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Type composition and method
Rahmat Ramly.
1991
Rahmat R. (1991). Type composition and method. In AMIC Workshop on Book Publishing : Kuala Lumpur, Aug 13‑17, 1991. Singapore: Asian Mass Communication Research & Information Centre. https://hdl.handle.net/10356/87014
Downloaded on 25 Sep 2021 01:42:02 SGT ATTENTION: The Singapore Copyright Act applies to the use of this document. Nanyang Technological University Library
Type Composition And Method
By
Rahmat bin Ramly
Paper No.7 \ ATTENTION: The Singapore Copyright Act applies to the use of this document. Nanyang Technological University Library
Ivpe Compo1? i tiion and MptrhoH
by Rahmat bin R^mly ATTENTION: The Singapore Copyright Act applies to the use of this document. Nanyang Technological University Library
Definition of Type Composition
1 he prc?cp
Termlologies
typeface - the different forms and «?»:yle of type.
family of type • the different nam*s given ho the different form and style of type.
Founts - a complete set of typ» ronslsHno of upper and lower cases alphabet*, numerals, llgatm*** «nd «vmbols.
Points - measures Hie sf?p of fcyp»s
Leading - spacings between Jlnes of type*
Measures • len i ATTENTION: The Singapore Copyright Act applies to the use of this document. Nanyang Technological University Library Origin of the term x-height x bright no ascenders or descenders Letters with ascenders mean line x-hcight ThdH baseline Letters with descenders • mean line xhcight wpm baseline EM. Charles VI Serif type H. M. Henry V Sans serif type LANGUAGE OF TYPE of strokes of letters. Serifs create a consistent hori The x-height of a lowercase (or small) letter is zontal direction at the ends of strokes. the vertical dimension of the letter between the so- Sans is the French word for without. Sans called mean line and the baseline. serif type is therefore type without serifs. Notice Ascenders are the parts of lowercase letters that sans serif type does not fend to show the that stick up above the mean line, and descend same contrast of thick and thin strokes found in ers are the parts of letters that hang below tlie serif tyj)C. baseline. There are two basic kinds of letlerfonro: serif and sans serif. Serifs are the little feet at the ends ATTENTION: The Singapore Copyright Act applies to the use of this document. Nanyang Technological University Library Cheltenham Light Cheltenham Light Italic Cheltenham Book Cheltenham Book Italic Cheltenham Bold Cheltenham Bold Italic Cheltenham Ultra Cheltenham Ultra Italic Cheltenham Light Condensed Cheltenham Light Condensed Italic Cheltenham Book Condensed Cheltenham Book Condensed Italic Cheltenham Bold Condensed Cheltenham Bold Condensed Italic Cheltenham Ultra Condensed Cheltenham Ultra Condensed Italic llic complete ITr('lielluiiluiin family AlHDIHilII.IKI.MN<)l'QKSIIJVWXYZ Caps abcdefghijklmnop<|rstuvwxyz ljiwen-u.su ADCDEKJilllKIAINdltjIUllJVWXYZ Small caps ac /E (E * A font^pntains all the characters of a particular A type family is made up of a scries of fonts, 17 typeface, which can include all uppercase (capilal generally including regular, light, lM>ld, extra lx)ld, or caps) and lowercase letters and small caps. A italic, condensed, and expanded faces. A type font also includes ligatuies (joined letters), fig family can include additional vaiialions such as tires, fractions, punctuation maiks, and symbols. outline and contour faces. There can be from 26 to possibly -lfSf) characters in a complete font. ATTENTION: The Singapore Copyright Act applies to the use of this document. Nanyang Technological University Library 0 INCHES POINTS IT inn m uui IT'IT |l|l PICAS o jU llicieaie 12 points loa pica and almost 6 picas loan inch (72 points to an inch). ( Ml ILE "II" TYPE GAUGE POINT SIZE UlTf 6 7 •, I 10 11 12 — _ — Jiztwms HP" — 2- — 2 l- 2- - 2 2 4_ - 2 2 m — 5 — 4 Z 6- 4 4 4 3- — o — 6 — - 4 10 8- 6- 4- v> ~ — 8 — fi 10- 6 5- — 8- fi 15 12 — 10 8 6- 10- EE 14 -12 — 8 7- -10 8 16 -14 12 10 8- =20 : 9- 18 „ »^ 10 I localise Iheie aic 12 points In a pica, the 12 scale on a I lahcinle doiihlesasllie pica scale What, art thou drown among these heartless hinds? LI IT] lliis line of type is set x2(> picas K)INtS AND PICAS AI labenile"9 is a tool used to measure type. All type nieasuremenls are described in units It contains scales that indicate various increments called picas and points (abbreviated pi and of space, and Liter you will learn how to use it. pis.). \Vi' say that fi picas equal one inch. Ilieie An item worth noting: While it's okay lo say are 12 points to one pica. Ueing the smallest unit Ihal (i picas equal an inch, they don't really. Aclu of measurement, |>oints are usually used to ally, (> picas measure only .!>!)()! inch, a discrep descril>e the height of type. Being the laigcrunil ancy thai becomes evident on dimensions over of measurement, picas aie used todesi iibe line It) inches lengths. A line measuring .SO picas is wiillen > M) and is read "by M)" ATTENTION: The Singapore Copyright Act applies to the use of this document. Nanyang Technological University Library T-lop of ascender lo bollom of descender is lyi>e's point size (in mis case, 48 pi.) I coding I WW5ZTZ5WZ ap|iear.s between IJaseline lo baseline 51 pi. ascenders and minus ly|>c size.... 48 pi. descenders. enr£ yields leading 3 pi. The eye of man halh nol Hie eye of man halh nol heard, Hie ear of man halh Hie eve of man halh not heard, Hie ear of man halh nol seen, man's hand is nol heard, Hie ear of man halh nol seen, man's hand is not not seen, mans hand is not able lo lasle, his tongue to able to lasle, his tongue to able lo lasle, his tongue lo conceive, nor his heart lo conceive, nor his head lo conceive, nor his heart lo re|K)rt, what my dream was. re|K)t1, whal my dream was. re|H>rt, whal my dream was. 10/10ITC Cheltenham fkx>k 10/12 I'll: Cheltenham B GO point fit: (Jjomm Bold Ophelia OpheliaUphelia Three 36 |x>inltyix'faces. Fnrh apfirnrs to Ix* a different size Ixranse of different x-height. I must dance barefoot on her I must firmer Imrefnnl on her wcddlnp; dny. nnd, for your w r jinoflG =-p'q I'IIMII 01 = j 'a ':> "t? MOMSiry TYPE SIZE Even if Ihe distance between ascenders and According to traditional practice, fvpe size is iden descenders is the same among typefaces, their lifted in points. Ideally, Ihe point size of a ly|>e- x heights will cause one face to appear larger or face should Ix? detennined by measuring Ihe smaller than another. A 10 point typeface with a vertical distance from the lops of the ascenders to large x height looks bigger than a 10 point type Ihe bottoms of Ihe descenders, and many contem face with a small x height. porary ty|>esel!ing systems are standardizing this Traditionally, display lype refers to type 18 practice. But this dimension may not always lx? an points and larger, while smaller type is called accurate indication, so don't rely on it. Your lx»st text type. guide is seeing a type sample. ATTENTION: The Singapore Copyright Act applies to the use of this document. Nanyang Technological University Library Various means of type composition HOT TYPE COMPOSITION Also called three dimensional type composition Craft oriented, uned only in small .-jobbing printinci or high quality and craft conscious book printing. relief printing type characters are rested from molten alloy consisting of a mixture of tin, lead and antimonv COLD TYPE COMPOSITION * Also called two dimensional type composition. * Suitable Tor mass-production and non-relief printing process such as lithography and gravure. * Composition is produced on paper or on film. i ATTENTION: The Singapore Copyright Act applies to the use of this document. Nanyang Technological University Library Cold Type Composition Impact or Is trike on compos!ton tmaqe is transferred meche.nical.lv bv physically punchina the character/s onto one-time plastic/ carbon ribbon to p*p*r or direct-imaqe of Fsei- plates or master. pa. Underwood, Cannon, Olevetti, IBM, Varityper ATTENTION: The Singapore Copyright Act applies to the use of this document. Nanyang Technological University Library Photosetting Imsa'?* of tvpp rlinrflctpr* *re proHnced in desired ^eouence on phototypeset ti no piper or on film by light projection. Produc t Paper - Pe« i n Co*ted sen?i H.?PH pf\p**r - for text St*bi 1 irm fc t on P*pei for rext «nd ton** Film N»a-">tivp«; rn«; i t i VP? •i ATTENTION: The Singapore Copyright Act applies to the use of this document. Nanyang Technological University Library A. Fspnsure llghl li Until beam. C. Type font. D. Esposure limiting gate (shutter). E. Sizinft ten*. T. Phototype on photolypesetling paper G. Supply cassette. II Receiving cassette. Fig. 5-73. Simplified schematic showing how phototype Is produced on a phototypesettlng machine. co dv<>fo o o / VQ J KEYBOARD TAPE MACHINE PHOTOTYPE DEVELOPER- PROCESSOR PHOTCTYPESETTER KEYBOARD TAPE MACHINE (4) (5) (I) (2) (3! Fig. 5-112. A typical hnsir installation of « sepnrale-cntrx second-generation pliotolypesetter. One or more keyhntud machines produce punched or magnetic tape, which Is led to the phntotypesetter lor typesetting. A st8nd-alone processor develops the phototype composition. ATTENTION: The Singapore Copyright Act applies to the use of this document. Nanyang Technological University Library i Phototext typesetting Can «pt entire paaes or era I 1 evs fully hypenated and justi f ied * Point' ?j'7p?5 r^naing from the smallest to 96 pts. •» Can be categorized into 5 categories according to stages of development first Generation out it e I v mer Inn i <-a 1. 5 n nfr-i a I- i on ^IH) basically roii«sl«iM.ng of hot" mnt-^l machines rpnvpi t«»d into photo units bv i fplncing the mould with film master and hi)*" fluid alloy with a photo exposure device. * Second Gpneration an eIeotro-mechanical machine cons i s 11 nci of a computet which itilni prets photo tvpesett i nq romnnd sianal and automatical I v directs the mechanical character cvposure system. Characters Are aenerated bv projection of venon licrht through a film neoatif onto film or pap«»r , hypenation and justification done with the assistance of microcomputer. a) Direct entry machine b) Separate entry machine * Third Generation - machine usina cathode-rav tube technoloav; Polly electronic and computerised in operation; All composition automatic, hypenated 9nd jus t i fled; Character- imacies "yr'r' displayed on the screen of a CR l then projected onto fi Im oi paper, speed 4000 . or- more char_acter pttr second. Type i =; rioipH in a master t-ype fount and dicii tally pf\r~nc\'rTi on A mannet.ic disc or dr urn. ATTENTION: The Singapore Copyright Act applies to the use of this document. Nanyang Technological University Library MAGNETIC CISC Fl|. S-124. Schematic representation FONT STORAGE showing how the third- generation phototypesetter generates dot-mosaic type characters from digital storage, to CRT disptav, and onto the phototypesel- ting paper or film. (I) SIGNAL OR (2) COPY SIGNAL (3) H S J TAPE READER MEMORY (BUFFER) COMPUTER sroRAGK (3) CRT DOT-BEAM (7) SIZING DEFLECTION LENS (8) PHOTOTYPE CN CIRCUITRY FILM OR °APE3 f Hut Irrvl I nn^ I Irlitim not'M l.»inf ltnl;i|inq[.(ilyt|.ii. llif im;i(|iii(| ".y^lcm of HIP Mnnotyfrn l.nsoir.omp. n foiitlh iinnmntion I.T^PI imnq'^'-.nttor ATTENTION: The Singapore Copyright Act applies to the use of this document. Nanyang Technological University Library ; Fourth Generation pqus t«d with ln«s»>i- photo?*? t tinq Tullv pl"ctronic ^ Fifth RPIII ahlnn rrpialnd H ? t h M~. i no rih»*i opli**: tr»ohno I oov ( 9 t i 1 1 df»taa tab I *» ) ATTENTION: The Singapore Copyright Act applies to the use of this document. Nanyang Technological University Library Configuration of a modern Photntypesettinq Process I. INPUT 2. COMPUTING 3. FniTING/ConPECTlON/MAKF- t IP A. 0UTPU1 (1) - (3) - Thp (4) - Back-end or output. » ATTENTION: The Singapore Copyright Act applies to the use of this document. Nanyang Technological University Library Methods of inputtina * Direct l< "vb'i^rd i na * MaqnjMc hap*-* * Floppy disc^ * OCR Scanning * Telecommunication * Word Processing Interface * Voice-input (at an experimental stage) ATTENTION: The Singapore Copyright Act applies to the use of this document. Nanyang Technological University Library Computing Sor 1:1 nq Process i nq Tot tn-> * l t no llvprnation *nc{ .luflli f icaHon SpeI I \nq Check ATTENTION: The Singapore Copyright Act applies to the use of this document. Nanyang Technological University Library Editing/Correcting/Make-up Intnl.) io»nl- VIM I Text Recall - for correction, adding, and pacte make ur> • ATTENTION: The Singapore Copyright Act applies to the use of this document. Nanyang Technological University Library Types of Confiquration 1 ) Stand Al ni,<* ? ) Di ?ppi?pfl 0 f f l i UP \ npn t«* On - I i up i. npu t«? 3) Newspsppi «3y«l:em * extension of (2) * biacir»i sv^tr* in * incorporating commit ni ca t i on, paae makeup, line printer and diai'tizl ng i ATTENTION: The Singapore Copyright Act applies to the use of this document. Nanyang Technological University Library CONFIGURATIONS These are Ihc principal system configurations used. Overlaps between them are of course possible. a. STAND-ALONE SYSTEMS KEYROARI) I COMPUTER I PI IOTOSETUNC, UNIT b. DISPERSED SYSTEMS /. Off-line input KP.YHOARI) I KPYHOARD2 KP.YHOARI) 3 I paper tape /map tape/ paper tape/magtape floppy disc papei l.'ipe/mag tape/ floppy disc flop|>y disc I "—COMPUTER - EDITING/ I CORRECTION PHOTOSEITER TERMINAL(S) 2. On-line input KEYHOARIV KP.YHOARI)/ KEYHOARIV TERMINAL I TERMINAL 2 TERMINAL 3 I ^COMPUTER" I PIIOIOSPITER c. NEWSPAPER/MAGAZINE SYSTEMS KEYHOARIV KP.YHOARI)/ KEYHOARIV TELE TERMINAL I TERMINAL 2 TERMINAL .1 COMMUNICATIONS (on or off-line) (on or off-line) (on or off-line) copy from remote locations ;: COMPUTER with disc stoiage MAKE-UP TERMINALS/ LINE PRINTERS GRAPHICS TERMINALS for proof correction for display \ DIGITISER for half-tones PIIOIOSPI I PR for final output ATTENTION: The Singapore Copyright Act applies to the use of this document. Nanyang Technological University Library DISPLAY NEWS (VOL) VIDEO DISPLAY LAYOUT TERMINAL NEWS SERVICE (WIRE LINE) (CAM) -•» „ COMPOSITION AND mm MAKE-UP TERMINAL PROCESSOR SECTION VIDEO TYPEWRITER SYSTEMS CONTROLLER OCR TYPEWRITER OCR READER CLASSIFIED I " LINE HAFD CCPY) PRINTER (VDT! VIDEO DISPLAY VIDEO TYPEWRITER EDITING TERMINAL HARD COPY EDITING FIR. 5-! 13. A fully electronic: (computerized) phototvposrllirn l.uniit from nnlry of i:opy lo pholo- tvpe oulpul as would bn usml, for example, in ;i newspaper office. This layout is Upical for separate-entry second-generation, third-ieneration. and fourth-veneration phototypeselters. ATTENTION: The Singapore Copyright Act applies to the use of this document. Nanyang Technological University Library A typicnl DTP system with graphics l.uililics is shown below LINE DRAWINGS TEXT SCANNING OR WORDPROCESSING SCANNING DRAWING SOFTWARE PAGE MAKE-UP SOFTWARE PAGE DESCRIPTION LANGUAGE I LASER PROOFER LASER OUTPUT PHOTOTYPESETTER ATTENTION: The Singapore Copyright Act applies to the use of this document. Nanyang Technological University Library The most popular DTP page make-up packages are PageMaker, Ventura and Quark Xpress. Broadly, PageMaker is recognised as more suitable for individual page design, Ventura for long documents and Quark Xpress for applications requiring more sophisticated typographical controls. In all three cases, however, (and in many other DTP packages) the range of facilities is impressive, and many effects can be achieved wilh greater case than in conventional typesetting systems. Weights of rules are easily created and modified: Boxes can be drawn with ease: As can circles: Tints of varying percentages can be created: :;:::::::::::::::::::rIMtll IIIDttllMrI :::::::::::::::::::::::i I:::::::::::::::;::::::: Type can be reversed out or overprinted: Reversal