duration of optimal warmth of the last interglaciation at about 12 kyr as recorded in the Owens Lake core. The average annual temperature and precipitation 145 departures from modem values for the interval, -100-96 ka, is estimated from
JuniperusIAmbrosia pollen ratios at about -1.0°C and +30 mm.
A shift in climate regimes also affected wetland vegetation. The possible waning of summer rainfall, along with an intensification of cold air drainage, may be a cause for the oak decline at the beginning of Zone OL-in. Conversely, the southward shift in the westerlies, as modeled for the last glacial maximum (COHMAP Members, 1988) and assumed with a lesser degree for stadials, tracked more frequent Pacific frontal storms through the region in the cold season. Higher runoff raised the water tables in the valley and provided increased water availability, as reflected in more abundant Cyperaceae and
Sarcobatus pollen and the rare reappearance of Betula and Shepherdia.
The volume of Pleistocene Owens Lake increased slightly but it was not overflowing during this period and remained closed until ~50 ka. Cool-wet conditions were sufficient for a possible significant glacial advance in the Sierra Nevada. The Mono Basin lateral moraines in Bloody Canyon have been dated within the range 110 to 120 ka by ^®C1 measurements, which places it between the Older and Younger Tahoe glaciations
(Phillips et ai, 1990). This chronological realignment is considered physically improbable by some workers, however (Bursik and Gillespie, 1993; Burke, B., personal communication, 1996).
Termination of this stadial occurred after ~95 ka as the climate warmed once again, according to the Owens Lake record. But temperatures did not approach those of the last interglacial optimum. Average departures of annual temperature and precipitation from 146
modem values average -0.3°C and +10 mm for the interval ~95-80 ka. The pine and fir
peaks occur in the middle of this relatively warm period. The long-term trend of both
pollen taxa toward increased abundances since the penultimate glacial maximum
probably represents the development of Sierran montane forests throughout the last
interglaciation (sensu lato) as the ice cap melted and the temperature variability was
within a range of sustainability. The disappearance of Poaceae pollen and decrease of
Cyperaceae during the pine maximum is a hint of a short, very arid period with some
long-term consequences for the grasses.
The last cool-warm cycle of Zone OL-lII began at 80.3 ka as juniper, sagebrush, and
Ambrosia responded to cooling temperatures. The temperatures appear to have been
lower and precipitation higher than the previous cool period, according to the estimated
average departure from modem values of about -1.5°C and +60 mm. The carbonate
content of the lake sediments points to a brief spilling of Pleistocene Owens Lake at ~72
ka, (Figure 14). Increased winter precipitation and runoff probably provided a
sufficiently high water table to allow greasewood scmb and wetlands to expand in the
available bottomlands.
The vegetation response to the final warm period of Zone OL-III was equivalent to
the previous one but shorter in duration. Intensification of aridity with lowering of water
tables continuing throughout the interval is indicated by the decrease in sagebmsh,
Sarcobatus and Cyperaceae. Average temperature and precipitation departures from
modem values are estimated as -0.5°C and +13 mm. Evapotranspiration at upper 147 elevations was low enough to sustain the montane forests of the Sierra Nevada, as indicated in high Pinus diod Abies pollen abundances. Xeric conditions were, therefore confined to the valley proper, including the bajada.
9.4. Zone OL-IV (60.6-25.5 ka. 41-17 m. Pinus-Juniperus-Artemisia Zonel
9.4.1 Vegetation Change
The pollen record for this interval is interpreted as a expansion of juniper woodland and sagebrush-bitterbrush scrub to an extent greater than in Zone OL-III but less than that during Zone OL-I. I presume that juniper developed a denser canopy in the existing woodland, developed an overstory in the sagebrush scrub on the lower slopes and alluvial fans of the Inyo Mountains and probably became established on the bajadas of the Sierra
Nevada. The woodland was less extensive than in Zone OL-I; maximum Juniperus pollen is only 17% compared to 44% in Zone OL-I. Again, it is assumed lha.t Juniperus pollen predominantly represents J. osteosperma with J. occidentalis as the minor component. Sagebrush expanded downslope as saltbush and warm desert scrub declined.
The range of warm desert taxa— Ambrosia and probably blackbrush— typically became restricted and/or their abundances decreased.
Pinus pollen was proportionally diminished relative to Juniperus, and Abies almost disappears from the record. This diminishing of Sierran forests is balanced by the lowered treelines of bristlecone and limber pine subalpine forests of the Inyo Mountains.
Pinus cf. monophylla also seems to have been extirpated from lower elevations, leaving juniper as the sole or dominant overstory tree in an essentially 7u/z/perus cf. osteosperma 148 series. Riparian woodland either expanded or became denser with an increase in willow but there was also a loss of oak in some habitats. Grass also became more common, probably as an associate of sagebrush in cool desert shrub and Cyperaceae in valley bottom meadows and wetlands.
A 7.4 m interval between 38.2 ka and 28.5 ka, isolated by missing core sections, has a fairly stable pollen record, with no low frequency variations. Pollen proportions indicate that the lower slopes and upper bajadas of both mountain ranges were occupied by pinyon-juniper and juniper woodland, and extensive sagebrush-bitterbrush scrub, with associated Ephedra viridis, covered the well-drained soils of lower elevations around the valley. Saltbush was present either as individuals associated with sagebrush and other shrub species in a mixed desert scrub or as populations in the more xeric and saline habitats on the valley floor north of Pleistocene Owens Lake and along the alluvial fans of the eastern side and southern end of the valley. A full complement of riparian taxa, including a resurgence of oak, continued into this period.
9.4.2 Climatic Implications
As in Zone OL-I there is an inverse relationship between percentages of Pinus and
Juniperus pollen as juniper responded to cooler and wetter conditions. These conditions were conducive to a positive glacial budget in the Sierra Nevada at this time. In the
Mono Basin, moraines extending down Bloody Canyon, classified as Tahoe II (Younger
Tahoe), have been dated by ^®C1 measurements to a mean of 59.8 ka (Bursik and
Gillespie, 1993; Phillips et al., 1990). Cold high elevation temperatures and growing ice 149 fields and glaciers restricted habitat for montane and subalpine forests in the Sierra
Nevada. Effective precipitation was still low enough, however, to maintain low elevation, low latitude, open sagebrush and sagebrush-bitterbrush scrub without colonization by juniper. Estimated average temperature and precipitation departures from modem values are -2.0°C and +100 mm.
A well-watered Owens Valley and rising lake is expressed by increased values of
Poaceae, Cyperaceae, Sarcobatus, and Salix. After 60 ka the carbonates began to be diluted as Pleistocene Owen Lake started to rise and concentrations quickly fell to very low values as the lake waters were flushed by overflow (Figure 14).
Two relatively dry and warm intervals occurred around 56.6 ka and 47.3 ka with increases in Ambrosia and saltbush scrub and a decline in juniper. The younger interval may be the end of the Tahoe II glaciation. The earlier xeric interval is expressed by increased carbonates of Owens Lake shortly after it began to spill but the later interval is not recorded by lake chemistry, possibly because it was too fresh and continuously flushing at overflow to be sensitive to climate change, or else the sampling interval missed the event; the carbonate curve lags slightly behind the juniper profile and there is no sample point for carbonate analysis after the Juniperus minima (Figure 14). The limnological explanation is supported by a rise in Sarcobatus pollen during the earlier xeric period, which indicates that more saline habitat was available, but there was an insignificant increase in abundance during the later period. 150
During the upper half of Zone OL-IV, between 38.2 ka and 28.5 ka, Juniperus pollen percentages fluctuated about the mean of the ratio W\\h Ambrosia while Artemesia pollen maintained the highest sustained abundances and highest ratios Ambrosia of the entire record (Figure 17). I interpret this to mean that the climate was relatively cool and dry. It was dry enough to prevent juniper from expanding to lower elevations but cool enough for sagebrush to dominate the lower elevation desert shrub. Evidence for a drier climate with less runoff than during the preceding Tahoe I glacial maximum is given by the amount of carbonates in Pleistocene Owens Lake which built up to the point where they almost reached the estimated closed lake value of 1% (6.84%) at -24.4 ka, the date of transition to the last glacial maximum (Bischoff et al., 1993; Figure 14). This is supported by high abundances of the salt tolerant phreatophyte, Sarcobatus, at 23.9 ka and 24.4 ka. The local climate of this middle Wisconsinan period seems to have been more equable than the Juniperus and Artemisia pollen percentages indicate. That is, summers may have been cool but the winters were not much colder than today. A suggested vegetation indicator of relatively warm winters is the presence of Yucca brevifolia as an associate of Juniperus osteosperma in the Alabama Hills packrat midden dated to 31,450 yr B.P. (~33.3 ka) (Koehler and Anderson, 1995).
The extent of the Sierra Nevada icecap is not known since terrestrial records are not available for interstadials, but its assumed presence and the low temperatures of upper elevations probably maintained a slightly diminished montane and subalpine forest in the 151
Sierra Nevada and it is presumed that the bristlecone pine lower forest borders were depressed in the Inyo Mountains.
The first plant macrofossil evidence has been dated from about the middle of upper interval of Zone OL-IV (Koehler and Anderson, 1994,1995). Two packrat midden samples from Alabama Hills, radiocarbon-dated at 31,450 yr B.P. and 25,600 yr B.P., provide floristic data on an unusual Juniperus osteospermalYucca brevifolia association growing in a xeric habitat around granodiorite outcrops at the base of the Sierra Nevada bajada, at an elevation of 146 m and about 26 km north of the OL-92 drill site. Shrub species recovered are Artemisia tridentata, Atriplex confertifolia, Encelia sp., Purshia tridentata, and Opuntia basilaris. Another midden from above the northeast Pleistocene shoreline of Owens Lake, with an age of 22,900 yr B.P. (~24.8 ka), also contained macrofossils of J. osteospermsa, A. tridentata, and O. basilaris. In addition, the rich collection included Pinus monophylla, Ephedra viridis, Menodora spinescens, Mirabilis bigelovii, Forsellesia nevadensis (Glossopetalon spinescens), Chrysothanmus teretifolius,
Ericameria cuneata, Rosa woodsii, and the grass, Oryzopsis hymenoides (Achnatherum hymenoides). This floristic assemblage has affinities with both cold and hot-desert scrub types and affirms the existence of local, relatively warm-dry habitats on the east side of
Owens Valley even over long time spans. It is also unusual for the presence of Utah juniper. Both tree species were probably emergent in what was perhaps a basically shrub-dominated association. These assemblages are represented in the Owens Lake pollen diagram by Juniperus, Artemisia, ChenopodiacQae/Amaranthus, 152
Cercocarpus-Purshia type, other Asteraceae, and Poaceae. One of the few pollen taxa identifiable to species— Menodora spinescens-- was only observed twice in the entire core section.
9.5 Zone OL-V r25.5-17.7 ka. 17-10 m.Juniperus-Pinus Zone) and Zone OL-VI
(17.7-10.2 ka, 10-5.5 m. Pinus-Artemisia Zone^
9.5.1 Vegetation Changes
The vegetation patterns as represented by the pollen were similar to Zone OL-I. It is clear that juniper woodland with a sagebrush-bitterbrush-grass understory was the dominant vegetation type in the Owens Valley in the early part of Zone OL-VI, between
-25 ka and 20 ka. My inference is that juniper became emergent at lower elevations in sagebrush scrub with the result that sagebrush and bitterbrush density decreased and contributed less pollen to Owens Lake sediments. Compared to Zone OL-I, the lower pollen percentages of the thermophile. Ambrosia, indicate that it was locally extirpated.
The abundances of Ephedra, Sarcobatus, Ambrosia, and Fabaceae all decreased over what would be expected with just a proportional shift. There may have been little change in saltbush scrub from the preceding period. Sagebrush had already invaded what remained of most of the saltbush scrub habitat and the vegetation series probably was still restricted mostly to the alluvial fans on the east side and south end of the valley. It is likely that Grayia spinosa, Atrixplex confertifolia, Tetradymia axillaris, Chrysothamnus sp., and other cool-desert species were still associates of sagebrush at lower elevations. 153
A decrease in Pinus pollen and the temporary disappearance of Abies pollen from the
record is again interpreted as the contraction of Sierran montane forest.
A reversal began after about 21 ka when juniper began to thin and retreat upslope,
leaving sagebrush-bitterbrush scrub as a dominant association until its range also
retracted after -14 ka 'wh&n Ambrosia, blackbrush, and ephedra, expanded into the valley
and up the slopes of the fans. Atriplex spp. and other Chenopodiaceae invaded or
expanded into the lower elevation range of sagebrush scrub. Pine and fir forests also
expanded in the Sierra Nevada. As shown in the percentages given in section 8.2, there
are differing long-term trends among several important taxa. Cercocarpus-Purshia
pollen has a slow, variable increase from 20.8 ka with a surge at 12.2 ka, while
Chenopodiaceae/Amaranf/iws shows a similar slow increase from 19.1 ka and a rapid
increase after 11.5 ka. Artemisia, on the other hand, declines in abundance after 14.0 ka.
The rapid increase in the above taxa is broadly synchronistic with a rapid increase in
pollen abundances of Ambrosia, Ephedra, Eriogonum, other Asteraceae, and Poaceae,
beginning at the same time from 12.8 ka to the top of the core at 10.2 ka. The range of
ages from 12.8 to 11.5 ka marks a significant time-transgressive change in vegetation in
the southern Owens Valley, from a biome dominated by a cold desert scrub and
pinyon-juniper woodland to one dominated by a hot desert scrub.
Riparian vegetation was primarily a willow-grass shrub with associated Shepherdia,
and either cottonwood or aspen. Aspen and willow riparian forests may have grown at
lower elevations and in the unglaciated canyons. Betula and Quercus are not present in 154 the pollen spectra throughout most of Zone OL-V during the juniper maximum but became an increasingly significant part of the riparian woodland after about 20 ka.
9.5.2 Qimatic Implications
I interpret the pollen record for Zones OL-V and OL-VI as reflecting vegetation responses to the onset of a cold and wet climate, followed by a trend in warming and drying. Average deparnires of temperature and precipitation from modern values for
OL-V are about -3.5°C and 140 mm and average departures for the full glacial juniper pollen maximum between ~24 ka and 21.4 ka are about -5.5°C and 210 mm. Average departures for OL-Zone VI are -0.5°C and +12 mm.
The packrat midden macrofossil sequence for the Owens Valley region has already been summarized in 6.2.1 but it provides floristic detail to complement the pollen record in the context of a climatic history. The macrofossil records of southern Owens Valley share a/, osteosperma, Ericameria cuneata, Ephedra sp., association during the full glacial interval. Major differences are the presence of Pinus monophylla, from the
Pleistocene Owens Lake shoreline (Koehler and Anderson, 1994), and Purshia tridentata var. glandulosa from Alabama Hills (Koehler and Anderson, 1995), reflecting the respective site characteristics. A packrat midden from the northem Owens Valley provides evidence that/, osteosperma, associated with Purshia tridentata var. glandulosa and two species of Tetradymia, grew on the Bishop Tuff Tablelands (1341 m) at about
19,290 yr B.P. (-22.0 ka) (Jennings and Elliott-Fisk, 1993). 155
The major postglacial change at the shoreline site is the absence of Pinus monophylla at 16,010 yr B.P. (-18.7 ka). In the Alabama Hills Yucca brevifolia disappears from the record at 19,070 yr B.P. (-22.0 ka), followed by the local extirpation oi Juniperus osteosperma at two sites between 9,540 yr B.P. and 8,700 yr B.P. (~10.5 ka and 9.75 ka) and Coleogyne ramosissima and Oputia echinocarpa make an early appearance at 13,350 yr B.P. (-15.3 ka) (Koehler and Anderson, 1994; Koehler and Anderson, 1995).
The age range of the OL-92 Juniperus pollen peak clearly correlates with the last glacial maximum in the Sierra Nevada. The transition to a full-glacial climate and the inception of the Tahoe Glaciation is evidenced as a rapid increase in Juniperus pollen by over 50% above the mean from about 25.7 ka to 21.2 ka. Uranium-series ages from carbonate root casts in paleosols separating two eolionite units showed two lowstands at
27-31 ka and 13-14 ka. The earlier age represents the beginning of the last glacial maximum. Farther inland, in the southem San Joaquin Valley, a lake-level history of
Tulare Lake indirectly dates Sierra Nevada glacial advances for the past 100 kyr
(Atwater, et al., 1986). The lake was periodically impounded and rose to maximum levels when its spillway was dammed by a glacial outwash-fan during glaciations. The inference from radiocarbon ages on marsh and stream deposits beneath the lakebed is that the last major transgression occurred about 26,000 yr B.P (28 ka), coinciding with the onset of the Tioga Glaciation. These ages are broadly consistent, in spite of the differing systems involved and the various dating methods used. 156
There is better chronological control on terrestrial deposits at the maximum of a glacial advance than its inception. At Owens Lake, tufa in a Pleistocene beach deposit beneath an alluvial fan presumed to be of Tioga age was radiocarbon-dated to 21,000 ±
130 yr B.P. (Fullerton, 1986) and the 1140 m maximum highstand of the lake itself has been dated around 20,000 yr B.P. (~22.3 ka) (Orme and Orme, 1995). Radiocarbon and cation ages for rock varnish and ^®Cl ages for boulders on Tioga-age moraines in Bishop
Creek, Pine Creek, and Bloody Canyon are in close agreement at between 19 and 21.4 ka
(Dom etai, 1987; Bursik and Gillespie, 1993; Phillips etal., 1990; Bach etal., 1992).
An older advance, the "Tenaya", which is considered by some workers as part of the
Tioga, has been dated between 26.4 and 24.3 ka (Bursik and Gillespie, 1993; Phillips et ai, 1990). More recent calibration of the chronology has centered the Tenaya on 25 ka (Phillips, F., personal communication, 1996).
The Owens Lake pollen sequence agrees with the late glacial chronology. Tioga 1 is represented by Juniperus pollen maxima between 23.2 ka and 20.4 ka with the peak at
21.2 ka. The last glacial maximum was obviously an extreme climatic phase but it was shorter than the penultimate glaciation and seems to have been less intense in the Sierra
Nevada. The Tioga-age glaciers did not advance quite so far as did the Tahoe-age glaciers and the maximum/u/iiper«5 pollen percentage at 21.2 ka is 10% lower than that at 137 ka (mean percentages above 50%: Tahoe 11= 60.7%, Tioga= 57.2%).
The end of the last glacial maximum (the transition between Zones 01-V and VI) was not as abrupt as the termination of Tahoe II, according to the pollen record. The principle 157 pollen taxa show a series of rapid oscillations from the height of the Tioga Glaciation into the early Holocene. These oscillations may reflect actual conditions or may be an artifact of the reconstructed stratigraphy. Several glacial advances during termination of the Tioga Glaciation have been dated. Phillips (personal communication, 1996) has dated two minor advances within this period of deglaciation using measurements on recessional moraines: Tioga 2, between 17 and 20 ka; and Tioga 3, between 15 and 16 ka. A third minor glacier advance, which may either be considered the first significant event after retreat of the Tioga glaciers or the last of the Tioga termination series, occurred before 13.1 ka (Clark and Gillespie, in press). The advance produced the
Recess Peak moraines which were formerly estimated to be of mid-Holocene age (-2,500 yr B.C.). There is no evidence for a post-Recess PeakyTioga glaciation in the Sierra
Nevada until the Matthes Glaciation (Little Ice Age) after -650 yr. Ages of Juniperus pollen peaks agree with this glacial termination chronology but conclusions to their validity will be reserved until independent confirmation is made with a larger sample size from an undisturbed core. Agreement between the pollen and glacial chronologies on the general timing of deglaciation, however, can be accepted: radiocarbon dates on basal sediments of 10 post-glacial lakes within the maximum Tioga limits indicate that deglaciation was occurring by 19 ka and essentially completed before -14 ka (Clark et aL, 1995).
Pleistocene Owens Lake was a freshwater lake during the entire termination interval.
Evidence for this statement includes freshwater silts, low carbonate concentrations, and 158 the presence of freshwater planktonic diatoms (Stephanodiscus sp.). Although the carbonate curve is interpreted as either overflowing or closed lake conditions, there is no record of actual lake level oscillations before the very end of the Pleistocene.
Radiometric ages on barrier overwash deposits overlying deepwater silts have provided a record of multiple lake transgressions for the intervals of 13,000-12,000 yr B.P.
(-15.5-14 ka), 11,500-11,000 yr B.P. (-13.5-13 ka), and 10,500 to 9,500 yr B.P.
(-12.2-10.5 ka) (Orme and Orme, 1995). Apparently, Pleistocene Owens Lake dropped below its spillway sometime after -22.3 ka and did not spill again until it rose to 1128 m between -15.5 and -14 ka (elevation of the spillway had apparently changed from the previous 1145 m [Orme and Orme, 1995]). The carbonate curve, however, does not display this. The succeeding transgressions at 1123 m and 1118 m were below the overflow level. The first high stand slightly lagged the Tioga 3 advance and the second high stand was nearly synchronous with the "Recess Peak" advance. If rising levels of
Pleistocene Searles Lake are an indication of an overflowing Pleistocene Owens Lake, the lake level chronologies for both lakes give partial support to the connection. Searles
Lake reached overflow levels just before 16,000 yr B.P. (-19 ka) and receded soon after.
There were two later, overflowing, highstands at 12,000 yr B.P. (-14 ka) and 11,250 yr
B.P. (-13 ka) and a very minor increase in size just after 11,000 yr B.P. (Smith, G.I., personal communication, 1996). Another lake level model dates the last Pleistocene overflow level between -14,000 and 16,000 yr B.P. (16.8-19 ka) with recession after 159
14,000 yr B.P. and a highstand between 13,000 and 11,500 yr B.P. but not spilling
(Benson et al., 1990).
The Owens Lake pollen record ends just below the top of the lacustrine silts, dated at
8930 ± 70 yr B.P. (~10 ka), before the Holocene climatic optimum. The contact with these sediments and the overlying oolites, dated at 5090 ± 70 yr B.P (-5.8 ka), is apparently an disconformity and interpreted as an erosional surface, possibly resulting from deflation when Owens Lake desiccated sometime during the mid-Holocene. Low pollen frequency in both the top silt layer and oolites indicates poor preservation under playa conditions. Diatoms are also poorly preserved (Bradbury, 1996).
9.6 The Holocene
A pollen diagram spanning the Holocene has been compiled from cores taken elsewhere at Owens Lake (Figure 18). The coring site represents possible areas of ponding and sediment accumulation when much of the lake basin was a playa in the mid-Holocene. Two cores were retrieved in 1963 by Paul S. Martin and David Adam,
University of Arizona, from a site east of the Bartiett Salt Plant on the northwest side of the lake (36°25' N Lat, 118°00' W Long). The upper 13.55 m provided a low resolution record of 39 samples each with a total count of about 200 pollen grains that were tabulated by Harrison Yokum. A single radiocarbon date of 4100 ± 800 yr B.P. (A-554)
(-4.5 ka), integrating 25 cm of core between 875 and 900 cm, provides the only chronological control. The interpolated sedimentation rate of 2 m 1000 yr ' is relatively high on the west side of Owens Lake where Sierra Nevada range-front faulting has been Owens Lake, OL-65 Inyo Coiirily, Colilornio Seleciert Taxu Trees Shrubs and Herbs
0' .Ci*.0^ ^ h" p- =a=J" ^ ^ H h"
I! 650 700 750 600 050 4 too « 800I 300 950 1000 1050 1 100 1150 1200 1250 1300 350 ~r-r • I > I < I • I I I r-| I-T-I 1400 20 40 60 QO 20 40 ^ 100 200 Percent (shoded curve- xlO)
FIGURE 18. Pollen percentage diagram for OL-65. The pollen record represents the last half of the Holocene. Based on the '^C date of 4100 yr B.P. the estimated age for the bottom of the diagram is about 6 ka. o\ o 161 taking place. This sedimentation rate gives an age at the bottom of the pollen diagram of
-6000 yr B.P. (~6.8 ka), beginning with the continued vegetation response to the climatic changes in the Holocene.
The pollen record from this core site may be more influenced by local vegetation on the Sierra Nevada bajadas than the record from OL-92, especially if Owens Lake was shallow and and the pollen was incorporated in the sediments near the source. The pollen frequencies between the top of OL-92 and the bottom of OL-65, however, are similar although separated by about 4 kyr. Pinus pollen rose from 34.2% to maxima of 75% and
72% between about 5200 and 4800 yr B.P. after which it tended toward a minima at
~3000 yr. B.P. then rose to an average that fluctuated around -55% with a slight decrease to 35% at the top of the diagram. Chenopodiaceae/Amaranf/ii/s pollen has an extremely high value of 45.2% at the bottom of the core and decreased rapidly to an average fluctuating around 15% until about 2500 yr B.P. There is a slight decrease between
-2200 yr B.P. and -600 yr B.P., followed by a rise to 23% at the top of the diagram.
Artemisia attains a brief peak at about 5500 yr B.P., decreases to a low at -4400 yr B.P. and then seems to have little or no overall trend throughout the rest of the record.
Ambrosia-type ("short spine Compositae") pollen reflected Artemisia when it increased to a maxima of 17.1% at about 4400 yr B.P. after which it fell to low frequency values around 3000 yr B.P. This was followed by a slight upward trend to a 20% peak at
-1800 yr B.P. After an initial peak at -5800 yr B.P. Quercus had an increasing but fluctuating trend in abundance to a maximum at -1100 yr B.P, then decreased to the end 162 of the record. Percentages ot Ephedra were slightly higher before ~2500 yr B.P. than after that age. Juniperus maintained low (<2%), irregular frequencies without any clear trend. Cercocarpus/Purshia-type, which was prevalent in OL-92, was not identified.
There are some discernible patterns in the OL-65 diagram that are in agreement with the overall climate changes during the mid- to late-Holocene. The taxa representative of warm interglacial-type climates— Pinus, Chenopodiaceae/Amaranthus, Ambrosia-type, and Quercus— are present in relatively high frequencies and show that modem vegetation was essentially in place by 6 ka Ambrosia shows the most pronounced trend, indicating more arid conditions, exceeding modem values between -4800 yr B.P. and
~4000 yr B.P., while decreased abundance in pine and fir pollen signals either a more open Sierra Nevada montane forest or retreat of these conifers from lower elevations, or both. As previously discussed, this mid-Holocene warming is recorded elsewhere in the region. In the White Mountains the upper tree line of pinyon-juniper woodland was extended to 3048 m at 5640 yr B.P. (Jennings and Elliott-Fisk, 1993) and the upper tree line of bristlecone pine was 150 m higher than present before 3.75 ka (LaMarche, 1973).
South of Owens Valley, sediment characteristics and macrofossils and pollen of aquatic plants in a core taken from Little Lake reveal that the lake was replaced by a cyclical sequence of salt grass meadow, marsh, and ponds from ~5000 yr B.P. at the beginning of the record, to ~3000 yr B.P. (Mehringer and Sheppard, 1978).
A staggered decrease in Artemisia, Ephedra, and Ch&nopodlaceaelAmaranthus pollen, along with a rapid increase in pine and fir and the slow increase in oak, together 163 record the late-Holocene cooling trend beginning at about 4000 yr B.P., after the mid-Holocene climatic optimum. The slightly higher frequencies of Juniperus pollen, accompanying the decrease in Ambrosia between about 4400 yr B.P. and 2500 yr B.P. may signal an intensification of cool-wet conditions, allowing juniper woodland to expand its range. This concurs with the lacustrine and packrat macrofossil evidence for increased effective moisture between 4 and 2 ka in southeastern California. A high peak
'm Ambrosia with a decrease in pine and fir pollen around 1600 yr B.P. has an equivalent event in the Little Lake record and, outside the region, in the high-resolution pollen record from the Lower Pahranagat Lake, southern Nevada (Hemphill and Wigand, 1995).
The depositional environment interpreted from an interval in the Little Lake sediments, centered around 2000 yr B.P., is that of a marsh, formed from lower water availability possibly resulting from lower winter precipitation (Mehringer and Sheppard, 1978). On the other hand, at Lower Pahranagat Lake, high values of grass and Pinus monophylla pollen between 1750 yr B.P. and 1600 yr B.P. and 1500 yr B.P. and 1300 yr B.P., respectively are interpreted as evidence for a positive shift in summer rainfall, presumably resulting from warmer temperatures (Hemphill and Wigand, 1995). Finally, the small peaks in Ephedra z.nd Ambrosia between ~1100 yr B.P. and 800 yr B.P. could signal the Medieval Warm Period.
Although the actual values cannot be compared, a significant difference between this record and the pollen stratigraphy of the last interglaciation is the slightly higher sustained abundance of Ambrosia pollen and lower relative frequencies of Artemisia 164 pollen compared to Ambrosia during the last interglaciation. This probably is due to the warmer temperatures of the last interglaciation. Oak pollen abundances between the two interglaciations may be similar although they are difficult to compare since the OL-95 core is located nearer the source of oak trees in the canyons of the Sierra Nevada escarpment that would contribute more pollen to the local influx.
9.7 Algae and the Lake Environment.
The two genera of colonial algae observed in the Owens Lake core, Pediastrum and
Botryococcus, provide a long-term record of photosynthetic productivity for the lake.
Interpretations of changes in algae frequency differ, however, as noted by Anderson
(1987) in his review of limnological and paleoecological literature. The presence of
Pediastrum boryanum has been suggested to indicate either oligotrophic or eutrophic conditions whereas Botryococcus has been interpreted as a function of higher nutrient levels with relatively lower lake levels and drier terrestrial conditions (Adam, 1975;
Whiteside, 1965; Crisman, 1978; Hutchinson, 1967). Anderson (1993) follows
Whiteside's (1965) use of higher than modem abundances of Pediastrum as a criterion for higher lake levels at Potato Lake, Arizona. Singh and Geissler state that Pediastrum is a freshwaster algae with low salinity tolerance (1.7 g l"') but Botryococcus has a wide range of salinity tolerance (1985). In their reconstruction of the history of Lake George,
Australia, Singh and Geissler infer deep, permanent freshwater conditions from the presence of both Pediastrum and Botryococcus, and shallow lake conditions from the presence of Botryococcus alone. 165
Studies have shown that, while algal biomass reflects photosynthetic productivity, lake conditions conducive to productivity can vary (Jellison and Melack, 1993). The size of a lake can influence productivity during rising and lowering levels: in a shallow lake photosynthetic activity will decline as lake levels drop and salinity increases but in a large saline lake (Great Salt Lake, Utah) algal populations will increase with rising lake levels (Jellison and Melack, 1993). Chemical stratification associated with meromixis during high runoff into Mono Lake, California, has been shown to affect productivity by reducing nutrient recycling. Saline lakes, such as Mono Lake, can become more sensitive to meromixis as lake levels decline and density increases with salt concentrations, so that smaller amounts of runoff will produce as much stratification as larger inputs of fresh water (Jellison and Melack, 1993). This stratification can last for long periods of time
(ectogenic meromixis), up to centuries as a lake approaches steady state, as in Big Soda
Lake, Nevada and the Dead Sea, Israel (Miller et al, 1993).
The above limnological information can be used in part to interpret past changes in the abundance of algae populations in Owens Lake (Figure 8). Only the higher frequency oscillations are analyzed. Comparisons are made with Piatt Bradbury's diatom record in order to assist the interpretation (Figure 15; Bradbury, 1993). The most obvious pattern in the algal record is a division between an early interval with low frequencies of algae and a late interval with high frequencies of algae. The two intervals almost divide the pollen diagram in half at about 70 ka (<50 m). A similar division at -50 m divides the diatom record between an early interval of greater abundances of saline benthic diatoms 166 and a later interval of greater abundances of freshwater benthic and planktonic diatoms.
The most telling difference is that freshwater diatoms dominate the first 30 kyr (15 m) of the record, at a time of generally low abundances of algae.
High algae frequencies are associated with (1) moderate glacial and intergiacial periods, (2) transitional intervals between glacial to intergiacial conditions and the converse, and (3) abundant freshwater diatoms. The deep, freshwater, stable lake environment during these intervals is optimal for photosynthetic production. Low frequencies of algal colonies are associated with the two climatic extremes of, (I) full glacial conditions, and (2) intergiacial optima. During full glacial conditions it is assumed that heavy spring runoff released a large volume of fresh glacial water. This persistent hydrological state, an overflowing Pleistocene Owens Lake, and cold water temperatures, probably decreased photosynthetic activity. Diatom production was also seemingly affected by these lake conditions. A detailed plot of the stratigraphic distribution of Asterionella formosa, a freshwater planktonic diatom, shows an absence or trace at the same depths which have very low abundances of Pediastrum and
Botryococcus, during the peak of the Tioga glacial advance (Bradbury, 1993).
On the other hand freshwater diatoms are abundant throughout the penultimate glaciation and colonial algae frequencies were moderately low. During the last intergiacial optimum (Zone OL-II) and between ~90 and ~80 ka in Zone OL-III, low frequencies of Pediastrum, Botryococcus, and freshwater diatoms and high abundances of saline diatoms indicate shallow, saline and unproductive lakes with intervals of 167 prolonged stratification. The lake between ~90 ka and ~70 ka seems to have been extremely and persistently saline and unproductive; this interval has the lowest sustained abundances of algae and highest sustained frequencies of saline benthic diatoms in the entire 150 kyr record.
Another notable period is between -70 ka and~60 ka at the top of Zone OL-UI, which has all the indications of high lake levels during a time of very equable temperatures which were warm enough for an expansion of Ambrosia and retreat of juniper, and cool enough for extensive sagebrush scrub and montane forests. The decrease of Botyococcus relative to Pediastrum, and of carbonate levels is evidence for a return to freshwater lake conditions as the abundance of both freshwater benthic and planktonic diatoms show.
The lake level is not expected to have been as high as during glacial climates but an anomalously low abundance of Cyperaceae pollen may have resulted from inundation of most wetlands. The last interglacial, sensu lato, was followed by intensive cooling as climate approached true glacial conditions but was again dry enough, as in the interval between -90 ka and -80 ka, to lower lake levels and decrease photosynthetic productivity. 168
10. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: THE OWENS LAKE RECORD AND
GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE
A plausible climatic explanation has been presented for the vegetation history interpreted from the Owens Lake pollen record. Paleoclimatic data from the Owens Lake sediments, the Sierra Nevada glacial chronology, and the late Pleistocene macrofossil record were included to contribute to and support the explanation. It is proposed that the lower frequency curves (-5-10 kyr) of the most abundant pollen taxa contain a regional climatic signal expressing glacial-interglacial cycles.
The broad synchronicity between deglaciation of the Sierra Nevada and retreat of the
Laurentide Ice Sheet (Clark et ai, 1995) indicates that the mountain glaciers were responsive to the second order climatic control of the continental ice sheets and perhaps the first order climatic control of orbital variations (Clark and Bartlein, 1995). This leads to the question: Did the eastern Sierra Nevada forest, woodland, and desert vegetation also respond to global climate variation?
Various marine oxygen isotope records have become the standard for correlating paleoclimatic records. Visual correlations have been made between marine and ice core oxygen-isotope chronostratigraphies and long, continuous pollen records from Qear
Lake, Califomia (Adam, 1988), Humptulips, Washington (Heusser and Heusser, 1990),
Funza, Columbia (Hooghiemstra, 1988), Les Echets and La Grande Pile, France (Guiot et al., 1989), and the Jordan Rift Valley, Israel (Horowitz, 1989). Various climatic proxies have been used for correlations, including the oak pollen curve for Clear Lake, the 169 western hemlock pollen curve and a summary plot of herbs, grasses, and Asteraceae for
Humptulips, and summary plots of arboreal pollen for the others. A similar visual correlation was attempted between the Owens Lake pollen record and the high resolution
8'®0 chronostratigraphy of Martinson et al. (1987). The 500 kyr 8'®0 record from Devil's
Hole, Nevada has all the features of the oxygen isotope records from marine sediment cores and the Vostok, Antarctica ice core and seems to reflect global climate changes
(Winograd etai, 1992). It has the advantages of geographic proximity (<100 km to the east), it is a continental isotopic record, and the chronology is soundly based on mass-spectometric uranium-series dates. It would be an ideal record for correlation with the Owens Lake pollen stratigraphy except that it ends at 60 ka.
A visual correlation was attempted by visually matching the best indicator taxon of glacial/interglacial climate cycles with the oxygen isotope curve itself. Plots of the five most abundant and climatically sensitive Owens Lake pollen taxa were compared with the marine S'^^O chronostratigraphy (Figure 19). It is obvious that, although there are similar features between all the pollen taxa and isotopes, the juniper curve is the best match (Figure 20). From this comparison and the climatic characteristics interpreted for the assemblage zones, I suggest a possible assignment of the standard marine isotope stages to each zone so that, OL-I = stage 6, OL-II = substage 5e, OL-III = substages
5a-5c, OL-IV = stages 3 and 4, OL-V = stage 2, and OL-VI = stage 1 (Figure 21).
It must be stressed here that the frequency curve of Juniperus pollen (or any other taxa) does not directly record climate but only represents the juniper woodland in the t 'i;( co:it FIGURE 19. Comparison of Pinus, Junipems, Artemisia, Ambrosia, and ChenopodiaceaeA4mara/i//iu5 pollen and the marine oxygen isotope chronostratigraphy (Martinson et a!., 1987) for the past 150 k.y. The y axis of the oxygen isotope diagram is inverted in order to demonstrate the close match with ihcJuniperus curve. 80- —T— —T" —I— -1.00 25 <50 75 100 125 150 Age (ka) FIGURE 20. Comparison of Juniperus pollen and Ihe marine oxygen isotope chronostratigraphy (Martinson et al., 1987) for the past 150 k.y. Since both curves express similar climatic trends, the y axis for iht Juniperus pollen percentages is inverted in order to show the correspondance in direction between the curves. Purcent Juniper Minus Pine Pollen 6'"0
0 80 60 40 20 -1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 0 1 I I I I I I I I I r "I—I—I—\—r T 10
20
30 3 40 S
50
60 r
70
80 5a
90
100 5c 110 5e 120 130 7 140
150 \
121. Comparison of theJuniperus pollen curve and the marine oxygen isotope chronostratigraphy ggested correlation of the oxygen isotope stages. 173 southern Owens Valley region. As such, the similarity with the oxygen isotope chronology needs to be explained in terms of the response of juniper to global
temperature changes and shifts in air masses and the jet stream (Neilson, 1987).
Juniper of all species is apparently very sensitive to climate change and changes in
fire regime; its rapid historic expansion and increase in density is attributed to both
increase in moisture supply and fire suppression (Miller and Wigand, 1994). The ecological tolerances and geographic range oiJuniperus osteosperma has been discussed
in Chapter 9. The species is adapted to a cool, semi-arid, winter-wet and summer-dry climate. It grows in a wide variety of soils and is not limited by soil texture, depth, or
rockiness although it avoids the thermic (15°-20°C) soil temperature regime (Leonard et ai, 1987). Juniper tends to dominate a site. As canopy cover increases, understory shrubs, grasses and forbs decrease to the point where they are virtually eliminated in closed stands on shallow soils (Miller and Wigand, 1994). Finally, and more speculatively, Cupressaceae in general have an indeterminate growth (Millar, C., personal communication, 1996). That is, this conifer family does not set hard buds and so is more sensitive to optimal conditions, allowing opportunistic behavior. This may impart a competitive advantage. These factors probably contribute to the rapid, highly variable, and high amplitude changes in juniper pollen as compared to the other taxa.
Juniper's remarkably wide range throughout the southwest during the last glacial maximum and, by comparison with similar pollen abundances, the penultimate glaciation was probably a result of optimal growing conditions produced by the cold and wet full 174 glacial climate, suitable for the spread of juniper. Both glaciations resulted from the initial decrease in summer insolation, changes in atmospheric and oceanic circulation, and expansion of continental and mountain ice sheets. According to the general circulation model (COHMAP Members, 1988), glacial conditions caused the jet stream to be deflected ~20° south of its present winter position which increased the frequency and intensity of pacific frontal storms to the south, including the southern Sierra Nevada.
Hence, because of these connections, the response of juniper to climatic change would include the global scale besides the regional scale and variations in its pollen record would show similarities with other systems also responding to global climate change.
Similarly, the initiation of vegetation change during termination of the Tahoe I glaciation and the beginning of the last interglaciation, as signaled by the Juniperus curve, was relatively coherent with the 6'®0 records since those records show a precipitous rise in temperature and CO2 and the abrupt retreat of continental ice sheets
(Imbrie, et al., 1992; Jouzel et ai, 1987) as the jet stream and associated storm track moved northward and surface temperatures rose (COHMAP Members 1988).
The postulated connection between the variations of juniper pollen and global climate change can be extended to the principal taxa in the Owens Lake pollen assemblage.
Vegetation change on the scale at which the pollen record was analyzed shows a clear affinity with the glacial-interglacial cycle of the Sierra Nevada and the global cycle of the oxygen isotope records. The record at least demonstrates that desert vegetation is in equilibrium with climate on a millenial scale. A basis isalso established here for 175 comparison with other long pollen records from the western Uraited States toward a better understanding of the relationship between vegetation and climate. 176
APPENDIX A: AGE-DEPTH RELATIONS
Depth(m) Age (ka) Depth(in) Age (ka) Depth(m) Age (ka) Depth (m) Age (ka) 5.34 9.909 11.09 18.91 16.84 25.28 22.59 31.11 5.53 10.23 11.28 19.14 17.03 25.48 22.78 31.34 5.72 10.55 11.47 19.37 17.22 25.68 22.97 31.56 5.92 10.87 11.67 19.6 17.42 25.87 23.17 31.8 6.11 11.19 11.86 19.82 17.61 26.06 23.36 32.03 6.3 11.51 12.05 20.04 17.8 26.26 23.55 32.28 6.49 11.83 12.24 20.26 17.99 26.45 23.74 32.52 6.68 12.16 12.43 20.48 18.18 26.64 23.93 32.78 6.87 12.48 12.62 20.69 18.37 26.82 24.12 33.03 7.07 12.81 12.82 20.91 18.57 27.01 24.32 33.29 7.26 13.14 13.01 21.13 18.76 27.2 24.51 33.56 7.45 13.47 13.2 21.34 18.95 27.38 24.7 33.83 7.64 13.8 13.39 21.55 19.14 27.57 24.89 34.11 7.83 14.13 13.58 21.77 19.33 27.75 25.08 34.38 8.02 14.46 13.77 21.98 19.52 27.94 25.27 34.67 8.22 14.78 13.97 22.19 19.72 28.12 25.47 34.95 8.41 15.1 14.16 22.41 19.91 28.31 25.66 35.24 8.6 15.41 14.35 22.62 20.1 28.5 25.85 35.54 8.79 15.72 14.54 22.83 20.29 28.69 26.04 35.84 8.98 16.03 14.73 23.04 20.48 28.87 26.23 36.14 9.17 16.32 14.92 23.25 20.67 29.07 26.42 36.44 9.37 16.61 15.12 23.45 20.87 29.26 26.62 36.75 9.56 16.89 15.31 23.66 21.06 29.45 26.81 37.06 9.75 17.16 15.5 23.87 21.25 29.65 27 37.37 9.94 17.42 15.69 24.07 21.44 29.85 27.19 37.69 10.13 17.68 15.88 24.28 21.63 30.05 27.38 38.01 10.32 17.94 16.07 24.48 21.82 30.26 27.58 38.33 10.52 18.19 16.27 24.68 22.02 30.46 27.77 38.66 10.71 18.43 16.46 24.88 22.21 30.68 27.96 38.98 10.9 18.67 16.65 25.08 22.4 30.89 28.15 39.31 177
Depth Age (ka) Depth (m) Age (ka) Depth (m) Age (ka) Depth (m) Age (ka) (m) 28.30 39.64 34.28 50.12 40.23 59.52 46.17 67.96 28.53 39.98 34.48 50.45 40.42 59.8 46.36 68.23 28.73 40.31 34.67 50.77 40.61 60.08 46.55 68.49 28.92 40.65 34.86 51.09 40.8 60.36 46.74 68.76 29.11 40.98 35.05 51.41 40.99 60.64 46.93 69.02 29.3 41.32 35.24 51.73 41.18 60.92 47.13 69.29 29.49 41.66 35.43 52.05 41.38 61.2 47.32 69.56 29.68 42 35.63 52.36 41.57 61.48 47.51 69.82 29.88 42.34 35.82 52.68 41.76 61.76 47.7 70.09 30.07 42.69 36.01 52.99 41.95 62.03 47.89 70.35 30.26 43.03 36.2 53.3 42.14 62.31 48.09 70.62 30.45 43.37 36.39 53.61 42.33 62.58 48.28 70.88 30.64 43.72 36.58 53.92 42.53 62.86 48.47 71.15 30.83 44.06 36.78 54.23 42.72 63.13 48.66 71.42 31.03 44.4 36.97 54.53 42.91 63.4 48.85 71.68 31.22 44.75 37.16 54.83 43.1 63.67 49.04 71.95 31.41 45.09 37.35 55.14 43.29 63.94 49.24 72.22 31.6 45.43 37.54 55.44 43.48 64.22 49.43 72.48 31.79 45.78 37.73 55.74 43.68 64.49 49.62 72.75 31.98 46.12 37.93 56.03 43.87 64.76 49.81 73.02 32.18 46.46 38.12 56.33 44.06 65.03 50 73.29 32.37 46.8 38.31 56.63 44.25 65.29 50.19 73.55 32.56 47.14 38.5 56.92 44.44 65.56 50.39 73.82 32.75 47.47 38.69 57.21 44.63 65.83 50.58 74.09 32.94 47.81 38.88 57.51 44.83 66.1 50.77 74.36 33.13 48.14 39.08 57.8 45.02 66.37 50.96 74.63 33.33 48.48 39.27 58.09 45.21 66.63 51.15 74.9 33.52 48.81 39.46 58.37 45.4 66.9 51.34 75.17 33.71 49.14 39.65 58.66 45.59 67.16 51.54 75.44 33.9 49.47 39.84 58.95 45.78 67.43 51.73 75.71 34.09 49.8 40.03 59.23 45.98 67.7 51.92 75.98 Depth Age (ka) Depth (m) Age (ka) Depth (m) Age (ka) Depth (m) Age (ka) (m) 52.11 76.26 58.05 85.2 63.99 95.47 69.94 106.99 52.3 76.53 58.24 85.51 64.19 95.82 70.13 107.37 52.49 76.8 58.44 85.82 64.38 96.18 70.32 107.76 52.69 77.08 58.63 86.13 64.57 96.53 70.51 108.15 52.88 77.35 58.82 86.44 64.76 96.89 70.7 108.54 53.07 77.63 59.01 86.76 64.95 97.25 70.9 108.94 53.26 77.91 59.2 87.07 65.14 97.61 71.09 109.33 53.45 78.19 59.39 87.39 65.34 97.97 71.28 109.72 53.64 78.46 59.59 87.71 65.53 98.34 71.47 110.12 53.84 78.74 59.78 88.03 65.72 98.7 71.66 110.51 54.03 79.03 59.97 88.35 65.91 99.07 71.85 110.91 54.22 79.31 60.16 88.68 66.1 99.43 72.05 111.3 54.41 79.59 60.35 89 66.29 99.8 72.24 111.7 54.6 79.88 60.54 89.33 66.49 100.17 72.43 112.1 54.79 80.16 60.74 89.66 66.68 100.54 72.62 112.5 54.99 80.45 60.93 89.99 66.87 100.91 72.81 112.9 55.18 80.74 61.12 90.32 67.06 101.28 73 113.3 55.37 81.03 61.31 90.65 67.25 101.66 73.2 113.7 55.56 81.32 61.5 90.99 67.44 102.03 73.39 114.1 55.75 81.61 61.69 91.32 67.64 102.41 73.58 114.51 55.94 81.9 61.89 91.66 67.83 102.78 73.77 114.91 56.14 82.19 62.08 92 68.02 103.16 73.96 115.32 56.33 82.49 62.27 92.34 68.21 103.54 74.15 115.73 56.52 82.78 62.46 92.68 68.4 103.92 74.35 116.13 56.71 83.08 62.65 93.03 68.59 104.3 74.54 116.54 56.9 83.38 62.84 93.37 68.79 104.68 74.73 116.95 57.09 83.68 63.04 93.72 68.98 105.06 74.92 117.36 57.29 83.98 63.23 94.07 69.17 105.44 75.11 117.76 57.48 84.28 63.42 94.41 69.36 105.83 75.3 118.17 57.67 84.59 63.61 94.76 69.55 106.21 75.5 118.58 57.86 84.89 63.8 95.12 69.75 106.6 75.69 119 179
Depth Age (ka) Depth (m) Age (ka) Depth (m) Age (ka) Depth (m) Age (ka) (m) 75.88 119.41 79.52 127.33 83.16 135.44 86.8 143.71 76.07 119.82 79.71 127.75 83.35 135.87 87 144.15 76.26 120.23 79.9 128.18 83.55 136.3 87.19 144.59 76.45 120.65 80.1 128.6 83.74 136.73 87.38 145.03 76.65 121.06 80.29 129.02 83.93 137.16 87.57 145.48 76.84 121.47 80.48 129.45 84.12 137.6 87.76 145.92 77.03 121.89 80.67 129.87 84.31 138.03 87.95 146.36 77.22 122.3 80.86 130.3 84.5 138.46 88.15 146.81 77.41 122.72 81.05 130.72 84.7 138.9 88.34 147.26 77.6 123.14 81.25 131.15 84.89 139.33 88.53 147.7 77.8 123.55 81.44 131.58 85.08 139.77 88.72 148.15 77.99 123.97 81.63 132 85.27 140.2 88.91 148.59 78.18 124.39 81.82 132.43 85.46 140.64 89.1 149.04 78.37 124.81 82.01 132.86 85.65 141.07 89.3 149.49 78.56 125.23 82.2 133.29 85.85 141.51 89.49 149.94 78.75 125.65 82.4 133.72 86.04 141.95 89.68 150.39 78.95 126.07 82.59 134.14 86.23 142.39 89.87 150.83 79.14 126.49 82.78 134.57 86.42 142.83 90.06 151.28 79.33 126.91 82.97 135 86.61 143.27 90.26 151.73 APPENDIX B: VARIABLES IN THE SUMMARY DATA SET
VarCode Variable Name T Lycopodium (Exotic club-moss spore used as tracer) Ab Abies (true fir) pA Picea (spruce) Pi Pinus, total (pine) Pg Pinus, haploxylon (white pine) Pb Pinus, diploxylon (yellow pine) PM Pinus cf. monophylla (single leaf pinyon pine) Tm Tsuga mertensiana (mountain hemlock) Sq Sequoiadendron (giant sequoia) Ju Juniperus-typc (juniper) Qu Quercus (oak) Sh Shepherdia (buffalo berry) Ce Celtis (hackberry) PO Populus (Cottonwood or aspen) BE Betula (birch) AI Alnus (alder) Cr Corylus (hazelnut) Bb Berberis type (barberry) cy Chrysolepis (Chinquapin) FR Fraxinus (ash) SA Salix (willow) EV Ephedra viridis-iy^t (green ephedra) EN Ephedra nevadensis-ty^Q (Nevada ephedra) Ch ChenopodiaceaeM/nara/z^Aus Sc Sarcobatus (greasewood) Cp CercocarpuslPurshia-type PN Prunus Pt Potentilla-ty^& Rn Rhamnaceae Al Artemisia subg. Tridentatae (sagebrush) Am Ambrosia-ty^Q MS Menodora spinescens (spiny menodora) Lr Larrea tridentata (creosote bush) Aq Aquilegia type (columbine) Ti Tidestromia (honeysweet) Ca Caryophyllaceae Pe Persicaria-type Er Eriogonum (buckwheat) 181
AT Argemone (poppy) Mv Malvaceae (mallow) Br Brassicaceae Eu Eurphorbia Sx Saxifraga RS Rosaceae L Lupinus-Vf^c Ps Psorothamnus-typQ AS Astragalus Ms Mimusoideae Fa other Fabaceae Ho Hoffmannseggia-type ER Ericaceae Ge Gentianaceae On Onagraceae Ot Oenothera type (evening primrose) Sa Salvia Ph Phacelia Ur Urticaceae Ap Apiaceae So Solanaceae SI Solanum Ri Ribes Ly Lycium (wolfberry) Sp Scropulareaceae Ml Mimulus Ve Veronica-type Lp Leptodactylon-type G1 Gilia Cs Castilleja (Indian paintbrush) T.m Lamiaceae Ra Ranunculus Lo Lobelia As other Asteraceae Lg Liguliflorae Mt Mutiseae CC Circium (thistle) Do Dodecatheon (shooting star) Po Poaceae (grass) U Liliaceae Am Allium (wild onion) Fr Fritillaria-ty^e Ir Iridaceae ar Arceuthobium (mistletoe) Ty Typha latifolia (cattail)' TS TyphalSparganium (cattail and burreed)' PG Potamogeton (pondweed)' CY Cyperaceae (sedges)' cy Cyperus' Lm Lemna type (duckweed)' CL Callitriche (water-starwort)' Is Isoetes (quillwort)' EQ Equisetum-type (horsetail)' My Myriophyllum (water-milfoil)' AZ Azolla (mosquito fem)' El Elodea-\:ypt (waterweed)' BC Botryococcus A' Botryococcus B' PE Pediastrum boryanum type' Pediastrum Kawraiskyi type' Pediastrum simplex type' Pediastrum integrum type' Pediastrum, undifferentiated' SO Sporormiella^ FT other spores' TR Trilete spore, undifferenciated' Se Selaginella-type (spike-moss) T1 Tilletia sphagni^ Dt Dryopteris-type^ (fragile fem) Ct Cysipteris fragilis^ (wood fem) C Deteriorated' Cx Charcoal' Type exluded from basic pollen sum APPENDIX C: PALYNOMORPH DATA FOR OL-92
Owens Lake, OL-92 Raw Counts of Palynomorphs
Sample 11.0 13.0 15.0 17.0 31.0
Depth (m) 5.5 5.9 6.3 6.7 7.1 Sample age 10.2 10.9 11.5 12.2 12.8 Volume of sample 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lycopodium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Concentration of spike 27000.0 27000.0 27000.0 27000.0 27000.0 Total pollen concentration 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 TRACER 129.0 144.0 140.0 79.0 178.0 Abies 1.0 4.0 4.0 3.0 1.0 Picea 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Total Pinus 132.0 125.0 150.0 135.0 150.0 Pinus Baploxylon 5.0 44.0 3.0 3.0 6.0 Pinus Diploxylon 11.0 22.0 12.0 3.0 13.0 Pinus cf. monophylla 3.0 20.0 6.0 3.0 4.0 Tsuga mertensia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Sequoiadendron 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 Juniperus 14.0 4.0 16.0 42.0 18.0 Quercus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Juglans 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 Shepherdia 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 Celtis 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 Populus 1.0 4.0 1.0 2.0 0.0 Betula 0.0 1.0 0.0 4.0 1.0 Alnus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Corylus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Berberis 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Chrysolepis 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 Fraxinus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 Salix 3.0 0.0 2.0 5.0 3.0 Ephedra viridis-type 8.0 2.0 6.0 4.0 4.0 Ephedra nevadensis-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Chenopodiaceae/Amaranthus 43.0 49.0 35.0 14.0 31.0 Sarcobatus 4.0 4.0 1.0 5.0 3.0 Cercoccirpus/Purshia-type 14.0 22.0 7.0 17.0 6.0 Prunus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Potentilla-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Rhamnaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Artemisia tridentatae 34.0 29.0 36.0 35.0 40.0 Ambros ia-type 24.0 35.0 21.0 20.0 21.0 Menodora spinescens 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Larrea 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Aquilegia 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Tidestroraia 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Caryophyllaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Pers icaria-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Eriogonum 0.0 4.0 0.0 3.0 1.0 Argemone 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Malvaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Brassicaceae 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 2.0 Euphorbia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Saxifraga 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Rosaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 1.0 Lupinus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Psorothamnus-type 2.0 0.0 6.0 0.0 0.0 Astragalus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Himosoideae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Fabaceaee 1.0 0.0 1.0 2.0 4.0 Ho f fmanns eggia-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Ericaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Gentianaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Onagraceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Oenothera-type 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Salvia 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 Phacelia 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 Urticaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Apiaceae 0.0 1.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 Solonaceae 1.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 Solanum 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Ribes 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lyclum 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Scrophulareaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Himulus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Veronica-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 LeptodactyIon-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Gilia 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 Castilleja 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lamiaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 Ranunculus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lobelia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Other Asteraceae 15.0 15.0 12.0 11.0 18.0 Liguliflorae 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Mutiseae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Circium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Dodecatheon 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 Poaceae 6.0 8.0 5.0 11.0 15.0 Liliaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Allium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Fritillaria-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Iridaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Arceuthobium 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 Typha latifolia 3.0 0.0 0.0 7.0 3.0 T^ha/Sparganium 0.0 10.0 0.0 1.0 1.0 Potamogeton 7.0 0.0 4.0 5.0 8.0 Cyperaceae 14.0 15.0 6.0 16.0 18.0 Cyperus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Equisetum 2.C 0.0 3.0 5.0 2.0 Lemna-type 0.0 3.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Callitriche 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Isoetes 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Myriophyllum 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Azolla 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Elodea-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 6.0 Botryococcus 239.0 349.0 222.0 395.0 266.0 Pediastrum 6450.0 3550.0 4667.0 1975.0 4450.0 Sporormiella 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 7.0 Spores 243.0 153.0 99.0 239.0 182.0 Trilete Spore Undiff. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Dryopteris-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Cysopteris frigilis 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Selaginella-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Tilletia sphagni 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Deteriorated 11.0 9.0 9.0 22.0 25.0 Unk 1 7.0 2.0 0.0 2.0 2.0 Charcoal 4563000.0900000.03159000.05994000 .0159301 Terrestrial Trees 166.0 219.0 191.0 190.0 193.0 Terrestrial Shrubs and Herbs 154.0 171.0 132.0 128.0 149.0 Indeterminate 18.0 11.0 9.0 24.0 27.0 Algae 6689.0 3899.0 4889.0 2370.0 4716.0 Spores 244.0 153.0 99.0 239.0 189.0 Aquatics 26.0 29.0 13.0 34.0 38.0 Riparian Trees and Shrubs 4.0 6.0 4.0 11.0 5.0 Pollen Sum 324.0 396.0 327.0 329.0 347.0 Pollen Sum -i- Aquatics 350.0 425.0 340.0 363.0 385.0 Total Pollen Sum 7625.0 4884.0 5664.0 3325.0 5664.0 Owens Lake, OL-92 Raw Counts of Palynomorphs
Seunple 33.0 35.0 37.0 39.0 41.0
Oept:h (m) 7.5 7.9 3.3 9.5 9.9 Sample age 13.8 14.3 14.9 16.7 17.4 Volume of sample 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lycopodium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Concentration of spike 27000.0 27822.0 27000.0 27822.0 27822.0 Total pollen concentration 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 TRACER 101.0 138.0 280.0 92.0 238.0 Abies 1.0 1.0 1.0 3.0 1.0 Picea 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Total Pinus 107.0 130.0 110.0 132.0 99.0 Pinus Haploxylon 3.0 7.0 17.0 2.0 0.0 Pinus Diploxylon 3.0 2.0 6.0 2.0 4.0 Pinus cf. monophylla 1.0 3.0 10.0 2.0 6.0 Tsuga mertensia 0.0 1.0 0.0 1.0 1.0 Sequoiadendron 2.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 3.0 Juniperus 93.0 100.0 100.0 52.0 176.0 Quercus 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 Juglans 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Shepherdia 0.0 3.0 0.0 0.0 2.0 Celtis 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Populus 1.0 4.0 4.0 1.0 3.0 Betula 3.0 0.0 1.0 1.0 0.0 Alnus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Corylus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Berberis 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Chrysolepis 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Fraxinus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Salix 10.0 19.0 16.0 9.0 6.0 Ephedra viridis-type 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.0 Ephedra nevadensis-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Chenopodiaceae/Amaranthus 20.0 19.0 25.0 32.0 11.0 Sarcobatus 7.0 2.0 6.0 3.0 5.0 Cercocarpus/Purs hia-type 3.0 6.0 2.0 9.0 6.0 Prunus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Potentilla-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Rhamnaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Artemisia tridentatae 50.0 22.0 13.0 68.0 22.0 Ambrosia-type 9.0 1.0 0.0 8.0 0.0 Henodora spinescens 1.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Larrea 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Aquilegia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Tidestromia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Caryophyllaceae 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 Pers iceiria-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Briogonum 0.0 0.0 4.0 0.0 1.0 Argemone 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Malvaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Brassicaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 1.0 Euphorbia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Saxifraga 0.0 1.0 1.0 2.0 0.0 Rosaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lupinus 0.0 0.0 6.0 0.0 0.0 Psorothamnus-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Astragalus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Mimosoideae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Fabaceaee 0.0 1.0 0.0 3.0 0.0 Hoffmannseggia-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Ericaceae 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Gentianaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Onagraceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Oenothera-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Salvia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Phacelia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 Urticaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Apiaceae 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Solonaceae 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 Solanum 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Ribes 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lycium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Scrophulareaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Mimulus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Veronica-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 LeptodactyIon-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Gilia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Castilleja 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lamiaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Ranunculus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lobelia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 Other Asteraceae 7.0 12.0 11.0 8.0 10.0 Liguliflorae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Hutiseae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Circium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Dodecatheon 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Poaceae 2.0 2.0 10.0 3.0 0.0 Liliaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Allium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Fritillaria-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Iridaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Arceuthobium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Typha latifolia 5.0 0.0 0.0 5.0 1.0 Typha/Sparganium 0.0 0.0 4.0 0.0 0.0 Potamogeton 4.0 3.0 0.0 4.0 4.0 Cyperaceae 6.0 4.0 30.0 12.0 9.0 Cyperus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Equisetum 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 Lemna-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Callitriche 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Isoetes 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Hyriophyllum 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Azolla 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Elodea-type 8.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Botryococcus 459.0 627.0 798.0 400.0 882.0 Pediastrum 1443.0 2.0 12.0 400.0 10.0 Sporormiella 0.0 1.0 5.0 1.0 1.0 Spores 2020.0 432.0 1077.0 400.0 173.0 Trilete Spore Undiff. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Dryopteris-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Cysopteris frigilis 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Selaginella-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Tilletia sphagni 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Deteriorated 23.0 32.0 34.0 19.0 27.0 Onk 1 4.0 3.0 4.0 1.0 1.0 Charcoal 2025000.014272686.0 56893.0 1454.0 0.0 Terrestrial Trees 210.0 245.0 245.0 195.0 291.0 Terrestrial Shrxibs and Herbs 101.0 69.0 81.0 138.0 58.0 Indeterminate 23.0 32.0 38.0 19.0 27.0 Algae 1902.0 629.0 810.0 800.0 892.0 Spores 2020.0 432.0 1082.0 401.0 176.0 Aquatics 23.0 7.0 34.0 21.0 15.0 Riparian Trees and Shrubs 14.0 26.0 21.0 11.0 11.0 Pollen Sum 325.0 340.0 347.0 344.0 360.0 Pollen Sum + Aquatics 348.0 347.0 381.0 365.0 375.0 Total Pollen Sum 4618.0 1780.0 2658.0 1929.0 1828.0 Owens Lake, OL-92 Rav Counts of Palynomorphs
Sample 43.0 45.0 48.0 50.0 53.0
Depth (rn) 10.3 10.7 11.3 11.7 12.3 Sample age 17.9 18.4 19.1 18.4 20.4 Volume of sample 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lycopodium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Concentration of spike 27000.0 27822.0 27822.0 27822.0 27822.0 Total pollen concentration 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 TRACER 250.0 280.0 332.0 261.0 347.0 Abies 1.0 1.0 1.0 4.0 4.0 Picea 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Total Pinus 58.0 88.0 87.0 118.0 90.0 Pinus Haploxylon 4.0 2.0 6.0 1.0 4.0 Pinus Diploxylon 0.0 1.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 Pinus cf. monophylla 2.0 7.0 3.0 8.0 1.0 Tsuga nertensia 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 2.0 Seguoiadendron 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.0 Juniperus 192.0 176.0 147.0 85.0 112.0 Quercus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 Juglans 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Shepherdia 1.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 Celtis 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Populus 7.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 3.0 Betula 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 3.0 Alnus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Corylus O.O 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Berberis 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Chrysolepis 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 Fraxinus 1.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 Salix 4.0 6.0 15.0 7.0 11.0 Ephedra viridis-type 1.0 1.0 2.0 1.0 0.0 Ephedra nevadensis-type 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 Chenopodiaceae/Amaranthus 11.0 11.0 18.0 23.0 13.0 Sarcobatus 1.0 1.0 3.0 4.0 4.0 Cercocarpus/Purshia-type 0.0 2.0 5.0 4.0 6.0 Prunus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Potentilla-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Rhaninaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 Artemisia tridentatae 17.0 14.0 23.0 30.0 38.0 Ambros ia-type 0.0 0.0 7.0 9.0 6.0 Menodora spinescens 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Larrea 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Aquilegia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Tidestromia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Caryophyllaceae 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Pers icaria-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Eriogonum 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Argemone 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Malvaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Brassicaceae 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 1.0 Euphorbia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Saxifraga 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 Rosaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lupinus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Psorothamnus-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Astragalus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Mimosoideae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Fabaceaee 0.0 1.0 2.0 0.0 3.0 Hoffmannseggia-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Ericaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Gentianaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Onagraceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Oenothera-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Salvia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 Phacelia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Urticaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Apiaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Solonaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Solanum 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Ribes 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lycium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Scrophulareaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Himulus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Veronica-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 LeptodactyIon-type 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Gilia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Castilleja 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lamiaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Ranunculus O.Q O.Q 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lobelia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Other Asteraceae 6.0 4.0 13.0 3.0 6.0 Liguliflorae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Hutiseae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Circium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Dodecatheon 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Poaceae 4.0 2.0 3.0 6.0 1.0 Liliaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Allium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Fritillaria-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Iridaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Arceuthobium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 Typha latifolia 2.0 0.0 1.0 2.0 1.0 T^ha/Sparganium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Potamogeton 0.0 5.0 5.0 4.0 1.0 Cyperaceae 13.0 6.0 10.0 12.0 15.0 Cyperus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Equisetum 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lemna-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Callitriche 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Isoetes 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Hyriophyllum 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 Azolla 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Elodea-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 Botryococcus 962.0 264.0 325.0 214.0 503.0 Pediastrum 1.0 2.0 377.0 318.0 330.0 Sporormiella 0.0 1.0 2.0 2.0 1.0 Spores 391.0 165.0 188.0 106.0 180.0 Trilete Spore Undiff. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Dryopteris-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Cysopteris frigilis 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Selaginella-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Tilletia sphagni 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Deteriorated 55.0 23.0 30.0 29.0 24.0 Unk 1 2.0 0.0 1.0 2.0 1.0 Charcoal 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Terrestrial Trees 259.0 277.0 248.0 221.0 221.0 Terrestrial Shrubs and Herbs 43.0 37.0 78.0 87.0 81.0 Indeterminate 55.0 23.0 30.0 29.0 24.0 Algae 963.0 266.0 702.0 532.0 833.0 Spores 391.0 167.0 190.0 108.0 181.0 Aquatics 15.0 11.0 16.0 18.0 19.0 Riparian Trees and Shrubs 13.0 7.0 18.0 7.0 18.0 Pollen Sum 315.0 321.0 344.0 315.0 320.0 Pollen Sum + Aquatics 330.0 332.0 360.0 333.0 339.0 Total Pollen Sum 2054.0 1108.0 1626.0 1317.0 1697.0 Owens Lake, OL-92 Raw Counts of Palynomorphs
Sample 55.0 56.0 58.0 61.0 63.0
Depth (m) 12.7 12.9 13.3 13.9 14.3 Sample age 20.S 21.0 21.5 22.1 22.6 Volume of sample 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lycopodium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Concentration of spilce 27000.0 27822.0 27000.0 27000.0 27822.0 Total pollen concentration 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 TRACER 211.0 305.0 398.0 345.0 135.0 Abies 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 8.0 Picea 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Total Pinus 81.0 94.0 71.0 74.0 135.0 Pinus Haploxylon 18.0 2.0 3.0 5.0 4.0 Pinus Diploxylon 11.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 9.0 Pinus cf. monophylla 13.0 2.0 4.0 1.0 0.0 Tsuga mertensia 2.0 0.0 0.0 2.0 0.0 Sequoiadendron 0.0 1.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 Juniperus 166.0 196.0 179.0 175.0 54.0 Quercus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 Juglans 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Shepherdia I.O 0.0 2.0 1.0 0.0 Celtis 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Populus 1.0 0.0 1.0 2.0 1.0 Betula 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.0 Alnus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Corylus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Berbetis 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Chrysolepis 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Fraxinus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Salix 6.0 9.0 14.0 5.0 7.0 Ephedra viridis-type 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 2.0 Ephedra nevadensis-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Chenopodiaceae/Amaranthus 18.0 4.0 8.0 10.0 30.0 Sarcobatus 7.0 2.0 6.0 3.0 4.0 Cercocarpus/Purshia-type 3.0 3.0 2.0 2.0 11.0 Prunus 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Potentilla-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Rhamnaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Artemisia tridentatae 20.0 11.0 16.0 27.0 S4.0 Ambrosia-type 0.0 1.0 0.0 1.0 15.0 Menodora spinescens 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Larrea 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Aquilegia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Tidestroiaia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Caryophyllaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Pers icaria-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Eriogonum 2.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 Argemone 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Malvaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Brassicaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Euphorbia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Saxifraga 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Rosaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.0 Lupinus 3.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Psorothamnus-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Astragalus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Mimosoideae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Fabaceaee 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Hoffmannseggia-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Ericaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Gentianaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Onagraceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Oenothera-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Salvia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Phacelia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Urticaceae 0,0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Apiaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Solonaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Solanum 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Ribes 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lycium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Scrophulareaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Himulus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Veronica-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0,0 Leptodactyion-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0,0 Gilia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0,0 1,0 Castilleja 0.0 0.0 0.0 0,0 0,0 Lamiaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0,0 0.0 Ranunculus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0,0 Lobelia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0,0 0,0 Other Asteraceae 4.0 9.0 8.0 2.0 9,0 Liguliflorae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0,0 Mutiseae 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0,0 Circium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Dodecatheon 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Foaceae 4.0 1.0 3.0 4.0 4.0 Liliaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Allium 1.0 0.0 0.0 0,0 0.0 Fritillaria-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Itidaceae Q.O Q.O Q.O 0.0 0,0 Arceuthobium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0,0 0.0 Typha latifolia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.0 Typha/Sparganium 1.0 0.0 0.0 0,0 0.0 Potcunogeton 0.0 6.0 2.0 4,0 0.0 Cyperaceae 18.0 6.0 5.0 1,0 13.0 Cypetus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Equisetum 0.0 0.0 0.0 1,0 0.0 Lemna-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0,0 0.0 Callitriche 0.0 0.0 0.0 0,0 0,0 Isoetes 0.0 0.0 0.0 0,0 0,0 Hyriophyllum 0.0 0.0 0.0 0,0 0,0 Azolla 0.0 0.0 0.0 0,0 0,0 Elodea-type 0.0 0.0 0,0 0.0 0,0 Botryococcus 1484.0 187.0 321.0 135.0 214.0 Pediastrum 28.0 2.0 1.0 1.0 964,0 Sporormiella 9.0 0.0 2.0 0.0 0.0 Spores 728.0 95.0 603.0 473.0 109.0 Trilete Spore Undiff. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0,0 0.0 Dryopteris-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0,0 0.0 Cysopteris frigilis 0.0 0.0 0.0 0,0 0,0 Selaginella-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0,0 0,0 Tilletia sphagni 0.0 0.0 0.0 0,0 0,0 Deteriorated 17.0 29.0 27.0 14,0 14.0 Unk 1 3.0 0.0 1.0 0,0 0.0 Charcoal 3132.0 0.0270000.0337000.0120965.0 Terrestrial Trees 292,0 296.0 257.0 258,0 211.0 Terrestrial Shrubs and Herbs 63.0 32.0 43.0 50,0 133.0 Indeterminate 20.0 29.0 27.0 14,0 14.0 Algae 1512.0 189.0 322.0 136,0 1178.0 Spores 737.0 95.0 605.0 473.0 109.0 Aquatics 19.0 12.0 7.0 6,0 15.0 Riparian Trees and Shrubs 8.0 9,0 17.0 S,0 10.0 Pollen Sum 363,0 337.0 317.0 316,0 354.0 Pollen Sum + Aquatics 382.0 349.0 324.0 322,0 369.0 Total Pollen Sum 3014.0 999.0 1595.0 1261.0 2024.0 Owens Lake, OI.-92 Raw Counts of Palynomorphs
Sample 64.0 66.0 68.0 70.0 72.0
Depth (m) 14.5 14.9 15.3 15.7 16.0 Sample age 22.3 23.2 23.7 24.1 24.4 Volume of sample 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lycopodium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Concentration of spike 27822.0 27822.0 27000.0 27822.0 27822.0 Total pollen concentration 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 TRACER 186.0 200.0 218.0 118.0 120.0 Abies 3.0 1.0 4.0 2.0 1.0 Picea 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Total Pinus 155.0 116.0 108.0 105.0 122.0 Pinus Haploxylon 1.0 2.0 26.0 2.0 1.0 Pinus Diploxylon 3.0 2.0 9.0 9.0 2.0 Pinus cf. raonophylla 1.0 6.0 24.0 2.0 0.0 Tsuga mertensia 0.0 0.0 4.0 0.0 0.0 Sequoiadendron 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Juniperus 72.0 97.0 108.0 76.0 69.0 Quercus 2.0 1.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 Juglans 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Shepherdia 2.0 0.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 Celtis 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Populus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Betula 1.0 3.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 Alnus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Corylus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Berberis 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Chrysolepis 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Frstxinus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Salix 15.0 6.0 10.0 8.0 15.0 Ephedra viridis-type 1.0 0.0 10.0 0.0 0.0 Ephedra nevadensis-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Chenopodiaceae/Amaranthus 29.0 32.0 28.0 32.0 47.0 Sarcobatus 6.0 5.0 2.0 6.0 4.0 Cercocarpus/Purshia-type 4.0 9.0 4.0 4.0 9.0 Prunus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Potentilla-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Rhamnaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Artemisia tridentatae 53.0 52.0 38.0 41.0 65.0 Ambrosia-type 12.0 8.0 11.0 13.0 22.0 Menodora spinescens 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Larrea 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Aquilegia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Tidestromia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Caryophyllaceae 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Pers icaria-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Eriogonum 1.0 0.0 2.0 0.0 0.0 Argemone 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Malvaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Brassicaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Euphorbia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Seucifraga 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 Rosaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lupinus 0.0 0.0 2.0 0.0 0.0 Psorothcunnus-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Astragalus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Himosoideae 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 Fabaceaee 0.0 1.0 0.0 2.0 1.0 Hoffmannseggia-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Ericaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Gentianaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Onagraceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Oenothera-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Salvia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 Phacelia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Urticaceae 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 Apiaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Solonaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Solanum 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Ribes 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lycium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Scrophulareaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Himulus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Veronica-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 LeptodactyIon-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Gilia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Castilleja 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lamiaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Ranunculus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lobelia 0.0 C.O 0.0 0.0 0.0 Other Asteraceae 13.0 12.0 13.0 13.0 14.0 Liguliflorae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Hutiseae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Circium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Dodecatheon 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Poaceae 0.0 7.0 3.0 2.0 1.0 Liliaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Allium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Fritillaria-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Iridaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Arceuthobium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Typha latifolia 3.0 1.0 4.0 2.0 6.0 Typha/Sparganium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Potcifflogeton 3.0 1.0 0.0 3.0 1.0 Cyperaceae 12.0 9.0 39.0 7.0 10.0 Cyperus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Bquisetum 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lemna-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Callitriche 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Isoetes 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Hyriophyllum 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.0 0.0 Azolla 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Elodea-type 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Botryococcus 226.0 220.0 237.0 369.0 324.0 Pediastrum 809.0 1539.0 606.0 787.0 632.0 Sporormiella 0.0 1.0 4.0 1.0 4.0 Spores 104.0 189.0 545.0 66.0 160.0 Trilete Spore Undiff. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Dryopteris-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Cysopteris frigilis 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Selaginella-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Tilletia sphagni 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Deteriorated 13.0 15.0 17.0 17.0 26.0 Unk 1 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 2.0 Charcoal 146432.0231850.0 13500.0 0.0 0.0 Terrestrial Trees 237.0 226.0 284.0 196.0 196.0 Terrestrial Shrubs and Herbs 121.0 127.0 114.0 113.0 166.0 Indeterminate 13.0 15.0 18.0 17.0 26.0 Algae 1035.0 1759.0 843.0 1156.0 956.0 Spores 104.0 190.0 549.0 67.0 165.0 Aquatics 18.0 12.0 43.0 14.0 17.0 Riparian Trees and Shrubs 18.0 9.0 11.0 9.0 17.0 Pollen Sum 376.0 362.0 409.0 318.0 379.0 Pollen Sum + Aquatics 394.0 374.0 452.0 332.0 396.0 Total Pollen Sum 1922.0 2700.0 2271.0 1890.0 1921.0 Owens Lake, OI.-92 Raw Councs of Palynomorphs
Seunple 76.0 78.0 80.0 82.0 84.0
Depth (m) 16.5 16.9 17.3 17.5 17.7 Sample age 24.9 25.4 25.8 26.0 26.2 Volume of seunple 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lycopodium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Concentration of spike 27822.0 27822.0 2700.0 27822.0 27822.0 Total pollen concentration 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 TRACER 113.0 403.0 306.0 241.0 437.0 Abies 1.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 Picea 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Total Pinus 104.0 74.0 74.0 85.0 89.0 Pinus Haploxylon 8.0 1.0 14.0 4.0 5.0 Pinus Diploxylon 7.0 1.0 9.0 4.0 2.0 Pinus cf. monophylla 2.0 2.0 16.0 2.0 2.0 Tsuga mertensia 0.0 1.0 1.0 2.0 1.0 Sequoiadendron 1.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 1.0 Junlperus 70.0 120.0 122.0 182.0 144.0 Quercus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Juglans 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Shepherdia 0.0 0.0 2.0 1.0 3.0 Celtis 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Populus 0.0 3.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 Betula 1.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 1.0 Alnus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Corylus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Berberis 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Chrysolepis 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Fraxinus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Salix 7.0 12.0 17.0 6.0 10.0 Ephedra viridis-type 1.0 1.0 17.0 0.0 0.0 Ephedra nevadensis-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Chenopodiaceae/Amaranthus 26.0 4.0 22.0 17.0 12.0 Sarcobatus 6.0 6.0 10.0 3.0 3.0 Cercocarpus/Purshia-type 9.0 0.0 1.0 2.0 12.0 prunus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Potentilla-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Rhamnaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Artemisia tridentatae 60.0 10.0 27.0 17.0 28.0 Ambrosia-type 26.0 0.0 2.0 2.0 3.0 Henodora spinescens 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Larrea 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Aquilegia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Tidestromia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Caryophyllaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Persicaria-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Eriogonum 1.0 1.0 3.0 0.0 1.0 Argemone 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Malvaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Brassicaceae 0.0 1.0 0.0 1.0 1.0 Euphorbia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Saxifraga 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Rosaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lupinus 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 Psorothamnus-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Astragalus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Histosoideae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Fabaceaee 2.0 1.0 0.0 3.0 1.0 Boffmannseggia-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Ericaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Gentianaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Onagraceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Oenothera-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Salvia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Phacelia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Urticaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Apiaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Solonaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Solanum 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Ribes 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lycium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Scrophulareaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 194
Himulus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Veronica-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 LeptodactyIon-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Gilia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 CastiUeja 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lcuniaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Ranunculus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lobelia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Other Asteraceae 15.0 3.0 16.0 7.0 14.0 Liguliflorae 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 Hutiseae 0.0 0.0 2.0 0.0 0.0 Circiuffi 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Dodecatheon 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Poaceae 0.0 4.0 16.0 3.0 3.0 Liliaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Allium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Fritillaria-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Iridaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Arceuthobium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Typha latifolia 4.0 0,0 0.0 2.0 1.0 Typha/Sparganium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Potamogeton 0.0 1.0 5.0 1.0 6.0 Cyperaceae 12.0 8.0 22.0 4.0 5.0 Cyperus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Equisetum 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lemna-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Callitriche 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Isoetes 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Myriophyllum 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 Azolla 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Elodea-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Botryococcus 240.0 14.0 3.0 301.0 3.0 Pediastrum 195.0 15.0 2.0 430.0 22.0 Sporormiella 0.0 0.0 2.0 0.0 0.0 Spores 246.0 238.0 746.0 164.0 265.0 Trilete Spore Ondiff- 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Dryopteris-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Cysopteris frigilis 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Selaginella-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Tilletia sphagni 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Deteriorated 16.0 34.0 21.0 21.0 43.0 Unk 1 2.0 0.0 7.0 0.0 0.0 Charcoal 0.0 0.0 2700.0 0.0 0.0 Terrestrial Trees 193.0 199.0 237.0 280.0 244.0 Terrestrial Shrubs and Herbs 147.0 31.0 119.0 55.0 78.0 Indeterminate 16.0 34.0 28.0 21.0 43.0 Algae 435.0 29.0 5.0 731.0 25.0 Spores 246.0 238.0 748.0 164.0 265.0 Aquatics 16.0 9.0 27.0 8.0 12.0 Riparian Trees and Shr\ibs 8.0 15.0 19.0 8.0 15.0 Pollen Sum 348.0 245.0 375.0 343.0 337.0 Pollen Sum + Aquatics 364.0 254.0 402.0 351.0 349.0 Total Pollen Sum 1409.0 800.0 1558.0 1610.0 1019.0 Owens Lake, OL-92 Raw Counts of Palynomorphs
Sfunple 86.0 88.0 90.0 0.0 1.0
Depth (m) 18.1 18.5 18.9 19.1 20.0 Sample age 26.5 26.9 27.4 0.0 0.0 Volume of sample 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lycopodium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Concentration of spike 27000.0 27822.0 27822.0 0.0 0.0 Total pollen concentration 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 TRACER 233.0 245.0 154.0 0.0 0.0 Abies 1.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Picea 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Total Pinus 97.0 113.0 92.0 0.0 0.0 Pinus Haploxylon 7.0 2.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Pinus Diploxylon 1.0 5.0 4.0 0.0 0.0 Pinus cf. monophylla 5.0 2.0 4.0 0.0 0.0 Tsuga mertensia 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 Sequoiadendron 2.0 1.0 2.0 0.0 0.0 Juniperus 138.0 90.0 66.0 0.0 0.0 Quercus 0.0 0.0 2.0 0.0 0.0 Juglans 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Shepherdia 3.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Celtis 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Populus 2.0 2.0 2.0 0.0 0.0 Betula 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 Alnus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Corylus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Berberis 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Chrysolepis 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Fraxinus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Salix 8.0 4.0 5.0 0.0 0.0 Ephedra viridis-type 2.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Ephedra nevadensis-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Chenopodiaceae/Amaranthus 22.0 22.0 18.0 0.0 0.0 Sarcobatus 6.0 24.0 36.0 0.0 0.0 Cercocarpus/Purshia-type 0.0 3.0 4.0 0.0 0.0 Prunus 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 Potentilla-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Rhanmaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Artemisia tridentatae 20.0 60.0 45.0 0.0 0.0 Ambros ia-type 2.0 3.0 3.0 0.0 0.0 Henodora spinescens 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Larrea 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Aquilegia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Tidestromia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Caryophyllaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Persicaria-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Eriogonum 1.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Argemone 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Halvaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Brassicaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Euphorbia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Saxifraga 1.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Rosaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lupinus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Psorothamnus-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Astragalus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Himosoideae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Fabaoeaee 1.0 2.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 Hoffmannseggia-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Ericaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Gentianaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Onagraceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Oenothera-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Salvia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Phacelia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Urticaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Apiaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Solonaceae 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 Solanum 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Ribes 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lycium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Scrophulareaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 196
Himulus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Veronica-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Leptodactyion-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Gilia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Castilleja 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lamiaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Ranunculus 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 Lobelia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Other Asteraceae 8.0 60.0 12.0 0.0 0.0 Liguliflorae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Hutiseae 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 Circium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Dodecatheon 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Foaceae 2.0 4.0 6.0 0.0 0.0 Liliaceae 2.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Allium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Fritillaria-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Iridaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Arceuthobium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Typha latifolia 0.0 0.0 2.0 0.0 0.0 Typha/Sparganium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Potamogeton 2.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Cyperaceae 9.0 26.0 23,0 0.0 0.0 Cyperus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Equisetum 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lemna-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Callitriche 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Isoetes 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Myriophyllum 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Azolla 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Elodea-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Botryococcus 11.0 258.0 335.0 0.0 0.0 Pediastrum 15.0 3500.0 670.0 0.0 0.0 Sporormiella 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Spores 424.0 233.0 182.0 0.0 0.0 Trilete Spore Undiff. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Dryopteris-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Cysopteris frigilis 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Selaginella-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Tilletia sphagni 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Deteriorated 42.0 10.0 15.0 0.0 0.0 Unk 1 1.0 0.0 3.0 0.0 0.0 Charcoal 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Terrestrial Trees 251.0 214.0 171.0 0.0 0.0 Terrestrial Shrubs and Herbs 68.0 181.0 128.0 0.0 0.0 Indetenoinate 42.0 10.0 15.0 0.0 0.0 Algae 26.0 3758.0 1005.0 0.0 0.0 Spores 424.0 233.0 182.0 0.0 0.0 Aquatics 11.0 27.0 25.0 0.0 0.0 Riparian Trees and Shrubs 13.0 7.0 9.0 0.0 0.0 Pollen Sum 332.0 402.0 308.0 0.0 0.0 Pollen Sum + Aquatics 343.0 429.0 333.0 0.0 0.0 Total Pollen Sum 1167.0 4832.0 1843.0 0.0 0.0 Owens Lake, OL-92 Raw Counts of Palynomorptis
Sample 92.0 94.0 96.0 98.0 100.0 Depth (m) 20.1 20.5 20.9 21.3 21.9 Sample age 28.5 28.9 29.3 29.7 30.4 Volume of sample 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lycopodlum 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Concentration of spike 27000.0 27822.0 27822.0 27000.0 27822.0 Total pollen concentration 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 TRACER 169.0 116.0 140.0 89.0 118.0 Abies 2.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 Picea 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Total Pinus 108.0 139.0 133.0 93.0 106.0 Pinus Haploxylon 3.0 6.0 3.0 23.0 4.0 Pinus Diploxylon 3.0 7.0 4.0 6.0 3.0 Pinus cf. monophylla 12.0 8.0 3.0 12.0 4.0 Tsuga mertensia 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.0 1.0 Seguoiadendron 3.0 4.0 2.0 0.0 0.0 Juniperus 67.0 85.0 77.0 98.0 92.0 Quercus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 Juglans 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Shepherdia 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 1.0 Celtis 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Populus 0.0 2.0 1.0 0.0 4.0 Betula 1.0 0.0 3.0 0.0 4.0 Alnus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Corylus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Berberis 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Chrysolepis 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Fraxinus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Salix 5.0 2.0 2.0 6.0 4.0 Ephedra viridis-type 0.0 0.0 1.0 6.0 1.0 Ephedra nevadensis-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.0 Chenopodiaceae /Amaranthus 17.0 12.0 13.0 21.0 22.0 Sarcobatus 42.0 2.0 8.0 10.0 9.0 Cercocarpus/Purshia-type 1.0 4.0 5.0 3.0 4.0 Prunus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Potentilla-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Rhamnaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Artemisia tridentatae 61.0 59.0 55.0 64.0 87.0 Ambrosia-type 0.0 3,0 3.0 2.0 5.0 Menodora spinescens 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Larrea 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Aquilegia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Tidestromia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Caryophyllaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Persicaria-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Eriogonum 1.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 Argemone 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Malvaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Brassicaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Euphorbia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Saxifraga 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Rosaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lupinus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Psorothanmus-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Astragalus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Mimosoideae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Fabaceaee 0.0 1.0 2.0 0.0 1.0 Hof fmannseggia-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Ericaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Gentianaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Onagraceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Oenothera-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Salvia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Phacelia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Urticaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Apiaceae 1.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Solonaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Solanum 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Ribes 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lycium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Scrophulareaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Himulus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Veronica-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 LeptodactyIon-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Gilia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Castilleja 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lctmiaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Ranunculus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lobelia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Other Asteraceae 8.0 S.O 3.0 10.0 6.0 Liguliflorae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Hutiseae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Circium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Dodecatheon 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Foaceae 3.0 6.0 1.0 0.0 3.0 Liliaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Allium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Fritillaria-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Iridaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Arceuthobium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Typha latifolia 5.0 3.0 2.0 0.0 2.0 Typha/Sparganium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Potamogeton 2.0 0.0 1.0 7.0 2.0 Cyperaceae 18.0 15.0 18.0 24.0 8.0 Cyperus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Equisetum 1.0 0.0 3.0 0.0 4.0 Lemna-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Callitriche 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Isoetes 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Myriophyllum 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 Azolla 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Blodea-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Botryococcus 422.0 387.0 206.0 266.0 358.0 Pediastrum 1056.0 400.0 4700.0 1978.0 1073.0 Sporoinniella 0.0 0.0 1.0 5.0 0.0 Spores 469.0 290.0 241.0 685.0 381.0 Trilete Spore Undiff. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Dryopteris-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Cysopteris frigilis 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Selaginella-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Tilletia sphagni 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Deteriorated 11.0 9.0 2.0 4.0 4.0 Unk 1 0.0 3.0 1.0 0.0 1.0 Cheircoal 0.0 0.0 0.0 3000.0 0.0 Terrestrial Trees 198.0 249.0 223.0 234.0 211.0 Terrestrial Shrubs and Herbs 134.0 96.0 91.0 117.0 140.0 Indeterminate 11.0 9.0 3.0 4.0 4.0 Algae 1478.0 787.0 4906.0 2244.0 1431.0 Spores 469.0 290.0 242.0 690.0 381.0 Aquatics 26.0 18.0 25.0 31.0 16.0 Riparian Trees and Shrubs 6.0 4.0 6.0 7.0 13.0 Pollen Sum 338.0 349.0 320.0 358.0 364.0 Pollen Sum + Aquatics 364.0 367.0 345.0 389.0 380.0 Total Pollen Sum 2660.0 1302.0 5816.0 3685.0 2560.0 Owens Lake, OL-92 Raw Counts of Palynomorphs
Sample 102.0 104.0 106.0 108.0 110.0
Depth (m) 22.3 22.7 23.1 23.5 23.9 Sample age 30.8 31.2 31.7 32.3 32.8 Volume of sample 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lycopodium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Concentration of spike 27822.0 27000.0 27822.0 27822.0 27000.0 Total pollen concentration 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 TRACER 114.0 97.0 141.0 111.0 73.0 Abies 2.0 2.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 Picea 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Total Pinus 113.0 IIS.O 108.0 105.0 104.0 Pinus Baploxylon 1.0 4.0 0.0 2.0 5.0 Pinus Diploxylon 4.0 1.0 0.0 3.0 0.0 Pinus cf. monophylla 4.0 8.0 3.0 5.0 3.0 Tsuga mertensia 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Sequoiadendron 1.0 1.0 1.0 3.0 0.0 Juniperus 93.0 103.0 83.0 85.0 82.0 Quercus 2.0 1.0 1.0 2.0 1.0 Juglans 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Shepherdia 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Celtis 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Populus 3.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Betula 0.0 3.0 2.0 0.0 1.0 Alnus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Corylus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Berberis 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Chrysolepis 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Fraucinus 0.0 0.0 0,0 0.0 0.0 Salix 1.0 6.0 4.0 5.0 2.0 Ephedra viridis-type 0.0 3.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 Ephedra nevadensis-type 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 Chenopodiaceae/Amaranthus 22.0 15.0 14.0 20.0 21.0 Sarcobatus 9.0 19.0 16.0 20.0 5.0 Cercocarpus/Purshia-type 4.0 6.0 3.0 6.0 2.0 Prunus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Potentilla-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Rhamnaceae 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Artemisia tridentatae 59.0 45.0 78.0 63.0 57.0 Ambrosia-type 9.0 2.0 2.0 3.0 5.0 Menodora spinescens 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Larrea 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Aquilegia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Tidestromia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Caryophyllaceae 2.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Pers icaria-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Eriogonuffl 0.0 1.0 0.0 2.0 0.0 Argemone 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Malvaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Brassicaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Euphorbia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Saxifraga 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Rosaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lupinus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Psorothamnus-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Astragalus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Himosoideae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Fabaceaee 0.0 1.0 2.0 1.0 1.0 Hoffmannseggia-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Ericaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Gentianaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Onagraceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Oenothera-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Salvia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Phacelia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Urticaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Apiaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Solonaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Solanum 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Ribes 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lycium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Scrophulareaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Himulus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Veronica-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 LeptodactyIon-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Gilia 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Castilleja 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lamiaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Ranunculus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lobelia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Other Asteraceae 6.0 3.0 7.0 9.0 7.0 Liguliflorae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 Mutiseae I.O 1.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 Circium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Dodecatheon 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Foaceae 8.0 4.0 1.0 6.0 1.0 Liliaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Allium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Fritillaria-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Iridaceae 0.0 0.0 • 0.0 0.0 0.0 Arceuthobium 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Typha latifolia 1.0 0.0 2.0 2.0 1.0 Typha/Sparganium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Potamogeton 2.0 6.0 4.0 2.0 3.0 Cyperaceae 8.0 10.0 11.0 11.0 16.0 Cyperus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Bquisetum 2.0 0.0 5.0 0.0 6.0 Lemna-type 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Callitriche 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Isoetes 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Myriophyllum 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Azolla 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Blodea-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Botryococcus 292.0 431.0 261.0 188.0 118.0 Pediastrum 380.0 180.0 1000.0 1233.0 162.0 Sporormiella 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Spores 300.0 388.0 542.0 206.0 197.0 Trilete Spore Undiff. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Dryopteris-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Cysopteris frigilis 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Selaginella-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Tilletia sphagni 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Deteriorated 3.0 13.0 13.0 €.0 6.0 Unk 1 2.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Charcoal 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 54000.0 Terrestrial Trees 220.0 236.0 197.0 206.0 196.0 Terrestrial Shrubs and Herbs 121.0 107.0 126.0 130.0 100.0 Indeterminate 5.0 13.0 13.0 6.0 6.0 Algae 672.0 611.0 1261.0 1421.0 280.0 Spores 300.0 388.0 542.0 206.0 197.0 Aquatics 13.0 18.0 22.0 15.0 26.0 Riparian Trees and Shriibs 4.0 10.0 6.0 5.0 3.0 Pollen Sum 345.0 353.0 329.0 341.0 299.0 Pollen Sum + Aquatics 358.0 371.0 351.0 356.0 325.0 Total Pollen Sum 1680.0 1736.0 2496.0 2330.0 1107.0 Owens Lake, OL-92 Raw Counts of Palynomorphs
Sample 112.0 114.0 116.0 118.0 120.0
Depth (m) 24.3 24.7 25.1 25.5 25.9 Sample age 33.3 33.8 34.4 35.0 35.7 Volume of sample 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lycopodium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Concentration of spike 27822.0 27822.0 27000.0 27822.0 27822.0 Total pollen concentration 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 TRACER 69.0 201.0 144.0 94.0 77.0 Abies 1.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 1.0 Picea 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Total Pinus 118.0 93.0 108.0 114.0 127.0 Pinus Haploxylon 0.0 2.0 22.0 2.0 4.0 Pinus Diploxylon 1.0 0.0 7.0 2.0 2.0 Pinus cf. monophylla 7.0 0.0 20.0 1.0 2.0 Tsuga mertensia 0.0 0.0 2.0 0.0 0.0 Sequoiadendron 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 1.0 Juniperus 101.0 91.0 74.0 110.0 94.0 Quercus 2.0 2.0 0.0 0.0 2.0 Juglans 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 Shepherdia 1.0 2.0 0.0 3.0 3.0 Celtis 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Populus 0.0 0.0 1.0 1.0 0.0 Betula 0.0 1.0 0.0 2.0 2.0 Alnus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Corylus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Berberis 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Chrysolepis 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 Fraxinus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Salix 4.0 8.0 7.0 0.0 3.0 Ephedra viridis-type 2.0 0.0 7.0 5.0 0.0 Ephedra nevadensis-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Chenopodiaceae/Amaranthus 14.0 23.0 19.0 16.0 16.0 Sarcobatus 4.0 8.0 10.0 14.0 5.0 Cercocarpus/Purshia-type 4.0 6.0 3.0 7.0 2.0 Pninus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Potentilla-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Rhamnaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Artemisia tridentatae 53.0 72.0 76.0 56.0 65.0 Ambrosia-type 3.0 2.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 Henodora spinescens 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Larrea 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Aquilegia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Tidestromia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Caryophyllaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Pers icaria-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Eriogonum 0.0 1.0 1.0 2.0 0.0 Argemone 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Malvaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Brassicaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Euphorbia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Saxifraga 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Rosaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 Lupinus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Psorothamnus-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Astragalus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Mimosoideae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Fabaceaee 1.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 1.0 Hoffmannseggia-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Ericaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Gentianaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Onagraceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Oenothera-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Salvia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Phacelia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Orticaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Apiaceae 1.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Solonaceae 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Solanum 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Ribes 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lycium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Scrophulareaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Kimulus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Veronica-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 LeptodactyIon-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Gilia 0.0 1.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 Castilleja 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lamiaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Ranunculus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 IiObelia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Other Asteraceae 2.0 15.0 12.0 6.0 6.0 Liguliflorae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Mutiseae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Circium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Dodecatheon 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Poaceae 1.0 1.0 1.0 3.0 2.0 Liliaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Allium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Fritillaria-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Iridaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Arceuthobium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Typha latifolia 3.0 0.0 0.0 4.0 1.0 Typha/Sparganium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Potamogeton 5.0 1.0 3.0 1.0 3.0 Cyperaceae 6.0 12.0 18.0 11.0 3.0 Cyperus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Equisetum 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.0 Lemna-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Callitriche 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Isoetes 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Myriophyllum 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Azolla 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Elodea-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Botryococcus 157.0 254.0 294.0 362.0 285.0 Pediastrum 431.0 419.0 2400.0 553.0 122.0 Sporormiella 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 Spores 117.0 1182.0 300.0 145.0 106.0 Trilete Spore Ondiff. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Dryopteris-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Cysopteris frigilis 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Selaginella-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Tilletia sphagni 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Deteriorated 7.0 14.0 6.0 2.0 6.0 Onk 1 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 1.0 Charcoal 47156.0 43463.0 7500.0 84354.0198729.0 Terrestrial Trees 230.0 188.0 234.0 230.0 234.0 Terrestrial Shrubs and Herbs 86.0 130.0 132.0 112.0 98.0 Indeterminate 7.0 14.0 7.0 2.0 7.0 Algae 588.0 673.0 2694.0 915.0 407.0 Spores 117.0 1182.0 301.0 145.0 106.0 Aquatics 15.0 13.0 21.0 16.0 9.0 Riparian Trees and Shrubs 5.0 11.0 8.0 6.0 8.0 Pollen Sum 321.0 329.0 374.0 348.0 340.0 Pollen Sum Aquatics 336.0 342.0 395.0 364.0 349.0 Total Pollen Sum 1369.0 2540.0 3771.0 1774.0 1209.0 Owens Lake, OL-92 Raw Counts of Palynomorphs
Sample 122.0 125.0 128.0 3.0 4.0
Depth (m) 26.3 26.9 27.5 27.8 30.8 Scunple age 36.3 37.2 38.2 0.0 0.0 Volume of sample 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lycopodlum 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Concentration of spike 27000.0 27000.0 27000.0 0.0 0.0 Total pollen concentration 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 TRACER 124.0 89.0 118.0 0.0 0.0 Abies 1.0 4.0 2.0 0.0 0.0 Picea 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Total Pinus 135.0 134.0 122.0 0.0 0.0 Pinus Haploxylon 9.0 4.0 25.0 0.0 0.0 Pinus Diploxylon 3.0 0.0 11.0 0.0 0.0 Pinus of. monophylla 8.0 2.0 18.0 0.0 0.0 Tsuga mertensia 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Sequoiadendron 0.0 0.0 2.0 0.0 0.0 Juniperus 108.0 92.0 120.0 0.0 0.0 Quercus 1.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 Juglans 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Shepherdia 1.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 Celtis 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Populus 0.0 3.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 Betula 0.0 0.0 3.0 0.0 0.0 Alnus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Corylus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Berberis 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Chrysolepis 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Fraxinus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Salix 7.0 1.0 7.0 0.0 0.0 Ephedra viridis-type 2.0 0.0 7.0 0.0 0.0 Ephedra nevadensis-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Chenopodiaceae/Amaranthus 17.0 17.0 16.0 0.0 0.0 Sarcobatus 4.0 5.0 6.0 0.0 0.0 Cercocarpus/Purshia-type 6.0 1.0 3.0 0.0 0.0 Prunus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Potentilla-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Rhamnaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Artemisia tridentatae 61.0 56.0 66.0 0.0 0.0 Ambrosia-type 7.0 4.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 Menodora spinescens 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Larrea 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Aquilegia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Tidestromia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Caryophyllaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Persicaria-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Briogonum 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 Argemone 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Malvaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Brassicaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Euphorbia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Saxifraga 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Rosaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lupinus 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 Psorothamnus-type 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Astragalus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Mimosoideae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Fabaceaee 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Hof fmannseggia-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Ericaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Gentianaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Onagraceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Oenothera-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Salvia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Phacelia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Urticaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Apiaceae 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 Solonaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Solanum 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Ribes 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lycium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Scrophulareaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 204
Mimulus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Veronica-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 LeptodactyIon-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Gilia 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Castilleja 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 tamiaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Ranunculus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lobelia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Other Asteraceae 13.0 6.0 9.0 0.0 0.0 Liguliflorae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Hutiseae 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Circium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Dodecatheon 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Poaceae 1.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 Iiiliaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Allium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Fritillaria-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Iridaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Arceuthobium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Typha latifolia 0.0 7.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Typha/Sparganium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Potamogeton 2.0 1.0 5.0 0.0 0.0 Cyperaceae 9.0 6.0 16.0 0.0 0.0 Cyperus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Equisetum 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lemna-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Callitriche 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Isoetes 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Myriophyllum 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Azolla 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Elodea-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Botryccoccus 180.0 106.0 29.0 0.0 0.0 Pediastrum 63.0 97.0 8.0 0.0 0.0 Sporormiella 2.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Spores 200.0 8.0 328.0 0.0 0.0 Trilete Spore Ondiff. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Dryopteris-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Cysopteris frigilis 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Selaginella-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Tilletia sphagni 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Deteriorated 7.0 9.0 12.0 0.0 0.0 Onk 1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Charcoal 69231.0 90000.0 2700.0 0.0 0.0 Terrestrial Trees 266.0 236.0 301.0 0.0 0.0 Terrestrial Shrubs and Berbs 113.0 91.0 112.0 0.0 0.0 Indeterminate 7.0 9.0 12.0 0.0 0.0 Algae 243.0 203.0 37.0 0.0 0.0 Spores 202.0 8.0 328.0 0.0 0.0 Aquatics 11.0 15.0 21.0 0.0 0.0 Riparian Trees and Shrubs 8.0 4.0 12.0 0.0 0.0 Pollen Sum 387.0 331.0 425.0 0.0 0.0 Pollen Sum Aquatics 398.0 346.0 446.0 0.0 0.0 Total Pollen Sum 1237.0 897.0 1248.0 0.0 0.0 Owens Lake, OIi-92 Raw Counts o£ Palynomorphs
Sample 131.0 134.0 140.0 142.0 146.0
Depth (m) 30.9 31.5 32.3 32.7 33.3 Sample age 44.2 45.3 46.6 47.3 48.5 Volume of sample 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lycopodlum 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Concentration of spike 27000.0 27000.0 27000.0 27000.0 27000.0 Total pollen concentration 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 TRACER 211.0 181.0 99.0 89.0 69.0 Abies 4.0 0.0 1.0 2.0 1.0 Picea 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Total Pinus 116.0 85.0 130.0 146.0 142.0 Pinus Haploxylon 2.0 5.0 1.0 13.0 0.0 Pinus Diploxylon 4.0 2.0 0.0 4.0 0.0 Pinus cf. monophylla 4.0 4.0 5.0 10.0 4.0 Tsuga mertensia 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.0 1.0 Sequoiadendron 2.0 1.0 0.0 2.0 1.0 Juniperus 122.0 141.0 63.0 57.0 150.0 Quercus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Juglans 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Shepherdia 1.0 1.0 0.0 2.0 1.0 Celtis 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 Populus 1.0 0.0 1.0 3.0 3.0 Betula 1.0 0.0 3.0 3.0 0.0 Alnus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Corylus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Berberis 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Chrysolepis 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Fraxinus 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 1.0 Salix 3.0 8.0 10.0 6.0 6.0 Ephedra viridis-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 1.0 Ephedra nevadensis-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Chenopodiaceae/Amaranthus 9.0 17.0 19.0 19.0 15.0 Sarcobatus 4.0 11.0 11.0 6.0 10.0 Cercocarpus/Purshia-type 6.0 1.0 6.0 4.0 8.0 Prunus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Potentilla-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Rhamnaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Artemisia tridentatae 47.0 35.0 61.0 59.0 51.0 Ambrosia-type 3.0 3.0 4.0 6.0 4.0 Menodora spinescens 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Larrea 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Aquilegia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Tidestroraia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Caryophyllaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 Persicaria-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Eriogonum 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Argemone 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Malvaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Brassicaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Euphorbia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Saxifraga 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Rosaceae 1.0 2.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lupinus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Psorothamnus-type 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Astragalus l.O 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Himosoideae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Fabaceaee 1.0 3.0 3.0 0.0 1.0 Boffmannseggia-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Ericaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Gentianaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Onagraceae 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Oenothera-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Salvia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Phacelia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Urticaceae 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 Apiaceae 0.0 1.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 Solonaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Solanum 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Ribes 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lycium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Scrophulareaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Himulus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Veronica-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 LeptodactyIon-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Gilia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 Castilleja 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lamiaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 Ranunculus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lobelia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Other Asteraceae 10.0 16.0 11.0 8.0 19.0 Liguliflorae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Hutiseae 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.0 0.0 Circium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Dodecatheon 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Poaceae 3.0 0.0 2.0 2.0 9.0 Liliaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Allium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Fritillaria-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Iridaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Arceuthobium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Typha latifolia 2.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Typha/Sparganium 1.0 0.0 0.0 I.O 0.0 Potamogeton 3.0 6.0 0.0 1.0 4.0 Cyperaceae 2.0 9.0 10.0 11.0 6.0 Cyperus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Equisetum 2.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 Lemna-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Callitriche 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Isoetes 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Myriophyllum 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Azolla 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Elodea-type 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Botryococcus 115.0 17.0 131.0 175.0 50.0 Pediastrum 177.0 32.0 1980.0 424.0 34.0 Sporormiella 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Spores 271.0 928.0 136.0 497.0 157.0 Trilete Spore Undiff. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Dryopteris-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Cysopteris frigilis 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Selaginella-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Tilletia sphagni 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Deteriorated 27.0 12.0 11.0 13.0 9.0 UnJc 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Charcoal 0000.0150000.0 47368.0 85065.0108000.0 Terrestrial Trees 254.0 238.0 200.0 236.0 299.0 Terrestrial Shrubs and Herbs 87.0 91.0 118.0 108.0 122.0 Indeterminate 27.0 12.0 11.0 13.0 9.0 Algae 292.0 49.0 2111.0 599.0 134.0 Spores 272.0 928.0 136.0 497.0 157.0 Aquatics 11.0 15.0 10.0 13.0 11.0 Riparian Trees and Shrubs 6.0 9.0 14.0 15.0 11.0 Pollen Sum 347,0 338.0 332.0 359.0 432.0 Pollen Sum + Aquatics 358.0 353.0 342.0 372.0 443.0 Total Pollen Sum 1296.0 1680.0 2932.0 1840.0 1175.0 Owens Lake, OL-92 Raw Counts of Palynomorphs
Sample 150.0 155.0 158.0 162.0 166.0
Depth (m) 34.1 34.9 35.5 36.3 37.1 Sample age 49.8 51.1 52.2 53.5 54.7 Volume of sample 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lycopodium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Concentration of spike 27822.0 27000.0 27000.0 27822.0 27822.0 Total pollen concentration 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 TRACER 188.0 110.0 209.0 174.0 259.0 Abies 2.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Picea 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Total Pinus 143.0 183.0 181.0 144.0 99.0 Pinus Haploxylon 1.0 2.0 17.0 3.0 3.0 Pinus Diploxylon 1.0 1.0 13.0 1.0 6.0 Pinus cf. monophylla 2.0 3.0 13.0 2.0 2.0 Tsuga mertensia 1.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 Sequoiadendron 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Juniperus 186.0 139.0 105.0 145.0 120.0 Quercus 1.0 1.0 0.0 1.0 1.0 Juglans 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Shepherdia 1.0 2.0 3.0 1.0 1.0 Celtis 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Populus 2.0 1.0 0.0 4.0 1.0 Betula 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 Alnus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Corylus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Berberis 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Chrysolepis 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Fraxinus 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 1.0 Salix 13.0 4.0 8.0 9.0 12.0 Ephedra viridis-type 1.0 0.0 0.0 2.0 0.0 Ephedra nevadensis-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Chenopodiaceae/Amaranthus 13.0 12.0 12.0 29.0 13.0 Sarcobatus 9.0 13.0 2.0 12.0 3.0 Cercocarpus/Purshia-type 2.0 4.0 1.0 6.0 3.0 Prunus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Potentilla-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Rhamnaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 Artemisia tridentatae 41.0 44.0 23.0 47.0 48.0 Ambros ia-type 4.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 2.0 Henodora spinescens 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Larrea 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Aquilegia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Tidestromia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Caryophyllaceae 0.0 1.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 Pers icaria-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Eriogonum 1.0 2.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 Argemone 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Malvaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Brassicaceae 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Euphorbia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Saxifraga 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Rosaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 3.0 Lupinus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Psorothamnus-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Astragalus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Himosoideae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Fabaceaee 1.0 2.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 Hoffmannseggia-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Ericaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Gentianaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Onagraceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Oenothera-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Salvia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Phacelia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Urticaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Apiaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Solonaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 Solanum 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Ribes 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lycium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Scrophulareaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 208
Hlmulus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Veronica-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 LeptodactyIon-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Gilia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Castilleja 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lamiaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Ranunculus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lobelia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Other Asteraceae 10.0 17.0 14.0 17.0 11.0 Liguliflorae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Hutiseae 0.0 0.0 2.0 0.0 0.0 Circium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Dodecatheon 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Poaceae 2.0 3.0 2.0 6.0 7.0 Liliaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Allium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Fritillcu:ia-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Iridaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Arceuthobium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Typha latifolia 3.0 3.0 1.0 1.0 0.0 Typha/Sparganium 0.0 0.0 0.0 5.0 1.0 Potamoqeton 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Cyperaceae 11.0 8.0 16.0 15.0 8.0 Cyperus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Equisetum 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lemna-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Callitriche 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Isoetes 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Myriophyllum 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Azolla 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Elodea-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Botryococcus 87.0 76.0 100.0 42.0 56.0 Pediastrxim 260.0 846.0 317.0 1339.0 2355.0 Sporormiella 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Spores 418.0 314.0 498.0 74.0 264.0 Trilete Spore [Jndiff. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Dryopteris-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Cysopteris frigilis 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Selaginella-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Tilletia sphagni 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Deteriorated 13.0 7.0 18.0 15.0 14.0 Unk 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 Charcoal 309133.0122727.0 5400.0 41525.0 49682.0 Terrestrial Trees 337.0 329.0 329.0 297.0 231.0 Terrestrial Shrubs and Herbs 85.0 101.0 59.0 125.0 93.0 Indeterminate 13.0 7.0 18.0 15.0 14.0 Algae 347.0 922.0 417.0 1381.0 2411.0 Spores 419.0 314.0 498.0 74.0 264.0 Aquatics 15.0 12.0 17.0 21.0 9.0 Riparian Trees and Shrubs 16.0 7.0 11.0 16.0 15.0 Pollen Sum 438.0 437.0 399.0 438.0 339.0 Pollen Sum + Aquatics 453.0 449.0 416.0 459.0 348.0 Total Pollen Sum 1670.0 2129.0 1748.0 2367.0 3376.0 Owens Lake, OL-92 Raw Counts of Palynomoirphs
Sample 168.0 172.0 174.0 179.0 182.0
Depth (m) 37.5 38.3 38.7 39.5 40.3 Sample age 55.4 56.6 57.2 58.4 59.7 Volume of sample 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lycopodium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Concentration of spike 27822.0 27822.0 27822.0 27000.0 27000.0 Total pollen concentration 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 TRACER 175.0 255.0 250.0 436.0 319.0 Abies 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 Picea 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Total Pinus 154.0 137.0 88.0 107.0 82.0 Pinus Haploxylon 1.0 0.0 0.0 13.0 5.0 Pinus Diploxylon 1.0 0.0 0.0 6.0 0.0 Pinus of. monophylla 0.0 1.0 1.0 9.0 5.0 Tsuga mertensia 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 Seguoiadendron 0.0 0.0 1.0 1.0 0.0 Juniperus 152.0 96.0 111.0 100.0 86.0 Quercus 3.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Juglans 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 Shepherdia 4.0 1.0 0.0 3.0 1.0 Celtis 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Populus 9.0 0.0 2.0 1.0 0.0 Betula 0.0 1.0 2.0 0.0 0.0 Alnus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Corylus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Berberis 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Chrysolepis 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Fraxinus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Salix 5.0 5.0 4.0 2.0 1.0 Ephedra viridis-type 3.0 2.0 5.0 3.0 1.0 Ephedra nevadensis-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Chenopodiaceae/Amaranthus 17.0 59.0 37.0 11.0 33.0 Sarcobatus 9.0 29.0 17.0 10.0 13.0 Cercocarpus/Purshia-type 2.0 7.0 2.0 0.0 4.0 Prunus 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Potentilla-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Rhfunnaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Artemisia tridentatae S3.0 63.0 57.0 58.0 48.0 Ambros ia-type 0.0 6.0 4.0 0.0 2.0 Menodora spinescens 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Larrea 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Aquilegia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Tidestromia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Caryophyllaceae 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Persicaria-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Eriogonum 3.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 2.0 Argemone 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Malvaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Brassicaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Euphorbia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Saxifraga 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Rosaceae 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 Lupinus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Psorothamnus-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Astragalus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Mimosoideae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Fabaceaee 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Hoffmannseggia-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Ericaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Gentianaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Onagraceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Oenothera-tyi)e 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Salvia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Phacelia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Urticaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Apiaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Solonaceae 1.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 Solanum 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Ribes 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lycium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Scrophulareaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Mimulus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Veronica-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Leptodactyion-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Gilia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Castilleja 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lamiaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Ranunculus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lobelia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Other Asteraceae 13.0 22.0 16.0 18.0 31.0 Liguliflorae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Hutiseae 1.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 Circium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Dodecatheon 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Poaceae 3.0 2.0 1.0 1.0 2.0 Liliaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Allium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Fritillaria-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Iridaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Arceuthobium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Typha latifolia 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Typha/Sparganium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Potcimogeton 2.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 Cyperaceae 8.0 10.0 8.0 17.0 3.0 Cyperus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Bquisetum 2.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 Lemna-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Callitriche 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Isoetes 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Myriophyllum 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Azolla 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Elodea-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Botryococcus Sl.O 3.0 19.0 8.0 6.0 Pediastrum 1456.0 2.0 28.0 1.0 3.0 Sporormiella 0.0 2.0 3.0 2.0 2.0 Spores 154.0 638.0 225.0 226.0 354.0 Trilete Spore Ondiff. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Dryopteris-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Cysopteris frigilis 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Selaginella-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Tilletia sphagni 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Deteriorated 16.0 0.0 10.0 21.0 13.0 Unk 1.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 1.0 Charcoal 60483.0 36608.0 16862.0 3857.0337500.0 Terrestrial Trees 311.0 235.0 202.0 237.0 179.0 Terrestrial Shrubs and Herbs 105.0 193,0 141.0 103.0 136.0 Indeterminate 16.0 0.0 10.0 22.0 13.0 Algae 1509.0 5.0 47.0 9.0 9.0 Spores 154.0 640.0 228.0 228.0 356.0 Aquatics 13.0 10.0 9.0 17.0 4.0 Riparian Trees and Shrubs 18.0 7.0 8.0 6.0 2.0 Pollen Sum 434.0 435.0 351.0 346.0 317.0 Pollen Sum + Aquatics 447.0 445.0 360.0 363.0 321.0 Total Pollen Sum 2560.0 1525.0 996.0 968.0 1016.0 Owens Lake, OL-92 Raw Councs of Palynomorphs
Sample 186.0 191.0 194.0 202.0 206.0
Depth (m) 41.1 41.9 42.7 44.3 45.1 Sample age 60.8 61.9 63.1 65.3 66.5 Volume of sample 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lycopodium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Concentration of spike 27822.0 24200.0 36321.0 27822.0 24200.0 Total pollen concentration 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 TRACER 232.0 92.0 297.0 148.0 109.0 Abies 3.0 8.0 1.0 3.0 5.0 Ficea 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Total Pinus 201.0 166.0 191.0 219.0 178.0 Pinus Haploxylon 12.0 13.0 5.0 0.0 3.0 Pinus Diploxylon 4.0 22.0 6.0 0.0 2.0 Pinus cf. monophylla 3.0 9.0 6.0 1.0 9.0 Tsuga mertensia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Sequoiadendron 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Juniperus 57.0 40.0 50.0 34.0 33.0 Quercus 0.0 1.0 1.0 0.0 1.0 Juglans 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Shepherdia 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.0 2.0 Celtis 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Populus 3.0 1.0 3.0 1.0 0.0 Betula 1.0 1.0 0.0 1.0 2.0 Alnus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Corylus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Berberis 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Chrysolepis 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Fraxinus 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Salix 1.0 2.0 0.0 5.0 4.0 Ephedra viridis-type 5.0 3.0 2.0 0.0 0.0 Ephedra nevadensis-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Chenopodiaceae/Amaranthus 38.0 42.0 22.0 17.0 22.0 Sarcobatus 4.0 0.0 2.0 1.0 6.0 CercoceuTJUS /Purshia-type 7.0 11.0 6.0 7.0 6.0 Prunus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Potentilla-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Rhamnaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Artemisia tridentatae 29.0 19.0 41.0 43.0 53.0 Ambrosia-type 4.0 10.0 10.0 4.0 9.0 Menodora spinescens 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Larrea 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Aquilegia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Tidestromia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Caryophyllaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Persicaria-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Briogonum 0.0 1.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 Argemone 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Malvaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Brassicaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Euphorbia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Saxifraga 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Rosaceae 2.0 0.0 2.0 0.0 0.0 Lupinus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Psorothamnus-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Astragalus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Mimosoideae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Fiibaceaee 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 Hoffmannseggia-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Ericaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Gentianaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Onagraceae 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Oenothera-type 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Salvia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Phacelia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Urticaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Apiaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Solonaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Solanum 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Ribes 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lycium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Scrophulareaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Mimulus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Veronica-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 LeptodactyIon-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Gilia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Castilleja 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lamiaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Ranunculus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lobelia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Other Asteraceae 5.0 18.0 10.0 8.0 4.0 Liguliflorae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Mutiseae 0.0 0.0 1.0 1.0 0.0 Circium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Dodecatheon 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Poaceae 1.0 5.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 Liliaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Allium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Fritillaria-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Iridaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Arceuthobium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Typha latifolia 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.0 0.0 Typha/Sparganium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Potamogeton 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 Cyperaceae 7.0 12.0 2.0 1.0 2.0 Cyperus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Eguisetum 0.0 0.0 4.0 1.0 0.0 Lemna-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Callitriche 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Isoetes 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Myriophyllum 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Azolla 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Elodea-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Botryococcus 3.0 7.0 1.0 370.0 574.0 Pediastrum 5.0 8.0 0.0 3700.0 2422.0 Sporormiella 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Spores 150.0 219.0 242.0 78.0 176.0 Trilete Spore Undiff. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Dryopteris-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Cysopteris frigilis 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Selaginella-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Tilletia sphagni 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Deteriorated 7.0 16.0 9.0 3.0 7.0 Unk 1.0 2.0 0.0 1.0 1.0 Charcoal 347775.0 6750.0110064.0 64702.0 8065.0 Terrestrial Trees 281.0 259.0 260.0 257.0 231.0 Terrestrial Shrtibs and Herbs 95.0 112.0 96.0 83.0 102.0 Indeterminate 7.0 17.0 9.0 4.0 7.0 Algae 8.0 15.0 1.0 4070.0 2996.0 Spores 150.0 219.0 242.0 78.0 176.0 Aquatics 7.0 12.0 6.0 5.0 2.0 Riparian Trees and Shrubs 6.0 4.0 3.0 9.0 8.0 Pollen Sum 382.0 375.0 359.0 349.0 341.0 Pollen Sum + Aquatics 389.0 387.0 365.0 354.0 343.0 Total Pollen Sum 936.0 1013.0 976.0 4855.0 3863.0 Owens Lake, OL-92 Raw Counts of Falynomorphs
Sample 210.0 215.0 218.0 221.0 5.0 Depth (m) 45.9 46.7 47.3 47.9 48.0 Sample age 67.6 68.8 69.6 70.4 0.0 Volume of sample 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lycopodium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Concentration of spike 27822.0 24200.0 24200.0 24200.0 0.0 Total pollen concentration 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 TRACER 125.0 131.0 168.0 106.0 0.0 Abies 2.0 1.0 2.0 6.0 0.0 Picea 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Total Pinus 203.0 156.0 103.0 193.0 0.0 Pinus Haploxylon 0.0 4.0 2.0 6.0 0.0 Pinus Diploxylon 0.0 4.0 3.0 2.0 0.0 Pinus cf. monophylla 1.0 2.0 3.0 6.0 0.0 Tsuga mertensia 0.0 1.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 Sequoiadendron 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Juniperus 29.0 61.0 69.0 62.0 0.0 Quercus 2.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 Juglans 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Shepherdia 5.0 2.0 2.0 0.0 0.0 Celtis 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Populus 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 Betula 3.0 1.0 2.0 2.0 0.0 Alnus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Corylus 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Berberis 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Chrysolepis 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Fraxinus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Salix 2.0 4.0 5.0 1.0 0.0 Ephedra viridis-type 2.0 0.0 3.0 0.0 0.0 Ephedra nevadensis-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Chenopodiaceae/Amaranthus 8.0 20.0 17.0 14.0 0.0 Sarcobatus 7.0 19.0 19.0 9.0 0.0 Cercocarpus/Purshia-type 2.0 3.0 5.0 2.0 0.0 Prunus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Potentilla-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Rhamnaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Artemisia tridentatae 66.0 34.0 55.0 29.0 0.0 Ambros ia-type 13.0 12.0 7.0 2.0 0.0 Menodora spinescens 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Larrea 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Aquilegia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Tidestromia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Caryophyllaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Pers icaria-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Eriogonum 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Argemone 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Malvaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Brassicaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Euphorbia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Saxifraga 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Rosaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lupinus 0.0 0.0 3.0 0.0 0.0 Psorothamnus-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Astragalus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Himosoideae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Fabaceaee 1.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Hoffmannseggia-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Ericaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Gentianaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Onagraceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Oenothera-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Salvia 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 Phacelia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Urticaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Apiaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Solonaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Solanum 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Ribes 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lycium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Scrophulareaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Hinulus 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Veronica-type 0 0 0.0 0,0 0,0 0.0 LeptodactyIon-type 0 0 1.0 0,0 0,0 0.0 Gilia 0 0 0.0 0,0 0.0 0.0 Castilleja 0 0 0.0 0,0 0.0 0,0 Lfuniaceae 0 0 0.0 0.0 0,0 0.0 Ranunculus 0 0 0.0 0,0 0,0 0.0 Lobelia 0 0 0.0 0,0 0,0 0.0 Other Asteraceae 7 0 10.0 10,0 6,0 0.0 Liguliflorae 0 0 1.0 0,0 0.0 0.0 Mutiseae 0 0 0.0 0,0 0,0 0.0 Circium 0 0 0.0 0,0 0,0 0.0 Dodecatheon 0 0 0.0 0,0 0,0 0.0 Foaceae 2 0 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.0 Liliaceae 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Allium 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Fritillaria-type 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Iridaceae 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Arceuthobium 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Typha latifolia 0 0 1.0 2,0 1.0 0.0 Typha/Sparganium 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Potamogeton 0 0 4.0 0,0 4.0 0.0 Cyperaceae 2 0 7.0 27,0 11.0 0.0 Cyperus 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Equisetum 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lemna-type 0 0 0.0 0,0 0.0 0.0 Callitriche 0 0 0.0 0,0 0.0 0.0 Isoetes 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Myriophyllum 1 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Azolla 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Elodea-type 1 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Botryococcus soo 0 728.0 692.0 1.0 0.0 Pediastrum 2500 0 1456.0 16800.0 1.0 0.0 Sporormiella 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Spores 71 0 193,0 292.0 184.0 0.0 Trilete Spore Ondiff. 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Diryopteris-ty^ 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Cysopteris frigilis 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Selaginella-type 0 0 0,0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Tilletia sphagni 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Deteriorated 1 0 18,0 15.0 18.0 0.0 Unk 1 0 1,0 1.0 1.0 0.0 Charcoal 132486 0 52514,0 9801.0 1597.0 0.0 Terrestrial Trees 238 0 231,0 186.0 277.0 0.0 Terrestrial Shrubs and Herbs 109 0 103,0 120.0 64.0 0.0 Indeterminate 2 0 19,0 16.0 19.0 0.0 Algae 3000 0 2184,0 17492.0 2.0 0.0 Spores 71 0 195,0 295.0 186.0 0.0 Aquatics 4 0 12.0 29.0 16.0 0.0 Riparian Trees and Shrubs 11 0 8,0 10.0 3.0 0.0 Pollen Sum 358 0 342.0 316.0 344.0 0.0 Pollen Sum + Aquatics 362 0 354,0 345.0 360.0 0,0 Total Pollen Sum 3793 0 3092.0 18461.0 909.0 0,0 Owens Lake, OI.-92 Raw Counts of Palynomoxphs Sample 6.0 224.0 227.0 230.0 7.0
Depth (m) 49.1 49.5 49.9 50.5 50.7 Sample age 0.0 72.6 73.2 74.0 0.0 Volume of sample 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lycopodlum 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Concentration of spike 0.0 24200.0 24200.0 24200.0 0.0 Total pollen concentration 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 TRACER 0.0 202.0 183.0 152.0 0.0 Abies 0.0 3.0 2.0 6.0 0.0 Picea 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Total Pinus 0.0 174.0 181.0 137.0 0.0 Pinus Haploxylon 0.0 13.0 6.0 3.0 0.0 Pinus Diploxylon 0.0 3.0 5.0 4.0 0.0 Pinus cf. monophylla 0.0 13.0 11.0 12.0 0.0 Tsuga mertensia 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 Seguoiadendron 0.0 l.O 1.0 0.0 0.0 Juniperus 0.0 61.0 60.0 45.0 0.0 Quercus 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 Juglans 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Shepherdia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Celtis 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Fopulus 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.0 0.0 Betula 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 Alnus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Corylus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Berberis 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 Chrysolepis 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Fraxinus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Salix 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 Ephedra viridis-type 0.0 1.0 0.0 3.0 0.0 Ephedra nevadensis-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Chenopodiaceae/Amaranthus 0.0 17.0 19.0 43.0 0.0 Sarcobatus 0.0 12.0 8.0 17.0 0.0 Cercoceurpus /Purshia-type 0.0 3.0 4.0 7.0 0.0 Prunus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Potentilla-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Rhamnaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Artemisia tridentatae 0.0 30.0 18.0 32.0 0.0 Ambros ia-type 0.0 0.0 5.0 2.0 0.0 Menodora spinescens 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Larrea 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Aquilegia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Tidestromia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Caryophyllaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Persicaria-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Eriogonum 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Argemone 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Malvaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Brassicaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Euphorbia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Saxifraga 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Rosaceae 0.0 0.0 1.0 1.0 0.0 Lupinus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Psorothamnus-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Astragalus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Himosoideae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Fabaceaee 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Hoffmannseggia-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Ericaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Gentianaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Onagraceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Oenothera-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Salvia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Phacelia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Urticaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Apiaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Solonaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Solanum 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Ribes 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lycium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Scrophulareaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 216
Hlnulus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Veronica-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Leptodactyion-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Gilia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Castilleja 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lamiaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Ranunculus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lobelia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Other Asteraceae 0.0 5.0 11.0 13.0 0.0 Liguliflorae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Hutiseae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Circium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Dodecatheon 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Poaceae 0.0 0.0 3.0 0.0 0.0 Liliaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Allium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Fritillaria-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Iridaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Arceuthobium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Typha latifolia 0.0 2.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 Typha/Sparganium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Potcunogeton 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Cyperaceae 0.0 37.0 10.0 19.0 0.0 Cyperus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Equisetum 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lemna-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Callitriche 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Isoetes 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Hyriophyllum 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Azolla 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Elodea-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Botryococcus 0.0 22.0 4.0 2.0 0.0 Pediastrum 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.0 0.0 Sporormiella 0.0 2.0 1.0 1.0 0.0 Spores 0.0 249.0 499.0 224.0 0.0 Trilete Spore Undiff. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Dryopteris-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Cysopteris frigilis 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Selaginella-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Tilletia sphagni 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Deteriorated 0.0 15.0 16.0 20.0 0.0 link 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 Charcoal 0.0 2420.0 1701.0 42350.0 0.0 Terrestrial Trees 0.0 268.0 271.0 208.0 0.0 Terrestrial Shrubs and Herbs 0.0 68.0 69.0 119.0 0.0 Indeterminate 0.0 15.0 16.0 21.0 0.0 Algae 0.0 22.0 4.0 4.0 0.0 Spores 0.0 251.0 497.0 226.0 0.0 Aquatics 0.0 39.0 11.0 19.0 0.0 Riparian Trees and Shrubs 0.0 0.0 1.0 3.0 0.0 Pollen Sum 0.0 336.0 341.0 330.0 0.0 Pollen Sum + Aquatics 0.0 375.0 352.0 349.0 0.0 Total Pollen Sum 0.0 999.0 1210.0 929.0 0.0 Owens Lake, OL-92 Raw Counts of Palynomorphs Sample 8.0 233.0 236.0 239.0 242.0
Depth (m) 52.2 52.5 53.1 53.7 54.3 Sfunple age 0.0 76.8 77.6 78.6 79.4 Volume of sample 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lycopodlum 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Concentration of spike 0.0 24200.0 24200.0 24200.0 24200.0 Total pollen concentration 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 TRACER 0.0 196.0 150.0 204.0 141.0 Abies 0.0 4.0 5.0 3.0 9.0 Picea 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Total Pinus 0.0 154.0 139.0 139.0 191.0 Pinus Haploxylon 0.0 6.0 3.0 11.0 6.0 Pinus Diploxylon 0.0 2.0 2.0 7.0 5.0 Pinus cf. monophylla 0.0 10.0 6.0 8.0 5.0 Tsuga mertensia 0.0 2.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 Seguoiadendron 0.0 1.0 1.0 2.0 0.0 Juniperus 0.0 50.0 78.0 78.0 56.0 Quercus 0.0 1.0 1.0 0.0 1.0 Juglans 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Shepherdia 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 Celtis 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Populus 0.0 2.0 6.0 0.0 4.0 Betula 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 Alnus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Corylus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Berberis 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Chrysolepis 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Fraxinus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Salix 0.0 0.0 4.0 1.0 2.0 Ephedra viridis-type 0.0 5.0 4.0 1.0 0.0 Ephedra nevadensis-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Chenopodiaceae/Amaranthus 0.0 25.0 40.0 32.0 30.0 Sarcobatus 0.0 8.0 16.0 10.0 6.0 Cercocarpus/Purshia-type 0.0 4.0 6.0 2.0 5.0 Prunus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Potentilla-type 0,0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Rhamnaceae 0.0 0.0 1.0 1.0 0.0 Artemisia tridentatae 0.0 23.0 23.0 32.0 18.0 Ambros ia-type 0.0 2.0 4.0 3.0 5.0 Menodora spinescens 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Larrea 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Aquilegia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Tidestromia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Caryophyllaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Persicaria-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Eriogonum 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Argemone 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Malvaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Brassicaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Euphorbia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Saxifraga 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Rosaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lupinus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Psorothamnus-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Astragalus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Himosoideae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Fabaceaee 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 Hoffmannseggia-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Ericaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Gentianaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Onagraceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Oenothera-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Salvia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Phacelia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Urticaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Apiaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Solonaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Solanum 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Ribes 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lycium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Scrophulareaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 218
Mimulus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Veronica-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 LeptodactyIon-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Gilia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Castilleja 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lamiaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Ranunculus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lobelia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Other Asteraceae 0.0 9.0 6.0 5.0 7.0 Liguliflorae 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 Mutiseae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Circium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Dodecatheon 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Poaceae 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 Liliaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Allium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Fritillaria-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Iridaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Arceuthobium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Typha latifolia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 T^ha/Sparganium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Potcuaogeton 0.0 1.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 Cyperaceae 0.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 13.0 Cyperus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Equisetum 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lemna-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Callitriche 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Isoetes 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Myriophyllum 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Azolla 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Elodea-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Botryococcus 0.0 2.0 0.0 2.0 1.0 Pediastrum 0.0 1.0 0.0 1.0 1.0 Sporormiella 0.0 0.0 1.0 1.0 0.0 Spores 0.0 296.0 291.0 276.0 220.0 Trilete Spore Undiff. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Dryopteris-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Cysopteris frigilis 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Selaginella-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Tilletia sphagni 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Deteriorated 0.0 16.0 27.0 11.0 12.0 Unk 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 2.0 Charcoal 0.0 8155.0 3000.0 1210.0 4864.0 Terrestrial Trees 0.0 235.0 237.0 249.0 274.0 Terrestrial Shrubs and Herbs 0.0 78.0 101.0 87.0 72.0 Indeterminate 0.0 16.0 28.0 11.0 14.0 Algae 0.0 3.0 0.0 3.0 2.0 Spores 0.0 301.0 291.0 277.0 220.0 Aquatics 0.0 21.0 22.0 25.0 14.0 Riparian Trees and Shrubs 0.0 2.0 10.0 2.0 7.0 Pollen Sum 0.0 315.0 348.0 338.0 353.0 Pollen Sum + Aquatics 0.0 336.0 370.0 363.0 367.0 Total Pollen Sum 0.0 966.0 1037.0 992.0 956.0 Owens Lake, OL-92 Raw Counts of Palyncmorphs
Sample 245.0 248.0 251.0 254.0 257 0
Depth (m) 54.9 55.0 56.1 56.7 57 3 Sample age 80.3 80.4 82.2 83.1 84 0 Volume of scunple 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Lycopodium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Concentration of spike 24200.0 24200.0 24200.0 24200.0 24200 0 Total pollen concentration 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 TRACER 116.0 178.0 116.0 67.0 155 0 Abies 3.0 7.0 3.0 5.0 1 0 Picea 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Total Pinus 162.0 189.0 180.0 183.0 308 0 Pinus Haploxylon 10.0 8.0 5.0 10.0 8 0 Pinus Diploxylon 2.0 7.0 2.0 3.0 4 0 Pinus cf. monophylla 4.0 2.0 2.0 7.0 5 0 Tsuga mertensia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Seguoiadendron 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Juniperus 30.0 32.0 39.0 36.0 23 0 Quercus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Juglans 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Shepherdia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Celtis 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Populus 0.0 3.0 1.0 1.0 0 0 Betula 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Alnus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Corylus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Berberis 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Chrysolepis 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Fraxinus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Salix 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 3 0 Ephedra viridis-type 1.0 0.0 2.0 2.0 0 0 Ephedra nevadensis-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Chenopodiaceae/Amaranthus 84.0 28.0 43.0 48.0 26 0 Sarcobatus 3.0 2.0 5.0 4.0 0 0 Cercocarpus/Purshia-type 6.0 0.0 0.0 3.0 6 0 Prunus 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0 0 Potentilla-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Rhamnaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0 0 Artemisia tridentatae 11.0 18.0 10.0 22.0 9 0 Anhrosia-type 11.0 18.0 7.0 4.0 9 0 Menodora spinescens 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Larrea 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Aquilegia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Tidestromia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Caryophyllaceae o.o 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Persicaria-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Eriogonum 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Argemone 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Malvaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Brassicaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Euphorbia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Saxifraga 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0 0 Rosaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0 0 Lupinus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Psorothamnus-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Astragalus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Mimosoideae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Fabaceaee 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Hoffmannseggia-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Ericaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Gentianaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Onagraceae 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1 0 Oenothera-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Salvia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Phacelia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Urticaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Apiaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Solonaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Solanum 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Ribes 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Lycium 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0 0 Scrophulareaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 220
Mifflulus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Veronica-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 LeptodactyIon-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 Gilia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Castilleja 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 Leuuiaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Ranunculus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lobelia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Other Asteraceae 8.0 6.0 7.0 1.0 4.0 Liguliflorae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Hutiseae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Circium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Dodecatheon 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Poaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Liliaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Allium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Fritillaria-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Iridaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Arceuthobium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Typha latifolia 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Typha/Sparganium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Potamogeton 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Cyperaceae 4.0 14.0 16.0 8.0 3.0 Cyperus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Equisetum 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lemna-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Callitriche 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Isoetes 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Myriophyllum 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Azolla 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Elodea-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Botryococcus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 Pediastmm 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 Sporormiella 0.0 4.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 Spores 143.0 280.0 223.0 152.0 129.0 Trilete Spore Undiff. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Dryopteris-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Cysopteris frigilis 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Selaginella-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Tilletia sphagni 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Deteriorated 22.0 9.0 19.0 26.0 18.0 Unk 0.0 1.0 2.0 1.0 1.0 Charcoal 69938.0 1805.0 3388.0 7260.0 1210.0 Terrestrial Trees 216.0 245.0 231.0 244.0 349.0 Terrestrial Shrubs and Herbs 126.0 72.0 77.0 87.0 56.0 Indeterminate 22.0 10.0 21.0 27.0 19.0 Algae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.0 Spores 143.0 284.0 224.0 152.0 129.0 Aquatics 4.0 15.0 16.0 8.0 3.0 Riparian Trees and Shrubs 0.0 4.0 1.0 1.0 3.0 Pollen Sum 342.0 321.0 309.0 332.0 408.0 Pollen Sum -f Aquatics 346.0 336.0 325.0 340.0 411.0 Total Pollen Sum 853.0 951.0 879.0 851.0 969.0 Owens Lake, OL-92 Raw Counts of Palynomorpbs
Sample 261.0 265.0 273.0 276.0 279.0
Depth (m) 58.1 58.9 60.5 61.1 61.5 Sample age 85.2 86.6 89.3 90.3 91.0 Volume of sample 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lycopodlum 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Concentration of spike 27822.0 27822.0 27000.0 27000.0 27000.0 Total pollen concentration 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 TBACER 184.0 145.0 165.0 214.0 188.0 Abies 4.0 2.0 3.0 3.0 2.0 Picea 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Total Pinus 254.0 193.0 134.0 204.0 224.0 Plnus Haploxylon 0.0 1.0 5.0 8.0 7.0 Pinus Diploxylon 2.0 3.0 8.0 12.0 8.0 Pinus cf. monophylla 1.0 3.0 3.0 8.0 7.0 Tsuga mertensia 1.0 0.0 0.0 2.0 0.0 Sequoiadendron 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Juniperus 29.0 37.0 44.0 33.0 31.0 Quercus 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Juglans 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Shepherdia 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 Celtis 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Populus 2.0 3.0 0.0 0.0 3.0 Betula 0.0 3.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Alnus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Corylus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Berberis 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Chrysolepis 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Fraxinus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 Salix 0.0 5.0 10.0 2.0 2.0 Ephedra viridis-type 1.0 0.0 0.0 5.0 1.0 Ephedra nevadensis-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Chenopodiaceae/Amaranthus 22.0 29.0 43.0 59.0 31.0 Sarcobatus 1.0 4.0 9.0 4.0 5.0 Cercocarpus/Purshia-type 4.0 6.0 5.0 6.0 6.0 Prunus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Potentilla-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Rhiunnaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Artemisia tridentatae 43.0 28.0 36.0 33.0 21.0 Ambros ia-type 6.0 22.0 10.0 15.0 8.0 Henodora spinescens 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Larrea 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Aquilegia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Tidestromia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Caryophyllaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Pers icaria-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Eriogonum 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Argemone 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Malvaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 Brassicaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Euphorbia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Saxifraga 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Rosaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lupinus 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 Psorothamnus-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Astragalus 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Himosoideae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Fabaceaee 1.0 1.0 0.0 3.0 0.0 Hoffmannseggia-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Ericaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Gentianaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Onagraceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Oenothera-type 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 Salvia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Phacelia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Urticaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Apiaceae 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 Solonaceae 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Solanum 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 Ribes 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lycium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Scrophulareaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 222
Himulus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Veronica-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 LeptodactyIon-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Gilia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Castilleja 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lcuniaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Ranunculus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lobelia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Other Asteraceae 2.0 8.0 14.0 9.0 9.0 Liguliflorae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Hutiseae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Circium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Dodecatheon 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Poaceae 1.0 1.0 7.0 0.0 1.0 Liliaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Allium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Fritillaria-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 Iridaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Arceuthobium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Typha latifolia 0.0 0.0 3.0 1.0 0.0 Typha/Sparganium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Potcunogeton 0.0 0.0 5.0 0.0 2.0 Cyperaceae 3.0 1.0 15.0 11.0 13.0 Cyperus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Equisetum 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lemna-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Callitriche 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Isoetes 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Myriophyllum 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Azolla 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Elodea-type 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Botryococcus 54.0 39.0 220.0 3.0 0.0 Pediastrum 0.0 1.0 1833.0 2.0 3.0 Sporormiella 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Spores 76.0 117.0 611.0 298.0 165.0 Trilete Spore Undiff. 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Dryopteris-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Cysopteris frigilis 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Selaginella-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Tilletia sphagni 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Deteriorated 11.0 12.0 18.0 20.0 13.0 Unlc 0.0 0.0 5.0 0.0 1.0 Charcoal 99364.0115925.0 97200.0 2700.0 4050.0 Terrestrial Trees 291.0 240.0 197.0 270.0 279.0 Terrestrial Shrubs and Herbs 81.0 101.0 126.0 137.0 83.0 Indeterminate 11.0 12.0 26.0 20.0 14.0 Algae 54.0 40.0 2053.0 5.0 3.0 Spores 76.0 118.0 611.0 298.0 165.0 Aquatics 4.0 1.0 23.0 12.0 15.0 Riparian Trees and Shrubs 2.0 11.0 11.0 2.0 6.0 Pollen Sum 374.0 352.0 334.0 409.0 368.0 Pollen Sum + Aquatics 378.0 353.0 357.0 421.0 383.0 Total Pollen Sum 893.0 875.0 3381.0 1153.0 933.0 Owens Lake, OIi-92 Raw Counts of Falynomorphs
Sample 282.0 285.0 287.0 289.0 291.0
Depth (m) 62.1 62.7 63.0 63.4 63.8 Sample age 92.0 93.0 93.7 94.4 95.1 Volume of sample 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lycopodium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Concentration of spike 27000.0 27000.0 27822.0 27822.0 27822.0 Total pollen concentration 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 TRACER 102.0 68.0 94.0 87.0 64.0 Abies 3.0 3.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 Picea 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Total Pinus 196.0 147.0 207.0 129.0 114.0 Pinus Haploxylon 9.0 9.0 5.0 2.0 2.0 Pinus Diploxylon 2.0 6.0 2.0 2.0 1.0 Pinus c£. monophylla 12.0 3.0 4.0 0.0 2.0 Tsuga mertensia 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Sequoiadendron 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.0 1.0 Juniperus 17.0 46.0 54.0 62.0 66.0 Quercus 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 1.0 Juglans 0.0 0.0 2.0 0.0 5.0 Shepherdia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Celtis O.O 0.0 Q.O 0.0 0.0 Populus 0.0 3.0 1.0 4.0 0.0 Betula 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 Alnus O.Q 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Corylus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Berberis 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 Chrysolepis O.Q 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Fraxinus 0.0 0.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 Salix O.Q 2.0 6.0 2.0 12.0 Ephedra viridis-type l.Q 4.0 5.0 3.0 2.0 Ephedra nevadensis-type O.Q 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Chenopodiaceae/Amaranthus 22.0 42.0 44.0 25.0 25.0 Sarcobatus l.Q 4.0 10.0 1.0 4.0 Cercocarpus/Purshia-type 6.Q 12.0 5.0 3.0 6.0 Prunus 0.0 2.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Potentilla-type O.O 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Rhamnaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Artemisia tridentatae 35.0 41.0 53.0 42.0 30.0 Ambr0 s ia-type 17.0 14.0 28.0 23.0 25.0 Menodora spinescens O.O 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Larrea 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Aquilegia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Tidestromia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Caryophyllaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Persicaria-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Briogonum 0.0 0.0 2.0 1.0 0.0 Argemone 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Malvaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Brassicaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Euphorbia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 Saxifraga 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Rosaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lupinus 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Psorothamnus-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 Astragalus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Mimosoideae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Fabaceaee 0.0 0.0 2.0 5.0 0.0 Hoffmannseggia-type O.O 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Ericaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 Gentianaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Onagraceae O.Q 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Oenothera-type O.Q 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Salvia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Phacelia O.Q 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Urticaceae O.Q 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Apiaceae O.Q 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Solonaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Solanum O.Q 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Ribes O.Q 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lycium O.Q 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Scrophulareaceae O.Q 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Himulus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Veronica-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 LeptodactyIon-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Gilia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 Castilleja 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lamiaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Ranunculus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lobelia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Other Asteraceae 8.0 8.0 12.0 8.0 7.0 Liguliflorae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Mutiseae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Circium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Dodecatheon 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Poaceae 4.0 0.0 3.0 2.0 6.0 Liliaceae 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 1.0 Allium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Fritillaria-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Iridaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Arceuthobium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Typha latifolia 0.0 0.0 1.0 2.0 2.0 Typha/Sparganium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Pot£unogeton 1.0 1.0 0.0 7.0 6.0 Cyperaceae 12.0 12.0 9.0 21.0 13.0 Cyperus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Equisetum 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.0 3.0 Lemna-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Callitriche 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Isoetes 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Hyriophyllum 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 Azolla 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Elodea-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Botryococcus 128.0 379.0 115.0 155.0 91.0 Pediastrum 13.0 219.0 12.0 32.0 168.0 Sporormiella 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Spores 123.0 219.0 81.0 77.0 152.0 Trilete Spore Undiff. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Dryopteris-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Cysopteris frigilis 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Selaginella-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Tilletia sphagni 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Deteriorated 12.0 20.0 18.0 22.0 32.0 Unk 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.0 1.0 Charcoal 4914.0 9001.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Terrestrial Trees 240.0 214.0 275.0 198.0 192.0 Terrestrial Shrubs and Herbs 95.0 127.0 165.0 114.0 110.0 Indeterminate 12.0 20.0 18.0 22.0 32.0 Algae 141.0 598.0 127.0 187.0 259.0 Spores 123.0 219.0 81.0 77.0 152.0 Aquatics 13.0 13.0 10.0 33.0 24.0 Riparian Trees and Shrubs 0.0 5.0 8.0 8.0 13.0 Pollen Sum 335.0 346.0 448.0 320.0 315.0 Pollen Sum + Aquatics 348.0 359.0 458.0 353.0 339.0 Total Pollen Sum 959.0 1542.0 1132.0 959.0 1097.0 Owens Lake, OL-92 Raw Counts of Palynomorphs
Sample 293.0 295.0 297.0 299.0 301 0
Depth (m) 64.2 64.6 65.0 65.4 65 8 Sample age 95.8 96.5 97.3 98.2 98 9 Volume of seunple 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Lycopodlum 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Concentration of spike 27822.0 27822.0 27822.0 27822.0 27822 0 Total pollen concentration 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 TRACER 107.0 106.0 116.0 97.0 118 0 Abies 0.0 0.0 1.0 2.0 2 0 Picea 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Total Pinus 118.0 151.0 133.0 180.0 138 0 Pinus Baploxylon 1.0 1.0 0.0 4.0 0 0 Pinus Diploxylon 2.0 0.0 1.0 3.0 1 0 Pinus cf. monophylla 3.0 0.0 2.0 5.0 1 0 Tsuga mertensia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Seguoiadendron 3.0 L.O 2.0 4.0 2 0 Juniperus 79.0 56.0 41.0 70.0 67 0 Quercus 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0 0 Juglans 2.0 2.0 3.0 0.0 3 0 Shepherdia 0.0 1.0 2.0 0.0 0 0 Celtis 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Populus 0.0 1.0 0.0 6.0 7 0 Betula 1.0 2.0 1.0 0.0 0 0 Alnus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Corylus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Berberis 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Chrysolepis 0.0 2.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Fraxinus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Salix 11.0 11.0 3.0 1.0 4 0 Ephedra viridis-type 1.0 1.0 4.0 6.0 7 0 Ephedra nevadensis-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Chenopodiaceae/Amaranthus 26.0 13.0 19.0 21.0 50 0 Sarcobatus 7.0 4.0 10.0 11.0 9 0 Cercoceirpus /Purshia-type 4.0 8.0 4.0 10.0 5 0 Prunus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Potentilla-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Rhamnaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Artemisia tridentatae 42.0 50.0 54.0 35.0 43 0 Ambros ia-type 6.0 5.0 9.0 10.0 10 0 Henodora spinescens 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Larrea 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Aguilegia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Tidestromia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Caryophyllaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Persicaria-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Eriogonum 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Argemone 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Malvaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Brassicaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Euphorbia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Saxifraga 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Rosaceae 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Lupinus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Psorothamnus-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Astragalus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Hinosoideae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Fabaceaee 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Hoffmannseggia-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Ericaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Gentianaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Onagraceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Oenothera-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Salvia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Phacelia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Urticaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Apiaceae 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 1 0 Solonaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Solanum 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Ribes 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Lycium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Scrophulareaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Mlmulus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Veronica-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 LeptodactyIon-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Gilia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Castilleja 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lamiaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Ranunculus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lobelia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Other Asteraceae 7.0 8.0 12.0 10.0 11.0 Liguliflorae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Mutiseae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Circium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Dodecatheon 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Poaceae 9.0 4.0 5.0 5.0 3.0 Liliaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Allium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Fritillaria-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Iridaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Arceuthobium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Typha latifolia 0.0 2.0 2.0 0.0 1.0 Typha/Sparganium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Potamogeton 0.0 2.0 1.0 1.0 0.0 Cyperaceae 11.0 20.0 17.0 13.0 22.0 Cyperus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Equisetum 3.0 0.0 2.0 7.0 4.0 Lemna-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Callitriche 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Isoetes 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Hyriophyllum 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Azolla 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Elodea-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Botryococcus 315.0 442.0 400.0 5.0 6.0 Pediastrvim 1338.0 2650.0 829.0 1.0 4.0 Sporormiella 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Spores 55.0 141.0 71.0 141.0 203.0 Trilete Spore Ondiff. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Dryopteris-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Cysopteris frigilis 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Selaginella-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Tilletia sphagni 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Deteriorated 13.0 7.0 9.0 24.0 29.0 Unk 0.0 0.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 Charcoal 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Terrestrial Trees 208.0 211.0 183.0 269.0 214.0 Terrestrial Shrubs and Herbs 103.0 96.0 118.0 108.0 139.0 Indeterminate 13.0 7.0 9.0 24.0 29.0 Algae 1653.0 3092.0 1229.0 6.0 10.0 Spores 55.0 141.0 71.0 141.0 203.0 Aquatics 14.0 24.0 22.0 21.0 27.0 Riparian Trees and Shrubs 12.0 15.0 6.0 7.0 11.0 Pollen Sum 323.0 322.0 307.0 384.0 364.0 Pollen Sum + Aquatics 337.0 346.0 329.0 405.0 391.0 Total Pollen Sum 2381.0 3908.0 1945.0 960.0 997.0 Owens Lake, OL-92 Raw Counts of Palynomorphs
Sample 304.0 306.0 308.0 310.0 312.0
Depth (m) 66.2 66.6 67.0 67.4 67.8 Sample age 99.6 100.4 101.1 102.0 102.8 Volume of sample 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lycopodium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Concentration of spike 27822.0 27822.0 27822.0 27822.0 27822.0 Total pollen concentration 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 TRACER 179.0 140.0 121.0 131.0 126.0 Abies 2.0 1.0 4.0 3.0 0.0 Picea 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Total Pinus 167.0 107.0 120.0 151.0 132.0 Pinus Haploxylon 3.0 11.0 10.0 16.0 9.0 Pinus Diploxylon 4.0 1.0 S.O 3.0 0.0 Pinus cf. monophylla 3.0 2.0 4.0 7.0 5.0 Tsuga mertensia 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 Sequoiadendron 4.0 0.0 2.0 3.0 3.0 Juniperus 74.0 66.0 85.0 46.0 55.0 Quercus 0.0 0.0 2.0 1.0 0.0 Juglans 6.0 3.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 Shepherdia 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Celtis 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Populus 7.0 5.0 4.0 3.0 2.0 Betula 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Alnus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 Corylus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Berberis 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Chrysolepis 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 Fraxinus 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 Salix 3.0 2.0 3.0 2.0 0.0 Ephedra viridis-type 3.0 6.0 6.0 3.0 15.0 Ephedra nevadensis-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Chenopodiaceae/Amaranthus 26.0 43.0 34.0 37.0 41.0 Sarcobatus 12.0 13.0 1.0 5.0 6.0 Cercocarpus/Purshia-type 2.0 3.0 4.0 9.0 6.0 Prunus 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Potentilla-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Rhamnaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Artemisia tridentatae 27.0 40.0 14.0 14.0 17.0 Ambros ia-type 3.0 8.0 11.0 16.0 18.0 Menodora spinescens 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Larrea 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Aguilegia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Tidestromia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Caryophyllaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Pers icaria-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Eriogonum 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Argemone 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Malvaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Brassicaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Euphorbia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Sjucifraga 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Rosaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lupinus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Psorothamnus-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Astragalus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Mimosoideae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Fabaceaee 0.0 0.0 2.0 2.0 3.0 Hoffmannseggia-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Ericaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Gentianaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Onagraceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Oenothera-type 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 Salvia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Phacelia 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 Urticaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Apiaceae 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Solonaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Solanum 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Ribes 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lycium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Scrophulareaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Mimulus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Veronica-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 LeptodactyIon-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Gilia 0.0 I.O 0.0 0.0. 0.0 Caatilleja 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lamiaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Ranunculus 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 Lobelia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Other Asteraceae 14.0 18.0 10.0 10.0 20.0 Liguliflorae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Hutiseae 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Circium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Dodecatheon 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Poaceae 5.0 8.0 8.0 7.0 6.0 Liliaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Allium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Fritillaria-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Iridaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Arceuthobium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Typha latifolia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Typha/Sparqanium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Potamogeton 1.0 3.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 Cyperaceae 25.0 42.0 11.0 5.0 19.0 Cyperus 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 Equisetum 1.0 1.0 3.0 1.0 2.0 Lemna-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Callitriche 1.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Isoetes 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Myriophyllum 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Azolla 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Elodea-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Botryococcus 1.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 2.0 Pediastrum 2.0 3.0 3.0 2.0 1.0 Sporormiella 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Spores 245.0 197.0 94.0 94.0 214.0 Trilete Spore Ondiff. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Dryopteris-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Cysopteris frigilis 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Selaginella-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Tilletia sphagni 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Deteriorated 34.0 31.0 17.0 24.0 26.0 Unk 0.0 1.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 Charcoal 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Terrestrial Trees 264.0 191.0 234.0 230.0 204.0 Terrestrial Shrubs and Herbs 93.0 142.0 92.0 104.0 132.0 Indeterminate 34.0 31.0 17.0 24.0 26.0 Algae 3.0 4.0 3.0 2.0 3.0 Spores 246.0 197.0 94.0 94.0 214.0 Aquatics 28.0 47.0 14.0 8.0 21.0 Riparian Trees and Shrubs 11.0 8.0 7.0 7.0 3.0 Pollen Sum 368.0 341.0 333.0 341.0 339.0 Pollen Sum + Aquatics 396.0 388.0 347.0 349.0 360.0 Total Pollen Sum 1046.0 961.0 794.0 810.0 942.0 Owens Lake, OL-92 Raw Counts of Palynomorphs
Sample 314.0 316.0 318.0 320.0 322.0
Depth (m) 68.3 68.6 69.0 69.4 69.8 Sample age 103.7 104.3 105.1 105.8 106.8 Volume of sample 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lycopodium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Concentration of spike 27822.0 27822.0 27822.0 27822.0 27822.0 Total pollen concentration 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 TRACER 220.0 412.0 600.0 761.0 66.0 Abies 8.0 2.0 2.0 0.0 2.0 Picea 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Total Pinus 126.0 98.0 81.0 69.0 99.0 Pinus Haploxylon 7.0 4.0 1.0 3.0 5.0 Pinus Diploxylon 1.0 0.0 1.0 1.0 8.0 Pinus cf. monophylla 3.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 Tsuga mertensia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 Sequoiadendron 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.0 Juniperus 45.0 75.0 60.0 59.0 29.0 Quercus 2.0 4.0 0.0 5.0 1.0 Juglans 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 2.0 Shepherdia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Celtis 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Populus 7.0 3.0 5.0 4.0 4.0 Betula 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 Alnus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Corylus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Berberis 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 Chrysolepis 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Fraxinus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Salix S.O 10.0 5.0 8.0 9.0 Ephedra viridis-type 9.0 4.0 6.0 2.0 5.0 Ephedra nevadensis-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 Chenopodiaceae/Amaranthus 31.0 29.0 49.0 43.0 44.0 Sarcobatus 6.0 4.0 4.0 1.0 3.0 Cercocarpus/Purshia-type 10.0 11.0 12,0 9.0 24.0 Prunus 2.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 Potentilla-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Rhamnaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Artemisia tridentatae 11.0 19.0 10.0 9.0 14.0 Ambrosia-type 34.0 36.0 39.0 40.0 45.0 Menodora spinescens 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Larrea 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Aquilegia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Tidestromia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Caryophyllaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Persicaria-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Eriogonum 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 Argemone 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Malvaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Brassicaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Euphorbia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Saxifraga 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 Rosaceae 0.0 2.0 4.0 4.0 3.0 Lupinus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Psorothaonus-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Astragalus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Mimosoideae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Fabaceaee 4.0 1.0 3.0 7.0 7.0 Hof fmannseggia-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Ericaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Gentianaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Onagraceae 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Oenothera-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Salvia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Phacelia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Urticaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Apiaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Solonaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 Solanum 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Ribes 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lycium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Scrophulareaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 Mlmulus 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Veronica-type 1 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Leptodactyion-type 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Gilia 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Castilleja 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lamiaceae 0 0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 Ranunculus 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lobelia 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Other Asteraceae 10 0 15.0 14.0 23.0 10.0 Liguliflorae 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Hutiseae 0 0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 Circium 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Dodecatheon 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Poaceae 6 0 3.0 3.0 0.0 9.0 Liliaceae 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Allium 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Fritillaria-type 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Iridaceae 0 0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 Arceuthobium 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Typha latifolia 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Typha/Sparganium 0 0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Potafflogeton 0 0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 Cyperaceae 6 0 7.0 5.0 3.0 3.0 Cyperus 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Eguisetum 2 0 2.0 2.0 2.0 0.0 Lemna-type 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Callitriche 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Isoetes 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Myriophyllum 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Azolla 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Elodea-type 0 0 3.0 0.0 1.0 1.0 Botryococcus 5 0 32.0 6.0 13.0 3.0 Pediastrum 27 0 137.0 35.0 23.0 1.0 Sporormiella 1 0 0.0 1.0 0.0 1.0 Spores 21499 0 20000.0 690.0 111.0 183.0 Trilete Spore Undiff. 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Dryopteris-type 0 0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Cysopteris frigilis 0 0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Selaginella-type 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 Tilletia sphagni 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Deteriorated 22 0 29.0 22.0 20.0 24.0 Unk 4 0 0.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 Charcoal 0 0 675.0 0.0231850.0 0.0 Terrestrial Trees 193 0 184.0 147.0 138.0 151.0 Terrestrial Shrubs and Herbs 126 0 125.0 146.0 141.0 169.0 Indeterminate 22 0 29.0 22.0 20.0 24.0 Algae 32 0 169.0 41.0 36.0 4.0 Spores 21S00 0 20002.0 691.0 111.0 185.0 Aquatics 8 0 14.0 8.0 7.0 5.0 Riparian Trees and Shrubs 13 0 13.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 Pollen Sum 332 0 322.0 303.0 291.0 334.0 Pollen Sum -i- Ai^uatics 340 0 336.0 311.0 298.0 339.0 Total Pollen Sum 22226 0 20858.0 1368.0 756.0 886.0 Owens Lake, OL-92 Raw Counts of Palynomorphs
Sample 324.0 326.0 328.0 330.0 332.0
Depth (m) 70.2 70.6 71.0 71.4 71.8 Sample age 107.6 108.3 108.7 109.9 110.7 Volume of sample 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lycopodium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Concentration of spike 27822.0 27822.0 27822.0 27822.0 27822.0 Total pollen concentration 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 TRACER 284.0 155.0 246.0 87.0 209.0 Abies 2.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 Picea 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Total Finus 61.0 104.0 103.0 92.0 89.0 Pinus Haploxylon 1.0 2.0 7.0 9.0 5.0 Pinus Diploxylon 1.0 2.0 11.0 7.0 2.0 Pinus of. monophylla 2.0 1.0 3.0 3.0 2.0 Tsuga mertensia 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 Sequoiadendron 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.0 0.0 Juniperus 41.0 24.0 34.0 34.0 41.0 Quercus 6.0 0.0 14.0 4.0 11.0 Juglans 2.0 2.0 1.0 3.0 1.0 Shepherdia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Celtis 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Populus 7.0 1.0 4.0 8.0 5.0 Betula 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 1.0 Alnus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Corylus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Berberis 1.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 2.0 Chrysolepis 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Fraxinus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Salix 13.0 10.0 12.0 13.0 12.0 Ephedra viridis-type 3.0 4.0 1.0 5.0 5.0 Ephedra nevadensis-type 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Chenopodiaceae/ Amaranthus 61.0 59.0 37.0 85.0 61.0 Sarcobatus 3.0 3.0 6.0 5.0 2.0 Cercocarpus/Purshia-type 24.0 19.0 27.0 23.0 19.0 Prunus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Potentilla-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Rhamnaceae 0.0 1.0 0.0 0,0 0.0 Artemisia tridentatae 20.0 23.0 20.0 11.0 19.0 Ambrosia-type 59.0 47.0 64.0 27.0 25.0 Menodora spinescens 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Larrea 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Aguilegia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Tidestromia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Caryophyllaceae 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 2.0 Pers icaria-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Briogonum 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Argemone 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Malvaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Brassicaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Euphorbia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Saxifraga 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Rosaceae 3.0 0.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 Lupinus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 Psorothamnus-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Astragalus 3.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Himosoideae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Fabaceaee 4.0 3.0 4.0 1.0 3.0 Hoffmannseggia-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Ericaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Gentianaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Onagraceae 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 Oenothera-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Salvia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Phacelia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Urticaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Apiaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Solonaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Solanum 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Ribes 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lycium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Scrophulareaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 232
Himulus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Veronica-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 LeptodactyIon-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Silia 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Castilleja 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lamiaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Ranunculus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lobelia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Other Asteraceae 20.0 17.0 11.0 9.0 26.0 Liguliflorae 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Mutiseae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Circium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Dodecatheon 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Poaceae 6.0 4.0 5.0 4.0 3.0 Liliaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Allium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Fritillaria-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Iridaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Arceuthobium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Typha latifolia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Typha/Sparganium 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 Potamogeton 4.0 2.0 2.0 4.0 1.0 Cyperaceae 3.0 7.0 4.0 5.0 2.0 Cyperus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 O.O Bquisetum 0.0 3.0 1.0 2.0 2.0 Lemna-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Callitriche 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Isoetes 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Hyriophyllum 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Azolla 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Elodea-type 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 Botryococcus 3.0 0.0 6.0 1.0 2.0 Pediastrum 1.0 2.0 9.0 9.0 5.0 Sporormiella 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Spores 212.0 189.0 212.0 235.0 24.0 Trilete Spore Ondiff. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Dryopteris-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Cysopteris frigilis 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Selaginella-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Tilletia sphagni 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Deteriorated 27.0 41.0 12.0 17.0 24.0 Unk 1.0 5.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 Charcoal 556440.0 0.0397457.0 0.0 46370.0 Terrestrial Trees 116.0 135.0 174.0 155.0 151.0 Terrestrial Shrubs and Herbs 209.0 184.0 177.0 172.0 169.0 Indeterminate 27.0 41.0 12.0 17.0 24.0 Algae 4.0 2.0 15.0 10.0 7.0 Spores 212.0 189.0 212.0 235.0 24.0 Aquatics 7.0 12.0 9.0 11.0 5.0 Riparian Trees and Shrubs 20.0 11.0 16.0 22.0 18.0 Pollen Sum 345.0 330.0 367.0 349.0 338.0 Pollen Sum + Aquatics 352.0 342.0 376.0 360.0 343.0 Total Pollen Sum 940.0 904.0 982.0 971.0 736.0 Owens Lake, OL-92 Raw Counts ot Falynomorphs
Sample 334.0 336.0 338.0 340.0 342.0
Depth (m) 72.2 72.6 73.0 73.6 74.0 Sample age 111.7 112.5 113.3 114.5 115.3 Volume oi sample 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lycopodxum 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Concentration of spike 27822.0 27822.0 27822.0 27822.0 27822.0 Total pollen concentration 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 TRACER 152.0 146.0 98.0 108.0 131.0 Abies S.O 1.0 1.0 0.0 4.0 Picea 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Total Pinus 106.0 128.0 116.0 119.0 115.0 Pinus Haploxylon 6.0 12.0 4.0 3.0 1.0 Pinus Diploxylon 6.0 7.0 5.0 3.0 5.0 Pinus cf. monophylla 0.0 1.0 0.0 3.0 0.0 Tsuga mertensia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Sequoiadendron 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 Juniperus 38.0 24.0 22.0 38.0 25.0 Quercus 11.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 3.0 Juglans 1.0 2.0 0.0 3.0 0.0 Shepherdia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Celtis 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 Populus 10.0 5.0 7.0 3.0 4.0 Betula 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Alnus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Corylus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Berberis 2.0 1.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 Chrysolepis 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Fraxinus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 Salix 17.0 9.0 21.0 10.0 13.0 Ephedra viridis-type 3.0 7.0 1.0 1.0 6.0 Ephedra nevadensis-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Chenopodiaceae/Amaranthus SO.O 84.0 62.0 64.0 57.0 Sarcobatus 1.0 4.0 4.0 2.0 9.0 Cercocarpus/Purshia-type 14.0 17.0 24.0 39.0 19.0 Prunus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 Potentilla-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Rhamnaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Artemisia tridentatae 25.0 14.0 25.0 19.0 32.0 Ambros ia-type 64.0 44.0 46.0 29.0 57.0 Menodora spinescens 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Larrea 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Aquilegia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Tidestromia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Caryophyllaceae 1.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 Persicaria-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 Eriogonjim 1.0 2.0 2.0 0.0 1.0 Argemone 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Malvaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Brassicaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Euphorbia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Saxifraga 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Rosaceae 1.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 3.0 Lupinus 0.0 1.0 0.0 2.0 0.0 Psorothcimnus-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Astragalus 0.0 1.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 Himosoideae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Fabaceaee 7.0 4.0 6.0 4.0 5.0 Hoffmannseggia-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Ericaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Gentianaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Onagraceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Oenothera-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Salvia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Phacelia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Urticaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Apiaceae 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Solonaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Solanum 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Ribes 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lycium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Scrophulareaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Minulus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Veronica-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 LeptodactyIon-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Gilia o.o 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Castilleja 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lamiaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Ranunculus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 tobelia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Other Asteraceae 13.0 14.0 22.0 12.0 22.0 Liguliflorae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Mutiseae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Circium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Dodecatbeon 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Poaceae 2.0 3.0 0.0 8.0 5.0 Iiiliaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Allium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Fritillaria-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Iridaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Arceuthobium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Typha latifolia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Typha/Sparganium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Fotamogeton 5.0 3.0 2.0 3.0 6.0 Cyperaceae 6.0 2.0 5.0 5.0 6.0 Cyperus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Equisetum 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.0 5.0 Lemna-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Callitriche 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Isoetes 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Myriophyllum 0.0 1.0 0.0 2.0 0.0 Azolla 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Elodea-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Botryococcus 2.0 1.0 0.0 4.0 3.0 Fediastrum 0.0 16.0 6.0 8.0 163.0 Sporonniella 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 Spores 507.0 225.0 245.0 169.0 262.0 Trilete Spore Undiff. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Dryopteris-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Cysopteris frigilis 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Selaginella-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Tilletia sphagni 0.0 1.0 6.0 3.0 0.0 Deteriorated 35.0 40.0 27.0 28.0 33.0 Unk 2.0 0.0 2.0 0.0 0.0 Charcoal 0.0 99364.0 0.0 71338.0 0.0 Terrestrial Trees 173.0 182.0 157.0 178.0 153.0 Terrestrial Shrubs and Herbs 185.0 196.0 193.0 184.0 218.0 Indeterminate 35.0 40.0 27.0 28.0 33.0 Algae 2.0 17.0 6.0 12.0 166.0 Spores 507.0 226.0 251.0 173.0 262.0 Aquatics 12.0 7.0 8.0 10.0 17.0 Riparian Trees and Shrubs 27.0 14.0 28.0 13.0 18.0 Pollen Sum 385.0 392.0 378.0 375.0 389.0 Pollen Sum Aquatics 397.0 399.0 386.0 385.0 406.0 Total Pollen Sum 1326.0 1074.0 1048.0 973.0 1256.0 Owens Lake, OL-92 Raw Counts of Palynomorphs
Sample 344.0 346.0 348.0 350.0 352.0
Depth (m) 74.4 74.7 75.1 75.5 75.9 Sample age 116.3 116.9 117.8 118.6 119.4 Volume of sample 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lycopodium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Concentration of spike 27822.0 27822.0 27822.0 27822.0 27822.0 Total pollen concentration 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 TRACER 117.0 109.0 126.0 122.0 116.0 Abies 0.0 5.0 2.0 3.0 2.0 Picea 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Total Pinus 70.0 93.0 164.0 151.0 146.0 Pinus Haploxylon 2.0 1.0 1.0 2.0 4.0 Pinus Diploxylon 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.0 Pinus cf. monophylla 3.0 1.0 3.0 4.0 1.0 Tsuga mertensia 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 Sequoiadendron 0.0 0.0 1.0 2.0 1.0 Juniperus 39.0 23.0 60.0 114.0 171.0 Quercus 7.0 5.0 2.0 2.0 1.0 Juglans 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 Shepherdia 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 1.0 Celtis 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Populus 1.0 1.0 0.0 2.0 3.0 Betula 1.0 0.0 7.0 2.0 4.0 Alnus 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Corylus 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Berberis 0.0 1.0 6.0 0.0 1.0 Chrysolepis 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Fraxinus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Salix 9.0 18.0 17.0 19.0 15.0 Ephedra viridis-type 6.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Ephedra nevadensis-type 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Chenopodiaceae/Amaranthus 56.0 57.0 3.0 S.O 9.0 Sarcobatus S.O 5.0 2.0 0.0 0.0 Cercocarpus/Purshia-type 28.0 24.0 6.0 9.0 5.0 Prunus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Potentilla-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 Rhamnaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Artemisia tridentatae 17.0 22.0 60.0 28.0 37.0 Ambros ia-type 57.0 74.0 8.0 4.0 2.0 Henodora spinescens 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Larrea 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Aquilegia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Tidestromia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Caryophyllaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Persicaria-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Eriogonum 1.0 0.0 2.0 0.0 0.0 Argemone 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Malvaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Brassicaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Euphorbia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Saxifraga 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Rosaceae 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 Lupinus 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 Psorothamnus-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Astragalus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Mimosoideae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Fabaceaee 9.0 3.0 5.0 0.0 1.0 Hoffmannseggia-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Ericaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Gentianaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 Onagraceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Oenothera-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Salvia 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 Phacelia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Urticaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Apiaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 1.0 Solonaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Solanum 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Ribes 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lycium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Scrophulareaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Hlmulus 0 0 0.0 0,.0 0.0 0.0 Veronica-type 0 0 0.0 0,.0 0.0 0.0 Leptodactylon-cype 0 0 0.0 0,.0 0.0 0.0 Gilia 0 0 0.0 0,.0 0.0 0.0 Castilleja 0 0 0.0 0..0 0.0 0.0 Lamiaceae 0 0 0.0 0,.0 0.0 0.0 Ranunculus 0 0 0.0 0..0 0.0 0.0 Lobelia 0 0 0.0 0..0 0.0 0.0 Other Asteraceae 15 0 13.0 5,.0 9.0 10.0 Liguliflorae 0 0 0.0 1,.0 0.0 0.0 Hutiseae 0 0 0.0 0,.0 0.0 0.0 Circium 0 0 0.0 0..0 0.0 0.0 Dodecatheon 0 0 0.0 0..0 0.0 0.0 Poaceae 3 0 2.0 9,.0 4.0 10.0 Liliaceae 0 0 0.0 0,.0 0.0 0.0 Allium 0 0 0.0 0..0 0.0 0.0 Fritillaria-type 0 0 0.0 0<.0 0.0 0.0 Iridaceae 0 0 0.0 0,.0 0.0 0.0 Arceuthobium 0 0 0.0 0..0 0.0 0.0 Typha latifolia 0 0 0.0 0..0 0.0 0.0 Typha/Sparganium 0 0 0.0 0,.0 0.0 1.0 Potamogeton 0 0 0.0 2,.0 6.0 0.0 Cyperaceae 2 0 1.0 10,.0 14.0 21.0 Cyperus 0 0 0.0 0,.0 0.0 0.0 Equisetum 0 0 2.0 0,.0 1.0 1.0 Lemna-type 0 0 0.0 0,.0 0.0 0.0 Callitriche 0 0 0.0 0..0 0.0 0.0 Isoetes 0 0 0.0 0,.0 0.0 0.0 Myriophyllum 0 0 0.0 0..0 0.0 0.0 Azolla 0 0 0.0 0,.0 0.0 0.0 Elodea-type 0 0 7.0 0,.0 0.0 0.0 Botryococcus 13 0 18.0 46,.0 62.0 3.0 Pediastrum 14 0 228.0 104,.0 10.0 9.0 Sporormiella 0 0 0.0 0,.0 0.0 1.0 Spores 213 0 220.0 263,.0 167.0 151.0 Trilete Spore Undiff. 0 0 0.0 2,.0 0.0 0.0 Dryopteris-type 0 0 0.0 0,.0 0.0 0.0 Cysopteris frigilis 0 0 0.0 0,.0 0.0 0.0 Selaginella-type 0 0 0.0 0,.0 0.0 0.0 Tilletia sphagni 2 0 0.0 0,.0 0.0 0.0 Deteriorated 20 0 22.0 19,.0 25.0 16.0 Unk 0 0 1.0 1,.0 2.0 0.0 Charcoal 154567 0 0.0185480,.0 0.0675554.0 Terrestrial Trees 121 0 129.0 233,.0 280.0 328.0 Terrestrial Shrubs and Herbs 199 0 201.0 109,.0 63.0 76.0 Indeterminate 20 0 22.0 19,.0 25.0 16.0 Algae 27 0 246.0 150,.0 72.0 12.0 Spores 215 0 220.0 265..0 167.0 152.0 Aquatics 2 0 10.0 12,,0 21.0 23.0 Riparian Trees and Shriibs 12 0 19.0 24..0 24.0 23.0 Pollen Sum 332 0 349.0 366..0 367.0 427.0 Pollen Sum Aquatics 334 0 359.0 378..0 388.0 450.0 Total Pollen Sum 928 0 1196.0 1178.,0 1019.0 1057.0 Owens Lake, OL-92 Raw Counts of Palynomorphs
Sample 362.0 353.0 355.0 357.0 359.0
Depth (m) 76.2 76.6 77.0 77.4 77.8 Sample age 120.0 121.1 121.9 122.7 123.6 Volume of seunple 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lycopodium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Concentration of spike 822.0 27822.0 27822.0 27822.0 27822.0 Total pollen concentration 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 TRACER 97.0 138.0 124.0 278.0 441.0 Abies 0.0 2.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 Picea 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Total Pinus 91.0 94.0 115.0 75.0 80.0 Pinus Haploxylon 0.0 0.0 1.0 1.0 0.0 Pinus Diploxylon 2.0 0.0 6.0 1.0 0.0 Pinus of. monophylla 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 3.0 Tsuga mertensia 0.0 0.0 4.0 0.0 0.0 Sequoiadendron 0.0 0.0 5.0 1.0 1.0 Juniperus 149.0 219.0 206.0 185.0 145.0 Quercus 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Juglans 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Shepherdia 1.0 0.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 Celtis 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Populus 6.0 3.0 2.0 1.0 2.0 Betula 5.0 1.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 Alnus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Corylus 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Berberis 2.0 0.0 2.0 2.0 0.0 Chrysolepis 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Fraxinus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Salix 17.0 15.0 16.0 5.0 8.0 Ephedra viridis-type 0.0 0.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 Ephedra nevadensis-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Chenopodiaceae/Amaranthus 8.0 11.0 8.0 7.0 14.0 Sarcobatus 8.0 3.0 1.0 5.0 2.0 Cercocarpus/Purs hia-type 4.0 2.0 3.0 3.0 1.0 Prunus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Potentilla-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Rhamnaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Artemisia tridentatae 28.0 25.0 12.0 15.0 23.0 Ambrosia-ty^ 1.0 1.0 1.0 4.0 1.0 Menodora spinescens 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Larrea 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Aquilegia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Tidestromia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Caryophyllaceae 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Persicaria-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Eriogonum 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Argemone 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Malvaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Brassicaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Euphorbia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Saxifraga 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Rosaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 Lupinus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Psorothamnus-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Astragalus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Mimosoideae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Fabaceaee 3.0 2.0 0.0 0.0 2.0 Hoffmannseggia-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Ericaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Gentianaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Onagraceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Oenothera-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Salvia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Phacelia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Urticaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 Apiaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Solonaceae 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Solanum 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Ribes 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lycium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0,0 Scrophulareaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 238
Kimulus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Veronica-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 LeptodactyIon-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Gilia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Castilleja 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lamiaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Ranunculus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lobelia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Other Asteraceae 7.0 10.0 1.0 5.0 12.0 Iiiguliflorae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Hutiseae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Circium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 Dodecatheon 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Poaceae 12.0 12.0 4.0 1.0 4.0 Liliaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 Allium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Fritillaria-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Iridaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Arceuthobium 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Typha latifolia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Typha/Sparganium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Potamogeton 3.0 2.0 5.0 1.0 4.0 Cyperaceae 9.0 25.0 15.0 10.0 23.0 Cyperus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Bquisetum 4.0 0.0 6.0 1.0 4.0 Lenma-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Callitriche 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Isoetes 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Myriophyllum 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Azolla 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Elodea-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 Botryococcus 50.0 26.0 40.0 31.0 15.0 Pediastrum 13.0 14.0 6.0 5.0 10.0 Sporormiella 0.0 0.0 5.0 2.0 1.0 Spores 131.0 200.0 310.0 230.0 279.0 Trilete Spore Undiff. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Dryopteris-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Cysopteris frigilis 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Selaginella-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Tilletia sphagni 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Deteriorated 28.0 23.0 12.0 27.0 50.0 Unk 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Charcoal 0.0695550.0 0.0214015.0 0.0 Terrestrial Trees 245.0 317.0 338.0 264.0 230.0 Terrestrial Shrubs and Herbs 74.0 70.0 33.0 43.0 64.0 Indeterminate 28.0 23.0 12.0 27.0 50.0 Algae 63.0 40.0 46.0 36.0 25.0 Spores 131.0 200.0 315.0 232.0 280.0 Aquatics 16.0 27.0 26.0 12.0 32.0 Riparian Trees and Shrxibs 29.0 19.0 19.0 8.0 11.0 Pollen Sum 348.0 406.0 390.0 315.0 305.0 Pollen Sum -t- Aquatics 364.0 433.0 416.0 327.0 337,0 Total Pollen Sum 934.0 1102.0 1179.0 937.0 997.0 Owens Lake, OL-92 Raw Counts of Palynomorphs
Sample 364.0 366.0 370.0 374.0 378.0
Depth (m) 78.2 78.6 79.4 80.2 81.0 Sample age 124.4 125.2 127.1 128.8 130.5 Volume of sample 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lycopodium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Concentration of spike 27822.0 27822.0 27822.0 27822.0 27822.0 Total pollen concentration 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 TRACER 158.0 251.0 152.0 281.0 257.0 Abies 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Picea 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Total Pinus 93.0 115.0 68.0 97.0 46.0 Pinus Haploxylon 2.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 Pinus Diploxylon 0.0 2.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Pinus cf. monophylla 0.0 1.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 Tsuga mertensia Q.O 1.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 Sequoiadendron 0.0 2.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Juniperus 246.0 234.0 210.0 340.0 282.0 Quercus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Juglans 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Shepherdia 3.0 5.0 1.0 0.0 1.0 Celtis 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Populus 6.0 4.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 Betula 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Alnus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Corylus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Berberis 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Chrysolepis 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Fraxinus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Salix 8.0 10.0 5.0 2.0 11.0 Ephedra viridis-type 0.0 1.0 0.0 1.0 1.0 Ephedra nevadensis-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Chenopodiaceae/Amaranthus 9.0 8.0 5.0 6.0 15.0 Sarcobatus 7.0 4.0 1.0 1.0 0.0 Cercocarpus/Purshia-type 1.0 0.0 1.0 1.0 2.0 Prunus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Potentilla-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Rhamnaceae 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Artemisia tridentatae 27.0 17.0 13.0 19.0 17.0 Ambrosia-type 2.0 0.0 2.0 2.0 4.0 Menodora spinescens 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Larrea 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Aquilegia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Tidestromia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Caryophyllaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Pers icaria-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Eriogonum 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Argemone 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Malvaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Brassicaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Euphorbia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Saxifraga 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Rosaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lupinus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Psorothamnus-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Astragalus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Himosoideae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Fabaceaee 1.0 2.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 Hoffmannseggia-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Ericaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Gentianaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Onagraceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Oenothera-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Salvia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Phacelia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Urticaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Apiaceae 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Solonaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Solanum 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Ribes 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lycium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Scrophulareaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Himulus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0. 0 Veronica-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0. 0 LeptodactyIon-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0. 0 Gilia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0. 0 Castilleja 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0. 0 Lamiaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0. 0 Ranunculus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0. 0 Lobelia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0. 0 Other Asteraceae 2.0 4.0 7.0 9.0 8. 0 Liguliflorae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0. 0 Hutiseae 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Circium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0. 0 Dodecatheon 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0. 0 Poaceae 7.0 3.0 1.0 1.0 4. 0 Liliaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0. 0 Alliun 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0. 0 Fritillaria-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0. 0 Iridaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0,0 Arceuthobium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0. 0 Typha latifolia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1. 0 Typha/Sparganium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0. 0 Poteunogeton 3.0 7.0 2.0 3.0 5. 0 Cyperaceae 13.0 9.0 10.0 11.0 6. 0 Cyperus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0. 0 Equisetum 0.0 1.0 1.0 0.0 0. 0 Lemna-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0. 0 Callitriche 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0. 0 Isoetes 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0. 0 Myriophyllum 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Azolla 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Elodea-type 0.0 0.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 Botryococcus 29.0 17.0 14.0 13.0 32. 0 Pediastrum 11.0 9.0 3.0 3.0 37. 0 Sporormiella 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Spores 193.0 339.0 107.0 574.0 535. 0 Trilete Spore Undiff. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Dryopteris-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0. 0 Cysopteris frigilis 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Selaginella-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Tilletia sphagni 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Deteriorated 26.0 21.0 23.0 13.0 17.0 Onk 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Charcoal 347775.0 0.0397457.0173888.0556440. 0 Terrestrial Trees 341.0 355.0 278.0 439.0 329. 0 Terrestrial Shrubs and Herbs 57.0 42.0 32.0 43.0 55. 0 Indeterminate 26.0 21.0 23.0 13.0 17. 0 Algae 40.0 26.0 17.0 16.0 69. 0 Spores 193.0 339.0 107.0 574.0 535. 0 Aquatics 16.0 17.0 15.0 16.0 14. 0 Riparian Trees and Shrubs 17.0 19.0 6.0 3.0 12. 0 Pollen Sum 415.0 416.0 316.0 485.0 396. 0 Pollen Sum + Aquatics 431.0 433.0 331.0 501.0 410. 0 Total Pollen Sum 1105.0 1235.0 794.0 1589.0 1427. 0 Owens Lake, OL-92 Raw Counts of Palynomorphs
Sample 382.0 386.0 388.0 392.0 396.0
Depth (m) 81.8 82.6 83.0 83.8 84.6 Sample age 132.4 134.1 135.0 136.9 138.7 Volume of sample 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lycopodium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Concentration of spike 27822.0 27822.0 27822.0 27822.0 27822.0 Total pollen concentration 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 TRACER 492.0 325.0 218.0 262.0 282.0 Abies 0.0 1.0 1.0 2.0 0.0 Ficea 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Total Pinus 66.0 170.0 50.0 51.0 81.0 Finus Haploxylon 0.0 2.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 Pinus Diploxylon 0.0 4.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Pinus cf. monophylla 2.0 7.0 2.0 0.0 1.0 Tsuga mertensia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Sequoiadendron 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Juniperus 259.0 274.0 221.0 264.0 239.0 Quercus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Juglans 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Shepherdia 2.0 3.0 4.0 1.0 0.0 Celtis 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Populus 1.0 2.0 1.0 3.0 5.0 Betula 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 Alnus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Corylus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Berberis 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Chrysolepis 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Fraxinus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Salix 4.0 10.0 8.0 7.0 5.0 Ephedra viridis-type 1.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 Ephedra nevadensis-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Chenopodiaceae/Amaranthus 9.0 5.0 4.0 7.0 17.0 Sarcobatus 2.0 3.0 4.0 2.0 4.0 Cercocarpus/Purshia-type 1.0 2.0 0.0 4.0 1.0 Prunus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Potentilla-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Rhamnaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Artemisia tridentatae 14.0 20.0 11.0 20.0 29.0 Ambros ia-type 2.0 0.0 1.0 2.0 2.0 Henodora spinescens 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Larrea 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Aquilegia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Tidestromia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Caryophyllaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Persicaria-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Eriogonum 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Argemone 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Malvaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Brassicaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Euphorbia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Saxifraga 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Rosaceae 2.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lupinus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Psorothamnus-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Astragalus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Mimosoideae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Fabaceaee 3.0 1.0 1.0 2.0 1.0 Hoffmannseggia-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Ericaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Gentianaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Onagraceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Oenothera-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Salvia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Phacelia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Urticaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Apiaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Solonaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Solanum 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Ribes 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lycium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Scrophulareaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Himulus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Veronica-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Leptodactyion-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Gilia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Castilleja 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Laniaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Ranunculus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lobelia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Other Asteraceae 12.0 7.0 5.0 4.0 10.0 Liguliflorae 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 Mutiseae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Circiuffi 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Dodecatheon 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Foaceae 4.0 1.0 1.0 5.0 3.0 Liliaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Allium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Fritillaria-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Xridaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Arceuthobium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Typha latifolia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 T^ha/Sparganium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Potanogeton 8.0 4.0 1.0 0.0 5.0 Cyperaceae 7.0 1.0 4.0 1.0 8.0 Cyperus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Equisetum 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.0 Lemna-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Callitriche 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Isoetes 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Myriophyllum 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Azolla 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Elodea-type 3.0 3.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 Botryococcus 13.0 32.0 27.0 11.0 18.0 Pediastrum 20.0 31.0 18.0 16.0 9.0 Sporormiella 0.0 1.0 0.0 2.0 4.0 Spores 121.0 229.0 101.0 183.0 297.0 Trilete Spore Undiff. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Dryopteris-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Cysopteris frigilis 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Selaginella-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Tilletia sphagni 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Deteriorated 19.0 18.0 21.0 13.0 21.0 Unk 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 Charcoal 126464.0146432.0 0.0198729.0231850.0 Terrestrial Trees 328.0 458.0 274.0 317.0 322.0 Terrestrial Shrubs and Herbs SO.O 41.0 28.0 46.0 68.0 Indeterminate 19.0 18.0 21.0 13.0 21.0 Algae 33.0 63.0 45.0 27.0 27.0 Spores 121.0 230.0 101.0 185.0 301.0 Aquatics 18.0 8.0 7.0 3.0 17.0 Riparian Trees and Shrubs 7.0 15.0 14.0 11.0 10.0 Pollen Sum 385.0 514.0 316.0 374.0 400.0 Pollen Sum + Aquatics 403.0 522.0 323.0 377.0 417.0 Total Pollen Sum 961.0 1347.0 806.0 976.0 1166.0 Owens Lake, OL-92 Raw Counts of Palynomorpbs
Sample 400.0 404.0 408.0 412.0 416.0
Depth (m) 85.4 86.2 87.0 87.8 88.6 Sample age 140.4 142.4 144.1 145.9 147.9 Volume of sample 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lycopodium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Concentration of spike 27822.0 27822.0 27822.0 27822.0 27822.0 Total pollen concentration 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 TRACER 215.0 149.0 122.0 118.0 366.0 Abies 2.0 2.0 1.0 3.0 0.0 Picea 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Total Pinus 100.0 141.0 132.0 219,0 63.0 Pinus Haploxylon 2.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 Pinus Diploxylon 0.0 0.0 4.0 0.0 0.0 Pinus cf. monophylla 0.0 1.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 Tsuga mertensia I.O 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Sequoiadendron 2.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 Juniperus 266.0 171.0 137.0 213.0 254.0 Quercus 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 1.0 Juglans 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Shepherdia 3.0 1.0 2.0 6.0 2.0 Celtis 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Populus 5.0 5.0 0.0 2.0 1.0 Betula 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 Alnus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Corylus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Berberis 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 Chrysolepis 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Fraxinus 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Salix 8.0 10.0 12.0 22.0 4.0 Ephedra viridis-type 1.0 1.0 2.0 0.0 1.0 Ephedra nevadensis-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Chenopodiaceae/Amaranthus 15.0 19.0 13.0 26.0 12.0 Sarcobatus 7.0 6.0 5.0 7.0 0.0 Cercocarpus/Purshia-type 3.0 0.0 4.0 2.0 2.0 Prunus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Potentilla-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Rhamnaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Artemisia tridentatae 42.0 34.0 55.0 35.0 25.0 Ambrosia-type 1.0 4.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 Henodora spinescens 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Larrea 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Aquilegia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Tidestromia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Caryophyllaceae 2.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.0 Pers icaria-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Eriogonum 2.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 0.0 Argemone 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Malvaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Brassicaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Euphorbia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Saxifraga 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Rosaceae 1.0 0.0 2.0 0.0 0.0 Lupinus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Psorothamnus-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Astragalus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Himosoideae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Fabaceaee 2.0 2.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 Hoffmannseggia-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Ericaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Gentianaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Onagraceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Oenothera-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Salvia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Phacelia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Urticaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Apiaceae 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Solonaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Solanum 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Rlbes 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lycium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Scrophulareaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Minnilus 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Veronica-type 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 LeptodactyIon-type 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Gilia 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Castilleja 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Ijainiaceae 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Ranunculus 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lobelia 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Other Asteraceae 23 0 16.0 11.0 15.0 15.0 Liguliflorae 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Mutiseae 0 0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 Circium 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 •odecatheon 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Poaceae 6 0 4.0 6.0 6.0 1.0 Liliaceae 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Allium 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Fritillaria-type 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Iridaceae 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Arceuthobium 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Typha latifolia 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Typha/Sparganium 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Potamogeton 4 0 6.0 3.0 7.0 1.0 Cyperaceae 8 0 18.0 30.0 30.0 4.0 Cyperus 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Equisetum 1 0 1.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 Lemna-type 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Callitriche 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Isoetes 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Myriophyllum 0 0 1.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 Azolla 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Elodea-type 1 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Botryococcus 43 0 96.0 109.0 36.0 48.0 Pediastrum 28 0 171.0 763.0 53.0 16.0 Sporonniella 0 0 0.0 0.0 2.0 0.0 Spores 159 0 177.0 116.0 251.0 174.0 Trilete Spore Undiff. 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Dryopteris-type 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Cysopteris frigilis 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Selaginella-type 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Tilletia sphagni 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Deteriorated 22 0 21.0 11.0 32.0 16.0 Unk 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Charcoal 252927 0163659.0 95938.0252927.0252927.0 Terrestrial Trees 373 0 315.0 276.0 437.0 318.0 Terrestrial Shrubs and Herbs 106 0 88.0 104.0 98.0 59.0 Indeterminate 22 0 21.0 11.0 32.0 16.0 Algae 71 0 267.0 872.0 89.0 64.0 Spores 159 0 177.0 116.0 253.0 174.0 Aquatics 14 0 26.0 33.0 38.0 6.0 Riparian Trees and Shrubs 17 0 16.0 15.0 30.0 7.0 Pollen Sum 496 0 419.0 395.0 565.0 384.0 Pollen Sum + Aquatics 510 0 445.0 428.0 603.0 390.0 Total Pollen Sum 1258 0 1329.0 1822.0 1542.0 1028.0 Owens Lake, OL-92 Raw Counts of Palynomorphs
Sample 420.0 423.0
Depth (m) 89.4 90.0 Sample age 149.7 151.1 Volume of scunple 0.0 0.0 Lycopodlum 0.0 0.0 Concentration of spike 27822.0 27822.0 Total pollen concentration 0.0 0.0 TRACER 412.0 791.0 Abies 0.0 0.0 Picea 0.0 0.0 Total Pinus 53.0 44.0 Pinus Haploxylon 0.0 0.0 Pinus Diploxylon 0.0 0.0 Pinus cf. monophylla 1.0 2.0 Tsuga mertensia 0.0 0.0 Sequoiadendron 0.0 0.0 Juniperus 268.0 188.0 Quercus 0.0 0.0 Juglans 0.0 0.0 Shepherdia 1.0 2.0 Celtis 0.0 0.0 Populus 0.0 0.0 Betula 0.0 1.0 Alnus 0.0 0.0 Corylus 0.0 0.0 Berberis 0.0 0.0 Chrysolepis 0.0 0.0 Fraxinus 0.0 1.0 Salix 7.0 6.0 Ephedra viridis-type 0.0 0.0 Ephedra nevadensis-type 0.0 0.0 Chenopodiaceae/Amaranthus 9.0 11.0 Sarcobatus 0.0 2.0 Cercocarpus/Purshia-type 1.0 2.0 Prunus 0.0 0.0 Potentilla-type 0.0 0.0 Rhamnaceae 0.0 0.0 Artemisia tridentatae 31.0 22.0 Ambrosia-type 3.0 1.0 Menodora spinescens 0.0 0.0 Larrea 0.0 0.0 Aquilegia 0.0 0.0 Tidestromia 0.0 0.0 Caryophyllaceae 0.0 0.0 Pers icaria-type 0.0 0.0 Briogonum 0.0 1.0 Argemone 0.0 0.0 Malvaceae 0.0 0.0 Brassicaceae 0.0 0.0 Euphorbia 0.0 0.0 Saxifraga 0.0 1.0 Rosaceae 0.0 1.0 Lupinus 0.0 0.0 Psorothamnus-type 0.0 0.0 Astragalus 0.0 0.0 Mimosoideae 0.0 0.0 Feibaceaee 2.0 0.0 Hof fmannseggia-type 0.0 0.0 Ericaceae 0.0 0.0 Gentianaceae 0.0 0.0 Onagraceae 0.0 0.0 Oenothera-type 0.0 0.0 Salvia 0.0 0.0 Phacelia 0.0 0.0 Urticaceae 0.0 1.0 Apiaceae 0.0 0.0 Solonaceae 0.0 0.0 Solanum 0.0 0.0 Ribes 0.0 0.0 Lycium 0.0 0.0 Scrophulareaceae 0.0 0.0 Himulus 0.0 0.0 Veronica-type 0.0 0.0 Leptodactyion-type 0 0 0.0 Giiia 0 0 0.0 Caatilleja 0 0 0.0 Lamiaceae 0 0 0.0 Ranunculus 0 0 0.0 Lobelia 0 0 0.0 Other Asteraceae 8 0 20.0 Liguliflorae 0 0 0.0 Hutiseae 0 0 0.0 Circium 0 0 0.0 Dodecatheon 0 0 0.0 Poaceae 4 0 4.0 Liliaceae 0 0 0.0 Allium 0 0 0.0 Fritillaria-type 0 0 0.0 Iridaceae 0 0 0.0 Arceuthobium 0 0 0.0 Typha latifolia 0 0 0.0 Typha/Sparganium 0 0 0.0 Potamogeton 3 0 2.0 Cyperaceae 5 0 6.0 Cyperus 0 0 0.0 Equisetum 0 0 0.0 Lemna-type 0 0 0.0 Callitriche 0 0 0.0 Isoetes 0 0 0.0 Myriophyllum 0 0 0.0 Azolla 0 0 0.0 Elodea-type 2 0 1.0 Botryococcus 14 0 5.0 Pediastrum 39 0 53.0 Sporormiella 1 0 0.0 Spores 150 0 238.0 Triiete Spore Undiff. 0 0 0.0 Dryopteris-type 0 0 0.0 Cysopteris frigilis 0 0 0.0 Selaginella-type 0 0 0.0 Tilletia sphagni 0 0 0.0 Deteriorated 14 0 17.0 Unk 0 0 0.0 Charcoal 120965 0 95938.0 Terrestrial Trees 322 0 234.0 Terrestrial Shrubs and Herbs 58 0 66.0 Indeterminate 14 0 17.0 Algae 53 0 58.0 Spores 151 0 238.0 Aquatics 10 0 9.0 Riparian Trees and Shrubs 8 0 10.0 Pollen Sum 388 0 310.0 Pollen Sum + Aquatics 398 0 319.0 Total Pollen Sum 1004 0 942.0 OL-92 Percentages of Palynomorphs
Sample 11.0 13.0 15.0 17.0 31.0
Depth (m) 5.5 5.9 6.3 6.7 7.1 Sample age 10.2 10.9 11.5 12.2 12.8 Volume of sample 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Iiycopodium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0,0 0.0 Concentration of spike 27000.0 27000.0 27000.0 27000,0 27000.0 Total pollen concentration 0.0 0.0 0.0 0,0 0.0 TRACER 129.0 144.0 140,0 79,0 178.0 Abies 0.3 1.0 1.2 0,9 0.3 Picea 0.0 0.0 0.0 0,0 0.0 Total Pinus 40.7 31.6 45.9 41,0 43.2 Pinus Haploxylon 1.5 11.1 0.9 0,9 1.7 Pinus Diploxylon 3.4 5.6 3.7 0,9 3.7 Pinus cf. monophylla 0.9 5.1 1.8 0,9 1.2 Tsuga mertensia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0,0 0.0 Sequoiadendron 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 Junipems 4.3 1.0 4.9 12.8 5.2 Quercus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Juglans 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 Shepherdia 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 Celtis 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 Populus 0.3 1.0 0.3 0.6 0.0 Betula 0.0 0.3 0.0 1.2 0.3 Alnus 0.0 0.0 0,0 0.0 0.0 Corylus 0.0 0.0 0,0 0.0 0.0 Berberis 0.0 0.0 0,0 0.0 0.0 Chrysolepis 0.0 0.0 0.0 0,3 0.0 Fraxinus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0,0 0.3 Salix 0.9 0.0 0.6 1,5 0.9 Ephedra viridis-type 2.5 0.5 1.8 1.2 1.2 Ephedra nevadensis-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Chenopodiaceae/Amaranthus 13,3 12.4 10.7 4.3 8.9 Sarcobatus 1.2 1.0 0.3 1.5 0.9 Cercocarpus/Purshia-type 4.3 5.6 2.1 5.2 1.7 Prunus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Potentilla-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Rhamnaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Artemisia tridentatae 10.5 7.3 11.0 10.6 11.5 Ambros ia-type 7.4 8.8 6,4 6.1 6.1 Henodora spinescens 0.0 0.0 0,0 0.0 0.0 Larrea 0.0 0.0 0,0 0.0 0.0 Aquilegia 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 Tidestromia 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 Caryophyllaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Pers icaria-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Eriogonum 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.9 0.3 Argemone 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Malvaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Brassicaceae 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.6 Euphorbia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Saxifraga 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Rosaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.3 Lupinus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Psorothamnus-type 0.6 0.0 1.8 0.0 0.0 Astragalus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Himosoideae 0.0 0.0 0,0 0.0 0.0 Fabaceaee 0.3 0,0 0.3 0.6 1.2 Hoffmannseggia-type 0.0 0,0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Ericaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Gentianaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0,0 0.0 Onagraceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0,0 0.0 Genothera-type 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Salvia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 Phacelia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 Urticaceae 0.0 0.0 0,0 0.0 0.0 Apiaceae 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.3 0.0 Solonaceae 0.3 0,0 0.3 0.0 0.0 Solanum 0.0 0,0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Ribes 0.0 0,0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lycium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Scrophulareaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Mimulus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Veronica-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 LeptodactyIon-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Gilia 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 Castilleja 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Laffliaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 Ranunculus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lobelia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Other Asteraceae 4.6 3.8 3.7 3.3 5.2 Liguliflorae 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Hutiseae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Circium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Dodecatheon 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 Poaceae 1.9 2.0 1.5 3.3 0.3 Liliaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Allium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Fritillaria-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Iridaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Arceuthobium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 Typha latifolia 0.9 0.0 0.0 1.9 0.8 Typha/Sparganium 0.0 2.4 0.0 0.3 0.3 Potamogeton 2.0 0.0 1.2 1.4 2.1 Cyperaceae 4.0 3.5 1.8 4.4 4.7 Cyperus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Equisetum 0.6 0.0 0.9 1.4 0.5 Lemna-type 0.0 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 Callitriche 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Isoetes 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 Kyriophyllum 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Azolla 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Elodea-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.6 Botryococcus 3.1 7.1 3.9 11.9 4.7 Pediastrum 84.6 72.7 82.4 59.4 78.6 Sporormiella 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 Spores 3.2 3.1 1.7 7.2 3.2 Trilete Spore Undiff. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Dryopteris-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Cysopteris frigilis 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Selaginella-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Tilletia sphagni 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Deteriorated 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.7 0.4 Unk 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 Charcoal 4563000.0900000.03159000.05994000.015930000 Terrestrial Trees 51.2 55.3 58.4 57.8 55.6 Terrestrial Shrubs and Herbs 47.5 43.2 40.4 38.9 42.9 Indeterminate 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.7 0.5 Algae 87.7 79.8 86.3 71.3 83.3 Spores 3.2 3.1 1.7 7.2 3.3 Aquatics 7.4 6.8 3.8 9.4 9.9 Riparian Trees and Shrubs 1.2 1.5 1.2 3.3 1.4 Pollen Sum 324.0 396.0 327.0 329.0 347.0 Pollen Sum + Aquatics 350.0 425.0 340.0 363.0 385.0 Total Pollen Sum 7625.0 4884.0 5664.0 3325.0 5664.0 OL-92 Percentages of Palynomorphs
Sample 33.0 39.0 63.0 64.0 66,0
Depth (cm) 7.5 7.7 7.9 8.1 8,5 Sample age 13.6 14.0 14,3 14.6 15.6 Volume of sample 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lycopodium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Concentration of spike 27000.0 27822.0 27822,0 27822.0 27822.0 Total pollen concentration 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 TRACER 101.0 92.0 135,0 186.0 200.0 Abies 0.3 0.9 2.3 0.8 0.3 Picea 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Total Pinus 32.9 38.4 38,1 41.2 32.0 Pinus Haploxylon 0.9 0.6 1.1 0.3 0.6 Pinus Diploxylon 0.9 0.6 2.5 0.8 0.6 Pinus cf. monophylla 0.3 0.6 0.0 0,3 1.7 Tsuga mertensia 0.0 0.3 0.0 0,0 0.0 Sequoiadendron 0.6 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.3 Juniperus 28.6 15.1 15.3 19,1 26.8 Quercus 0.0 0.0 0.3 0,5 0.3 Juglans 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Shepherdia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.0 Celtis 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Populus 0,3 0.3 0.3 0.0 0.0 Betula 0.9 0.3 0.6 0.3 0.8 Alnus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0,0 Corylus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0,0 Berberis 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0,0 Chrysolepis 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0,0 Fraxinus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0,0 Salix 3.1 2.6 2.0 4.0 1,7 Ephedra viridis-type 0.3 0.3 0.6 0.3 0.0 Ephedra nevadensis-type 0.0 0.0 0,0 0.0 0.0 Chenopodiaceae/Amaranthus 6.2 9,3 8,5 7.7 8.8 Sarcobatus 2.2 0.9 1.1 1.6 1.4 Cercocarpus/Purshia-type 0.9 2,6 3,1 1.1 2.5 Prunus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Potentilla-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Rhamnaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Artemisia tridentatae 15.4 19.8 15.3 14.1 14,4 Ambros ia-type 2.8 2,3 4.2 3.2 2,2 Menodora spinescens 0.3 0,0 0.0 0.0 0,0 Larrea 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Aquilegia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Tidestromia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0,0 Caryophyllaceae 0.0 0,0 0.0 0.0 0,3 Persicaria-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0,0 Eriogonum 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.3 0,0 Argemone 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Malvaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Brassicaceae 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 Euphorbia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Saxifraga 0.0 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 Rosaceae 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.0 0.0 tiupinus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Psorothamnus-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Astragalus 0.0 0.0 0,0 0,0 0.0 Mimosoideae 0.0 0.0 0,0 0,0 0.0 Fabaceaee 0.0 0.9 0.0 0,0 0.3 Hoffmannseggia-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0,0 0.0 Ericaceae 0.3 0.0 0.0 0,0 0.0 Gentianaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Onagraceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Oenothera-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Salvia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Phacelia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Urticaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 Apiaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Solonaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Solanum 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Ribes 0.0 0,0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lycium 0.0 0,0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Scrophulareaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Hlmulus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Veronica-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Leptodactyion-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Gilia 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 CaatiHeja 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lamiaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Ranunculus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lobelia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Other Asteraceae 2.2 2.3 2.5 3.5 3.3 Liguliflorae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Hutiseae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Circium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Dodecatheon 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 Poaceae 0.6 0.9 1.1 0.0 1.9 Liliaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Allium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Fritillaria-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Iridaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Arceuthobium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Typha latifolia 1.4 1.4 0.5 0.8 0.3 Typha/Sparganium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Potamogeton 1.1 1.1 0.0 0.8 0.3 Cyperaceae 1.7 3.3 3.5 3.0 2.4 Cyperus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Equisetum 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lemna-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Callitriche 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Isoetes 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Myriophyllum 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Azolla 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Elodea-type 2.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 Botryococcus 9.9 20.7 10.6 11.8 8.1 Pediastrum 31.2 20.7 47.6 42.1 57.0 Sporormiella 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 Spores 43.7 20.7 5.4 5.4 7.0 Trilete Spore Undiff. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Dryopteris-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Cysopteris frigilis 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Selaginella-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Tilletia sphagni 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Deteriorated 0.5 1.0 0.7 0.7 0.6 Unk 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 Charcoal 2025000.0 1454.0120965.0146432.0231850.0 Terrestrial Trees 64.6 56.7 59.6 63.0 62.4 Terrestrial Shrubs and Herbs 31.1 40.1 37.6 32.2 35.1 Indeterminate 0.6 1.0 0.7 0.7 0.6 Algae 41.2 41.5 58.2 53.9 65.1 Spores 43.7 20.8 5.4 5.4 7.0 Aquatics 6.6 5.8 4.1 4.6 3.2 Riparian Trees and Shrubs 4.3 3.2 2.8 4.8 2.5 Pollen Sum 325.0 344.0 354.0 376.0 362.0 Pollen Sum + Aquatics 348.0 365.0 369.0 394.0 374.0 Total Pollen Sum 4622.0 1930.0 2024.0 1922.0 2700.0 OL-92 Percentages of Palynomorphs
Sample 68.0 70.0 72.0 76.0 35.0
Depth (cm) 8.9 9.3 9.6 10.1 10.3 Sample age 15.9 16.5 16.9 17.7 17.9 Volume of sample 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lycopodium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Concentration of spike 27000.0 27822.0 27822.0 27822.0 27822.0 Total pollen concentration 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 TRACER 218.0 118.0 120.0 113.0 138.0 Abies 1.0 0.6 0.3 0.3 0.3 Picea 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Total Pinus 26.4 33.0 32.3 29.9 38.3 Pinus Haploxylon 6.4 0.6 0.3 2.3 2.1 Pinus Diploxylon 2.2 2.8 0.5 2.0 0.6 Pinus cf. monophylla 5.9 0.6 0.0 0.6 0.9 Tsuga mertensia 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 Sequoladendron 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 Juniperus 26.4 23.9 18.3 20.1 29.5 Quercus 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Juglans 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Shepherdia 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.0 0.9 Celtis 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Populus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.2 Betula 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.3 0.0 Alnus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Corylus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Berberis 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Chrysolepis 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Fraxinus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Salix 2.4 2.5 4.0 2.0 5.6 Ephedra viridis-type 2.4 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.3 Ephedra nevadensis-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Chenopodiaceae/Amaranthus 6.8 10.1 12.4 7.5 5.6 Sarcobatus 0.5 1.9 1.1 1.7 0.6 Cercocarpus/Purshia-type 1.0 1.3 2.4 2.6 1.8 Prunus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Potentilla-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Rhamnaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Artemisia tridentatae 9.3 12.9 17.2 17.2 6.5 Ambros ia-type 2.7 4.1 5.8 7.5 0.3 Menodora spinescens 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 Larrea 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Aquilegia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Tidestromia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Caryophyllaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Pers icaria-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Eriogonum 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 Argemone 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Malvaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Brassicaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Euphorbia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Saxifraga 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.3 0.3 Rosaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lupinus 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Psorothamnus-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Astragalus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Himosoideae 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Fabaceaee 0.0 0.6 0.3 0.6 0.3 Hoffmannseggia-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Ericaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Gentianaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Onagraceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Oenothera-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Salvia 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 Phacelia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Urticaceae 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 Apiaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 Solonaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Solanum 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Ribes 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lycium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Scrophulareaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Himulus 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Veronica-type 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 LeptodactyIon-type 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Gilia 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Castilleja 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lamiaceae 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Ranunculus 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lobelia 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Other Asteraceae 3 2 4.1 3.7 4.3 3.5 Liguliflorae 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Hutiseae 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Circium 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Dodecatheon 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Poaceae 0 7 0.6 0.3 0.0 0.6 Liliaceae 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Allium 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Fritillaria-type 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Iridaceae 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Arceuthobium 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Typha latifolia 0 9 0.6 1.5 1.1 0.0 Typha/Sparganium 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Potamogeton 0 0 0.9 0.3 0.0 0.9 Cyperaceae 8 6 2.1 2.5 3.3 1.2 Cyperus 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Equisetum 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lemna-type 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Callitriche 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Isoetes 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Hyriophyllum 0 0 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 Azolla 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Elodea-type 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Botryococcus 10 4 19.5 16.9 17.0 35.2 Pediastrum 26 7 41.6 32.9 13.8 0.1 Sporormiella 0 2 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.1 Spores 24 0 3.5 8.3 17.4 24.2 Trilete Spore Undiff. 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Dryopteris-ty^ 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Cysopteris frigilis 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Selaginella-type 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Tilletia sphagni 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Deteriorated 0 7 0.9 1.4 1.1 1.8 Unk 0 0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.2 Charcoal 13500 0 0.0 0.0 0.014272686 Terrestrial Trees 69 4 61.6 51.6 55.5 72.0 Terrestrial Shrubs and Herbs 27 9 35.5 43.9 42.2 20.4 Indeterminate 0 8 0.9 1.5 1.3 2.0 Algae 37 1 61.2 49.8 30.8 35.3 Spores 24 2 3.5 8.5 17.4 24.3 Aquatics 9 5 4.2 4.3 4.4 2.0 Riparian Trees and Shrubs 2 7 2.8 4.5 2.3 7.7 Pollen Sum 409 0 318.0 378.0 348.0 339.0 Pollen Sum + Aquatics 452 0 332.0 395.0 364.0 346.0 Total Pollen Sum 2271 0 1890.0 1921.0 1411.0 1782.0 OL-92 Percentages of Palynomorphs
Sample 37.0 48,0 50.0 53.0 55.0
Depth (cm) 10.7 10,9 11.3 11.9 12.3 Sample age 18.4 18.7 19.1 19.8 20.4 Volume of sample 0.0 0,0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lycopodium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Concentration of spike 27000,0 27822.0 27822.0 27822.0 27000.0 Total pollen concentration 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 TRACER 280.0 332.0 261.0 347,0 211.0 Abies 0.3 0.3 1.3 1.2 0.3 Picea 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Total Pinus 31.7 25.3 37.5 28.1 22.3 Pinus Haploxylon 4.9 1.7 0.3 1.2 5.0 Pinus Diploxylon 1.7 0.9 1.3 1,6 3.0 Pinus of. monophylla 2,9 0.9 2.5 0.3 3,6 Tsuga mertensia 0.0 0.3 0.3 0.6 0.6 Seguoiadendron 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.0 Juniperus 28.8 42.7 27.0 35.0 45.7 Quercus 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 Juglans 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Shepherdia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.3 Celtis 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Populus 1.2 0.3 0.0 0.9 0.3 Betula 0.3 0,3 0.0 0.9 0.0 Alnus 0.0 0,0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Corylus 0,0 0,0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Berberis 0.0 0,0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Chrysolepis 0,0 0,0 0.3 0.0 0.0 Fraxinus 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 Salix 4.6 4.4 2.2 3.4 1.7 Ephedra viridis-type 0.3 0.6 0.3 0.0 0.0 Ephedra nevadensis-type 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 Chenopodiaceae/Amaranthus 7.2 5.2 7.3 4.1 5.0 Sarcobatus 1.7 0.9 1.3 1.2 1.9 Cercocarpus/Purshia-type 0.6 1.5 1.3 1.9 0.8 Prunus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0,0 0.3 Potentilla-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0,0 0.0 Rhamnaceae 0.0 0.0 0.3 0,0 0.0 Artemisia tridentatae 3.7 6.7 9.5 11.9 5,5 Ambros ia-type 0.0 2,0 2.9 1.9 0.0 Menodora spinescens 0.0 0,0 0.0 O.O 0.0 Larrea 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Aquilegia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Tidestromia 0.0 0.0 0,0 0.0 0.0 Caryophyllaceae 0.3 0,0 0,0 0.0 0.0 Pers icaria-type 0,0 0,0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Eriogonum 1.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.6 Argemone 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Malvaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Brassicaceae 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.3 0.0 Euphorbia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Saxifraga 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 Rosaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lupinus 1,7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.8 Psorothamnus-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Astragalus 0,0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Mimosoideae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Fabaceaee 0.0 0.6 0.0 0.9 0.0 Hoffmannseggia-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Ericaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Gentianaceae 0,0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Onagraceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Oenothera-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Salvia 0,0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 Phacelia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Urticaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Apiaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Solonaceae 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Solanum 0.0 0,0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Ribes 0.0 0,0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lycium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Scrophulareaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Mimulus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Veronica-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 LeptodactyIon-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Gilia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Castilleja 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 t,amiaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Ranunculus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Lobelia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Other Asteraceae 3.2 3.8 2.5 1.9 1 1 Iiiguliflorae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Hutiseae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Circium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Dodecatheon 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Poaceae 2.9 0.9 1.9 0.3 1 1 Liliaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Allium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 3 Fritillaria-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Iridaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Arceuthobium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0 0 Typha latifolia 0.0 0.3 0.6 0.3 0 0 Typha/Sparganium 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 3 Potamogeton 0.0 1.4 1.2 0.3 0 0 Cyperaceae 7.9 2.8 3.6 4.4 4 7 Cyperus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Bquisetum 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Lemna-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Callitriche 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Isoetes 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Hyriophyllum 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0 0 Azolla 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Elodea-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0 0 Botryococcua 30.0 20.0 16.2 29.6 49 2 Pediastrum 0.5 23.2 24.1 19.4 0 9 Sporormiella 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.1 0 3 Spores 40.5 11.6 8.0 10.6 24 2 Trilete Spore Undiff. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Dryopteris-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Cysopteris frigilis 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Selaginella-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Tilletia sphagni 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Deteriorated 1.3 1.8 2.2 1.4 0 6 Unk 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.1 0 1 Charcoal 56893.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 3132 0 Terrestrial Trees 70.6 72.1 70.2 69.1 80 4 Terrestrial Shrubs and Herbs 23.3 22.7 27.6 25.3 17 4 Indeterminate 1.4 1.9 2.4 1.5 0 7 Algae 30.5 43.1 40.3 49.1 50 2 Spores 40.7 11.7 8.2 10.7 24 5 Aquatics 8.9 4.4 5.4 5.6 5 0 Riparian Trees and Shrubs 6.1 5.2 2.2 5.6 2 2 Pollen Sum 347.0 344.0 315.0 320.0 363 0 Pollen Sum + Aquatics 381.0 360.0 333.0 339.0 382 0 Total Pollen Sum 2658.0 1627.0 1319.0 1698.0 3014 0 OL-92 Percentages of Palynomorphs
Scunple 41.0 43.0 45.0 56.0 58.0
Depth (cm) 12.7 13.1 13.7 13.9 14.3 Sample age 20.8 21.2 21.9 22.1 22.6 Volume of sample 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lycopodium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Concentration of spike 27822.0 27000.0 27822.0 27822.0 27000.0 Total pollen concentration 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 TRACER 238.0 250.0 280.0 305.0 398.0 Abies 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.0 0.0 Picea 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Total Pinus 27.6 18.4 27.5 27.9 22.4 Pinus Haploxylon 0.0 1.3 0.6 0.6 0.9 Pinus Diploxylon 1.1 0.0 0.3 0.3 0.0 Pinus cf. monophylla 1.7 0.6 2.2 0.6 1.3 Tsuga mertensia 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.0 0.0 Sequoiadendron 0.8 0.3 0.0 0.3 0.0 Juniperus 49.0 61.0 55.0 58.2 56.5 Quercus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Juglans 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Shepherdia 0.6 0.3 0.3 0.0 0.6 Celtis 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Populus 0.8 2.2 0.0 0.0 0.3 Betula 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Alnus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Corylus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Berberis 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Chrysolepis 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Fraxinus 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 Salix 1.7 1.3 1.9 2.7 4.4 Ephedra viridis-type 0.0 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.0 Ephedra nevadensis-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Chenopodiaceae/Amaranthus 3.1 3.5 3.4 1.2 2.5 Sarcobatus 1.4 0.3 0.3 0.6 1.9 Cercocarpus/Purshia-type 1.7 0.0 0.6 0.9 0.6 Prunus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Potentilla-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Rhamnaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Artemisia tridentatae 6.1 5.4 4.4 3.3 5.0 Ambrosia-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 Menodora spinescens 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Larrea 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Aquilegia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Tidestromia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Caryophyllaceae 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 Pers icaria-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Eriogonum 0.3 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 Argemone 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Malvaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Brassicaceae 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Euphorbia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Saxifraga 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 Rosaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lupinus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Psorothamnus-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Astragalus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Mimosoideae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Fabaceaee 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 Hoffmannseggia-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Ericaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Gentianaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Onagraceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Oenothera-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Salvia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Phacelia 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Urticaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Apiaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Solonaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Solanum 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Ribes 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lycium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Scrophulareaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Mimulus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Veronica-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 LeptodactyIon-type 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 Gilia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Castilleja 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lamiaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Ranunculus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lobelia 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Other Asteraceae 2.8 1.9 1.2 2.7 2.5 Liguliflorae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Mutiseae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Circium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Dodecatheon 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Foaceae 0.0 1.3 0.6 0.3 0.9 Liliaceae 0.0 0,0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Allium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Fritillaria-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Iridaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Arceuthobium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Typha latifolia 0.3 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 Typha/Sparganium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Pot£U&ogeton 1.1 0.0 1.5 1.7 0.6 Cyperaceae 2.4 3.9 1.8 1.7 1.5 Cyperus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Eguisetum 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lemna-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Callitriche 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Isoetes 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Myriophyllum 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Azolla 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Elodea-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Botryococcus 48.3 46.8 23.9 18.7 20.1 Pediastrum 0.5 0.0 0.2 0.2 0.1 Sporormiella 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 Spores 9.5 19.0 14.9 9.5 37.8 Trilete Spore Undiff. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Dryopteris-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Cysopteris frigilis 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Selaginella-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Tilletia sphagni 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Deteriorated 1.5 2.7 2.1 2.9 1.7 Unk 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 Charcoal 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0270000.0 Terrestrial Trees 80.8 82.2 86.2 87.8 81.1 Terrestrial Shrubs and Herbs 16.2 13.7 11.6 9.5 13.6 Indeterminate 1.5 2.8 2.1 2.9 1.8 Algae 48.8 46.8 24.1 18.9 20.2 Spores 9.5 19.0 15.0 9.5 37.9 Aquatics 4.0 4.5 3.3 3.4 2.2 Riparian Trees and Shrubs 3.1 4.1 2.2 2.7 5.4 Pollen Sum 359.0 315.0 320.0 337.0 317.0 Pollen Sum + Aquatics 374.0 330.0 331.0 349.0 324.0 Total Pollen Sum 1827.0 2056.0 1106.0 999.0 1596.0 OL-92 Percentages of Palynomorphs • o o> Sample M 78.0 80.0 82.0 84.0 \ 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Depth (cm) 14.9 15.6 16.0 16.2 16.4 Sample age 23.2 23.9 24.4 24.6 24.8 Volume of sample 0.0 0.0 0,0 0.0 0.0 Lycopodlum 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Concentration of spike 27000.0 27822.0 2700,0 27822.0 27822.0 Total pollen concentration 0.0 0.0 0,0 0.0 0.0 TRACER 345.0 403.0 306,0 241.0 437.0 Abies 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 Picea 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Total Pinus 23.4 30.2 19,7 24.8 26.4 Pinus Haploxylon 1.6 0.4 3.7 1.2 1.5 Pinus Diploxylon 0.0 0.4 2.4 1,2 0.6 Pinus cf. monophylla 0.3 0.8 4.3 0,6 0.6 Tsuga mertensia 0.6 0.4 0,3 0,6 0.3 Sequoiadendron 0.3 0.0 0,0 0,3 0.3 Juniperus 55.4 49.0 32,5 53.1 42.7 Quercus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Juglans 0.0 0.0 0,0 0.0 0.0 Shepherdia 0.3 0.0 0.5 0,3 0.9 Celtis 0.0 0.0 0,0 0.0 0.0 Populus 0.6 1.2 0,0 0.0 0.3 Betula 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.3 Alnus 0.0 0.0 0,0 0.0 0.0 Corylus 0.0 0.0 0,0 0.0 0.0 Berberis 0.0 0.0 0,0 0,0 0.0 Chrysolepis 0.0 0.0 0,0 0,0 0.0 Fraxinus 0.0 0.0 0,0 0.0 0.0 Salix 1.6 4.9 4,5 1.7 3.0 Ephedra viridis-type 0.0 0.4 4,5 0.0 0.0 Ephedra nevadensis-type 0.0 0.0 0,0 0.0 0.0 Chenopodiaceae/Amaranthus 3.2 1.6 5,9 5.0 3.6 Sarcobatus 0.9 2.4 2,7 0.9 0.9 Cercocarpus/Purshia-type 0.6 0.0 0.3 0.6 3.6 Prunus 0.0 0.0 0,0 0.0 0.0 Potentilla-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Rhamnaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Artemisia tridentatae 8.5 4.1 7.2 5.0 8.3 Ambros ia-type 0.3 0.0 0.5 0.6 0.9 Menodora spinescens 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Larrea 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Aquilegia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Tidestromia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Caryophyllaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Pers icaria-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Eriogonum 0.0 0.4 0.8 0.0 0.3 Argemone 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Malvaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Brassicaceae 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.3 0.3 Euphorbia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Saxifraga 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Rosaceae 0.0 0,0 0,0 0.0 0.0 Lupinus 0.0 0.0 0.3 0,0 0.0 Psorothamnus-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Astragalus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Mimosoideae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Fabaceaee 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.9 0.3 Hoffmannseggia-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Ericaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Gentianaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Onagraceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Oenothera-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Salvia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Phacelia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Urticaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Apiaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0,0 Solonaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0,0 Solanum 0.0 0.0 0,0 0.0 0.0 Elibes 0.0 0.0 0.0 0,0 0.0 Lycium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0,0 0.0 Scrophulareaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0,0 0.0 Himulus 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Veronica-type 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 LeptodactyIon-type 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Gilia 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Castilleja 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lamiaceae 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Ranunculus 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Iiobelia 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Other Asteraceae 0 6 1.2 4.3 2.0 4.2 Liguliflorae 0 0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 Hutiseae 0 3 0.0 0.8 0.0 0.0 Circium 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Dodecatheon 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Poaceae 1 3 1.6 4.3 0.9 0.9 Liliaceae 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Allium 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Fritillaria-type 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Iridaceae 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Arceuthobium 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Typha latifolia 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.3 Typha/Sparganium 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Potamogeton 1 2 0.4 1.2 0.3 1.7 Cyperaceae 0 3 3.1 5.5 1.1 1.4 Cyperus 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Equisetum 0 3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lemna-type 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Callitriche 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Isoetes 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Myriophyllum 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 Azolla 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Elodea-type 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Botryococcus 10 7 1.8 0.2 18.7 0.3 Pediastrum 0 1 1.9 0.1 26.7 2.2 Sporormiella 0 0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 Spores 37 5 29.8 47.9 10.2 26.0 Trilete Spore Ondiff. 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Dryopteris-type 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Cysopteris frigilis 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Selaginella-type 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Tilletia sphagni 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Deteriorated 1 1 4.2 1.3 1.3 4.2 link 0 0 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 Charcoal 337000 0 0.0 2700.0 0.0 0.0 Terrestrial Trees 81 6 81.2 63.2 81.6 72.4 Terrestrial Shrubs and Herbs 15 8 12.7 31.7 16.0 23.1 Indeterminate 1 1 4.2 1.8 1.3 4.2 Algae 10 8 3.6 0.3 45.4 2.5 Spores 37 5 29.8 48.0 10.2 26.0 Aquatics 1 9 3.5 6.7 2.3 3.4 Riparian Trees and Shrubs 2 5 6.1 5.1 2.3 4.5 Pollen Sum 316 0 245.0 375.0 343.0 337.0 Pollen Sum + Aquatics 322 0 254.0 402.0 351.0 349.0 Total Pollen Sum 1261 0 800.0 1558.0 1610.0 1019.0 OL-92 Percentages of Palynomorphs
Sample 86.0 88.0 90.0 0.0 1.0
Depth (cm) 16.8 17.2 17.6 17.7 20.0 Sample age 25.3 25.7 26.1 0.0 0.0 Volume of S£unple 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lycopodium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Concentration of spike 27000.0 27822.0 27822.0 0.0 0.0 Total pollen concentration 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 TRACER 233.0 245.0 154.0 0.0 0.0 Abies 0.3 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 Picea 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Total Pinus 29.2 28.1 29.9 0.0 0.0 Pinus Haploxylon 2.1 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 Pinus Diploxylon 0.3 1.2 1.3 0.0 0.0 Pinus cf. monophylla 1.5 0.5 1.3 0.0 0.0 Tsuga mertensia 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 Sequoiadendron 0.6 0.2 0.6 0.0 0.0 Juniperus 41.6 22.4 21.4 0.0 0.0 Quercus 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.0 0.0 Juglans 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Shepherdia 0.9 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 Celtis 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Populus 0.6 0.5 0.6 0.0 0.0 Betula 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 Alnus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Corylus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Berberis 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Chrysolepis 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Fraxinus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Salix 2.4 I.O 1.6 0.0 0.0 Ephedra viridis-type 0.6 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 Ephedra nevadensis-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Chenopodiaceae/Amaranthus 6.6 5.5 5.8 0.0 0.0 Sarcobatus 1.8 6.0 11.7 0.0 0.0 Cercocaurpus/Purshia-type 0.0 0.7 1.3 0.0 0.0 Prunus 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 Potentilla-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Rhamnaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Artemisia tridentatae 6.0 14.9 14.6 0.0 0.0 Ambrosia-type 0.6 0.7 1.0 0.0 0.0 Menodora spinescens 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Larrea 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Aquilegia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Tidestromia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Caryophyllaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Persicaria-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Eriogonum 0.3 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 Argemone 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Malvaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Brassicaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Euphorbia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Siucifraga 0.3 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 Rosaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lupinus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Psorothamnus-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Astragalus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Mimosoideae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Fabaceaee 0.3 0.5 0.3 0.0 0.0 Hoffmannseggia-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Ericaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Gentianaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Onagraceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Oenothera-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Salvia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Phacelia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Urticaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Apiaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Solonaceae 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 Solanum 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Ribes 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lycium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Scrophulareaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Himulus 0 .0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Veronica-type 0 ,0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 LeptodactyIon-type 0 .0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Gllia 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Castilleja 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lamiaceae 0 ,0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Ranunculus 0 0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 Lobelia 0 ,0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Other Asteraceae 2 .4 14.9 3.9 0.0 0.0 Liguliflcrae 0 ,0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Mutiseae 0 .0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 Circium 0 ,0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Dodecatheon 0 ,0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Poaceae 0 ,6 1.0 1.9 0.0 0.0 Liliaceae 0 6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Allium 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Fritillaria-type 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Iridaceae 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Arceuthobium 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Typha latifolia 0 0 0.0 0.6 0.0 0.0 Typha/Sparganium 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Potamogeton 0 6 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 Cyperaceae 2 6 6.1 6.9 0.0 0.0 Cyperus 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Equisetum 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lemna-type 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Callitriche 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Isoetes 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Myriophyllum 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Azolla 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Elodea-type 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Botryococcus 0 9 5.3 18.1 0.0 0.0 Pediastrum 1 3 72.4 36.3 0.0 0.0 Sporormiella 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Spores 36 3 4.8 9.9 0.0 0.0 Trilete Spore Undiff. 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Dryopteris-type 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Cysopteris frigilis 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Selaginella-type 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Tilletia sphagni 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Deteriorated 3 6 0.2 0.8 0.0 0.0 Unit 0 1 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 Chucoal 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Terrestrial Trees 75 6 53.2 55.5 0.0 0.0 Terrestrial Shrubs and Herbs 20 5 45.0 41.6 0.0 0.0 Indeterminate 3 7 0.2 1.0 0.0 0.0 Algae 2 2 77.8 54.4 0.0 0.0 Spores 36 3 4.8 9.9 0.0 0.0 Aquatics 3 2 6.3 7.5 0.0 0.0 Riparian Trees and Shriibs 3 9 1.7 2.9 0.0 0.0 Pollen Sum 332 0 402.0 308.0 0.0 0.0 Pollen Sum Aquatics 343 0 429.0 333.0 0.0 0.0 Total Pollen Sum 1168 0 4832.0 1846.0 0.0 0.0 OL-92 Percentages of Palynomorphs
Sample 92.0 94.0 96.0 98.0 100.0
Depth (m) 20.1 20.5 20.9 21.3 21.9 Sample age 28.5 28.9 29.3 29.7 30.4 Volume of scunple 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lycopodium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Concentration of spike 27000.0 27822.0 27822.0 27000.0 27822.0 Total pollen concentration 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 TRACER 169.0 116.0 140.0 89.0 118.0 Abies 0.6 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 Picea 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Total Pinus 32.0 39.8 41.6 26.0 29.1 Pinus Haploxylon 0.9 1.7 0.9 6.4 1.1 Pinus Diploxylon 0.9 2.0 1.2 1.7 0.8 Pinus cf. monophylla 3.6 2.3 0.9 3.4 1.1 Tsuga mertensia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.3 Sequoiadendron 0.9 1.1 0.6 0.0 0.0 Juniperus 19.8 24.4 24.1 27.4 25.3 Quercus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 Juglans 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Shepherdia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.3 Celtis 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Populus 0.0 0.6 0.3 0.0 1.1 Betula 0.3 0.0 0.9 0.0 1.1 Alnus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Corylus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Berberis 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Chrysolepis 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Fraxinus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Salix 1.5 0.6 0.6 1.7 1.1 Ephedra viridis-type 0.0 0.0 0.3 1.7 0.3 Ephedra nevadensis-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 Chenopodiaceae/Amaranthus S.O 3.4 4.1 5.9 6.0 Sarcobatus 12.4 0.6 2.5 2.8 2.5 Cercocarpus/Purs hia-type 0.3 1.1 1.6 0.8 1.1 Prunus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Potentilla-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Rhamnaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Artemisia tridentatae 18.0 16.9 17.2 17.9 23.9 Ambrosia-type 0.0 0.9 0.9 0.6 1.4 Henodora spinescens 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Larrea 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Aquilegia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Tidestromia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Caryophyllaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Pers icaria-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Briogonum 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 Argemone 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Malvaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Brassicaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Euphorbia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Saxifraga 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Rosaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lupinus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Psorothamnus-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Astragalus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Mimosoideae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Fabaceaee 0.0 0.3 0.6 0.0 0.3 Hoffmannseggia-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Ericaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Gentianaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Onagraceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Oenothera-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Salvia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Phacelia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Urticaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Apiaceae 0.3 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 Solonaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Solanum 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Ribes 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lycium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Scrophulareaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Mimulus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Veronica-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 LeptodactyIon-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Gilia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Castilleja 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lamiaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Ranunculus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lobelia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0. 0 Other Asteraceae 2.4 2.3 0.9 2.8 1. 6 Liguliflorae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0. 0 Hutiseae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0. 0 Circium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0. 0 Dodecatheon 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0. 0 Poaceae 0.9 1.7 0.3 0.0 0. 8 Itiliaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0. 0 Allium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0. 0 Fritillaria-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0. 0 Iridaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0. 0 Arceuthobium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0. 0 Typha latifolia 1.4 0.8 0.6 0.0 0.5 Typha/Sparganium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0. 0 Potamogeton 0.5 0.0 0.3 1.8 0.S Cyperaceae 4.9 4.1 5.2 6.2 2. 1 Cyperus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0. 0 Equisetum 0.3 0.0 0.9 0.0 1. 1 Lemna-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0. 0 Callitriche 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0. 0 Isoetes 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0. 0 Hyriophyllum 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0. 0 Azolla 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0. 0 Elodea-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0. 0 Botryococcus 15.9 21.4 3.5 7.2 14. 0 Pediastrum 39.7 22.2 80.8 53.7 41.9 Sporoirmiella 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0. 0 Spores 17.6 16.1 4.1 18.6 14.9 Trilete Spore Undiff. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0. 0 Dryopteris-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0. 0 Cysopteris frigilis 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0. 0 Selaginella-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0. 0 Tilletia sphagni 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0. 0 Deteriorated 0.4 0.5 0.0 0.1 0. 2 Unk 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0. 0 Charcoal 0.0 0.0 0.0 3000.0 0. 0 Terrestrial Trees 58.6 71.3 69.7 65.4 58. 0 Terrestrial Shrubs and Herbs 39.6 27.5 28.4 32.7 38.5 Indeterminate 0.4 0.7 0.1 0.1 0. 2 Algae 55.6 43.6 84.4 60.9 55.9 Spores 17.6 16.1 4.2 18.7 14.9 Aquatics 7.1 4.9 7.2 8.0 4. 2 Riparian Trees and Shrubs 1.8 1.1 1.9 2.0 3. 6 Pollen Sum 338.0 349.0 320.0 358.0 364. 0 Pollen Sum + Aquatics 364.0 367.0 345.0 389.0 380. 0 Total Pollen Sum 2660.0 1305.0 5816.0 3685.0 2561. 0 OL-92 Percentages of Palynomorphs
Siunple 102.0 104.0 106.0 108.0 110.0
Depth (m) 22.3 22.7 23.1 23.5 23.9 Sample age 30.8 31.2 31.7 32.3 32.8 Volume of sample 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lycopodium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Concentration of spike 27822.0 27000.0 27822.0 27822.0 27000.0 Total pollen concentration 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 TRACER 114.0 97.0 141.0 111,0 73.0 Abies 0.6 0.6 0.3 0,3 0,3 Picea 0.0 0.0 0.0 0,0 0.0 Total Pinus 32.8 32.6 32.8 30,8 34,8 Pinus Haploxylon 0.3 1.1 0.0 0,6 1.7 Pinus Diploxylon 1.2 0.3 0.0 0,9 0.0 Pinus cf. monophylla 1.2 2.3 0.9 1,5 1.0 Tsuga mertensia 0.0 0.3 0.0 0,0 0.0 Sequoiadendron 0.3 0.3 0.3 0,9 0.0 Juniperus 27.0 29.2 25.2 24.9 27.4 Quercus 0.6 0.3 0.3 0.6 0.3 Juglans 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Shepherdia 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 Celtis 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Populus 0.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Betula 0.0 0.8 0.6 0.0 0.3 Alnus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Corylus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Berberis 0.0 0.0 0.0 0,0 0.0 Chrysolepis 0.0 0.0 0.0 0,0 0.0 Fraxinus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Salix 0.3 1.7 1.2 1,5 0.7 Ephedra viridis-type 0.0 0.8 0.3 0.0 0.0 Ephedra nevadensis-type 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 Chenopodiaceae/Amaranthus 6.4 4.2 4.3 5.9 7.0 Sarcobatus 2.6 5.4 4.9 5.9 1.7 Cercoceirpus/Purshia-type 1.2 1.7 0.9 1.8 0,7 Prunus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0,0 Potentilla-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0,0 Rhamnaceae 0.3 0.0 0,0 0.0 0,0 Artemisia tridentatae 17.1 12.7 23.7 18.5 19,1 Ambros ia-type 2.6 0.6 0,6 0.9 1,7 Menodora spinescens 0.0 0.0 0,0 0.0 0,0 Larrea 0.0 0.0 0,0 0.0 0,0 Aquilegia 0.0 0.0 0,0 0.0 0.0 Tidestromia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Caryophyllaceae 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Persicaria-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Eriogonum 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.6 0.0 Argemone 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Malvaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Brassicaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Euphorbia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Saxifraga 0.0 0.0 0,0 0.0 0.0 Rosaceae 0.0 0.0 0,0 0.0 0.0 Lupinus 0.0 0.0 0,0 0.0 0.0 Psorothamnus-type 0.0 0.0 0,0 0.0 0.0 Astragalus 0.0 0.0 0,0 0.0 0.0 Himcsoideae 0.0 0.0 0,0 0.0 0.0 Fabaceaee 0.0 0.3 0,6 0.3 0.3 Boffmannseggia-type 0.0 0.0 0,0 0.0 0.0 Ericaceae 0.0 0.0 0,0 0.0 0.0 Gentianaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Onagraceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Oenothera-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Salvia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Phacelia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Urticaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Apiaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Solonaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Solanum 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Ribes 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lycium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Scrophulareaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Himulus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Veronica-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 LeptodactyIon-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Gilia 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 Castilleja 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lamiaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Ranunculus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lobelia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Other Asteraceae 1.7 2.3 2.1 2.6 2.3 Liguliflorae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 Hutiseae 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.0 0.0 Circiuni 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Oodecatheon 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Poaceae 2.3 1.1 0.3 1.8 0.3 Liliaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Allium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Fritillaria-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Iridaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Arceuthobium 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 Typha latifolia 0.3 0.0 0.6 0.6 0.3 Typha/Sparganium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Potamogeton 0.6 1.6 1.1 0.6 0.9 Cyperaceae 2.2 2.7 3.1 3.1 4.9 Cyperus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Equisetum 0.6 0.0 1.4 0.0 1.8 Lemna-type 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 Callitriche 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Isoetes 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Hyriophyllum 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 Azolla 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Elodea-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Botryococcus 17.4 24.8 10.5 8.1 10.7 Pediastrum 22.6 10.4 40.1 52.9 14.6 Sporormiella 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Spores 17.9 22.4 21.7 8.8 17.8 Trilete Spore Undiff. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Dryopteris-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Cysopteris frigilis 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Selaginella-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Tilletia sphagni 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Deteriorated 0.2 0.7 0.5 0.3 0.5 Unk 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Charcoal 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 54000.0 Terrestrial Trees 63.8 66.9 59.9 60.4 65.6 Terrestrial Shrubs and Herbs 35.1 30.3 38.3 38.1 33.4 Indeterminate 0.3 0.7 0.5 0.3 0.5 Algae 40.0 35.2 50.5 61.0 25.3 Spores 17.9 22.4 21.7 8.8 17.8 Aquatics 3.6 4.9 6.3 4.2 8.0 Riparian Trees and Shrubs 1.2 2.8 1.8 1.5 1.0 Pollen Sum 345.0 353.0 329.0 341.0 299.0 Pollen Sum + Aquatics 358.0 371.0 351.0 356.0 325.0 Total Pollen Sum 1680.0 1736.0 2496.0 2330.0 1107.0 OL-92 Percentages of Palynomorphs
Sample 112.0 114.0 116.0 118.0 120.0
Depth (m) 24.3 24.7 25.1 25.5 25.9 Sample age 33.3 33.8 34.4 35.0 35.7 Volume of sample 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lycopodium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Concentration of spike 27822.0 27822.0 27000.0 27822.0 27822.0 Total pollen concentration 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 TRACER 69.0 201.0 144.0 94.0 77.0 Abies 0.3 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.3 Picea 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Total Pinus 36.8 28.3 28.9 32.8 37.4 Pinus Haploxylon 0.0 0.6 5.9 0.6 1.2 Pinus Diploxylon 0.3 0.0 1.9 0.6 0.6 Pinus cf. monophylla 2.2 0.0 5.3 0.3 0.6 Tsuga mertensia 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.0 Sequoiadendron 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.3 Juniperus 31.5 27.7 19.8 31.6 27.6 Quercus 0.6 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.6 Juglans 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 Shepherdia 0.3 0.6 0.0 0.9 0.9 Celtis 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Populus 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.3 0.0 Betula 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.6 0.6 Alnus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Corylus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Berberis 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Chrysolepis 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 Fraxinus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Salix 1.2 2.4 1.9 0.0 0.9 Ephedra viridis-type 0.6 0.0 1.9 1.4 0.0 Ephedra nevadensis-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Chenopodiaceae/Amaranthus 4.4 7.0 5.1 4.6 4.7 Sarcobatus 1.2 2.4 2.7 4.0 1.5 Cercocarpus/Purs hia-type 1.2 1.8 0.8 2.0 0.6 Prunus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Potentilla-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Rhamnaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Artemisia tridentatae 16.5 21.9 20.3 16.1 19.1 Ambrosia-type 0.9 0.6 0.3 0.3 0.3 Menodora spinescens 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Larrea 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Aquilegia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Tidestromia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Caryophyllaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Persicaria-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Eriogonum 0.0 0.3 0.3 0.6 0.0 Argemone 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Malvaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Brassicaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Euphorbia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Saxifraga 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Rosaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 Lupinus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Psorothcimnus-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Astragalus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Himosoideae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Fabaceaee 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.3 Hoffmannseggia-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Ericaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Gentianaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Onagraceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Oenothera-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Salvia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Phacelia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Urticaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Apiaceae 0.3 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 Solonaceae 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Solanum 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Ribes 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lycium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Scrophulareaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Mimulus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Veronica-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 LeptodactyIon-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Gilia 0.0 0.3 0.3 0.0 0.0 Castilleja 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Laniiaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Ranunculus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lobelia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Other Asteraceae 0.6 4.6 3.2 1.7 1.8 Liguliflorae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Mutiseae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Circium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Dodecatheon 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Poaceae 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.9 0.6 Liliaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Allium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Fritillaria-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Iridaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Arceuthobium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Typha latifolia 0.9 0.0 0.0 1.1 0.3 Typha/Sparganium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Potamogeton 1.5 0.3 0.8 0.3 0.9 Cyperaceae 1.8 3.5 4.6 3.0 0.9 Cyperus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Bquisetum 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.6 Lemna-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Callitriche 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Isoetes 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Myriophyllum 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Azolla 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Elodea-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Botryococcus 11.5 10.0 7.8 20.4 23.6 Pediastrum 31.5 16.5 63.6 31.2 10.1 Sporormiella 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Spores 8.5 46.5 8.0 8.2 8.8 Trilete Spore Undiff. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Dryopteris-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Cysopteris frigilis 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Selaginella-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Tilletia sphagni 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Deteriorated 0.5 0.6 0.2 0.1 0.5 Unk 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 Charcoal 7156.0 43463.0 7500.0 84354.0198729.0 Terrestrial Trees 71.7 57.1 62.6 66.1 68.8 Terrestrial Shrubs and Herbs 26.8 39.5 35.3 32.2 28.8 Indeterminate 0.5 0.6 0.2 0.1 0.6 Algae 43.0 26.5 71.4 51.6 33.7 Spores 8.5 46.5 8.0 8.2 8.8 Aquatics 4.5 3.8 5.3 4.4 2.6 Riparian Trees and Shrubs 1.6 3.3 2.1 1.7 2.4 Pollen Sum 321.0 329.0 374.0 348.0 340.0 Pollen Sum Aquatics 336.0 342.0 395.0 364.0 349.0 Total Pollen Sum 1369.0 2540.0 3771.0 1774.0 1209.0 OL-92 Percentages of Palynomorphs
Sample 122.0 125.0 128.0 3.0 4.0
Depth (m) 26.3 26.9 27.5 27.8 30.8 Sample age 36.3 37.2 38.2 0.0 0.0 Volume of sample 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lycopodium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Concentration of spike 27000.0 27000.0 27000.0 0.0 0.0 Total pollen concentration 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 TRACER 124.0 89.0 118.0 0.0 0.0 Abies 0.3 1.2 0.5 0.0 0.0 Picea 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Total Pinus 34.9 40.5 28.7 0.0 0.0 Pinus Haploxylon 2.3 1.2 5.9 0.0 0.0 Pinus Oiploxylon 0.8 0.0 2.6 0.0 0.0 Pinus cf. monophylla 2.1 0.6 4.2 0.0 0.0 Tsuga mertensia 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Sequoiadendron 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.0 Juniperus 27.9 27.8 28.2 0.0 0.0 Quercus 0.3 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 Juglans 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Shepherdia 0.3 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 Celtis 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Populus 0.0 0.9 0.2 0.0 0.0 Betula 0.0 0.0 0.7 0.0 0.0 Alnus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Corylus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Berberis 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Chrysolepis 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Fraxinus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Salix 1.8 0.3 1.6 0.0 0.0 Ephedra viridis-type 0.5 0.0 1.6 0.0 0.0 Ephedra nevadensis-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Chenopodiaceae/Amaranthus 4.4 5.1 3.8 0.0 0.0 Sarcobatus 1.0 1.5 1.4 0.0 0.0 Cercocarpus/Purshia-type 1.6 0.3 0.7 0.0 0.0 Prunus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Potentilla-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Rhamnaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Artemisia tridentatae 15.8 16.9 15.5 0.0 0.0 Ambros ia-type 1.8 1.2 0.2 0.0 0.0 Henodora spinescens 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Leurrea 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Aquilegia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Tidestromia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Caryophyllaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Pers icaria-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Eriogonum 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 Argemone 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Malvaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Brassicaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Euphorbia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Saxifraga 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Rosaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lupinus 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 Psorothamnus-type 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 Astragalus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Himosoideae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Fabaceaee 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 Hoffmannseggia-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Ericaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Gentianaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Onagraceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Oenothera-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Salvia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Phacelia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Urticaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Apiaceae 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 Solonaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Solanum 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Ribes 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lycium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Scrophulareaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Mimulus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Veronica-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 268
LeptodactyIon-type 0.0 0,0 0.0 0,0 0,0 Gllia 0.3 0.0 0,0 0.0 0.0 Castilleja 0.0 0.0 0,0 0,0 0.0 Lamiaceae 0.0 0,0 0.0 0,0 0.0 Ranunculus 0.0 0,0 0.0 0,0 0.0 Lobelia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Other Asteraceae 3.4 1,8 2.1 0.0 0.0 Liguliflorae 0.0 0.0 0,0 0,0 0.0 Mutiseae 0.3 0,0 0,0 0,0 0.0 Circium 0.0 0,0 0.0 0,0 0,0 Dodecatheon 0.0 0,0 0.0 0,0 0.0 Poaceae 0.3 0,0 0.2 0,0 0,0 Liliaceae 0.0 0,0 0.0 0,0 0,0 Allium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Fritillaria-type 0.0 0.0 0,0 0.0 0.0 Iridaceae 0.0 0,0 0,0 0.0 0.0 Arceuthobium 0.0 0,0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Typha latifolia 0.0 2,0 0,0 0.0 0.0 Typha/Sparganium 0.0 0,0 0.0 0.0 0,0 Potamogeton 0.5 0,3 1.1 0,0 0,0 Cyperaceae 2.3 1,7 3.6 0.0 0,0 Cyperus 0.0 0,0 0,0 0.0 0.0 Equisetum 0.0 0,0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lemna-type 0.0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0.0 Callitriche 0.0 0,0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Isoetes 0.0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0.0 Myriophyllum 0.0 0,3 0,0 0,0 0.0 Azolla 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Elodea-type 0.0 0,0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Botryococcus 14.6 11.8 2.3 0.0 0.0 Pediastrum 5.1 10.8 0,6 0.0 0.0 Sporormiella 0.2 0,0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Spores 16.2 0.9 26,3 0.0 0.0 Trilete Spore Ondiff. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Dryopteris-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Cysopteris frigilis 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0,0 Selaginella-type 0,0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Tilletia sphagni 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Deteriorated 0.6 1.0 1.0 0,0 0.0 Onk 0,0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Charcoal 69231.0 90000.0 2700.0 0.0 0.0 Terrestrial Trees 68.7 71.3 70.8 0.0 0.0 Terrestrial Shrubs and Herbs 29,2 27.5 26,4 0.0 0.0 Indeterminate 0,6 1.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 Algae 19.6 22.6 3.0 0.0 0.0 Spores 16.3 0.9 26.3 0.0 0.0 Aquatics 2.8 4.3 4.7 0.0 0.0 Riparian Trees and Shrubs 2.1 1.2 2.8 0.0 0.0 Pollen Sum 387.0 331.0 425.0 0.0 0.0 Pollen Sum Aquatics 398.0 346.0 446.0 0.0 0.0 Total Pollen Sum 1237.0 897.0 1248.0 0.0 0.0 OL-92 Percentages of Falynomorphs
Sample 131.0 134.0 140.0 142.0 146.0
Depth (m) 30.9 31.5 32.3 32.7 33.3 Sample age 44.2 45.3 46.6 47.3 48.5 Volume of sample 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lycopodium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Concentration of spike 27000.0 27000.0 27000.0 27000.0 27000.0 Total pollen concentration 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 TRACER 211.0 181.0 99.0 89.0 69.0 Abies 1.2 0.0 0.3 0.6 0.2 Picea 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Total Pinus 33.4 25.1 39.2 40.7 32.9 Pinus Haploxylon 0.6 1.5 0.3 3.6 0.0 Pinus Diploxylon 1.2 0.6 0.0 1.1 0.0 Pinus cf. monophylla 1.2 1.2 1.5 2.8 0.9 Tsuga mertensia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.2 Sequoiadendron 0.6 0.3 0.0 0.6 0.2 Juniperus 35.2 41.7 19.0 15.9 34.7 Quercus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Juglans 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Shepherdia 0.3 0.3 0.0 0.6 0.2 Celtis 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 Populus 0.3 0.0 0.3 0.8 0.7 Betula 0.3 0.0 0.9 0.8 0.0 Alnus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Corylus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Berberis 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Chrysolepis 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Fraxinus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.2 Salix 0.9 2.4 3.0 1.7 1.4 Ephedra viridis-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.2 Ephedra nevadensis-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Chenopodiaceae/Amaranthus 2.6 5.0 5.7 5.3 3.5 Sarcobatus 1.2 3.3 3.3 1.7 2.3 Cercocarpus/Purshia-type 1.7 0.3 1.8 1.1 1.9 Pninus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Potentilla-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Rhamnaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Artemisia tridentatae 13.5 10.4 18.4 16.4 11.8 Ambrosia-type 0.9 0.9 1.2 1.7 0.9 Menodora spinescens 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Larrea 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Aquilegia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Tidestromia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Caryophyllaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 Pers icaria-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Eriogonum 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Argemone 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Malvaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Brassicaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Euphorbia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Saxifraga 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Rosaceae 0.3 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lupinus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Psorothcunnus-type 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 Astragalus 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Mimosoideae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Fabaceaee 0.3 0.9 0.9 0.0 0.2 Hoffmannseggia-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Ericaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Gentianaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Onagraceae 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 Oenothera-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Salvia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Phacelia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Urticaceae 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 Apiaceae 0.0 0.3 0.3 0.0 0.0 Solonaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Solanum 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Ribes 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lycium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Scrophulareaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Himulus 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Veronica-type 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 LeptodactyIon-type 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Gilia 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 Castilleja 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lamiaceae 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 Ranunculus 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 I.obelia 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Other Asteraceae 2 9 4.7 3.3 2.2 4.4 Liguliflorae 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Mutiseae 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.0 Circium 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Dodecatheon 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Poaceae 0 9 0.0 0.6 0.6 2.1 Liliaceae 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Allium 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Fritillaria-type 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Iridaceae 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Arceuthobium 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Typha latifolia 0 6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Typha /Spar ganiisn 0 3 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 Poteunogeton 0 8 1.7 0.0 0.3 0.9 Cyperaceae 0 6 2.5 2.9 3.0 1.4 Cyperus 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Equisetum 0 6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 Lemna-type 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Callitriche 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Isoetes 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Hyriophyllum 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Azolla 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Elodea-type 0 3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Botryococcus 8 9 1.0 4.5 9.5 4.3 Pediastrum 13 7 1.9 67.5 23.0 7.1 Sporormiella 0 1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Spores 20 9 55.2 4.6 27.0 13.4 Trilete Spore Undiff. 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Dryopteris-type 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Cysopteris frigilis 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Selaginella-type 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Tilletia sphagni 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Deteriorated 2 1 0.7 0.4 0.7 0.8 (Ink 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Charcoal 100000 0150000.0 47368.0 85065.0108000.0 Terrestrial Trees 73 2 70.4 60.2 65.7 69.2 Terrestrial Shrubs and Herbs 25 1 26.9 35.5 30.1 28.2 Indeterminate 2 1 0.7 0.4 0.7 0.8 Algae 22 5 2.9 72.0 32.6 11.4 Spores 21 0 55.2 4.6 27.0 13.4 Aquatics 3 1 4.2 2.9 3.5 2.5 Riparian Trees and Shrubs 1 7 2.7 4.2 4.2 2.5 Pollen Sum 347 0 338.0 332.0 359.0 432.0 Pollen Sum + Aquatics 358 0 353.0 342.0 372.0 443.0 Total Pollen Sum 1296 0 1680.0 2932.0 1840.0 1175.0 OL-92 Percencages of Falynomorphs
Sample 150.0 155.0 158.0 162.0 166.0
Depth (m) 34.1 34.9 35.5 36.3 37.1 Sample age 49.8 51.1 52.2 53.5 54.7 Volume of sample 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lycopodium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 concencration of spike 27822.0 27000.0 27000.0 27822.0 27822.0 Total pollen concentration 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 TRACER 188.0 110.0 209.0 174.0 259.0 Abies 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Picea 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Total Pinus 32.6 41.9 45.4 32.9 29.2 Pinus Haploxylon 0.2 0.5 4.3 0.7 0.9 Pinus Diploxylon 0.2 0.2 3.3 0.2 1.8 Pinus of. monophylla 0.5 0.7 3.3 0.5 0.6 Tsuga mertensia 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 Sequoiadendron 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Juniperus 42.5 31.8 26.3 33.1 35.4 Quercus 0.2 0.2 0.0 0.2 0.3 Juglans 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Shepherdia 0.2 0.5 0.8 0.2 0.3 Celtis 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Populus 0.5 0.2 0.0 0.9 0.3 Betula 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 Alnus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Corylus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Berberis 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Chrysolepis 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Fraxinus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.3 Salix 3.0 0.9 2.0 2.1 3.5 Ephedra viridis-type 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.0 Ephedra nevadensis-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Chenopodiaceae/Amaranthus 3.0 2.7 3.0 6.6 3.8 Sarcobatus 2.1 3.0 O.S 2.7 0.9 Cercocarpus/Purs hia-type 0.5 0.9 0.3 1.4 0.9 Prunus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Potentilla-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Rhamnaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 Artemisia tridentatae 9.4 10.1 5.8 10.7 14.2 Ambros ia-type 0.9 0.7 0.8 0.7 0.6 Menodora spinescens 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Larrea 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Aquilegia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Tidestromia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Caryophyllaceae 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.2 0.0 Pers icaria-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Eriogonum 0.2 0.5 0.0 0.2 0.0 Argemone 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Malvaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Brassicaceae 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Euphorbia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Saxifraga 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Rosaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.9 Lupinus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Psorothamnus-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Astragalus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Mimosoideae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Fabaceaee 0.2 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.3 Hoffmannseggia-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Ericaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Gentianaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Onagraceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Oenothera-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Salvia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Phacelia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Urticaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Apiaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Solonaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 Solanum 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Ribes 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lycium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Scrophulareaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 272
Himulus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Veronica-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 LeptodactyIon-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Gilia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Castilleja 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lamiaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Ranunculus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lobelia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Other Asteraceae 2.3 3.9 3.5 3.9 3.2 Liguliflorae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Mutiseae 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.0 Circium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Dodecatheon 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Foaceae 0.5 0.7 0.5 1.4 2.1 Iiiliaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Allium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Fritillaria-tyiie 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Iridaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Arceuthobium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Typha latifolia 0.7 0.7 0.2 0.2 0.0 Typha/Sparganium 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.1 0.3 Potamogeton 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Cyperaceae 2.4 1.8 3.8 3.3 2.3 Cyperus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Bquisetum 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lemna-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Callitriche 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Isoetes 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Myriophyllum 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Azolla 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Elodea-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Botryococcus 5.2 3.6 5.7 1.8 1.7 Pediastrum 15.6 39.7 18.1 56.6 69.7 Sporormiella 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Spores 25.0 14.7 28.5 3.1 7.8 Trilete Spore Undiff. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Dryopteris-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Cysopteris frigilis 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Selaginella-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Tilletia sphagni 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Deteriorated 0.8 0.3 1.0 0.6 0.4 Unk 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Charcoal 309133.0122727.0 5400.0 41525.0 49682.0 Terrestrial Trees 76.9 75.3 82.5 67.8 68.1 Terrestrial Shrubs and Herbs 19.4 23.1 14.8 28.5 27.4 Indeterminate 0.8 0.3 1.0 0.6 0.4 Algae 20.8 43.3 23.9 58.3 71.4 Spores 25.1 14.7 28.5 3.1 7.8 Aquatics 3.3 2.7 4.1 4.6 2.6 Riparian Trees and Shrubs 3.7 1.6 2.8 3.7 4.4 Pollen Sum 438.0 437.0 399.0 438.0 339.0 Pollen Sum + Aquatics 453.0 449.0 416.0 459.0 348.0 Total Pollen Sum 1670.0 2129.0 1748.0 2367.0 3377.0 OL-92 Percentages of Palynomorphs
Sample 168 0 172.0 174.0 179.0 182.0 Depth (in) 37 5 38.3 38.7 39.5 40.3 Sample age 55 4 56.6 57.2 58.4 59.7 Volume of seunple 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lycopodivim 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Concentration of spike 27822 0 27822.0 27822.0 27000.0 27000.0 Total pollen concentration 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 TRACER 175 0 255.0 250.0 436.0 319.0 Abies 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 Picea 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Total Pinus 35 5 31.5 25.1 30.9 25.9 Pinus Haploxylon 0 2 0.0 0.0 3.8 1.6 Pinus Diploxylon 0 2 0.0 0.0 1.7 0.0 Pinus cf. monophylla 0 0 0.2 0.3 2.6 1.6 Tsuga mertensia 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 Sequoiadendron 0 0 0.0 0.3 0.3 0.0 Juniperus 35 0 22.1 31.6 28.9 27.1 Quercus 0 7 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 Juglans 0 0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 Shepherdia 0 9 0.2 0.0 0.9 0.3 Celtis 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Populus 2 1 0.0 0.6 0.3 0.0 Betula 0 0 0.2 0.6 0.0 0.0 Alnus 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Corylus 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Berberis 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Chrysolepis 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Fraxinus 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Salix 1 2 1.1 1.1 0.6 0.3 Ephedra viridis-type 0 7 0.5 1.4 0.9 0.3 Ephedra nevadensis-type 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Chenopodiaceae/Amaranthus 3 9 13.6 10.5 3.2 10.4 Sarcobatus 2 1 6.7 4.8 2.9 4.1 Cercocarpus/Purshia-type 0 5 1.6 0.6 0.0 1.3 Prunus 0 0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 Potentilla-type 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Rhamnaceae 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Artemisia tridentatae 12 2 14.5 16.2 16.8 15.1 Ambrosia-type 0 0 1.4 1.1 0.0 0.6 Henodora spinescens 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Larrea 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Aquilegia 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Tidestromia 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Caryophyllaceae 0 0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 Persicaria-type 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Eriogonum 0 7 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.6 Argemone 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Malvaceae 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Brassicaceae 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Euphorbia 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Saxifraga 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Rosaceae 0 0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 Lupinus 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Psorothamnus-type 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Astragalus 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0,0 Himosoideae 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Fetbaceaee 0 0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 Hoffmannseggia-type 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Ericaceae 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Gentianaceae 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Onagraceae 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Oenothera-type 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Salvia 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Phacelia 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Urticaceae 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Apiaceae 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Solonaceae 0 2 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 Solanum 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Ribes 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lycium 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Scrophulareaceae 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Himulus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Veronica-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 LeptodactyIon-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Gilia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Castilleja 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lamiaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Ranunculus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lobelia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Other Asteraceae 3.0 5.1 4.6 5.2 9.8 Liguliflorae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Hutiseae 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 Circium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Dodecatheon 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Poaceae 0.7 0.5 0.3 0.3 0.6 Liliaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Allium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Fritillaria-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Iridaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Arceuthobium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Typha latifolia 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Typha/Sparganium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Potamogeton 0.4 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 Cyperaceae 1.8 2.2 2.2 4.7 0.9 Cyperus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Equisetum 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 Lemna-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Callitriche 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Isoetes 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Hyriophyllum 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Azolla 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Elodea-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Botryococcus 2.0 0.2 1.9 0.8 0.6 Pediastrum 56.9 0.1 2.8 0.1 0.3 Sporormiella 0.0 0.1 0.3 0.2 0.2 Spores 6.0 41.8 22.6 23.3 34.8 Trilete Spore Undiff. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Dryopteris-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Cysopteris frigilis 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Selaginella-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Tilletia sphagni 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Deteriorated 0.6 0.0 1.0 2.2 1.3 Unk 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 Chiircoal 60483.0 36608.0 16862.0 3857.0337500.0 Terrestrial Trees 71.7 54.0 57.5 68.5 56.5 Terrestrial Shrubs and Herbs 24.2 44.4 40.2 29.8 42.9 Indeterminate 0.7 0.0 1.0 2.3 1.4 Algae 58.9 0.3 4.7 0.9 0.9 Spores 6.0 42.0 22.9 23.6 35.0 Aquatics 2.9 2.2 2.5 4.7 1.2 RiparianTrees and Shrubs 4.1 1.6 2.3 1.7 0.6 Pollen Sum 434.0 435.0 351.0 346.0 317.0 Pollen Sum Aquatics 447.0 445.0 360.0 363.0 321.0 Total Pollen Sum 2561.0 1525.0 996.0 968.0 1017.0 OL-92 Percentages of Palynomorphs
Siunple 186.0 191.0 194.0 202.0 206.0
Depth (m) 41.1 41.9 42.7 44.3 45.1 Sample age 60.8 61.9 63.1 65.3 66.5 Volume of sample 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lycopodxum 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Concentration of spike 27822.0 24200.0 36321.0 27822.0 24200.0 Total pollen concentration 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 TRACER 232.0 92.0 297.0 148.0 109.0 Abies 0.8 2.1 0.3 0.9 1.5 Picea 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Total Finus 52.6 44.3 53.2 62.8 52.4 Pinus Haploxylon 3.1 3.5 1.4 0.0 0.9 Pinus Diploxylon 1.0 5.9 1.7 0.0 0.6 Pinus cf. monophylla 0.8 2.4 1.7 0.3 2.6 Tsuga mertensia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Sequoladendron 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Juniperus 14.9 10.7 13.9 9.7 9.7 Quercus 0.0 0.3 0.3 0.0 0.3 Juglans 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Shepherdia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.6 Celtis 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Populus 0.8 0.3 0.8 0.3 0.0 Betula 0.3 0.3 0.0 0.3 0.6 Alnus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Corylus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Berberis 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Chrysolepis 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Fraxinus 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Salix 0.3 0.5 0.0 1.4 1.2 Ephedra viridis-type 1.3 0.8 0.6 0.0 0.0 Ephedra nevadensis-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Chenopodiaceae/Amaranthus 9.9 11.2 6.1 4.9 6.5 Sarcobatus 1.0 0.0 0.6 0.3 1.8 Cercocarpus/Purshia-type 1.8 2.9 1.7 2.0 1.8 Prunus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Potentilla-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Rhamnaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Artemisia tridentatae 7.6 5.1 11.4 12,3 15.6 Ambrosia-type 1.0 2.7 2.8 1.1 2.6 Menodora spinescens 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Larrea 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Aguilegia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Tidestromia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Caryophyllaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Persicaria-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Eriogonum 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.3 0.0 Argemone 0.0 0-0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Malvaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Brassicaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Euphorbia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Saxifraga 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 Rosaceae 0.5 0.0 0.6 0.0 0.0 Lupinus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Psorothanmus-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Astragalus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Mimosoideae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 FiUiaceaee 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 Hof fmannseggia-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Ericaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Gentianaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Onagraceae 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 Oenothera-type 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 Salvia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Phacelia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Urticaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Apiaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Solonaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Solanum 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Ribes 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lycium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Scrophulareaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 276
Himulus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Veronica-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 LeptodactyIon-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Gilia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Castilleja 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lamiaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Ranunculus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lobelia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Other Asteraceae 1.3 4.8 2.8 2.3 1.2 Liguliflorae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Hutiseae 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 Circium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Dodecatheon 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Poaceae 0.3 1.3 0.0 0.3 0.0 Liliaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Allium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Fritillaria-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Iridaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Arceuthobium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Typha latifolia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.0 Typha/Sparganium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Potamogeton 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 Cyperaceae 1.8 3.1 0.5 0.3 0.6 Cyperus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Bquisetum 0.0 0.0 1.1 0.3 0.0 Lemna-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Callitriche 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Isoetes 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Myriophyllum 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Azolla 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Elodea-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Botryococcus 0.3 0.7 0.1 7.6 14.9 Pediastrum o.s 0.8 0.0 76.2 62.7 Sporotmiella 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Spores 16.0 21.6 24.8 1.6 4.6 Trilete Spore Undiff. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Dryopteris-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Cysopteris frigilis 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Selaginella-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Tilletia sphagni 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Deteriorated 0.7 1.6 0.9 0.1 0.2 Onk 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 Charcoal 347775.0 6750.0110064.0 64702.0 8065.0 Terrestrial Trees 73.6 69.1 72.4 73.6 67.9 Terrestrial Shrubs and Herbs 24.9 29.9 26.7 23.8 29.7 Indeterminate 0.9 1.8 0.9 0.1 0.2 Algae 0.9 1.5 0.1 83.8 77.6 Spores 16.0 21.6 24.8 1.6 4.6 Aquatics 1.8 3.1 1.6 1.4 0.6 Riparian Trees and Shrubs 1.6 1.1 0.8 2.6 2.4 Pollen Sum 382.0 375.0 359,0 349.0 340.0 Pollen Sum + Aquatics 389.0 387.0 365.0 354.0 342.0 Total Pollen Sum 937.0 1014.0 976.0 4855.0 3862.0 OL-92 Percentages of Palynomorphs
Sample 210.0 215.0 218.0 221.0 5.0
Depth (m) 45.9 46.7 47.3 47.9 48.0 Sample age 67.6 68.8 69.6 70.4 0.0 Volume of scunple 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lycopodiuffl 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Concentration of spike 27822.0 24200.0 24200.0 24200.0 0.0 Total pollen concentration 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 TRACER 125.0 131.0 168.0 106.0 0.0 Abies 0.6 0.3 0.6 1.7 0.0 Picea 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Total Pinus 56.7 45.9 32.9 56.3 0.0 Pinus Haploxylon 0.0 1.2 0.6 1.7 0.0 Pinus Diploxylon 0.0 1.2 1.0 0.6 0.0 Pinus cf. monophylla 0.3 0.6 1.0 1.7 0.0 Tsuga mertensia 0.0 0.3 0.3 0.0 0.0 Sequoiadendron 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Juniperus 8.1 17.9 22.0 18.1 0.0 Quercus 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 Juglans 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Shepherdia 1.4 0.6 0.6 0.0 0.0 Celtis 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Populus 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.0 0.0 Betula 0.3 0.3 0.6 0.6 0.0 Alnus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Corylus 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Beriaeris 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Chrysolepis 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Fraxinus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Salix 0.6 1.2 1.6 0.3 0.0 Ephedra viridis-type 0.6 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 Ephedra nevadensis-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Chenopodiaceae/Amaranthus 2.2 5.9 5.4 4.1 0.0 Sarcobatus 2.0 5.6 6.1 2.6 0.0 Cercocarpus/Purshia-type 0.6 0.9 1.6 0.6 0.0 Prunus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Potentilla-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Rhamnaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Artemisia tridentatae 18.4 10.0 17.6 8.5 0.0 Ambrosia-type 3.6 3.5 2.2 0.6 0.0 Henodora spinescens 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Larrea 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 Aquilegia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Tidestromia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Caryophyllaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Pers icaria-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Eriogonum 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Argemone 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Malvaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Brassicaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Euphorbia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 S2ucifraga 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Rosaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lupinus 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 Psorothamnus-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Astragalus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Himosoideae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Fabaceaee 0.3 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 Hoffmannseggia-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Ericaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Gentianaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Onagraceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Oenothera-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Salvia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 Phacelia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Urticaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Apiaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Solonaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Solanum 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Ribes 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lycium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Scrophulareaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Mimulus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Veronica-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 278
LeptodactyIon-type 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 Gilia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Castilleja 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Liuniaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Ranunculus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lobelia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Other Asteraceae 2.0 2.9 3.2 1.7 0.0 Liguliflorae 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 Hutiseae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Circium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Dodecatheon 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Poaceae 0.6 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.0 Liliaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Allium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Fritillaria-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Iridaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Arceuthobium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Typha latifolia 0.0 0.3 0.6 0.3 0.0 Typha/Sparganium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Potamogeton 0.0 1.1 0.0 1.1 0.0 Cyperaceae 0.6 2.0 7.9 3.1 0.0 Cyperus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Equisetum 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lemna-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Callitriche 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Isoetes 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Myriophyllum 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Azolla 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Elodea-type 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Botryococcus 13.2 23.6 3.7 0.1 0.0 Pediastrum 65.9 47.2 91.0 0.1 0.0 Sporormiella 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Spores 1.9 6.2 1.6 20.3 0.0 Trilete Spore Ondiff. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Dryopteris-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Cysopteris frigilis 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Selaginella-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Tilletia sphagni 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Deteriorated 0.0 0.6 0.1 2.0 0.0 Un)c 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 Charcoal 132486.0 52514.0 9801.0 1S97.0 0.0 Terrestrial Trees 66.5 67.4 58.5 80.5 0.0 Terrestrial Shrubs and Herbs 30.4 30.3 38.3 18,7 0.0 Indeterminate 0.1 0.6 0.1 2.1 0.0 Algae 79.1 70.7 94.8 0.2 0.0 Spores 1.9 6.2 1.6 20.3 0.0 Aquatics 1.1 3.4 8.5 4.5 0.0 Riparian Trees and Shrubs 3.1 2.4 3.2 0.9 0.0 Pollen Sum 358.0 340.0 313.0 343.0 0.0 Pollen Sum + Aquatics 362.0 352.0 342.0 359.0 0.0 Total Pollen Sum 3793.0 3088.0 18455.0 907.0 0.0 OL-92 Percentages of Palynomorphs
Sample 6.0 224.0 227.0 230.0 7.0
Depth (m) 49.1 49.S 49.9 50.5 50.7 Sample age 0.0 72.6 73.2 74.0 0.0 Volume of sample 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lycopodlum 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Concentration of spike 0.0 24200.0 24200.0 24200.0 0.0 Total pollen concentration 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 TRACER 0.0 202.0 183.0 152.0 0.0 Abies 0.0 0.9 0.6 1.8 0.0 Picea 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Total Pinus 0.0 51.8 53.6 41.6 0.0 Pinus Haploxylon 0.0 3.9 1.8 0.9 0.0 Pinus Diploxylon 0.0 0.9 1.5 1.2 0.0 Pinus cf. monophylla 0.0 3.9 3,3 3.6 0.0 Tsuga mertensia 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 Sequoiadendron 0.0 0.3 0.3 0.0 0.0 Juniperus 0.0 18.2 17.8 13.7 0.0 Quercus 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 Juglans 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Shepherdia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Celtis 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Populus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.0 Betula 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 Alnus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Corylus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Berberis 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 Chrysolepis 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Friucinus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Salix 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 Ephedra viridis-type 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.9 0.0 Ephedra nevadensis-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Chenopodiaceae/Amaranthus 0.0 5.1 5.6 13.1 0.0 Sarcobatus 0.0 3.6 2.4 5.2 0.0 Cercocarpus/Purshia-type 0.0 0.9 1.2 2.1 0.0 Prunus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Potentilla-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Rhamnaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Artemisia tridentatae 0.0 8.9 5.3 9.7 0.0 Ambrosia-type 0.0 0.0 1.5 0.6 0.0 Henodora spinescens 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Larrea 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Aquilegia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Tidestromia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Caryophyllaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Pers icar ia-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Eriogonum 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Argemone 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Malvaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Brassicaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Euphorbia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Saxifraga 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Rosaceae 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.3 0.0 Lupinus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Psorothamnus-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Astragalus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Himosoideae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Fabaceaee 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Hoffmannseggia-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Ericaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Gentianaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Onagraceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Oenothera-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Salvia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Phacelia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Urticaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Apiaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Solonaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Solanuffi 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Ribes 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lycium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Scrophulareaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 280
Kimulus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Veronica-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 LeptodactyIon-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Gilia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Castilleja 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lamiaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Ranunculus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lobelia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Other Asteraceae 0.0 1.5 3.3 4.0 0.0 Liguliflorae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Mutiseae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Circium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Dodecatheon 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Poaceae 0.0 0.0 0.9 0.0 0.0 Liliaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Allium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Fritillaria-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Iridaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Arceuthobium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Typha latifolia 0.0 0.5 0.3 0.0 0.0 Typha/Sparganium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Potamogeton 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Cyperaceae 0.0 9.9 2.9 5.5 0.0 Cyperus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Eguisetum 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lemna-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Callitriche 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Isoetes 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Myriophyllum 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Azolla 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Elodea-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Botryococcus 0.0 2.2 0.3 0.2 0.0 Pediastrum 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 Sporormiella 0.0 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.0 Spores 0.0 24.9 41.3 24.2 0.0 Trilete Spore Undiff. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Dryopter is -type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Cyaopteris frigilis 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Selaginella-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Tilletia sphagni 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Deteriorated 0.0 1.5 1.3 2.2 0.0 Unit 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 Charcoal 0.0 2420.0 1701.0 42350.0 0.0 Terrestrial Trees 0.0 79.8 79.3 62.9 0.0 Terrestrial Shrubs and Herbs 0.0 20.2 20.4 36.2 0.0 Indeterminate 0.0 1.5 1.3 2.3 0.0 Algae 0.0 2.2 0.3 0.4 0.0 Spores 0.0 25.1 41.4 24.3 0.0 Aquatics 0.0 10.4 3.2 5.5 0.0 Riparian Trees and Shrubs 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.9 0.0 Pollen Sum 0.0 336.0 338.0 329.0 0.0 Pollen Sum Aquatics 0.0 375.0 349.0 348.0 0.0 Total Pollen Sum 0.0 999.0 1207.0 927.0 0.0 OL-92 Percentages of Palynomorphs
Sample 8.0 233.0 236.0 239.0 242.0
Depth (m) 52.2 52.5 53.1 53.7 54.3 Sample age 0.0 76.8 77.6 78.6 79.4 Volume of sample 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lycopodium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Concentration of spike 0.0 24200.0 24200.0 24200.0 24200.0 Total pollen concentration 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 TRACER 0.0 196.0 150.0 204.0 141.0 Abies 0.0 1.3 1.4 0.9 2.5 Picea 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Total Pinus 0.0 49.7 40.1 41.1 54.1 Pinus Haploxylon 0.0 1.9 0.9 3.3 1.7 Pinus Diploxylon 0.0 0.6 0.6 2.1 1.4 Pinus cf. monophylla 0.0 3.2 1.7 2.4 1.4 Tsuga mertensia 0.0 0.6 0.3 0.3 0.3 Sequoiadendron 0.0 0.3 0.3 0.6 0.0 Juniperus 0.0 16.1 22.5 23.1 15.9 Quercus 0.0 0.3 0.3 0.0 0.3 Juglans 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Shepherdia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 Celtis 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Populus 0.0 0.6 1.7 0.0 1.1 Betula 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 Alnus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Corylus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Berberis 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Chrysolepis 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Fraxinus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Salix 0.0 0.0 1.2 0.3 0.6 Ephedra viridis-type 0.0 1.6 1.2 0.3 0.0 Ephedra nevadensis-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Chenopodiaceae/Amaranthus 0.0 8.1 11.5 9.5 8.5 Sarcobatus 0.0 2.6 4.6 3.0 1.7 Cercocarpus/Purshia-type 0.0 1.3 1.7 0.6 1.4 Prunus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Potentilla-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Rhamnaceae 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.3 0.0 Artemisia tridentatae 0.0 7.4 6.6 9.5 5.1 Ambrosia-ty^ 0.0 0.6 1.2 0.9 1.4 Henodora spinescens 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Larrea 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Aquilegia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Tidestromia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Caryophyllaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Persicaria-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Eriogonum 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Argemone 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Malvaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Brassicaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Euphorbia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Saxifraga 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 Rosaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lupinus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Paorothamnus-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Astragalus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Mimosoideae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Fabaceaee 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.3 Hoffmannseggia-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Ericaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Gentianaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Onagraceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Oenothera-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Salvia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Phacelia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Urticaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Apiaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Solonaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Solanum 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Ribes 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lycium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Scrophulareaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Mimulus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Veronica-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 LeptodactyIon-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Gilia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Castilleja 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lamiaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Ranunculus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lobelia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Other Asteraceae 0.0 2.9 1.7 1.5 2.0 Liguliflorae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 Hutiseae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Circium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Dodecatheon 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Poaceae 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 Liliaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Allium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Fritillaria-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Iridaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Arceuthobium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Typha latifolia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 Typha/Sparganium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Potamogeton 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.3 0.0 Cyperaceae 0.0 6.0 6.0 6.6 3.5 Cyperus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Equisetum 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lemna-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Callitriche 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Isoetes 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Hyriophyllum 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Azolla 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Elodea-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Botryococcus 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.2 0.1 Pediastrum 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.1 Sporormiella 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 Spores 0.0 31.0 28.1 27.8 23.0 Trilete Spore Undiff. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Dryopteris-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Cysopteris frigilis 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Selaginella-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Tilletia sphagni 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Deteriorated 0.0 1.7 2.6 1.1 1.3 Unk 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.2 Charcoal 0.0 8155.0 3000.0 1210.0 4864.0 Terrestrial Trees 0.0 74.2 68.0 73.7 77.6 Terrestrial Shrubs and Herbs 0.0 25.2 29.1 25.7 20.4 Indeterminate 0.0 1.7 2.7 1.1 1.5 Algae 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.3 0.2 Spores 0.0 31.0 28.2 27.9 23.0 Aquatics 0.0 6.3 6.0 6.9 3.8 Riparian Trees and Shrubs 0.0 0.6 2.9 0.6 2.0 Pollen Sum 0.0 310.0 347.0 338.0 353.0 Pollen Sum Aquatics 0.0 331.0 369.0 363.0 367.0 Total Pollen Sum 0.0 956.0 1036.0 992.0 956.0 OL-92 Percentages of Palynomorphs
Sample 245.0 248.0 251.0 254.0 257.0
Depth (m) 54.9 55.0 56.1 56.7 57.3 S2unple age 80.3 80.4 82.2 83.1 84.0 Volume of sample 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lycopodium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Concentration of spike 24200.0 24200.0 24200.0 24200.0 24200.0 Total pollen concentration 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 TRACER H6.0 178.0 116.0 67.0 155.0 Abies 2.3 2.2 1.0 1.5 0.2 Picea 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Total Pinus 47.4 58.9 58.3 55.1 75.5 Pinus Haploxylon 2.9 2.5 1.6 3.0 2.0 Pinus Diploxylon 0.6 2.2 0.6 0.9 1.0 Pinus cf. monophylla 1.2 0.6 0.6 2.1 1.2 Tsuga mertensia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Sequoiadendron 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Juniperus 8.8 10.0 12.6 10.8 5.6 Quercus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Juglans 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Shepherdia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Celtis 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Populus 0.0 0.9 0.3 0.3 0.0 Betula 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Alnus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Corylus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Berberis 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Chrysolepis 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Fraxinus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Salix 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.7 Ephedra viridis-type 0.3 0.0 0.6 0.6 0.0 Ephedra nevadensis-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Chenopodiaceae/Amaranthus 24.6 8.7 13.9 14.5 6.4 Sarcobatus 0.9 0.6 1.6 1.2 0.0 Cercocarpus/Purshia-type 1.8 0.0 0.0 0.9 1.5 Prunus 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 Potentilla-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Rhamnaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 Artemisia tridentatae 3.2 5.6 3.2 6.6 2.2 Ambros ia-type 3.2 5.6 2.3 1.2 2.2 Henodora spinescens 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Larrea 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Aquilegia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Tidestromia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Caryophyllaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Persicaria-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Eriogonum 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Argemone 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Malvaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Brassicaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Euphorbia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Saxifraga 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 Rosaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 Lupinus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Psorothamnus-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Astragalus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Himosoideae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Fabaceaee 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Hoffmannseggia-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Ericaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Gentianaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Onagraceae 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 Oenothera-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Salvia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Phacelia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Urticaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Apiaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Solonaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Solanum 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Ribes 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lycium 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 Scrophulareaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Himulus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Veronica-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 LeptodactyIon-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 Gilia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Castilleja 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 Lamiaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Ranunculus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lobelia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Other Asteraceae 2.3 1.9 2.3 0.3 1.0 Liguliflorae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Mutiseae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Circium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Dodecatheon 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Poaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Liliaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Allium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Fritillaria-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Iridaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Arceuthobium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Typha latifolia 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 Typha/Sparganium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Potamogeton 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Cyperaceae 1.2 4.2 4.9 2.4 0.7 Cyperus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Equisetum 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lemna-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Callitriche 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Isoetes 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Myriophyllum 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Azolla 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Elodea-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Botryococcus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 Pediastrum 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 Sporormiella 0.0 0.4 0.1 0.0 0.0 Spores 16.8 29.4 25.4 17.9 13.3 Trilete Spore Ondiff. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Dryopteris-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Cysopteris frigilis 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Selaginella-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Tilletia sphagni 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Deteriorated 2.6 0.9 2.2 3.1 1.9 Onic 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.1 0,1 Charcoal 69938.0 1805.0 3388.0 7260.0 1210.0 Terrestrial Trees 63.2 76.3 74.8 73.5 85.5 Terrestrial Shrubs and Herbs 36.8 22.4 24.9 26.2 13.7 Indeterminate 2.6 1.1 2.4 3.2 2.0 Algae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 Spores 16.8 29.9 25.5 17.9 13.3 Aquatics 1.2 4.5 4.9 2.4 0.7 Riparian Trees and Shrubs 0.0 1.2 0.3 0.3 0.7 Pollen Sum 342.0 321.0 309.0 332.0 408.0 Pollen Sum + Aquatics 346.0 336.0 325.0 340.0 411.0 Total Pollen Sum 853.0 951.0 879.0 851.0 969.0 OL-92 Percentages of Palynomorphs
Sample 261 0 265.0 273.0 276.0 279.0
Depth (n) 58 1 58.9 60.5 61.1 61.5 Sample age 85 2 86.6 89.3 90.3 91.0 Volume of sample 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lycopodium 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Concentration of spike 27822 0 27822.0 27000.0 27000.0 27000.0 Total pollen concentration 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 TRACER 184 0 145.0 165.0 214.0 188.0 Abies 1 1 0.6 0.9 0.7 0.5 Picea 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Total Pinus 67 9 54.8 40.1 49.9 60.9 Pinus Baploxylon 0 0 0.3 l.S 2.0 1.9 Pinus Diploxylon 0 5 0.9 2.4 2.9 2.2 Pinus cf. monophylla 0 3 0.9 0.9 2.0 1.9 Tsuga mertensia 0 3 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.0 Sequoiadendron 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Juniperus 7 8 10.5 13.2 8.1 8.4 Quercus 0 0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 Juglans 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Shepherdia 0 0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 Celtis 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Populus 0 5 0.9 0.0 0.0 0.8 Betula 0 0 0.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 Alnus 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Corylus 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Berberis 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Chrysolepis 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Frjucinus 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 Salix 0 0 1.4 3.0 0.5 0.5 Ephedra viridis-type 0 3 0.0 0.0 1.2 0.3 Ephedra nevadensis-type 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Chenopodiaceae/Amaranthus 5 9 8.2 12.9 14.4 8.4 Sarcobatus 0 3 1.1 2.7 1.0 1.4 Cercocarpus/Purshia-type 1 1 1.7 1.5 1.5 1.6 Prunus 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Potentilla-type 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Rhamnaceae 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Artemisia tridentatae 11 5 8.0 10.8 8.1 5.7 Ambros ia-type 1 6 6.2 3.0 3.7 2.2 Menodora spinescens 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Larrea 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Aquilegia 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Tidestromia 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Caryophyllaceae 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Persicaria-type 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Eriogonum 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Argemcne 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Malvaceae 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 Brassicaceae 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Euphorbia 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Saxifraga 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Rosaceae 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lupinus 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 Psorothamnus-type 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Astragalus 0 0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 Mimosoideae 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Fabaceaee 0 3 0.3 0.0 0.7 0.0 Hof fmannseggia-type 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Ericaceae 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Gentianaceae 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Onagraceae 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Oenothera-type 0 0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 Salvia 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Phacelia 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Urticaceae 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Apiaceae 0 0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 Solonaceae 0 0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 Solanum 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 Ribes 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lycium 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Scrophulareaceae 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Hlmulus 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Veronica-type 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 LeptodactyIon-type 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Gilia 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Castilleja 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lamiaceae 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Ranunculus 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lobelia 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Other Asteraceae 0 5 2.3 4.2 2.2 2.4 Liguliflorae 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Hutiseae 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Circium 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Dodecatheon 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Poaceae 0 3 0.3 2.1 0.0 0.3 Liliaceae 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Allium 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Fritillaria-type 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 Xridaceae 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Arceuthobium 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Typha latifolia 0 0 0.0 0.8 0.2 0.0 Typha/Sparganium 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Potamogeton 0 0 0.0 1.4 0.0 0.5 Cyperaceae 0 8 0.3 4.2 2.6 3.4 Cyperus 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Equisetum 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lemna-type 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Callitriche 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Isoetes 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Hyriophyllum 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Azolla 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Elodea-type 0 3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Botryococcus 6 0 4.5 6.5 0.3 0.0 Pediastrum 0 0 0.1 54.3 0.2 0.3 Sporormiella 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Spores 8 5 13.4 18.1 25.8 17.7 Trilete Spore Undiff. 0 0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 Dryopteris-type 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Cysopteris frigilis 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Selaginella-type 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Tilletia sphagni 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Deteriorated 1 2 1.4 0.5 1.7 1.4 Onk 0 0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 Charcoal 99364 0115925.0 97200.0 2700.0 4050.0 Terrestrial Trees 77 8 68.2 59.0 66.0 75.8 Terrestrial Shrubs and Herbs 21 7 28.7 37.7 33.5 22.6 Indeterminate 1 2 1.4 0.7 1.7 1.5 Algae 6 0 4.6 60.8 0.4 0.3 Spores 8 5 13.5 18.1 25.8 17.7 Aquatics 1 1 0.3 6.4 2.9 3.9 Riparian Trees and Shrubs 0 5 3.1 3.3 0.5 1.6 Pollen Sum 374 0 352.0 334.0 409.0 368.0 Pollen Sum + Aquatics 378 0 353.0 357.0 421.0 383.0 Total Pollen Sum 893 0 875.0 3378.0 1153.0 933.0 OI.-92 Percentages of Palynomorphs
Setmple 282.0 285.0 287.0 289.0 291.0
Depth (m) 62.1 62.7 63.0 63.4 63.8 Sample age 92.0 93.0 93.7 94.4 95.1 Volume of scimple 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lycopodium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Concentration of spike 27000.0 27000.0 27822.0 27822.0 27822.0 Total pollen concentration 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 TRACER 102.0 68.0 94.0 87.0 64.0 Abies 0.9 0.9 0.2 0.0 0.0 Picea 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Total Pinus 58.5 42.5 46.2 40.3 36.2 Pinus Haploxylon 2.7 2.6 1.1 0.6 0.6 Pinus Diploxylon 0.6 1.7 0.4 0.6 0.3 Pinus cf. monophylla 3.6 0.9 0.9 0.0 0.6 Tsuga mertensia 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Sequoiadendron 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.3 Juniperus 5.1 13.3 12.1 19.4 21.0 Quercus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.3 Juglans 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 1.6 Shepherdia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Celtis 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Populus 0.0 0.9 0.2 1.2 0.0 Betula 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 Alnus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Corylus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Berberis 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 Chrysolepis 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Fraxinus 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.3 0.3 Salix 0.0 0.6 1.3 0.6 3.8 Ephedra viridis-type 0.3 1.2 1.1 0.9 0.6 Ephedra nevadensis-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Chenopodiaceae/Amaranthus 6.6 12.1 9.8 7.8 7.9 Sarcobatus 0.3 1.2 2.2 0.3 1.3 Cercocarpus/Purshia-type 1.8 3.5 1.1 0.9 1.9 Prunus 0.0 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 Potentilla-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Rhamnaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Artemisia tridentatae 10.4 11.8 11.8 13.1 9.5 Ambrosia-type 5.1 4.0 6.2 7.2 7.9 Menodora spinescens 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Larrea 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Aquilegia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Tidestromia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Caryophyllaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Pers icaria-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Eriogonum 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.3 0.0 Argemone 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Malvaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Brassicaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Euphorbia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 Saxifraga 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Rosaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lupinus 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Psorothamnus-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 Astragalus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Mimosoideae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Fabaceaee 0.0 0.0 0.4 1.6 0.0 Hoffmannseggia-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Ericaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 Gentianaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Onagraceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Oenothera-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Salvia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Phacelia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Urticaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Apiaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Solonaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Solanum 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Ribes 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lycium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Scrophulareaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Mimulus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Veronica-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 LeptodactyIon-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Gilia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 Castilleja 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lamiaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Ranunculus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lobelia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Other Asteraceae 2.4 2.3 2.7 2.5 2.2 Liguliflorae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Hutiseae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Circium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Dodecatheon 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Foaceae 1.2 0.0 0.7 0.6 1.9 Liliaceae 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.3 Allium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Fritillaria-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Iridaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Arceuthobitun 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Typha latifolia 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.6 0.6 Typha/Sparganium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Fotamogeton 0.3 0.3 0.0 2.0 1.8 Cyperaceae 3.4 3.3 2.0 5.9 3.8 Cyperus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Equisetum 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.9 Lemna-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Callitriche 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Isoetes 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Hyriophyllum 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 Azolla 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Elodea-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Botryococcus 13.3 24.6 10.2 16.1 8.3 Pediastrimi 1.4 14.2 1.1 3.3 15.3 Sporormiella 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Spores 12.8 14.2 7.2 8.0 13.8 Trilete Spore Undiff. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Dryopteris-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Cysopteris frigilis 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Selaginella-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Tilletia sphagni 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Deteriorated 1.3 1.3 1.6 2.3 2.9 Unk 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.1 Charcoal 4914.0 9001.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Terrestrial Trees 71.6 61.8 61.4 61.9 61.0 Terrestrial Shrubs and Herbs 28.4 36.7 36.8 35.6 34.9 Indeterminate 1.3 1.3 1.6 2.5 3.0 Algae 14.7 38.8 11.2 19.5 23.6 Spores 12.8 14.2 7.2 8.0 13.8 Aquatics 3.7 3.6 2.2 9.3 7.1 Riparian Trees and Shrubs 0.0 1.4 1.8 2.5 4.1 Pollen Sum 335.0 346.0 448.0 320.0 315.0 Pollen Sum -t- Aquatics 348.0 359.0 458.0 353.0 339.0 Total Pollen Sum 959.0 1542.0 1132.0 961.0 1098.0 OL-92 Percentages of Falynomorphs
Sample 293.0 295.0 297.0 299.0 301.0
Depth (cm) 64.2 64.6 65.0 65.4 65.8 Sample age 95.8 96.5 97.3 98.2 98.9 Volume of sample 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lycopodium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Concentration of spike 27822.0 27822.0 27822.0 27822.0 27822.0 Total pollen concentration 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 TRACER 107.0 106.0 116.0 97.0 118.0 Abies 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.5 0.5 Picea 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Total Pinus 36.5 46.9 43.3 46.9 37.9 Pinus Haploxylon 0.3 0.3 0.0 1.0 0.0 Pinus Diploxylon 0.6 0.0 0.3 0.8 0.3 Pinus cf. monophylla 0.9 0.0 0.7 1.3 0.3 Tsuga mertensia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Sequoiadendron 0.9 0.3 0.7 1.0 0.5 Juniperus 24.5 17.4 13.4 18.2 18.4 Quercus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 Juglans 0.6 0.6 1.0 0.0 0.8 Shepherdia 0.0 0.3 0.7 0.0 0.0 Celtis 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Populus 0.0 0.3 0.0 1.6 1.9 Betula 0.3 0.6 0.3 0.0 0.0 Alnus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Corylus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Berberis 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Chrysolepis 0.0 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 Freucinus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Salix 3.4 3.4 1.0 0.3 1.1 Ephedra viridis-type 0.3 0.3 1.3 1.6 1.9 Ephedra nevadensis-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Chenopodiaceae/Amaranthus 8.0 4.0 6.2 5.5 13.7 Sarcobatus 2.2 1.2 3.3 2.9 2.5 Cercocarpus/Purshia-type 1.2 2.5 1.3 2.6 1.4 Prunus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Potentilla-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Rhamnaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Artemisia tridentatae 13.0 15.5 17.6 9.1 11.8 Ambrosia-type 1.9 1.6 2.9 2.6 2.7 Menodora spinescens 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Larrea 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Aquilegia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Tidestromia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Caryophyllaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Pers icaria-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Briogonum 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Argemone 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Malvaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Brassicaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Euphorbia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Saxifraga 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Rosaceae 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lupinus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Psorothamnus-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Astragalus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Mimosoideae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Fabaceaee 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Hoffmannseggia-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Ericaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Gentianaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Onagraceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Oenothera-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Salvia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Phacelia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Orticaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Apiaceae 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.3 Solonaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Solanum 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Ribes 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lycium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Scrophulareaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Hlmulus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Veronica-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Leptodacty Ion-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Gilia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Castilleja 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lcuniaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Ranunculus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lobelia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Other Asteraceae 2.2 2.5 3.9 2.6 3.0 Liguliflorae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Mutiseae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Circium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Dodecatheon 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Poaceae 2.8 1.2 1.6 1.3 0.8 Liliaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Allium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Fritillaria-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Iridaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0,0 0.0 Arceuthobium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Typha latifolia 0.0 0.6 0.6 0.0 0.3 Typha/Sparganium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Potamogeton 0.0 0.6 0.3 0.2 0.0 Cyperaceae 3,3 5.8 5.2 3.2 5.6 Cyperus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Equisetum 0.9 0.0 0.6 1.7 1.0 Lemna-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Callitriche 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Isoetes 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Myriophyllum 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Azolla 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0,0 Elodea-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0,0 Botryococcus 13.2 11.3 20.6 0.5 0.6 Pediastrum 56.2 67.8 42.6 0.1 0.4 Sporormiella 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0,0 Spores 2.3 3.6 3.6 14.7 20,3 Trilete Spore Undiff. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0,0 Dryopteris-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Cysopteris frigilis 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0,0 Selaginella-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0,0 Tilletia sphagni 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0,0 Deteriorated 0.5 0.2 0,5 2.5 2,9 Onk 0.0 0.0 0,1 0.1 0,1 Charcoal 0.0 0.0 0.0 0,0 0,0 Terrestrial Trees 64.4 65.5 59.6 70.1 58.8 Terrestrial Shrubs and Herbs 31.9 29.8 38.4 28.1 38.2 Indeterminate 0.5 0.2 0.5 2.6 3.0 Algae 69.4 79.1 63.2 0.6 1.0 Spores 2.3 3.6 3.6 14,7 20,3 Aquatics 4.2 6.9 6.7 5,2 6.9 Riparian Trees and Shrubs 3.7 4.7 2.0 1.8 3.0 Pollen Sum 323.0 322.0 307.0 384.0 364.0 Pollen Sum + Aquatics 337.0 346.0 329.0 405.0 391.0 Total Pollen Sum 2381.0 3908.0 1946,0 961.0 998.0 OL-92 Percentages of Palynonusrphs
Sample 304.0 306.0 308.0 310.0 312.0
Depth (m.) 66.2 66.6 67.0 67.4 67.8 Sample age 99.6 100.4 101.1 102.0 102.8 Volume of sample 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lycopodlum 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Concentration of spike 27822.0 27822.0 27822.0 27822.0 27822.0 Total pollen concentration 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 TRACER 179.0 140.0 121.0 131.0 126.0 Abies 0.5 0.3 1.2 0.9 0.0 Picea 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Total Pinus 45.5 31.4 36.0 44.3 38.9 Pinus Haploxylon 0.8 3.2 3.0 4.7 2.7 Pinus Diploxylon 1.1 0.3 1.5 0.9 0.0 Pinus cf. monophylla 0.8 0.6 1.2 2.1 1.5 Tsuga martensia 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 Sequoiadendron 1.1 0.0 0.6 0.9 0.9 Juniperus 20.2 19.4 25.5 13.5 16.2 Quercus 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.3 0.0 Juglans 1.6 0.9 0.3 0.0 0.0 Shepherdia 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 Celtis 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Populus 1.9 1.5 1.2 0.9 0.6 Betula 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Alnus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 Corylus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Berberis 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Chrysolepis 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 Fraxinus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 Salix 0.8 0.6 0.9 0.6 0.0 Ephedra viridis-type 0.8 1.8 1.8 0.9 4.4 Ephedra nevadensis-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Chenopodiaceae/Amaranthus 7.1 12.6 10.2 10.9 12.1 Sarcobatus 3.3 3.8 0.3 1.5 1.8 Cercocarpus/Purshia-type 0.5 0.9 1.2 2.6 1.8 Prunus 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 Potentilla-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Rhamnaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Artemisia tridentatae 7.4 11.7 4.2 4.1 5.0 Ambrosia-type 0.8 2.3 3.3 4.7 5.3 Menodora spinescens 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Larrea 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Aquilegia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Tidestromia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Caryophyllaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Persicaria-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Briogonum 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Argemone 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Malvaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Brassicaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Euphorbia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Saxifraga 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Rosaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lupinus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Psorothamnus-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Astragalus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Mimosoideae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Fabaceaee 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.6 0.9 Hoffmannseggia-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Ericaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Gentianaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Onagraceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Oenothera-type 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 Salvia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Phacelia 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 Urticaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Apiaceae 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Solonaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Solanum 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Ribes 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lycium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Scrophulareaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Mimulus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Veronica-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 LeptodactyIon-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Gilia 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0 0 Castilleja 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Lamiaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Ranunculus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0 0 Lobelia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Other Asteraceae 3.8 5.3 3.0 2.9 5 9 Iiiguliflorae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Hutiseae 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0 0 Circium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Dodecatheon 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Foaceae 1.4 2.3 2.4 2.1 1 8 Liliaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Allium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Fritillaria-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Iridaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Arceuthobium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Typha latifolia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Typha/Sparganium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Potamogeton 0.3 0.8 0.0 0.3 0 0 Cyperaceae 6.3 10.8 3.2 1.4 5 3 Cyperus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0 0 Equisetum 0.3 0.3 0.9 0.3 0 6 Lemna-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Callitriche 0.3 0.3 0.0 0.0 0 0 Isoetes 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Myriophyllum 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Azolla 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Elodea-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Botryococcus 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0 2 Pediastrum 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.2 0 1 Sporormiella 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Spores 23.5 20.5 11.8 11.6 22 7 Trilete Spore (Indiff. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Dryopteris-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Cysopteris frigilis 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Selaginella-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Tilletia sphagni 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Deteriorated 3.3 3.2 2.1 3.0 2 8 Unk 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 0 0 Charcoal 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Terrestrial Trees 71.7 56.0 70.3 67.4 60 2 Terrestrial Shrubs and Herbs 25.3 41.6 27.6 30.5 38 9 Indeterminate 3.3 3.3 2.1 3.1 2 8 Algae 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.2 0 3 Spores 23.5 20.5 11.8 11.6 22 7 Aquatics 7.1 12.1 4.0 2.3 5 8 Riparian Trees and Shrubs 3.0 2.3 2.1 2.1 0 9 Pollen Sum 367.0 341.0 333.0 341.0 339 0 Pollen Sum + Aquatics 395.0 388.0 347.0 349.0 360 0 Total Pollen Sum 1044.0 962.0 794.0 811.0 942 0 OL-92 Percentages of Palynomorphs
Sample 314.0 316.0 318.0 320.0 322.0
Depth (m) 68.3 68.6 69.0 69.4 69.8 Sample age 103.7 104.3 105.1 105.8 106.8 Volume of sample 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lycopodium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Concentration of spike 27822.0 27822.0 27822.0 27822.0 27822.0 Total pollen concentration 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 TRACER 220.0 412.0 600.0 761.0 66.0 Abies 2.4 0.6 0.7 0.0 0.6 Picea 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Total Pinus 38.0 30.4 26.7 23.7 29.6 Pinus Baploxylon 2.1 1.2 0.3 1.0 1.5 Pinus Diploxylon 0.3 0.0 0.3 0.3 2.4 Pinus of. monophylla 0.9 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 Tsuga mertensia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 Sequoiadendron 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.9 Juniperus 13.6 23.3 19.8 20.3 8.7 Quercus 0.6 1.2 0.0 1.7 0.3 Juglans 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.6 Shepherdia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Celtis 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Populus 2.1 0.9 1.7 1.4 1.2 Betula 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 Alnus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Corylus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Berberis 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 Chrysolepis 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Fraxinus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Salix 1.5 3.1 1.7 2.7 2.7 Ephedra viridis-type 2.7 1.2 2.0 0.7 1.5 Ephedra nevadensis-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0,3 Chenopodiaceae/Amaranthus 9.3 9.0 16.2 14.8 13.2 Sarcobatus 1.8 1.2 1.3 0.3 0.9 Cercocarpus/Purshia-type 3.0 3.4 4.0 3.1 7.2 Prunus 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 Potentilla-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Rharanaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Artemisia tridentatae 3.3 5.9 3.3 3.1 4.2 Afflbrosia-type 10.2 11.2 12.9 13.7 13.5 Menodora spinescens 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Larrea 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Aquilegia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Tidestromia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Caryophyllaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Persicaria-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Eriogonum 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 Argemone 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Malvaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Brassicaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Euphorbia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Saxifraga 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 Rosaceae 0.0 0.6 1.3 1.4 0.9 Lupinus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Psorothamnus-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Astragalus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Himosoideae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Fabaceaee 1.2 0.3 1.0 2.4 2.1 Hof fmannseggia-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Ericaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Oentianaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Onagraceae 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 Oenothera-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Salvia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Phacelia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Orticaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Apiaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Solonaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 Solanum 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Ribes 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lycium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Scrophulareaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 294
Hlnulus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Veronica-type 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Leptodactyion-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Gilia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Castilleja 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lamiaceae 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 Ranunculus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lobelia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Other Asteraceae 3.0 4.7 4.6 7.9 3.0 Liguliflorae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Hutiseae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 Circium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Dodecatheon 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Poaceae 1.8 0.9 1.0 0.0 2.7 Liliaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Allium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Fritillaria-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Iridaceae 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 Arceuthobium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Typha latifolia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Typha/Sparganium 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 Potamogeton 0.0 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 Cyperaceae 1.8 2.1 1.6 1.0 0.9 Cyperus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Equisetum 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.0 Lemna-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Callitriche 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Isoetes 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Hyriophyllum 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Azolla 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Elodea-type 0.0 0.9 0.0 0.3 0.3 Botryococcus 0.0 0.2 0.4 1.7 0.3 Pediastrum 0.1 0.7 2.6 3.0 0.1 Sporormiella 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 Spores 96.7 95.9 50.4 14.7 20.6 Trilete Spore Ondiff. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Dryopteris-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Cysopteris frigilis 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Selagine11a-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 Tilletia sphagni 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Deteriorated 0.1 0.1 1.6 2.6 2.7 Unk 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 Cheircoal 0.0 675.0 0.0231850.0 0.0 Terrestrial Trees 58.1 57.1 48.5 47.4 45.2 Terrestrial Shrubs and Herbs 38.0 38.8 48.2 48.5 50.6 Indeterminate 0.1 0.1 1.7 2.8 2.8 Algae 0.1 0.8 3.0 4.8 0.5 Spores 96.7 95.9 50.5 14.7 20.9 Aquatics 2.4 4.2 2.6 2.3 1.5 Riparian Trees and Shrubs 3.9 4.0 3.3 4.1 4.2 Pollen Sum 332.0 322.0 303.0 291.0 334.0 Pollen Sum + Aquatics 340.0 336.0 311.0 298.0 339.0 Total Pollen Sum 22230.0 20858.0 1369.0 757.0 887.0 OL-92 Percentages of Palynomorphs
Sample 324.0 326.0 328.0 330.0 332.0
Depth (cm) 70.2 70.6 71.0 71.4 71.8 Sample age 107.6 108.3 108.7 109.9 110.7 Volume of sample 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lycopodium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Concentration of spike 27822.0 27822.0 27822.0 27822.0 27822.0 Total pollen concentration 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 TRACER 284.0 1S5.0 246.0 87.0 209.0 Abies 0.6 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 Picea O.Q 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Total Pinus 17.7 31.5 28.1 26.4 26.3 Pinus Haploxylon 0.3 0.6 1.9 2.6 1.5 Pinus Diploxylon 0.3 0.6 3.0 2.0 0.6 Pinus cf. monophylla 0.6 0.3 0.8 0.9 0.6 Tsuga mertensia O.Q O.Q 0.0 0.3 0.0 Sequoiadendron 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.0 Juniperus 11.9 7.3 9.3 9.7 12.1 Quercus 1.7 0.0 3.8 1.1 3.3 Juglans 0.6 0.6 0.3 0.9 0.3 Shepherdia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Celtis 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Populus 2.0 0.3 1.1 2.3 1.5 Betula 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.3 Alnus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Corylus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Berberis 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.6 Chrysolepis 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Fraxinus O.Q 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Salix 3.8 3.0 3.3 3.7 3.6 Ephedra viridis-type 0.9 1.2 0.3 1.4 1.5 Ephedra nevadensis-type O.Q 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 Chenopodiaceae /Amaranthus 17.7 17.9 10.1 24.4 18.0 Sarcobatus 0.9 0.9 1.6 1.4 0.6 Cercocarpus/Purshia-type 7.0 5.8 7.4 6.6 5.6 Prunus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Potentilla-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Rhamnaceae 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 Artemisia tridentatae S.S 7.0 5.4 3.2 5.6 Ambrosia-type 17.1 14.2 17.4 7.7 7.4 Menodora spinescens 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Larrea 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Aquilegia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Tidestromia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Caryophyllaceae 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.6 Persicaria-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Briogonum 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Argemone 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 Malvaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Brassicaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Euphorbia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Saxifraga 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Rosaceae 0.9 0.0 0.3 0.3 0.3 Lupinus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 Psorothamnus-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Astragalus 0.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Mimosoideae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Fabaceaee 1.2 0.9 1.1 0.3 0.9 Hoffmannseggia-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Ericaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Gentianaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Onagraceae 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 Oenothera-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Salvia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Phacelia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Urticaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Apiaceae o.o 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Solonaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Solanum 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Ribes 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lycium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Scrophulareaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 296
Hifflulus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Veronica-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 LeptodactyIon-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Gilia 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Castilleja 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lamiaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Ranunculus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lobelia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Other Asteraceae 5.8 5.2 3.0 2.6 7.7 Liguliflorae 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 Hutiseae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Circium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Dodecatheon 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Poaceae 1.7 1.2 1.4 1.1 0.9 Lillaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Allium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Fritillaria-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Iridaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Arceuthobium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Typha latifolia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Typha/Sparganium 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 Potamogeton I.l 0.6 0.5 1.1 0.3 Cyperaceae 0.9 2.0 1.1 1.4 0.6 Cyperus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Equisetum 0.0 0.9 0.3 0.6 0.6 Lemna-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Callitriche 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Isoetes 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Myriophyllum 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Azolla 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Elodea-type 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 Botryococcus 0.3 0.0 0.6 0.1 0.3 Pediastrum 0.1 0.2 0.9 0.9 0.7 Sporormiella 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Spores 22.5 20.8 21.6 24.2 3.3 Trilete Spore Ondiff. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Dryopteris-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Cysopteris frigilis 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Selaginella-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Tilletia sphagni 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Deteriorated 2.9 4.5 1.2 1.7 3.3 Unk 0.1 0.6 0.0 0.1 0.0 Charcoal 556440.0 0.0397457.0 0.0 46370.0 Terrestrial Trees 33.6 40.9 47.4 44.4 44.7 Terrestrial Shrubs and Herbs 60.6 55.8 48.2 49.3 50.0 Indeterminate 3.0 5.1 1.2 1.9 3.3 Algae 0.4 0.2 1.5 I.O 1.0 Spores 22.5 20.8 21.6 24.2 3.3 Aquatics 2.0 3.5 2.4 3.1 1.5 Riparian Trees and Shrubs 5.8 3.3 4.4 6.3 5.3 Pollen Sum 345.0 330.0 367.0 349.0 338.0 Pollen Sum +• Aquatics 352.0 342.0 376.0 360.0 343.0 Total Pollen Sum 941.0 909.0 982.0 972.0 736.0 OL-92 Percentages of Falynomorphs
Sample 334.0 336.0 338.0 340.0 342.0
Depth (m) 72.2 72.6 73.0 73.6 74,0 Sample age 111.7 112.5 113.3 114.5 115.3 Volume of seunple 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lycopodlum 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Concentration of spike 27822.0 27822.0 27822.0 27822.0 27822.0 Total pollen concentration 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 TRACER 152.0 146.0 98.0 108.0 131.0 Abies 1.3 0.3 0.3 0.0 1.0 Picea 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Total Pinus 27.5 32.7 30.7 31.7 29.6 Pinus Haploxylon 1.6 3.1 1.1 0.8 0.3 Pinus Diploxylon 1.6 1.8 1.3 0.8 1.3 Pinus cf. monophylla 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.8 0.0 Tsuga mertensia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Sequoiadendron 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 Juniperus 9.9 6.1 5.8 10.1 6.4 Quercus 2.9 1.8 2.1 2.4 0.8 Juglans 0.3 0.5 0.0 0.8 0.0 Shepherdia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Celtis 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 Populus 2.6 1.3 1.9 0.8 1.0 Betula 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Alnus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Corylus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Berberis 0.5 0.3 0.3 0.0 0.0 Chrysolepis 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Fraxinus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 Salix 4.4 2.3 5.6 2.7 3.3 Ephedra viridis-type 0.8 1.8 0.3 0.3 1.5 Ephedra nevadensis-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Chenopodiaceae/Amaranthus 13.0 21.4 16.4 17.1 14.7 Sarcobatus 0.3 1.0 1.1 0.5 2.3 Cercocarpus/Purshia-type 3.6 4.3 6.3 10.4 4.9 Prunus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 Potentilla-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Rhamnaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Artemisia tridentatae 6.5 3.6 6.6 5.1 8.2 Ambrosia-type 16.6 11.2 12.2 7.7 14.7 Menodora spinescens 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Larrea 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Aquilegia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Tidestromia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Caryophyllaceae 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 Persicaria-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 Eriogonum 0.3 0.5 0.5 0.0 0.3 Argemone 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Malvaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Brassicaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Euphorbia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Saxifraga 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Rosaceae 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.8 Lupinus 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.5 0.0 Psorothamnus-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Astragalus 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.3 0.0 Mimosoideae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Fabaceaee 1.8 1.0 1.6 1.1 1.3 Hoffmannseggia-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Ericaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Gentianaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Onagraceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Oenothera-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Salvia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Phacelia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Urticaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Apiaceae 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Solonaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Solanum 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Ribes 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lycium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Scrophulareaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Himulus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Veronica-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Leptodactyion-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Gilia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Castilleja 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lamiaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Ranunculus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lobelia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Other Asteraceae 3.4 3.6 5.8 3.2 5.7 Liguliflorae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Hutiseae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Circium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Dodecatheon 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Poaceae 0.5 0.8 0.0 2.1 1.3 Liliaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Allium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Fritillaria-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Iridaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Arceuthobium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Typha latifolia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Typha/Sparganium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Potamogeton 1.3 0.8 0.5 0.8 1.5 Cyperaceae 1.5 0.5 1.3 1.3 1.5 Cyperus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Equisetum 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.0 1.2 Lemna-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Callitriche 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Isoetes 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Myriophyllum 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.5 0.0 Azolla 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Elodea-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Botryococcus 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.4 0.2 Pediastrum 0.0 1.5 0.6 0.8 13.0 Sporormiella 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 Spores 38.2 20.9 23.3 17.4 20.9 Trilete Spore Undiff. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Dryopteris-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Cysopteris frigilis 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Selaginella-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Tilletia sphagni 0.0 0.1 0.6 0.3 0.0 Deteriorated 2.6 3.7 2.6 2.9 2.6 Onk 0.2 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 Charcoal 0.0 99364.0 0.0 71338.0 0.0 Terrestrial Trees 44.9 46.4 41.5 47.5 39.3 Terrestrial Shrubs and Herbs 48.1 50.0 51.1 49.1 56.0 Indeterminate 2.8 3.7 2.8 2.9 2.6 Algae 0.2 1.6 0.6 1.2 13.2 Spores 38.2 21.0 23.9 17.8 20.9 Aquatics 3.0 1.8 2.1 2.6 4.2 Riparian Trees and Shrubs 7.0 3.6 7.4 3.5 4.6 Pollen Sum 385.0 392.0 378.0 375.0 389.0 Pollen Sum + Aquatics 397.0 399.0 386.0 385.0 406.0 Total Pollen Sum 1328.0 1074.0 1050.0 973.0 1256.0 OL-92 Percentages of Palynomorphs
Sample 344.0 346.0 348.0 350.0 352.0
Depth (m) 74.4 74.7 75.1 75.5 75.9 Sample age 116.3 116.9 117.8 118.6 119.4 Volume of sample 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lycopodium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Concentration of spike 27822.0 27822.0 27822.0 27822.0 27822.0 Total pollen concentration 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 TRACER 117.0 109.0 126.0 122.0 116.0 Abies 0.0 1.4 0.5 0.8 0.5 Picea 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Total Pinus 21.1 26.6 44.8 41.1 34.2 Pinus Haploxylon 0.6 0.3 0.3 0.5 0.9 Pinus Diploxylon 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 Pinus cf. monophylla 0.9 0.3 0.8 1.1 0.2 Tsuga mertensia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 Sequoiadendron 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.5 0.2 Juniperus 11.7 6.6 16.4 31.1 40.0 Quercus 2.1 1.4 0.5 0.5 0.2 Juglans 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 Shepherdia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.2 Celtis 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Populus 0.3 0.3 0.0 0.5 0.7 Betula 0.3 0.0 1.9 0.5 0.9 Alnus 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Corylus 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 Berberis 0.0 0.3 1.6 0.0 0.2 Chrysolepis 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Fraxinus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Salix 2.7 5.2 4.6 5.2 3.5 Ephedra viridis-type 1.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Ephedra nevadensis-type 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Chenopodiaceae/Amaranthus 16.9 16.3 0.8 1.4 2.1 Sarcobatus 1.5 1.4 0.5 0.0 0.0 CercocsuT)us/Purshia-type 8.4 6.9 1.6 2.5 1.2 Prunus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Potentilla-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 Rhamnaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Artemisia tridentatae 5.1 6.3 16.4 7.6 8.7 Ambros ia-type 17.2 21.2 2.2 1.1 0.5 Henodora spinescens 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Larrea 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Aquilegia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Tidestromia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Caryophyllaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Pers icaria-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Eriogonum 0.3 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.0 Argemone 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Malvaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Brassicaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Euphorbia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Saxifraga 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Rosaceae 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 Lupinus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 Psorothamnus-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Astragalus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Himosoideae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Fabaceaee 2.7 0.9 1.4 0.0 0.2 Hof fmannseggia-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Ericaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Gentianaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 Onagraceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Oenothera-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Salvia 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 Phacelia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Orticaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Apiaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.2 Solonaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Solanum 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Ribes 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lycium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Scrophulareaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Mlfflulus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Veronica-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Leptodactyion-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Gilia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Castilleja 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lamiaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Ranunculus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lobelia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Other Aateraceae 4.5 3.7 1.4 2.5 2.3 Liguliflorae 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 Mutiseae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Circium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Dodecatheon 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Poaceae 0.9 0.6 2.5 1.1 2.3 Liliaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Allium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Fritillaria-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Iridaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Arceuthobium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Typha latifolia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Typha/Sparganium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 Potamogeton 0.0 0.0 0.5 1.5 0.0 Cyperaceae 0.6 0.3 2.6 3.6 4.7 Cyperus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Eguisetum 0.0 0.6 0.0 0.3 0.2 Lemna-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Callitriche 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Isoetes 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Myriophyllum 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Azolla 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Elodea-type 0.0 1.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 Botryococcus 1.4 1.5 3.9 6.1 0.3 Pediastrum 1.5 19.0 8.8 1.0 0.9 Sporomiella 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 Spores 23.0 18.4 22.3 16.4 14.3 Trilete Spore Undiff. 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 Dryopteris-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Cysopteris frigilis 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Selaginella-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Tilletia sphagni 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Deteriorated 2.2 1.8 1.6 2.4 1.5 Unk 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.0 Charcoal 154567.0 0.0185480.0 0.0675554.0 Terrestrial Trees 36.4 37.0 63.7 76.3 76.8 Terrestrial Shrubs and Herbs 59.9 57.6 29.8 17.2 17.8 Indeterminate 2.2 1.9 1.7 2.6 1.5 Algae 2.9 20.6 12.7 7.1 1.1 Spores 23.2 18.4 22.5 16.4 14.4 Aquatics 0.6 2.8 3.2 5.4 5.1 Riparian Trees and Shrubs 3.6 5.4 6.6 6.5 5.4 Pollen Sum 332.0 349.0 366.0 367.0 427.0 Pollen Sum + Aquatics 334.0 359.0 378.0 388.0 450.0 Total Pollen Sum 928.0 1197.0 1179.0 1021.0 1057.0 OL-92 Percentages of Falynomorphs
Sample 362.0 353.0 355.0 357.0 359.0
Depth (cm) 76.2 76.6 77.0 77.4 77.8 Sample age 120.0 121.1 121.9 122.7 123.6 Volume of sample 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lycopodium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Concentration of spike 27822.0 27822.0 27822.0 27822.0 27822.0 Total pollen concentration 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 TRACER 97.0 138.0 124.0 278.0 441.0 Abies 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.3 Picea 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Total Pinus 26.1 23.2 29.5 23.8 26.2 Pinus Haploxylon 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.3 0.0 Pinus Diploxylon 0.6 0.0 1.5 0.3 0.0 Pinus cf. monophylla 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.3 1.0 Tsuga mertensia 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 Sequoiadendron 0.0 0.0 1.3 0.3 0.3 Juniperus 42.8 53.9 52.8 58.7 47.5 Quercus 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 Juglans 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Shepherdia 0.3 0.0 0.3 0.3 0.3 Celtis 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Populus 1.7 0.7 0.5 0.3 0.7 Betula 1.4 0.2 0.0 0.3 0.0 Alnus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Corylus 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Berberis 0.6 0.0 0.5 0.6 0.0 Chrysolepis 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Fraxinus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Salix 4.9 3.7 4.1 1.6 2.6 Ephedra viridis-type 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.3 0.3 Ephedra nevadensis-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Chenopodiaceae/Amaranthus 2.3 2.7 2.1 2.2 4.6 Sarcobatus 2.3 0.7 0.3 1.6 0.7 Cercocarpus/Purshia-type 1.1 0.5 0.8 1.0 0.3 Pninus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Potentilla-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Rhamnaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Artemisia tridentatae 8.0 6.2 3.1 4.8 7.5 Ambrosia-type 0.3 0.2 0.3 1.3 0.3 Henodora spinescens 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Larrea 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Aquilegia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Tidestromia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Caryophyllaceae 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 Persicaria-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Eriogonum 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Argemone 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Malvaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Brassicaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Euphorbia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Saxifraga 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Rosaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 Lupinus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Psorothamnus-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Astragalus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Himosoideae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Fabaceaee 0.9 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.7 Hof fmannseggia-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Ericaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Gentianaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Onagraceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Genothera-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Salvia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Phacelia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Urticaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 Apiaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Solonaceae 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 Solanum 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Ribes 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lycium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Scrophulareaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 302
Kimulus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Veronica-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 LeptodactyIon-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Gilia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Castilleja 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lamiaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Ranunculus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lobelia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Other Asteraceae 2.0 2.5 0.3 1.6 3.9 Liguliflorae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Hutiseae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Circium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 Dodecatheon 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 Poaceae 3.4 3.0 1.0 0.3 1.3 Liliaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 Allium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Fritillaria-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Iridaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Arceuthobium 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 Typha latifolia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Typha/Sparganium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Potamogeton 0.8 0.5 1.2 0.3 1.2 Cyperaceae 2.5 5.8 3.6 3.1 6.8 Cyperus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Equisetum 1.1 0.0 1.4 0.3 1.2 Lemna-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Callitriche 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Isoetes 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Myriophyllum 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Azolla 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Elodea-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 Botryococcus 5.4 2.4 3.4 3.3 1.5 Pediastrum 1.4 1.3 0.5 0.5 1.0 Sporormiella 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.2 0.1 Spores 14.0 18.1 26.3 24.5 28.0 Trilete Spore Undiff. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Dryopteris-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Cysopteris frigilis 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Selaginella-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Tilletia sphagni 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Deteriorated 3.0 2.1 1.0 2.9 5.0 Unk 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Charcoal 0.0695550.0 0.0214015.0 0.0 Terrestrial Trees 70.4 78.1 86.7 83.8 75.4 Terrestrial Shrubs and Herbs 21.3 17.2 8.5 13.7 21.0 Indeterminate 3.0 2.1 1.0 2.9 5.0 Algae 6.7 3.6 3.9 3.8 2.5 Spores 14.0 18.1 26.7 24.8 28.1 Aquatics 4.4 6.2 6.2 3.7 9.5 Riparian Trees and Shrubs 8.3 4.7 4.9 2.5 3.6 Pollen Sum 348.0 406.0 390.0 315.0 305.0 Pollen Sum + Aquatics 364.0 433.0 416.0 327.0 337.0 Total Pollen Sum 934.0 1102.0 1179.0 937.0 997.0 OI>-92 Percentages of Palynomorphs
Sample 364.0 366.0 370.0 374.0 378.0
Depth (m) 78.2 78.6 79.4 80.2 81.0 Siunple age 124.4 125.2 127.1 128.8 130.5 Volume of sample 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lycopodlum 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Concentration of spike 27822.0 27822.0 27822.0 27822.0 27822.0 Total pollen concentration 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 TRACER 158.0 251.0 152.0 281.0 257.0 Abies 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Picea 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Total Pinus 22.4 27.6 21.5 20.0 11. 6 Pinus Haploxylon 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 Pinus Diploxylon 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 Pinus cf. monophylla 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.2 0.0 Tsuga mertensia 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.3 Seguoiadendron 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 Juniperus 59.3 56.2 66.5 70.1 71.2 Quercus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Juglans 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Shepherdia 0.7 1.2 0.3 0.0 0.3 Celtis 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Populus 1.4 1.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 Betula 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Alnus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Corylus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Berberis 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Chrysolepis 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Fraxinus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Salix 1.9 2.4 1.6 0.4 2.8 Ephedra viridis-type 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.2 0.3 Ephedra nevadensis-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Chenopodiaceae/Amaranthus 2.2 1.9 1.6 1.2 3.8 Sarcobatus 1.7 1.0 0.3 0.2 0.0 Cercocarpus/Purs hia-type 0.2 0.0 0,3 0.2 0.5 Prunus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Potentilla-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Rhtimnaceae 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 Artemisia tridentatae 6.5 4.1 4.1 3.9 4.3 Afflbros ia-type 0.5 0.0 0.6 0.4 1.0 Henodora spinescens 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Larrea 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0. 0 Aquilegia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Tidestromia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Caryophyllaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Pers icaria-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Eriogonum 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 Argemone 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Malvaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Brassicaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Euphorbia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Saxifraga 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Rosaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lupinus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Psorothamnus-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Astragalus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Mimosoideae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 F2ibaceaee 0.2 0.5 0.6 0.6 1.0 Hoffmannseggia-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Ericaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Gentianaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Onagraceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Oenothera-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Salvia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Phacelia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Urticaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Apiaceae 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Solonaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Solanum 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Ribes 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lycium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Scrophulareaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Mimulus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Veronica-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Leptodacty Lon-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Gilia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Castilleja 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lamiaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Ranunculus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lobelia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Other Asteraceae 0.5 1.0 2.2 1.9 2.0 Liguliflorae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Mutiseae 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 Circium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Dodecatheon 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Poaceae 1.7 0.7 0.3 0.2 1.0 Liliaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Allium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Fritillaria-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Iridaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Arceuthobium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Typha latifolia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 Typha/Sparganium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Potamogeton 0.7 1.6 0.6 0.6 1.2 Cyperaceae 3.0 2.1 3.0 2.2 1.5 Cyperus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Equisetum 0.0 0.2 0.3 0.0 0.0 Lemna-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Callitriche 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Isoetes 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Myriophyllum 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Azolla 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Elodea-type 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.4 0.5 Botryococcus 2.6 1.4 1.8 0.8 2.2 Pediastrum 1.0 0.7 0.4 0.2 2.6 Sporormiella 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Spores 17.5 27.4 13.5 36.1 37.5 Trilete Spore Undiff. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Dryopteris-ty^ 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Cysopteris frigilis 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Selaginella-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Tilletia sphagni 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Deteriorated 2.4 1.7 2.9 0.8 1.2 Unk 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 Charcoal 347775.0 0.0397457.0173888.0556440.0 Terrestrial Trees 82.2 85.3 88.0 90.5 83.1 Terrestrial Shrubs and Herbs 13.7 10.1 10.1 8.9 13.9 Indeterminate 2.4 1.8 2.9 0.8 1.2 Algae 3.6 2.1 2.1 1.0 4.8 Spores 17.5 27.4 13.5 36.1 37.5 Aquatics 3.7 3.9 4.5 3.2 3.4 Riparian Trees and Shrubs 4.1 4.6 1.9 0.6 3.0 Pollen Sum 415.0 416.0 316.0 485.0 396.0 Pollen Sum + Aquatics 431.0 433.0 331.0 501.0 410.0 Total Pollen Sum 1105.0 1236.0 794.0 1589.0 1427.0 OL-92 Percentages of Palynomorphs
Sample 382.0 386.0 388.0 392.0 396.0
Depth (cm) 81.8 82.6 83.0 83.8 84.6 Sample age 132.4 134.1 135.0 136.9 138.7 Volume of 32unple 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lycopodium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Concentration of spike 27822.0 27822.0 27822.0 27822.0 27822.0 Total pollen concentration 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 TRACER 492.0 325.0 218.0 262.0 282.0 Abies 0.0 0.2 0.3 0.5 0.0 Picea 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Total Pinus 17.1 33.1 15.8 13.6 20.2 Pinus Haploxylon 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.2 Pinus Diploxylon 0.0 0.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 Pinus cf. monophylla 0.5 1.4 0.6 0.0 0.2 Tsuga mertensia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Sequoiadendron 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Juniperus 67.3 53.3 69.9 70.6 59.8 Quercus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Juglans 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Shepherdia O.S 0.6 1.3 0.3 0.0 Celtis 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Populus 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.8 1.2 Betula 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 Alnus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Corylus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Berberis 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Chrysolepis 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Fraxinus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Salix 1,0 1.9 2.5 1.9 1.2 Ephedra viridis-type 0.3 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.2 Ephedra nevadensis-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Chenopodiaceae/Amaranthus 2.3 1.0 1.3 1.9 4.2 Sarcobatus 0.5 0.6 1.3 0.5 1.0 Cercocarpus/Purshia-type 0.3 0.4 0.0 1.1 0.2 Prunus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Potentilla-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Rhcunnaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Artemisia tridentatae 3.6 3.9 3.5 5.3 7.2 Ambros ia-type 0.5 0.0 0.3 0.5 0.5 Menodora spinescens 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Larrea 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Aquilegia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Tidestromia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Caryophyllaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Persicaria-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Eriogonum 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Argemone 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Malvaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Brassicaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Euphorbia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Saxifraga 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Rosaceae 0.5 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lupinus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Psorothamnus-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Astragalus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Mimosoideae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Fabaceaee 0.8 0.2 0.3 0.5 0.2 Hoffmannseggia-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Ericaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Gentianaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Onagraceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Oenothera-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Salvia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Phacelia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Urticaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Apiaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Solonaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Solanum 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Ribes 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lycium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Scrophulareaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Himulus 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Veronica-type 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 LeptodactyIon-type 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Gilia 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Castilleja 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lamiaceae 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Ranunculus 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lobelia 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Other Asteraceae 3 1 1.4 1.6 1.1 2.5 Liguliflorae 0 0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 Hutiseae 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Circium 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 •odecatheon 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Poaceae 1 0 0.2 0.3 1.3 0.8 Liliaceae 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Allium 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Fritillaria-type 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Iridaceae 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Arceuthobium 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Typha latifolia 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Typha/Sparganium 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Potamogeton 2 0 0.8 0.3 0.0 1.2 Cyperaceae 1 7 0.2 1.2 0.3 1.9 Cyperus 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Equisetum 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 Lemna-type 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Callitriche 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Isoetes 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Hyriophyllum 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Azolla 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Elodea-type 0 7 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.5 Botryococcus 1 4 2.4 3.3 1.1 1.5 Pediastrvim 2 1 2.3 2.2 1.6 0.8 Sporormiella 0 0 0.1 0.0 0.2 0.3 Spores 12 6 17.0 12.5 18.8 25.5 Trilete Spore Undiff. 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Dryopteris-type 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Cysopteris frigilis 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Selaginella-type 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Tilletia sphagni 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Deteriorated 2 0 1.3 2.6 1.3 1.8 Onk 0 0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 Charcoal 126464 0146432.0 0.0198729.0231850.0 Terrestrial Trees 85 2 89.1 86.7 84.8 80.5 Terrestrial Shrubs and Herbs 13 0 8.0 8.9 12.3 17.0 Indeterminate 2 0 1.3 2.7 1.3 1.8 Algae 3 4 4.7 5.6 2.8 2.3 Spores 12 6 17.1 12.5 19.0 25.8 Aquatics 4 5 1.5 2.2 0.8 4.1 Riparian Trees and Shrubs 1 8 2.9 4.4 2.9 2.5 Pollen Sum 385 0 514.0 316.0 374.0 400.0 Pollen Sum Aquatics 403 0 522.0 323.0 377.0 417.0 Total Pollen Sum 961 0 1347.0 807.0 976.0 1166.0 OL-92 Percentages of Palynomorphs
Sample 400.0 404.0 408.0 412.0 416.0
Depth (m) 85.4 86.2 87.0 87.8 88.6 Sample age 140.4 142.4 144.1 145.9 147.9 Volume of sample 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lycopodium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Concentration of spike 27822.0 27822.0 27822.0 27822.0 27822.0 Total pollen concentration 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 TRACER 215.0 149.0 122.0 118.0 366.0 Abies 0.4 0.5 0.3 0.5 0.0 Picea 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Total Pinus 20.2 33.7 33.4 38.8 16.4 Pinus Haploxylon 0.4 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 Pinus Diploxylon 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 Pinus cf. monophylla 0.0 0.2 0.3 0.0 0.0 Tsuga mertensia 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Sequoiadendron 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 Juniperus 53.6 40.8 34.7 37.7 66. 1 Quercus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.3 Juglans 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Shepherdia 0.6 0.2 0.5 1.1 0.5 Celtis 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Populus 1.0 1.2 0.0 0.4 0.3 Betula 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 Alnus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Corylus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Berberis 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 Chrysolepis 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Fraxinus 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Salix 1.6 2.4 3.0 3.9 1.0 Ephedra viridis-type 0.2 0.2 0.5 0.0 0.3 Ephedra nevadensis-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Chenopodiaceae/Amaranthus 3.0 4.5 3.3 4.6 3.1 Sarcobatus 1.4 1.4 1.3 1.2 0.0 Cercocarpus/Purshia-type 0.6 0.0 1.0 0.4 0.5 Prunus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Potentilla-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Rhcunnaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Artemisia tridentatae 8.5 8.1 13.9 6.2 6.5 Ambrosia-type 0.2 1.0 0.5 0.4 0.5 Menodora spinescens 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Larrea 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Aquilegia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Tidestromia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Caryophyllaceae 0.4 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.0 Persicaria-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Eriogonum 0.4 0.2 0.5 0.5 0.0 Argemone 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Malvaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Brassicaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Euphorbia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Saxifraga 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Rosaceae 0.2 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.0 Lupinus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Psorothamnus-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Astragalus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Mimosoideae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Fabaceaee 0.4 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.3 Hoffmannseggia-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Ericaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Gentianaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Onagraceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Oenothera-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Salvia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Phacelia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Urticaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Apiaceae 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Solonaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Solanum 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Ribes 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lycium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Scrophulareaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Hifflulus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Veronica-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 LeptodactyIon-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Gilia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Castilleja 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Lamiaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Ranunculus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Lobelia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Other Asteraceae 4.6 3.8 2.8 2.7 3 9 Liguliflorae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Hutiseae 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0 0 Circium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0,0 0 0 Dodecatheon 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Poaceae 1.2 1.0 1.5 1.1 0 3 Liliaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Allium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Fritillaria-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Iridaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Arceuthobium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Typha latifolia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Typha/Sparganium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Potamogeton 0.8 1.3 0.7 1.2 0 3 Cyperaceae 1.6 4.0 7.0 5.0 1 0 Cyperus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Equisetum 0.2 0.2 0.0 0.2 0 0 Lemna-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Callitriche 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Isoetes 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Myriophyllum 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0 3 Azolla 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Elodea-type 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Botryococcus 3.4 7.2 6.0 2.3 4 7 Pediastrum 2.2 12.9 41.9 3.4 1 6 Sporormiella 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0 0 Spores 12.6 13.3 6.4 16.3 16 9 Trilete Spore Ondiff. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Dryopteris-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Cysopteris frigilis 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Selaginella-type 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Tilletia sphagnl 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Deteriorated 1.7 1.6 0.6 2.1 1 6 Unk 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Charcoal 252927.0163659.0 95938.0252927.0252927 0 Terrestrial Trees 75.2 75.2 69.9 77.3 82 8 Terrestrial Shrubs and Herbs 21.4 21.0 26.3 17.3 15 4 Indeterminate 1.7 1.6 0.6 2.1 1 6 Algae 5.6 20.1 47.9 5.8 6 2 Spores 12.6 13.3 6.4 16.4 16 9 Aquatics 2.7 5.8 7.7 6.3 1 5 Riparian Trees and Shrubs 3.4 3.8 3.8 5.3 1 8 Pollen Sum 496.0 419.0 395.0 565.0 384 0 Pollen Sum + Aquatics 510.0 445.0 428.0 603.0 390 0 Total Pollen Sum 1258.0 1329.0 1822.0 1542.0 1028 0 OI1-92 Percentages of Palynomorphs
Sample 420.0 423.0
Depth (m) 89.4 90.0 Sample age 149.7 151.1 Volume of sample 0.0 0.0 Lycopodium 0.0 0.0 Concentration of spike 27822.0 27822.0 Total pollen concentration 0.0 0.0 TRACER 412.0 791.0 Abies 0.0 0.0 Picea 0.0 0.0 Total Pinus 13.7 14.2 Pinus Haploxylon 0.0 0.0 Pinus Diploxylon 0.0 0.0 Pinus cf. monophylla 0.3 0.6 Tsuga mertensia 0.0 0.0 Seguoiadendron 0.0 0.0 Juniperus 69.1 60.6 Quercus 0.0 0.0 Juglans 0.0 0.0 Shepherdia 0.3 0.6 Celtis 0.0 0.0 Populus 0.0 0.0 Betula 0.0 0.3 Alnus 0.0 0.0 Corylus 0.0 0.0 Berberis 0.0 0.0 Chrysolepis 0.0 0.0 Fraxinus 0.0 0.3 Salix 1.8 1.9 Ephedra viridis-type 0.0 0.0 Ephedra nevadensis-type 0.0 0.0 Chenopodiaceae/Amaranthus 2.3 3.5 Sarcobatus 0.0 0.6 Cercocarpus/Purshia-type 0.3 0.6 Frunus 0.0 0.0 Potentilla-type 0.0 0.0 Rhamnaceae 0.0 0.0 Artemisia tridentatae 8.0 7.1 Ambrosia-type 0.8 0.3 Henodora spinescens 0.0 0.0 Larrea 0.0 0.0 Aquilegia 0.0 0.0 Tidestromia 0.0 0.0 Caryophyllaceae 0.0 0.0 Pers icaria-type 0.0 0.0 Eriogonum 0.0 0.3 Argemone 0.0 0.0 Malvaceae 0.0 0.0 Brassicaceae 0.0 0.0 Euphorbia 0.0 0.0 Saxifraga 0.0 0.3 Rosaceae 0.0 0.3 Iiupinus 0.0 0.0 Psorothamnus-type 0.0 0.0 Astragalus 0.0 0.0 Mimosoideae 0.0 0.0 Fabaceaee 0.5 0.0 Hoffmannseggia-type 0.0 0.0 Ericaceae 0.0 0.0 Gentianaceae 0.0 0.0 Onagraceae 0.0 0.0 Oenothera-type 0.0 0.0 Salvia 0.0 0.0 Phacelia 0.0 0.0 Urticaceae 0.0 0.3 Apiaceae 0.0 0.0 Solonaceae 0.0 0.0 Solanum 0.0 0.0 Ribes 0.0 0.0 Lycium 0.0 0.0 Scrophulareaceae 0.0 0.0 Mimulus 0.0 0.0 Veronica-type 0.0 0.0 LeptodactyIon-type 0.0 0.0 Gilia 0.0 0.0 Castilleja 0.0 0.0 Lcuniaceae 0.0 0.0 Ranunculus 0.0 0.0 Lobelia 0.0 0.0 Other Asteraceae 2.1 6.5 Liguliflorae 0.0 0.0 Hutiseae 0.0 0.0 Circium 0.0 0.0 Dodecatheon 0.0 0.0 Poaceae 1.0 1.3 Liliaceae 0.0 0.0 Allium 0.0 0.0 Fritillaria-type 0.0 0.0 Iridaceae 0.0 0.0 Arceuthobium 0.0 0.0 Typha latifolia 0.0 0.0 Typha/Sparganium 0.0 0.0 Potamogeton 0.8 0.6 Cyperaceae 1.3 1.9 Cyperus 0.0 0.0 Equisetum 0.0 0.0 Lemna-type 0.0 0.0 Callitriche 0.0 0.0 Isoetes 0.0 0.0 Hyriophyllum 0.0 0.0 Azolla 0.0 0.0 Elodea-type 0.5 0.3 Botoryococcus 1.4 0.5 Pediastrum 3.9 S.6 Sporormiella 0.1 0.0 Spores 14.9 25.3 Trilete Spore Undiff. 0.0 0.0 Dryopteris-type 0.0 0.0 Cysopteris frigilis 0.0 0.0 Selaginella-type 0.0 0.0 Tilletia sphagni 0.0 0.0 Deteriorated 1.4 1.8 Unk 0.0 0.0 Charcoal 120965.0 95938.0 Terrestrial Trees 83.0 75.5 Terrestrial Shrubs and Herbs 14.9 21.3 Indeterminate 1.4 1.8 Algae 5.3 6.2 Spores 15.0 25.3 Aquatics 2.5 2.8 Riparian Trees and Shrubs 2.1 3.2 Pollen Sum 388.0 310.0 Pollen Sum + Aquatics 398.0 319.0 Total Pollen Sum 1004.0 942.0 APPENDIX D: PALYNOMORPH DATA FOR OL-65
01,-65, Raw Counts of Pollen
Sample l.O 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0
Depth (cm) 7.5 22.5 80.0 150.0 190.0 Sample age 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Volume of sample 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Plnus 65.0 76.0 116.0 84.0 77.0 Abies 0.0 0.0 5.0 0.0 3.0 Picea 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 1.0 Juniperus 0.0 0.0 0.0 4.0 0.0 Quercus 5.0 5.0 4.0 13.0 9.0 Juglans 0.0 0.0 O.O 0.0 1.0 Pseudotsuga 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 1.0 Shepherdia 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Celtis 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Ephedra nevadensis-type 4.0 4.0 2.0 1.0 5.0 Betula 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Alnus 1.0 2.0 0.0 3.0 0.0 Salix 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Chenopodiaceae/Amaranthus 46.0 41.0 26.0 31.0 36.0 Plantago 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Sarcobatus 3.0 1.0 1.0 3.0 0.0 Rhamnaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.0 Artemisia subg. Tridentatae 36.0 30.0 24.0 16.0 32.0 Ambrosia-type 25.0 25.0 15.0 29.0 16.0 other Asteraceae 8.0 8.0 5.0 3.0 11.0 Liguliflorae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Eriogonum 2.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 2.0 Brassicaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 Fabaceae 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lamiaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Nyctaginaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Malvaceae 0.0 2.0 0.0 2.0 0.0 Apiaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Slum 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Onagraceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Caryophyllaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.0 0.0 Arceuthobium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Poaceae 3.0 5.0 0.0 5.0 2.0 Cyperaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.0 1.0 Tj^ha latifolia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Typha/Sparganium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 Terrestrial Trees 65.0 76.0 123.0 88.0 82.0 Terrestrial Shrubs and Herbs 127.0 117.0 73.0 94.0 106.0 Aquatics 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.0 2.0 Riparian Trees and Shrubs 8.0 7.0 4.0 16.0 10.0 Pollen Sum 200.0 200.0 200.0 198.0 198.0 Total Pollen Sum 200.0 200.0 200.0 200.0 200.0 OL-es, Raw Counts of Pollen Sample 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 Depth (cm) 210.0 230.0 310.0 330.0 370.0 Sample age 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Volume of sample 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Finus 91.0 80.0 128.0 108.0 89.0 Abies 3.0 3.0 9.0 7.0 1.0 Ficea 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 2.0 Juniperus 1.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 2.0 Quercus 10.0 7.0 3.0 8.0 2.0 Juglans 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Fseudotsuga 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Shepherdia 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Celtis 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Ephedra nevadensis-type 10.0 1.0 3.0 2.0 2.0 Betula 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 Alnus 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Salix 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Chenopodiaceae/Amaranthus 27.0 8.0 21.0 18.0 28.0 Flantago 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Sarcobatus 5.0 1.0 2.0 2.0 4.0 Rhcimnaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Artemisia subg. Tridentatae 15.0 10.0 6.0 24.0 19.0 Ambros ia-type 25.0 12.0 12.0 16.0 36.0 other Asteraceae 8.0 2.0 7.0 7.0 10.0 Liguliflorae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Eriogonum 1.0 0.0 2.0 0.0 0.0 Brassicaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Fabaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lamiaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 Myctaginaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Malvaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Apiaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Sium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Onagraceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Caryophyllaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 Arceuthobium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Foaceae 2.0 0.0 1.0 7.0 4.0 Cyperaceae 1.0 2.0 2.0 0.0 1.0 T^ha latifolia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Typha/Sparganium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Terrestrial Trees 95.0 83.0 139.0 115.0 94.0 Terrestrial Shrubs and Herbs 93.0 34.0 54.0 77.0 104.0 Aquatics 1.0 2.0 2.0 0.0 1.0 Riparian Trees and Shrubs 12.0 7.0 4.0 8.0 2.0 Pollen Sum 200.0 124.0 197.0 200.0 200.0 Total Pollen Sum 201.0 126.0 199.0 200.0 201.0 OL-65, Raw Countis of Pollen
Sample 11.0 12.0 13.0 14.0 15.0
Depth (cm) 390.0 410.0 430.0 470.0 530.0 Sample age 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Volume of sample 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Pinus 78.0 119.0 139.0 136.0 118.0 Abies 1.0 0.0 0.0 3.0 3.0 Picea 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 Juniperus 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 Quercus 4.0 6.0 8.0 4.0 1.0 Juglans 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Pseudotsuga 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Shepherdia 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Celtis 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 Ephedra nevadensis-type 3.0 2.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 Betula 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Alnus 1.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 1.0 Salix 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Chenopodiaceae/Amaranthus 36.0 20.0 18.0 14.0 22.0 Plantago 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Sarcobatus 3.0 2.0 1.0 1.0 2.0 Rhamnaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 Artemisia subg. Tridentatae 21.0 25.0 7.0 11.0 25.0 Ambrosia-type 40.0 17.0 14.0 13.0 15.0 other Asteraceae 4.0 5.0 6.0 8.0 4.0 Liguliflorae 0.0 0.0 1.0 1.0 0.0 Eriogonum 1.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 Brassicaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Fabaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 Lamiaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Nyctaginaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Malvaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Apiaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Siuffl 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Onagraceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Caryophyllaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Arceuthobium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Poaceae 7.0 3.0 1.0 0.0 3.0 Cyperaceae 0.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 Typha latifolia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Typha/Sparganium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Terrestrial Trees 79.0 119.0 140.0 140.0 121.0 Terrestrial Shrubs and Herbs 115.0 74.0 51.0 53.0 76.0 Aquatics 0.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 Riparian Trees and Shrxibs 6.0 6.0 8.0 5.0 2.0 Pollen Sum 200.0 199.0 199.0 198.0 199.0 Total Pollen Sum 200.0 200.0 200.0 199.0 200.0 OL-65, Raw Counts of Pollen
Sample 16.0 17.0 18.0 19.0 20.0
Depth (cm) 570.0 590.0 610.0 630.0 670.0 Sample age 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Volume of sample 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Pinus 140.0 136.0 142.0 121.0 115.0 Abies S.O 1.0 2.0 4.0 7.0 Picea 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Juniperus 0.0 1.0 1.0 3.0 1.0 Quercus 6.0 2.0 2.0 0.0 8.0 Juglans 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Pseudotsuga 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Shepherdia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Celtis 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Ephedra nevadensis-type 2.0 4.0 4.0 3.0 7.0 Betula 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Alnus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Salix 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Chenopodiaceae/Amaranthus 21.0 17.0 19.0 25.0 26.0 Plantago 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Sarcobatus 1.0 1.0 2.0 1.0 3.0 Rhamnaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Artemisia subg. Tridentatae 7.0 14.0 8.0 18.0 14.0 Ambrosia-type 12.0 11,0 11.0 15.0 1.0 other Asteraceae 4.0 6.0 6.0 0.0 3.0 Liguliflorae 0.0 0.0 0.0 4.0 0.0 Briogonum 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Brassicaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 FeJsaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lamiaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Nyctaginaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Malvaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Apiaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Sium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Onagraceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Caryophyllaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 Arceuthobium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Poaceae 1.0 5.0 3.0 5.0 3.0 Cyperaceae 1.0 1.0 0.0 1.0 1.0 Typha latifolia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Typha/Sparganium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Terrestrial Trees 145.0 139.0 145.0 128.0 123.0 Terrestrial Shrubs and Herbs 48.0 58.0 53.0 71.0 58.0 Aquatics 1.0 1.0 0.0 1.0 1.0 Riparian Trees and Shrubs 6.0 2.0 2.0 0.0 8.0 Pollen Sum 199.0 199.0 200.0 199.0 189.0 Total Pollen Sum 200.0 200.0 200.0 200.0 190.0 OL-65, Raw Counts of Pollen
Sample 21.0 22.0 23.0 24.0 25.0
Depth (cm) 690.0 710,0 730.0 790.0 810.0 Seunple age 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Volume of seunple 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Pinus 30.0 134.0 61.0 105.0 79.0 Abies 0.0 1.0 0.0 1.0 1.0 Picea 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Junlperus 2.0 1.0 0.0 1.0 2.0 Quercus 20.0 5.0 12.0 4.0 10.0 Juglans 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Pseudotsuga 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Shepherdia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Celtis 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Ephedra nevadensis-type 4.0 4.0 9.0 11.0 3.0 Betula 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 Alnus 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 1.0 Salix 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Chenopodiaceae/Amaranthus 50.0 25.0 41.0 25.0 37.0 Plantago 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Sarcobatus 4.0 1.0 2.0 5.0 3.0 Rhamnaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Artemisia subg. Tridentatae 48.0 12.0 29.0 17.0 18.0 Ambrosia-type 20.0 7.0 27.0 18.0 32.0 other Asteraceae 7.0 8.0 6.0 3.0 9.0 Liguliflorae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 Eriogonum 0.0 1.0 2.0 0.0 0.0 Brassicaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Fabaceae 2.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lamiaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Nyctaginaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Malvaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 Apiaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Sium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Onagraceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Caryophyllaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 Arceuthobium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Poaceae 8.0 1.0 9.0 4.0 0.0 Cyperaceae 3.0 0.0 2.0 1.0 2.0 Typha latifolia 1.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 Typha/Sparganium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Terrestrial Trees 32.0 136.0 61.0 107.0 82.0 Terrestrial Shrubs and Herbs 143.0 59.0 125.0 85.0 103.0 Aquatics 4.0 0.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 Riparian Trees and Shrubs 21.0 5.0 12.0 5.0 12.0 Pollen Sum 196.0 200.0 198.0 197.0 197.0 Total Pollen Sum 200.0 200.0 200.0 199.0 199.0 OL-65, Raw Counts of Pollen
Sample 26.0 27.0 28.0 29.0 30.0
Depth (cm) 830.0 890.0 910.0 930.0 990.0 Sample age 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Volume o£ sample 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Pinus 95.0 64.0 67.0 105.0 98.0 Abies 1.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 2.0 Picea 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 Juniperus 0.0 2.0 0.0 0.0 3.0 Quercus 4.0 4.0 5.0 8.0 1.0 Juglans 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Pseudotsuga 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Shepherdia 0.0 0.0 1.0 1.0 0.0 Celtis 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Ephedra nevadensis-type 3.0 12.0 6.0 6.0 0.0 Betula 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Alnus 0.0 2.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 Salix 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Chenopodiaceae/Amaranthus 38.0 39.0 44.0 29.0 36.0 Plantago 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Sarcobatus 1.0 3.0 3.0 2.0 3.0 Rheunnaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Artemisia subg. Tridentatae 25.0 19.0 24.0 19.0 12.0 Ambros ia-type 18.0 44.0 23.0 12.0 34.0 other Asteraceae 8.0 7.0 11.0 6.0 3.0 Liguliflorae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Eriogonum 0.0 0.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 Brassicaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Fabaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lamiaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Nyctaginaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Malvaceae 2.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 1.0 Apiaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Sium I.O 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 Onagraceae 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Caryophyllaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Arceuthobium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Poaceae 2.0 2.0 11.0 0.0 5.0 Cyperaceae 2.0 1.0 3.0 0.0 1.0 Typha latifolia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Typha/Sparganium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Terrestrial Trees 96.0 66.0 67.0 107.0 103.0 Terrestrial Shrubs and Herbs 98.0 127.0 124.0 76.0 95.0 Aquatics 2.0 1.0 3.0 0.0 1.0 Riparian Trees and Shrubs 4.0 6.0 6.0 10.0 1.0 Pollen Sum 198.0 199.0 197.0 193.0 199.0 Total Pollen Sum 200.0 200.0 200.0 193.0 200.0 OL-65, Raw Counts of Pollen
Sample 31.0 32.0 33.0 34.0 35 0
Depth (cm) 1070.0 1150.0 1180.0 1240.0 1260 0 Sample age 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Volume of sample 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Flnus 137.0 150.0 113.0 113.0 120 0 Abies 3.0 3.0 1.0 5.0 4 0 Picea 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 2 0 Juniperus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Quercus 4.0 1.0 2.0 5.0 3 0 Juglans 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Pseudotsuga 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Shepherdia 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0 0 Celtis 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Ephedra nevadensis-type 3.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 2 0 Betula 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Alnus 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Salix 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Chenopodiaceae/Amaranthus 14.0 20.0 29.0 30.0 23 0 Plantago 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Sarcobatus 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.0 4 0 Rhamnaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Artemisia subg. Tridentatae 9.0 10.0 22.0 17.0 24 0 Ambrosia-type 13.0 11.0 13.0 10.0 9 0 other Asteraceae 4.0 1.0 7.0 8.0 7 0 Liguliflorae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1 0 Ericgonum 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 1 0 Brassicaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Fabaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Lamiaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0 0 Nyctaginaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0 0 Malvaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Apiaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 slum 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0, 0 Onagraceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Caryophyllaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Arceuthobium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Poaceae 1.0 0.0 4.0 1.0 0 0 Cyperaceae 0.0 0.0 4.0 1.0 0, 0 Typha latifolia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Typha/Sparganium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0. 0 Terrestrial Trees 140.0 153.0 114.0 119.0 126, 0 Terrestrial Shrubs and Herbs 44.0 46.0 80.0 74.0 71, 0 Aquatics 0.0 0.0 4.0 1.0 0, 0 Riparian Trees and Shrubs s.o 1.0 2.0 6.0 3, 0 Pollen Sum 189.0 200.0 196.0 199.0 200, 0 Total Pollen Sum 189.0 200.0 200.0 200.0 200, 0 011-65, Raw Counts of Pollen
Sample 36.0 37.0 38.0 39.0
Depth (cm) 1275.0 1295.0 1335.0 1355.0 Scunple age 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Volume of sample 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Pinus 122.0 132.0 77.0 68.0 Abies 4.0 3.0 0.0 1.0 Picea 0.0 1.0 0.0 1.0 Juniperus 1.0 0.0 1.0 3.0 Quercus 2.0 10.0 3.0 2.0 Juglans 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Pseudotsuga 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Shepherdia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Celtis 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Ephedra nevadensis-type 3.0 2.0 7.0 3.0 Betula 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 Alnus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Salix 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Chenopodiaceae/Amaranthus 25.0 16.0 53.0 90.0 Plantago 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 Sarcobatus 0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 Rhamnaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Artemisia subg. Tridentatae 28.0 18.0 20.0 14.0 Ambrosia-type 6.0 9.0 16.0 13.0 other Asteraceae 2.0 4.0 11.0 1.0 Liguliflorae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Eriogonum 1.0 0.0 2.0 0.0 Brassicaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Fabaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lamiaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Nyctaginaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Malvaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Apiaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Sium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Onagraceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Caryophyllaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Arceuthobium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Poaceae 2.0 3.0 7.0 0.0 Cyperaceae 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.0 Typha latifolia 2.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Typha/Sparganium 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Terrestrial Trees 127.0 136.0 78.0 73.0 Terrestrial Shrubs and Herbs 67.0 53.0 119.0 124.0 Aquatics 4.0 1.0 1.0 0.0 Riparian Trees and Shrubs 2.0 10.0 3.0 3.0 Pollen Sum 196.0 199.0 200.0 200.0 Total Pollen Sum 200.0 200.0 201.0 200.0 Oli-65, Percentages of Pollen
Sample 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0
Depth (cm) 7.5 22.5 80.0 150.0 190.0 Sample age 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Volume of sample 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Plnus 32.5 38.0 58.0 42.4 38.9 Abies 0.0 0.0 2.5 0.0 1.5 Picea 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.5 Juniperus 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.0 0.0 Quercus 2.5 2.5 2.0 6.6 4.5 Juglans 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 Pseudotsuga 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.5 Celtis 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Ephedra nevadensis-type 2.0 2.0 1.0 0.5 2.5 Betula 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Alnus 0.5 1.0 0.0 1.5 0.0 Salix 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Shepherdia 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Chenopodiaceae/Amaranthus 23.0 20.5 13.0 15.7 18.2 Plantago 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Sarcobatus 1.5 0.5 0.5 1.5 0.0 Rhamnaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 Artemisia subg. Tridentatae 18.0 15.0 12.0 8.1 16.2 Ambr0s ia-type 12.5 12.5 7.5 14.6 8.1 other Asteraceae 4.0 4.0 2.5 1.5 5.6 Liguliflorae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Eriogonum 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 1.0 Brassicaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.0 Fabaceae 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lamiaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Nyctaginaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Malvaceae 0.0 1.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 Apiaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Sium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Onagraceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Caryophyllaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 Arceuthobium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Poaceae 1.5 2.5 0.0 2.5 1.0 Cyperaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.5 Typha latifolia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Typha/Sparganium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 Terrestrial Trees 32.5 38.0 61.5 44.4 41.4 Terrestrial Shrubs and Herbs 63.5 58.5 36.5 47.5 53.5 Aquatics 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 1.0 Riparian Trees and Shrxibs 4.0 3.5 2.0 8.1 5.1 Pollen Sum 100.0 100.0 100.0 99.0 99.0 Total Pollen Sum 200.0 200.0 200.0 200.0 200.0 0Ii-65, Percentages of Pollen o Sample 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 O
Depth (cm) 210.0 230.0 310.0 330.0 370.0 Sample age 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Volume of sample 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Plnus 45.5 64.5 65.0 54.0 44.5 Abies 1.5 2.4 4.6 3.5 0.5 Picea 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.0 1.0 Juniperus 0.5 0.0 0.5 0.0 1.0 Quercus 5.0 5.6 1.5 4.0 1.0 Juglans 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Pseudotsuga 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Celtis 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Ephedra nevadensis-type 5.0 0.8 1.5 1.0 1.0 Betula 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.0 Alnus 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Salix 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Shepherdia 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Chenopodiaceae/Amaranthus 13.5 6.5 10.7 9,0 14.0 Plantago 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Sarcobatus 2.5 0.8 1.0 1.0 2.0 Rhamnaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Artemisia subg. Tridentatae 7.5 8.1 3.0 12.0 9.5 Ambrosia-type 12.5 9.7 6.1 8.0 18.0 other Asteraceae 4.0 1.6 3.6 3.5 5.0 Liguliflorae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Eriogonum 0.5 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 Brassicaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Fabaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 I,amiaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 Nyctaginaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Malvaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Apiaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Sium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Onagraceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Caryophyllaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.0 Arceuthobium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Poaceae 1.0 0.0 0.5 3.5 2.0 Cyperaceae 0.5 1.6 1.0 0.0 0.5 Typha latifolia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Typha/Sparganium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Terrestrial Trees 47.5 66.9 70.6 57.5 47.0 Terrestrial Shrubs and Herbs 46.5 27.4 27.4 38.5 52.0 Aquatics 0.5 1.6 1.0 0.0 0.5 Riparian Trees and Shrubs 6.0 5.6 2.0 4.0 1.0 Pollen Sum 99.5 98.4 99.0 100.0 99.5 Total Pollen Sum 201.0 126.0 199.0 200.0 201.0 OL-65, Percentages of Pollen
Sample 11.0 12.0 13.0 14.0 15.0
Depth (cm) 390.0 410.0 430.0 470.0 530.0 Sample age 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Volume of sample 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Pinus 39.0 59.8 69.8 68.7 59.3 Abies 0.5 0.0 0.0 1.5 1.5 Picea 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.0 Juoiperus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.0 Quercus 2.0 3.0 4.0 2.0 0.5 Juglans 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Pseudotsuga 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Celtis 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 Ephedra nevadensis-type 1.5 1.0 1.0 1.5 2.0 Betula 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Alnus 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.5 Salix 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Shepherdia 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Chenopodiaceae/Amaranthus 18.0 10.1 9.0 7.1 11.1 Plantago 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Sarcobatus 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.5 1.0 Rhamnaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.0 Artemisia subg. Tridentatae 10.5 12.6 3.5 5.6 12.6 Ambrosia-type 20.0 8.5 7.0 6.6 7.5 other Asteraceae 2.0 2.5 3.0 4.0 2.0 Liguliflorae 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.5 0.0 Eriogonum 0.5 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.0 Brassicaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Fabaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.0 Lfuniaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Nyctaginaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Malvaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Apiaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Sium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Onagraceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Caryophyllaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Arceuthobium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Poaceae 3.5 1.5 0.5 0.0 1.5 Cyperaceae 0.0 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 Typha latifolia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Typha/Sparganium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Terrestrial Trees 39.5 59.8 70.4 70.7 60.8 Terrestrial Shrubs and Herbs 57.5 37.2 25.6 26.8 38.2 Aquatics 0.0 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 Riparian Trees and Shrubs 3.0 3.0 4.0 2.5 1.0 Pollen Sum 100.0 99.5 99.5 99.5 99.5 Total Pollen Sum 200.0 200.0 200.0 199.0 200.0 OL-65, Percentages of Pollen
Sample 16.0 17.0 18.0 O 20 0 1 Depth (cm) 570.0 590.0 610.0 630.0 670 0 Sample age 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Volume of sample 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Pinus 70.4 68.3 71.0 60.8 60 8 Abies 2.5 0.5 1.0 2.0 3 7 Picea 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Juniperus 0.0 0.5 0.5 1.5 0 5 Quercus 3.0 1.0 1.0 0.0 4 2 Juglans 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Pseudotsuga 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.0 0 0 Celtis 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Ephedra nevadensis-type 1.0 2.0 2.0 1.5 3 7 Betula 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Alnus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Salix 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Shepherdia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Chenopodiaceae/Amaranthus 10.6 8.5 9.5 12.6 13 8 Plantago 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Sarcobatus 0.5 0.5 1.0 0.5 1 6 Rhamnaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Artemisia subg. Tridentatae 3.5 7.0 4.0 9.0 7 4 Ambrosia-type 6.0 5.5 5.5 7.5 0 S other Asteraceae 2.0 3.0 3.0 0.0 1 6 Liguliflorae 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.0 0 0 Eriogonum 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Brassicaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Fabaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Lamiaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Nyctaginaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Malvaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Apiaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Sium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Onagraceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Caryophyllaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 5 Arceuthobium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Poaceae 0.5 2.5 1.5 2.5 1 6 Cyperaceae 0.5 0.5 0.0 0.5 0 5 Typha latifolia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Typha/Sparganium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Terrestrial Trees 72.9 69.8 72.5 64.3 65 1 Terrestrial Shrubs and Herbs 24.1 29.1 26.5 35.7 30 7 Aquatics 0.5 0.5 0.0 0.5 0 5 Riparian Trees and Shrubs 3.0 1.0 1.0 0.0 4 2 Pollen Sum 99.5 99.5 100.0 99.5 99 5 Total Pollen Sum 200.0 200.0 200.0 200.0 190 0 OL-65, Percentages of Pollen
Sample 21.0 22.0 23.0 24.0 25 0
Depth (cm) 690.0 710.0 730.0 790.0 810 0 Sample age 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Volume of sample 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Pinus 15.3 67.0 30.8 53.3 40 1 Abies 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.5 0 5 Picea 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Juniperus 1.0 0.5 0.0 0.5 1 0 Quercus 10.2 2.5 6.1 2.0 5 1 Juglans 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Pseudotsuga 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Celtis 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Ephedra nevadensis-type 2.0 2.0 4.5 5.6 1 5 Betula 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 5 Alnus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 0 5 Salix 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Shepherdia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Chenopodiaceae/Amaranthus 25.5 12.5 20.7 12.7 18 8 Plantago 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Sarcobatus 2.0 0.5 1.0 2.5 1 5 Rhamnaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Artemisia subg. Tridentatae 24.5 6.0 14.6 8.6 9 1 Ambros ia-type 10.2 3.5 13.6 9.1 16 2 other Asteraceae 3.6 4.0 3.0 1.5 4 6 Liguliflorae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 5 Eriogonum 0.0 0.5 1.0 0.0 0 0 Brassicaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Fabaceae 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Liuniaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Nyctaginaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Malvaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0,5 0 0 Apiaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Sium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Onagraceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Caryophyllaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 0 0 Arceuthobium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Poaceae 4.1 0.5 4.5 2.0 0 0 Cyperaceae 1.5 0.0 1.0 0.5 1 0 Typha latifolia 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.5 0 0 Typha/Sparganium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Terrestrial Trees 16.3 68.0 30.8 54.3 41 6 Terrestrial Shrubs and Herbs 73.0 29.5 63.1 43.1 52 3 Aquatics 2.0 0.0 1.0 1.0 1 0 Riparian Trees and Shnibs 10.7 2.5 6.1 2.5 6 1 Pollen Sum 98.0 100.0 99.0 99.0 99 0 Total Pollen Sum 200.0 200.0 200.0 199.0 199 0 OI>-65, Percentages of Pollen
Sample 26.0 27.0 28.0 29.0 30.0
Depth (cm) 830.0 890.0 910.0 930.0 990.0 Sample age 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Volume of sample 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Pinus 48.0 32.2 34.0 54.4 49.2 Abies O.S 0.0 0.0 0.5 1.0 Picea 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.0 Junipenis 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 1.5 Quercus 2.0 2.0 2.5 4.1 0.5 Juglans 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Pseudotsuga 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Celtls 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Ephedra nevadensls-type 1.5 6.0 3.0 3.1 0.0 Betula 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Alnus 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.5 0.0 Salix 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Shepherdia 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.5 0.0 Chenopodiaceae /Amaranthus 19.2 19.6 22.3 15.0 18.1 Plantago 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Sarcobatus 0.5 1.5 1.5 1.0 1.5 Rhamnaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Artemisia subg. Tridentatae 12.6 9.5 12.2 9.8 6.0 AmbrOS ia-type 9.1 22.1 11.7 6.2 17.1 other Asteraceae 4.0 3.5 5.6 3.1 1.5 Liguliflorae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Eriogonum 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.5 0.5 Brassicaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Fabaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lamiaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Nyctaginaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Malvaceae 1.0 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.5 Apiaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Slum 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.0 Onagraceae 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 Caryophyllaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Arceuthobium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Poaceae 1.0 1.0 5.6 0.0 2.5 Cyperaceae 1.0 0.5 1.5 0.0 0.5 Typha latifolia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Typha/Sparganium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Terrestrial Trees 48.5 33.2 34.0 55.4 51.8 Terrestrial Shnibs and Herbs 49.5 63.8 62.9 39.4 47.7 Aquatics 1.0 0.5 1.5 0.0 0.5 Riparian Trees and Shrubs 2.0 3.0 3.0 5.2 0.5 Pollen Sum 99.0 99.5 98.5 100.0 99.5 Total Pollen Sum 200.0 200.0 200.0 193.0 200.0 OL-65, Percentages of Pollen
Sample 31.0 32.0 33.0 34.0 35.0
Depth (cm) 1070.0 1150.0 1180.0 1240.0 1260.0 Sample age 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Volume of sample 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Pinus 72.5 75.0 57.7 56.8 60.0 Abies 1.6 1.5 0.5 2.5 2.0 Picea 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 1.0 Juniperus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Quercus 2.1 0.5 1.0 2.5 1.5 Juglans 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Pseudotsuga 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Celtis 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Ephedra nevadensis-type 1.6 2.0 2.0 2.0 1.0 Betula 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Alnus 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Salix 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0. 0 Shepherdia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.0 Chenopodiaceae/Amaranthus 7.4 10.0 14.8 15.1 11.5 Plantago 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Sarcobatus 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 2.0 Rhamnaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Artemisia subg. Tridentatae 4.8 5.0 11.2 8.5 12.0 Ambrosia-type 6.9 5.5 6.6 5.0 4.5 other Asteraceae 2.1 0.5 3.6 4.0 3.5 Liguliflorae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 Briogonum 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.5 Brassicaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0. 0 Pabaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lamiaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.0 Hyctaginaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 0. 0 Malvaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0. 0 Apiaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0. 0 Sium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0. 0 Onagraceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0. 0 Caryophyllaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0. 0 Arceuthobium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Poaceae 0.5 0.0 2.0 0.5 0. 0 Cyperaceae 0.0 0.0 2.0 0.5 0. 0 Typha latifolia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Typha/Sparganium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Terrestrial Trees 74.1 76.5 58.2 59.8 63.0 Terrestrial Shrubs and Herbs 23.3 23.0 40.8 37.2 35.5 Aquatics 0.0 0.0 2.0 0.5 0.0 Riparian Trees and Shrubs 2.6 0.5 1.0 3.0 1.5 Pollen Sum 100.0 100.0 98.0 99.5 100.0 Total Pollen Sum 189.0 200.0 200.0 200.0 200.0 OIi-65, Percentages of Pollen
Sample 36.0 37.0 38.0 39.0
Depth (cm) 1275.0 1295.0 1335.0 1355 0 Sample age 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Volume of sample 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Pinus 62.2 66.3 38.5 34 2 Abies 2.0 1.5 0.0 0 5 Picea 0.0 0.5 0.0 0 0 Juniperus 0.5 0.0 0.5 1 5 Quercus 1.0 5.0 1.5 1 0 Juglans 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Pseudotsuga 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Celtis 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Ephedra nevadensis-type 1.5 1.0 3.5 1 5 Betula 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 5 Alnus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Salix 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Shepherdia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Chenopodiaceae/Amaranthus 12.8 8.0 26.5 45 2 Plantago 0.0 0.0 0.5 0 0 Sarcobatus 0.0 0.5 1.0 1 5 Rhamnaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Artemisia subg. Tridentatae 14.3 9.0 10.0 7 0 Ambrosia-type 3.1 4.5 8.0 6 5 other Asteraceae 1.0 2.0 5.5 0 5 Liguliflorae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Eriogonum 0.5 0.0 1.0 0 0 Brassicaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Fabaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Lamiaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Nyctaginaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Malvaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Apiaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Sium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Onagraceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Caryophyllaceae 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Arceuthobium 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Poaceae 1.0 1.5 3.5 0 0 Cyperaceae 0.5 0.5 0.5 0 0 Typha latifolia 1.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 Typha/Sparganium 0.5 0.0 0.0 0 0 Terrestrial Trees 64.8 68.3 39.0 36 2 Terrestrial Shrubs and Herbs 34.2 26.6 59.5 62 3 Aquatics 2.0 0.5 0.5 0 0 Riparian Trees and Shrubs 1.0 5.0 1.5 1 5 Pollen Sum 98.0 99.5 99.5 100 0 Total Pollen Sum 200.0 200.0 201.0 199 0 APPENDIX E: PALYNOMORPH DATA FOR SURFACE SAMPLES
Mono Basin-Owens Valley Surface Samples, Raw Counts of Pollen
Sample ML-2 OV-6
Depth (cm) 0.0 0.0 Sample age 0.0 0.0 Volume o£ sample 0.0 0.0 Concentration of spike 0.0 0.0 Total pollen concentration 0.0 0.0 TRACER 322.0 14.0 Abies 0.0 8.0 Total Pinus 98.0 340.0 Pinus cf. monophylla 13.0 9.0 Tsuga mertensia 0.0 2.0 Juniperus 2.0 25.0 Quercus 3.0 0.0 Populus 0.0 3.0 Salix 63.0 0.0 Ephedra viridis-type 1.0 0.0 Chenopodiaceae/Amaranthus 79.0 14.0 Sarcobatus 3.0 7.0 Cercocarpus/Purshia-type 2.0 7.0 Rheuunaceae 0.0 0.0 Artemisia tridentatae 6.0 18.0 Ambrosia-type 16.0 0.0 Caryophyllaceae 3.0 0.0 Brassicaceae 0.0 4.0 Rosaceae 3.0 0.0 Fabaceaee 3.0 1.0 Other Asteraceae 2.0 IS.O Poaceae 16.0 3.0 Typha/Sparganium 8.0 0.0 Potamogeton 2.0 0.0 Cyperaceae 14.0 0.0 Botryococcus 3.0 0.0 Pediastrum 1.0 0.0 Spores 0.0 38.0 Deteriorated 11.0 14.0 Terrestrial Trees 116.0 384.0 Terrestrial Shrubs and Serbs 134.0 69.0 Indeterminate 11.0 14.0 Algae 4.0 0.0 Spores 0.0 38.0 Aquatics 24.0 0.0 Riparian Trees and Shrubs 63.0 3.0 Pollen Sum 313.0 456.0 Pollen Sum Aquatics 337.0 456.0 Total Pollen Sum 66S.0 964.0 Mono Basin-Owens Valley Surface Samples, Percentages of Pollen
Sample Mil—2 OV-6
Depth (cm) 0.0 0.0 Seuaple age 0.0 0.0 Volume o£ sample 0.0 0.0 Concentration of spike 0.0 0.0 Total pollen concentration 0.0 0.0 TRACER 322.0 14.0 Abies 0.0 1.8 Total Pinus 31.3 74.6 Pinus cf. monophylla 4.2 2.0 Tsuga mertensia 0.0 0.4 Juniperus 0.6 5.5 Quercus 1.0 0.0 Populus 0.0 0.7 Salix 20.1 0.0 Ephedra viridis-type 0.3 0.0 Chenopodiaceae/Amaranthus 25.2 3.1 Sarcobatus 1.0 1.5 Cercocarpus/Purshia-type 0.6 1.5 Rhamnaceae 0.0 0.0 Artemisia tridentatae 1.9 3.9 Ambrosia-type 5.1 0.0 Caryophyllaceae 1.0 0.0 Brassicaceae 0.0 0.9 Rosaceae 1.0 0.0 Iiupinus 0.0 0.0 Fabaceaee 1.0 0.2 Other Asteraceae 0.6 3.3 Poaceae 5.1 0.7 Typha/Sparganium 2.4 0.0 Potamogeton 0.6 0.0 Cyperaceae 4.2 0.0 Botryococcus 0.5 0.0 Pediastrum 0.2 0.0 Spores 0.0 3.9 Deteriorated 1.7 1.5 Unic 0.0 0.0 Charcoal 0.0 0.0 Terrestrial Trees 37.1 84.2 Terrestrial Shrubs and Herbs 42.8 15.1 Indeterminate 1.7 1.5 Algae 0.6 0.0 Spores 0.0 3.9 Aquatics 7.1 0.0 Riparian Trees and Shrubs 20.1 0.7 Pollen Sum 313.0 456.0 Pollen Sum + Aquatics 337.0 456.0 Total Pollen Sum 665.0 964.0 329
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