Representations of Montreal in the Anglo-Quebec Novel, 1945-2014
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The Mountain, the Main, and the Monuments: Representations of Montreal in the Anglo-Quebec Novel, 1945-2014 Claudine Gélinas-Faucher Department of English McGill University, Montreal A thesis submitted to McGill University in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy © Claudine Gélinas-Faucher, 2015 ii Table of Contents Abstract……………………………………………………………………………………..…...iii Résumé……………………………………………………………………………………….….v Acknowledgements………..……………………………………………………........................vii Introduction………………………………………………………………………………………1 Chapter 1: Montreal, City of Binaries: Hugh MacLennan’s Two Solitudes..…………………...26 Chapter 2: Montreal, Open City: Scott Symons’s Place d’Armes ……………………………...94 Chapter 3: Montreal, Centre and Margin: Keith Henderson’s The Restoration and Gail Scott’s Heroine……...................................………………………..…….158 Chapter 4: From the Contact Zone to the Magical City: Marianne Ackerman’s Jump and Heather O’Neill’s The Girl Who Was Saturday Night…………..……………229 Conclusion………………………………………………………………………….……….…290 Works Cited……………………………………………………………………….……….…..295 iii Abstract The social and political changes in Quebec since the end of the Second World War have gone hand in hand with the minoritization of English in the province. “The Mountain, the Main, and the Monuments: Representations of Montreal in the Anglo-Quebec Novel 1945-2014” explores the way in which Anglo-Quebec novelists’ growing awareness of their marginality has impacted their representation of Montreal, especially in reconfiguring the myth of two solitudes both thematically and spatially. Drawing on postcolonial theory as well as on key approaches to space, I argue that Anglo-Quebec novelists’ treatment of space, both urban and textual, is directly related to their cultural ideology, that is, to their conception of what English-French relations are or should be. The dissertation engages in a close reading of six novels: Hugh MacLennan’s Two Solitudes (1945), Scott Symons’s Place d’Armes (1967), Keith Henderson’s The Restoration: The Referendum Years (1987), Gail Scott’s Heroine (1987), Marianne Ackerman’s Jump (2000), and Heather O’Neill’s The Girl Who Was Saturday Night (2014). In these novels, the city’s specific landmarks might be read as physical representations of social, racial, and religious divides, but they might also emerge as sites of encounter, dispute, and exchange. The way in which novelists and their characters negotiate these divides or take part in these encounters mirrors the way in which they perceive, experience, or replicate marginality in establishing and questioning their own identity as part of an ever-shifting minority. Those authors who represent the city as an inert container in which social processes take place tend to emphasize the cleavage and binarism between the two cultural and linguistic groups, often counterbalancing this representation with an impulse towards synthesis. The textual space of their novels is correspondingly static in its adoption of more traditional narrative modes, language use, and structure. Conversely, Anglo-Quebec novelists who are inclined to highlight iv interdependence and interaction between French and English underscore the dynamic and dialectical nature of both urban and textual space. v Résumé Les changements sociaux et politiques au Québec depuis la fin de la Seconde Guerre mondiale ont entraîné la minoritisation de l’anglais dans la province. “The Mountain, the Main, and the Monuments: Representations of Montreal in the Anglo-Quebec Novel 1945-2014” explore la manière dont les romanciers anglo-québécois ont pris conscience de l’évolution de leur statut minoritaire et examine quel impact cette prise de conscience a eu sur leur représentation de la ville de Montréal, tout spécialement dans leur traitement thématique et formel du mythe des deux solitudes. En prenant appui à la fois sur la théorie postcoloniale et sur les théories contemporaires de l’espace, cette thèse soutient que le traitement de l’espace urbain et textuel des romanciers anglo-québécois est directement lié à leur idéologie culturelle, c’est-à- dire à leur conception de ce que sont ou devraient être les relations entre francophones et anglophones, à la fois au plan local et au plan national. Les quatre chapitres de la thèse présentent une lecture analytique de six romans anglo-montréalais : Two Solitudes (1945) de Hugh MacLennan, Place d’Armes (1967) de Scott Symons, The Restoration: The Referendum Years (1987) de Keith Henderson, Heroine de Gail Scott (1987), Jump (2000) de Marianne Ackerman et The Girl Who Was Saturday Night (2014) de Heather O’Neill. Dans ces romans, les monuments et points de repères de la ville symbolisent parfois les division sociales, raciales et religieuses, mais ils peuvent aussi être lus comme des sites de rencontre, de dispute et d’échange. La façon dont les romanciers et leurs personnages négocient ces divisions ou participent à ces échanges fait écho à la façon qu’ils ont de percevoir, vivre ou reproduire une certaine marginalité tout en établissant et en questionant leur propre identité en tant que minorité linguistique et culturelle. Les auteurs qui représentent la ville comme un récipient inerte dans lequel prennent place des processus sociaux ont donc tendance à mettre vi l’emphase sur la division et la bipolarité entre les deux groupes, palliant souvent à cette vision par un appel à l’unité. L’espace textuel de leurs romans correspond à cet état statique en adoptant des modes narratifs, un langage et une structure plus traditionnels. À l’inverse, les écrivains anglo-québécois dont les romans mettent de l’avant l’interdépendence et l’interaction entre francophones et anglophones soulignent la nature dynamique et dialectique à la fois de l’espace urbain et de l’espace textuel. vii Acknowledgements This thesis was written with the financial support of the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada. The McGill English department also provided numerous funding opportunities such as travel grants, teaching assistantships, research assistantships, and teaching contracts. I was, furthermore, very fortunate to receive funding from the McCord Museum during the two first years of my doctoral studies. Finally, the McGill Institute for the Study of Canada also provided financial support that helped me complete this project. I am greatly thankful to Prof. Robert Lecker for taking on the responsibilities of supervising this dissertation. His time and energy were much appreciated; his thoughts and comments helped the project take form and evolve in the way it did. Prof. Eli MacLaren and Prof. Brian Trehearne provided valuable feedback on individual chapters, for which I am very grateful. These last six years have sometimes been challenging, but mostly, they have been filled with fascinating projects, stimulating exchanges, and all-around good times thanks to people like Laura Cameron, Danielle Barkley, Jeffrey Weingarten, Kait Pinder, Renaud Roussel, Anna Sigg, Stephen Wittek, and Anna Lewton-Brain. It is at once a pleasure and an honour to befriend such intelligent, worldly people. My family and friends have never ceased to encourage and motivate me, believing in my ability to complete this undertaking much more than I ever did. Pierrette Gélinas, Réal Faucher, Isabelle Faucher, Bruno Gélinas-Faucher, you are my strongest support system and a constant source of inspiration. Thank you for always asking how the project was going and actually caring about the answer. Marie-Claude Béland and Christina Woods, you are my pillars of sanity, viii always offering humour, advice, and an attentive ear. Thank you for widening my horizons and making me feel good about being myself. I hope we are still as close in another twenty years. A special thanks to my sons Samuel and Félix, who unknowingly provided the motivation and energy in giving the final push on this project. And the largest portion of gratefulness, of course, goes to my wonderful husband Alexandre, without whose unfailing support and encouragement I never would have entered, much less completed, a doctoral program. Thank you for being so constant, whether I was at my best or at my very worst. On fait une bonne équipe! 1 Introduction In 1989, Linda Leith published “Quebec Fiction in English During the 1980s: A Case Study in Marginality” in Québec Studies, in which she sets out to uncover the causes for the “effective exclusion of the younger generation of English writers of Quebec from the English Canadian canon” (98). In arguing that because of a perceived “linguistic frontier between (English) Canada and (French) Quebec,” Quebec literature has come to refer only to writing in the French language and that English writers in Quebec are therefore “muted, made invisible, marginalized” (100), Leith also suggests that English Quebec fiction in the 1980s demonstrates a marked interest in marginality, both in its content and form. This is the point of departure of my project, which begins from the premise that the interest of Anglo-Quebec fiction writers in marginality is not limited to the 1980s, but has in fact been consistent throughout the last sixty years, though it has, admittedly, been expressed in a variety of ways, both thematically and formally. This interest has evolved and changed as has the status and influence of Anglophones in Quebec. A powerful elite in the wake of World War II, they witnessed first hand the stirrings of the Quiet Revolution and the fervour of the movement for independence.