Appendix-C PCM WORKSHOPS AND RRA

THE STUDY ON COMPREHENSIVE AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT OF PREK THNOT RIVER BASIN IN THE ROYAL KINGDOM OF CAMBODIA

FINAL REPORT Volume-VI: Appendixes for Master Plan Appendix-C PCM Workshops and RRA

Table of Contents Page Chapter C-1 General...... VI-C-1

Chapter C-2 PCM (Project Cycle Management) Workshops ...... VI-C-1 C-2.1 Background ...... VI-C-1 C-2.2 PCM (Project Cycle Management) Method...... VI-C-1 C-2.3 Expected Project Framework of the M/P Study ...... VI-C-2 C-2.4 Workshop Schedule, Participants and Venues...... VI-C-2 C-2.5 Contents and Results of the PCM Workshops...... VI-C-2 C-2.5.1 PCM Workshop on MOWRAM and MAFF...... VI-C-2 C-2.5.2 PCM Workshop on PDOWRAM and PDA Kampong Speu and Kandal Provinces...... VI-C-2 C-2.5.3 PCM Workshop on Farmers...... VI-C-3 C-2.6 Problems, Objectives, and Needs Identified ...... VI-C-4

Chapter C-3 Rapid Rural Appraisal (RRA)...... VI-C-4 C-3.1 Background ...... VI-C-4 C-3.2 Methodology ...... VI-C-4 C-3.3 Schedule, Selection of Venues and Participants...... VI-C-4 C-3.4 Outputs of RRA...... VI-C-5 C-3.4.1 Natural and Social Resources ...... VI-C-5 C-3.4.2 Economic Condition ...... VI-C-5 C-3.4.3 Agriculture ...... VI-C-6 C-3.4.4 Education ...... VI-C-8 C-3.4.5 Health Condition and Medical Services...... VI-C-9 C-3.4.6 Sanitation/ Public Hygiene ...... VI-C-9 C-3.4.7 Institutions and Organizations ...... VI-C-10 C-3.4.8 Culture ...... VI-C-11 C-3.4.9 Gender and Development ...... VI-C-11 C-3.4.10 History ...... VI-C-13 C-3.5 Problems and Needs Identified ...... VI-C-14

VI-C-i

List of Tables Page Table C.2.1 Stakeholders Analysis (Group Categorization) done by MOWRAM and MAFF...... VI-CT-1 Table C.2.2 Stakeholders Analysis (Detailed Group Analysis for MAFF) done by MOWRAM and MAFF...... VI-CT-1 Table C.2.3 Stakeholders Analysis (Detailed Group Analysis for MOWRAM) done by MOWRAM and MAFF...... VI-CT-2 Table C.2.4 Stakeholders Analysis (Detailed Group Analysis for Poor Farmers) done by MOWRAM and MAFF...... VI-CT-2 Table C.2.5 Stakeholders Analysis (Group Categorization) done by PDOWRAM and PDA in Kampong Speu and Kandal Provinces ...... VI-CT-3 Table C.2.6 Stakeholders Analysis (Detailed Group Analysis) done by PDOWRAM and PDA Kampong Speu ...... VI-CT-3 Table C.2.7 Stakeholders Analysis (Detailed Group Analysis) done by PDOWRAM and PDA Kandal...... VI-CT-4 Table C.2.8 Stakeholders Analysis (Group Categorization) done by the farmers in the villages with sufficient water ...... VI-CT-4 Table C.2.9 Stakeholders Analysis (Detailed Group Analysis for Farmers) done by the farmers in the villages with sufficient water ...... VI-CT-5 Table C.2.10 Stakeholders Analysis (Group Categorization) done by the farmers in the villages with insufficient water ...... VI-CT-6 Table C.2.11 Stakeholders Analysis (Detailed Group Analysis for Farmers) done by the farmers in the villages with insufficient water ...... VI-CT-6 Table C.3.1 Information Summary of Natural and Social Resources (Category Area-1) ...... VI-CT-9 Table C.3.2 Information Summary of Natural and Social Resources (Category Area-2) ...... VI-CT-11 Table C.3.3 Information Summary of Natural and Social Resources (Category Area-3) ...... VI-CT-13 Table C.3.4 Information Summary of Natural and Social Resources (Category Area-4) ...... VI-CT-15 Table C.3.5 Major Diseases by Generation ...... VI-CT-17 Table C.3.6 Delivery Condition by Category Area...... VI-CT-18 Table C.3.7 Condition of FWUC/ FWUG by Village...... VI-CT-19 Table C.3.8 Wealth Ranking of Ou Veaeng Village, Kahaeng Commune, Samraong Tong District, Kampong Speu Province (Category Area-1) ...... VI-CT-20 Table C.3.9 Wealth Ranking of Tumpung Village, Kahaeng Commune, Samraong Tong District, Kampong Speu Province (Category Area-1) ...... VI-CT-20 Table C.3.10 Wealth Ranking of Kahaeng Village, Kahaeng Commune, Samraong Tong District, Kampong Speu Province (Category Area-1) ...... VI-CT-21 Table C.3.11 Wealth Ranking of Sala Kruos Village, Preah Nipean Commune, Kong Pisei District, Kampong Speu Province (Category Area-2)...... VI-CT-22 Table C.3.12 Wealth Ranking of Boeng Chram Tboung Village, Preah Nipean Commune, Kong Pisei District, Kampong Speu Province (Category Area-2) ...... VI-CT-23 Table C.3.13 Wealth Ranking of Sayav Village, Preah Nipean Commune, Kong Pisei District, Kampong Speu Province (Category Area-2)...... VI-CT-24 Table C.3.14 Wealth Ranking of Beng Village, Pneay Commune, Samraong Tong District, Kampong Speu Province (Category Area-3)...... VI-CT-25 Table C.3.15 Wealth Ranking of Angkor Chea Village, Pneay Commune, Samraong Tong District, Kampong Speu Province (Category Area-3) ...... VI-CT-26 Table C.3.16 Wealth Ranking of Sampov Ngo Village, Pneay Commune, Samraong Tong District, Kampong Speu Province (Category Area-3) ...... VI-CT-27

VI-C-ii

Page Table C.3.17 Wealth Ranking of Chamkar Trach Village, Peuk Commune, Angk Snuol District, Kandal Province (Category Area-4) ...... VI-CT-28 Table C.3.18 Wealth Ranking of Tuol Thnaot Village, Peuk Commune, Angk Snuol District, Kandal Province (Category Area-4)...... VI-CT-29 Table C.3.19 Wealth Ranking of Angk Samnang Village, Peuk Commune, Angk Snuol District, Kandal Province (Category Area-4) ...... VI-CT-30 Table C.3.20 Crop Calendar of Ou Veaeng Village, Kahaeng Commune, Samraong Tong District, Kampong Speu Province (Category Area-1) ...... VI-CT-31 Table C.3.21 Crop Calendar of Tumpung Village, Kahaeng Commune, Samraong Tong District, Kampong Speu Province (Category Area-1) ...... VI-CT-32 Table C.3.22 Crop Calendar of Kahaeng Village, Kahaeng Commune, Samraong Tong District, Kampong Speu Province (Category Area-1) ...... VI-CT-33 Table C.3.23 Crop Calendar of Sala Kruos Village, Preah Nipean Commune, Kong Pisei District, Kampong Speu Province (Category Area-2)...... VI-CT-34 Table C.3.24 Crop Calendar of Boeng Chram Tboung Village, Preah Nipean Commune, Kong Pisei District, Kampong Speu Province (Category Area-2) ...... VI-CT-35 Table C.3.25 Crop Calendar of Sayav Village, Preah Nipean Commune, Kong Pisei District, Kampong Speu Province (Category Area-2)...... VI-CT-36 Table C.3.26 Crop Calendar of Beng Village, Pneay Commune, Samraong Tong District, Kampong Speu Province (Category Area-3)...... VI-CT-37 Table C.3.27 Crop Calendar of Angkor Chea Village, Pneay Commune, Samraong Tong District, Kampong Speu Province (Category Area-3) ...... VI-CT-38 Table C.3.28 Crop Calendar of Sampov Ngo Village, Pneay Commune, Samraong Tong District, Kampong Speu Province (Category Area-3) ...... VI-CT-39 Table C.3.29 Crop Calendar of Chamkar Trach Village, Peuk Commune, Angk Snuol District, Kandal Province (Category Area-4)...... VI-CT-40 Table C.3.30 Crop Calendar of Tuol Thnaot Village, Peuk Commune, Angk Snuol District, Kandal Province (Category Area-4)...... VI-CT-41 Table C.3.31 Crop Calendar of Angk Samnang Village, Peuk Commune, Angk Snuol District, Kandal Province (Category Area-4)...... VI-CT-42 Table C.3.32 Animal Husbandry of Ou Veaeng Village, Kahaeng Commune, Samraong Tong District, Kampong Speu Province (Category Area-1) . VI-CT-43 Table C.3.33 Animal Husbandry of Tumpung Village, Kahaeng Commune, Samraong Tong District, Kampong Speu Province (Category Area-1) . VI-CT-43 Table C.3.34 Animal Husbandry of Kahaeng Village, Kahaeng Commune, Samraong Tong District, Kampong Speu Province (Category Area-1) ...... VI-CT-43 Table C.3.35 Animal Husbandry of Sala Kruos Village, Preah Nipean Commune, Kong Pisei District, Kampong Speu Province (Category Area-2) ...... VI-CT-44 Table C.3.36 Animal Husbandry of Boeng Chram Tboung Village, Preah Nipean Commune, Kong Pisei District, Kampong Speu Province (Category Area-2) ...... VI-CT-44 Table C.3.37 Animal Husbandry of Sayav Village, Preah Nipean Commune, Kong Pisei District, Kampong Speu Province (Category Area-2)...... VI-CT-45 Table C.3.38 Animal Husbandry of Beng Village, Pneay Commune, Samraong Tong District, Kampong Speu Province (Category Area-3)...... VI-CT-45 Table C.3.39 Animal Husbandry of Angkor Chea Village, Pneay Commune, Samraong Tong District, Kampong Speu Province (Category Area-3) . VI-CT-46 Table C.3.40 Animal Husbandry of Sampov Ngo Village, Pneay Commune, Samraong Tong District, Kampong Speu Province (Category Area-3) . VI-CT-46 Table C.3.41 Animal Husbandry of Chamkar Trach Village, Peuk Commune, Angk Snuol District, Kandal Province (Category Area-4) ...... VI-CT-47

VI-C-iii

Page Table C.3.42 Animal Husbandry of Tuol Thnaot Village, Peuk Commune, Angk Snuol District, Kandal Province (Category Area-4) ...... VI-CT-47 Table C.3.43 Animal Husbandry of Angk Samnang Village, Peuk Commune, Angk Snuol District, Kandal Province (Category Area-4) ...... VI-CT-47 Table C.3.44 Fisheries of Ou Veaeng Village, Kahaeng Commune, Samraong Tong District, Kampong Speu Province (Category Area-1)...... VI-CT-48 Table C.3.45 Fisheries of Tumpung Village, Kahaeng Commune, Samraong Tong District, Kampong Speu Province (Category Area-1)...... VI-CT-50 Table C.3.46 Fisheries of Kahaeng Village, Kahaeng Commune, Samraong Tong District, Kampong Speu Province (Category Area-1)...... VI-CT-52 Table C.3.47 Fisheries of Sala Kruos Village, Preah Nipean Commune, Kong Pisei District, Kampong Speu Province (Category Area-2)...... VI-CT-54 Table C.3.48 Fisheries of Boeng Chram Tboung Village, Preah Nipean Commune, Kong Pisei District, Kampong Speu Province (Category Area-2) ...... VI-CT-56 Table C.3.49 Fisheries of Sayav Village, Preah Nipean Commune, Kong Pisei District, Kampong Speu Province (Category Area-2)...... VI-CT-58 Table C.3.50 Fisheries of Beng Village, Pneay Commune, Samraong Tong District, Kampong Speu Province (Category Area-3)...... VI-CT-60 Table C.3.51 Fisheries of Angkor Chea Village, Pneay Commune, Samraong Tong District, Kampong Speu Province (Category Area-3)...... VI-CT-62 Table C.3.52 Fisheries of Sampov Ngo Village, Pneay Commune, Samraong Tong District, Kampong Speu Province (Category Area-3)...... VI-CT-64 Table C.3.53 Fisheries of Tuol Thnaot Village, Peuk Commune, Angk Snuol District, Kandal Province (Category Area-4)...... VI-CT-66 Table C.3.54 Fisheries of Angk Samnang Village, Peuk Commune, Angk Snuol District, Kandal Province (Category Area-4)...... VI-CT-68 Table C.3.55 Festival Calendar of Ou Veaeng Village, Kahaeng Commune, Samraong Tong District, Kampong Speu Province (Category Area-1) ...... VI-CT-70 Table C.3.56 Festival Calendar of Tumpung Village, Kahaeng Commune, Samraong Tong District, Kampong Speu Province (Category Area-1) ...... VI-CT-71 Table C.3.57 Festival Calendar of Kahaeng Village, Kahaeng Commune, Samraong Tong District, Kampong Speu Province (Category Area-1) ...... VI-CT-72 Table C.3.58 Festival Calendar of Sala Kruos Village, Preah Nipean Commune, Kong Pisei District, Kampong Speu Province (Category Area-2)...... VI-CT-73 Table C.3.59 Festival Calendar of Boeng Chram Tboung Village, Preah Nipean Commune, Kong Pisei District, Kampong Speu Province (Category Area-2) ...... VI-CT-74 Table C.3.60 Festival Calendar of Sayav Village, Preah Nipean Commune, Kong Pisei District, Kampong Speu Province (Category Area-2)...... VI-CT-75 Table C.3.61 Festival Calendar of Beng Village, Pneay Commune, Samraong Tong District, Kampong Speu Province (Category Area-3)...... VI-CT-76 Table C.3.62 Festival Calendar of Angkor Chea Village, Pneay Commune, Samraong Tong District, Kampong Speu Province (Category Area-3) ...... VI-CT-77 Table C.3.63 Festival Calendar of Sampov Ngo Village, Pneay Commune, Samraong Tong District, Kampong Speu Province (Category Area-3) ...... VI-CT-78 Table C.3.64 Festival Calendar of Chamkar Trach Village, Peuk Commune, Angk Snuol District, Kandal Province (Category Area-4) ...... VI-CT-79 Table C.3.65 Festival Calendar of Tuol Thnaot Village, Peuk Commune, Angk Snuol District, Kandal Province (Category Area-4)...... VI-CT-80 Table C.3.66 Festival Calendar of Angk Samnang Village, Peuk Commune, Angk Snuol District, Kandal Province (Category Area-4) ...... VI-CT-81 Table C.3.67 Briefs and Taboos of Tumpung Village, Kahaeng Commune, Samraong Tong District, Kampong Speu Province (Category Area-1) ...... VI-CT-82

VI-C-iv

Page Table C.3.68 Briefs and Taboos of Kahaeng Village, Kahaeng Commune, Samraong Tong District, Kampong Speu Province (Category Area-1) ...... VI-CT-82 Table C.3.69 Briefs and Taboos of Sala Kruos Village, Preah Nipean Commune, Kong Pisei District, Kampong Speu Province (Category Area-2) ...... VI-CT-83 Table C.3.70 Briefs and Taboos of Boeng Chram Tboung Village, Preah Nipean Commune, Kong Pisei District, Kampong Speu Province (Category Area-2) ...... VI-CT-83 Table C.3.71 Briefs and Taboos of Sayav Village, Preah Nipean Commune, Kong Pisei District, Kampong Speu Province (Category Area-2)...... VI-CT-84 Table C.3.72 Briefs and Taboos of Beng Village, Pneay Commune, Samraong Tong District, Kampong Speu Province (Category Area-3)...... VI-CT-84 Table C.3.73 Briefs and Taboos of Angkor Chea Village, Pneay Commune, Samraong Tong District, Kampong Speu Province (Category Area-3) ...... VI-CT-85 Table C.3.74 Briefs and Taboos of Sampov Ngo Village, Pneay Commune, Samraong Tong District, Kampong Speu Province (Category Area-3) ...... VI-CT-85 Table C.3.75 Gender and Development (Day Time Line by Gender) of Ou Veaeng Village, Kahaeng Commune, Samraong Tong District, Kampong Speu Province (Category Area-1) ...... VI-CT-86 Table C.3.76 Gender and Development (Day Time Line by Gender) of Tumpung Village, Kahaeng Commune, Samraong Tong District, Kampong Speu Province (Category Area-1) ...... VI-CT-89 Table C.3.77 Gender and Development (Day Time Line by Gender) of Kahaeng Village, Kahaeng Commune, Samraong Tong District, Kampong Speu Province (Category Area-1) ...... VI-CT-92 Table C.3.78 Gender and Development (Day Time Line by Gender) of Sala Kruos Village, Preah Nipean Commune, Kong Pisei District, Kampong Speu Province (Category Area-2) ...... VI-CT-95 Table C.3.79 Gender and Development (Day Time Line by Gender) of Boeng Chram Tboung Village, Preah Nipean Commune, Kong Pisei District, Kampong Speu Province (Category Area-2)...... VI-CT-97 Table C.3.80 Gender and Development (Day Time Line by Gender) of Sayav Village, Preah Nipean Commune, Kong Pisei District, Kampong Speu Province (Category Area-2) ...... VI-CT-99 Table C.3.81 Gender and Development (Day Time Line by Gender) of Beng Village, Pneay Commune, Samraong Tong District, Kampong Speu Province (Category Area-3) ...... VI-CT-102 Table C.3.82 Gender and Development (Day Time Line by Gender) of Angkor Chea Village, Pneay Commune, Samraong Tong District, Kampong Speu Province (Category Area-3) ...... VI-CT-105 Table C.3.83 Gender and Development (Day Time Line by Gender) of Sampov Ngo Village, Pneay Commune, Samraong Tong District, Kampong Speu Province (Category Area-3) ...... VI-CT-107 Table C.3.84 Gender and Development (Day Time Line by Gender) of Chamkar Trach Village, Peuk Commune, Angk Snuol District, Kandal Province (Category Area-4) ...... VI-CT-109 Table C.3.85 Gender and Development (Day Time Line by Gender) of Tuol Thnaot Village, Peuk Commune, Angk Snuol District, Kandal Province (Category Area-4) ...... VI-CT-112 Table C.3.86 Gender and Development (Day Time Line by Gender) of Angk Samnang Village, Peuk Commune, Angk Snuol District, Kandal Province (Category Area-4) ...... VI-CT-114 Table C.3.87 History of Ou Veaeng Village, Kahaeng Commune, Samraong Tong District, Kampong Speu Province (Category Area-1)...... VI-CT-116

VI-C-v

Page Table C.3.88 History of Tumpung Village, Kahaeng Commune, Samraong Tong District, Kampong Speu Province (Category Area-1)...... VI-CT-118 Table C.3.89 History of Kahaeng Village, Kahaeng Commune, Samraong Tong District, Kampong Speu Province (Category Area-1)...... VI-CT-120 Table C.3.90 History of Sala Kruos Village, Preah Nipean Commune, Kong Pisei District, Kampong Speu Province (Category Area-2)...... VI-CT-122 Table C.3.91 History of Boeng Chram Tboung Village, Preah Nipean Commune, Kong Pisei District, Kampong Speu Province (Category Area-2) ...... VI-CT-124 Table C.3.92 History of Sayav Village, Preah Nipean Commune, Kong Pisei District, Kampong Speu Province (Category Area-2)...... VI-CT-126 Table C.3.93 History of Beng Village, Pneay Commune, Samraong Tong District, Kampong Speu Province (Category Area-3)...... VI-CT-128 Table C.3.94 History of Angkor Chea Village, Pneay Commune, Samraong Tong District, Kampong Speu Province (Category Area-3)...... VI-CT-130 Table C.3.95 History of Sampov Ngo Village, Pneay Commune, Samraong Tong District, Kampong Speu Province (Category Area-3)...... VI-CT-132 Table C.3.96 History of Chamkar Trach Village, Peuk Commune, Angk Snuol District, Kandal Province (Category Area-4)...... VI-CT-134 Table C.3.97 History of Tuol Thnaot Village, Peuk Commune, Angk Snuol District, Kandal Province (Category Area-4)...... VI-CT-135 Table C.3.98 History of Angk Samnang Village, Peuk Commune, Angk Snuol District, Kandal Province (Category Area-4)...... VI-CT-136

List of Figures Page Figure C.2.1 Problems Analysis done by MOWRAM and MAFF ...... VI-CF-1 Figure C.2.2 Objectives Analysis and Alternatives Analysis done by MOWRAM and MAFF...... VI-CF-2 Figure C.2.3 Problems Analysis done by POWRAM and PDA Kampong Speu...... VI-CF-3 Figure C.2.4 Objectives Analysis and Alternatives Analysis done by POWRAM and PDA Kampong Speu ...... VI-CF-4 Figure C.2.5 Problems Analysis done by POWRAM and PDA Kandal ...... VI-CF-5 Figure C.2.6 Objectives Analysis and Alternatives Analysis done by POWRAM and PDA Kandal ...... VI-CF-6 Figure C.2.7 Problems Analysis done by the farmers with sufficient water ...... VI-CF-7 Figure C.2.8 Objectives Analysis and Alternatives Analysis done by the farmers with sufficient water...... VI-CF-8 Figure C.2.9 Problems Analysis done by the farmers with sufficient water ...... VI-CF-9 Figure C.2.10 Objectives Analysis and Alternatives Analysis done by the farmers with sufficient water...... VI-CF-10 Figure C.3.1 (1) RRA Topic Tree...... VI-CF-11 Figure C.3.1 (2) RRA Topic Tree...... VI-CF-12 Figure C.3.1 (3) RRA Topic Tree...... VI-CF-13 Figure C.3.2 Income and Expenditure (F) Ou Veaeng Village, Kahaeng Commune, Samraong Tong District, Kampong Speu Province ...... VI-CF-14 Figure C.3.3 Income and Expenditure (M) Ou Veaeng Village, Kahaeng Commune, Samraong Tong District, Kampong Speu Province ...... VI-CF-15 Figure C.3.4 Income and Expenditure (M) Tumpung Village, Kahaeng Commune, Samraong Tong District, Kampong Speu Province ...... VI-CF-16 Figure C.3.5 Income and Expenditure (M) Tumpung Village, Kahaeng Commune, Samraong Tong District, Kampong Speu Province ...... VI-CF-17

VI-C-vi

Page Figure C.3.6 Income and Expenditure (F) Tumpung Village, Kahaeng Commune, Samraong Tong District, Kampong Speu Province ...... VI-CF-18 Figure C.3.7 Income and Expenditure (M) Kahaeng Village, Kahaeng Commune, Samraong Tong District, Kampong Speu Province ...... VI-CF-19 Figure C.3.8 Income and Expenditure (F) Kahaeng Village, Kahaeng Commune, Samraong Tong District, Kampong Speu Province ...... VI-CF-20 Figure C.3.9 Income and Expenditure (M) Sala Kruos Village, Preah Nipean Commune, Kong Pisei District, Kampong Speu Province...... VI-CF-21 Figure C.3.10 Income and Expenditure (F) Sala Kruos Village, Preah Nipean Commune, Kong Pisei District, Kampong Speu Province...... VI-CF-22 Figure C.3.11 Income and Expenditure (M) Boeng Chram Tboung Village, Preah Nipean Commune, Kong Pisei District, Kampong Speu Province...... VI-CF-23 Figure C.3.12 Income and Expenditure (F) Boeng Chram Tboung Village, Preah Nipean Commune, Kong Pisei District, Kampong Speu Province...... VI-CF-24 Figure C.3.13 Income and Expenditure (M) Sayav Village, Preah Nipean Commune, Kong Pisei District, Kampong Speu Province ...... VI-CF-25 Figure C.3.14 Income and Expenditure (F) Sayav Village, Preah Nipean Commune, Kong Pisei District, Kampong Speu Province ...... VI-CF-26 Figure C.3.15 Income and Expenditure (M) Beng Village, Pneay Commune, Samraong Tong District, Kampong Speu Province ...... VI-CF-27 Figure C.3.16 Income and Expenditure (M) Beng Village, Pneay Commune, Samraong Tong District, Kampong Speu Province ...... VI-CF-28 Figure C.3.17 Income and Expenditure (F) Beng Village, Pneay Commune, Samraong Tong District, Kampong Speu Province...... VI-CF-29 Figure C.3.18 Income and Expenditure (M) Angkor Chea Village, Pneay Commune, Samraong Tong District, Kampong Speu Province ...... VI-CF-30 Figure C.3.19 Income and Expenditure (M) Angkor Chea Village, Pneay Commune, Samraong Tong District, Kampong Speu Province ...... VI-CF-31 Figure C.3.20 Income and Expenditure (F) Angkor Chea Village, Pneay Commune, Samraong Tong District, Kampong Speu Province ...... VI-CF-32 Figure C.3.21 Income and Expenditure (M) Sampov Ngo Village, Pneay Commune, Samraong Tong District, Kampong Speu Province ...... VI-CF-33 Figure C.3.22 Income and Expenditure (M) Sampov Ngo Village, Pneay Commune, Samraong Tong District, Kampong Speu Province ...... VI-CF-34 Figure C.3.23 Income and Expenditure (M) Sampov Ngo Village, Pneay Commune, Samraong Tong District, Kampong Speu Province ...... VI-CF-35 Figure C.3.24 Income and Expenditure (M) Chamkar Trach Village, Peuk Commune, Angk Snuol District, Kandal Province...... VI-CF-36 Figure C.3.25 Income and Expenditure (F) Chamkar Trach Village, Peuk Commune, Angk Snuol District, Kandal Province...... VI-CF-37 Figure C.3.26 Income and Expenditure (M) Tuol Thnaot Village, Peuk Commune, Angk Snuol District, Kandal Province...... VI-CF-38 Figure C.3.27 Income and Expenditure (F) Tuol Thnaot Village, Peuk Commune, Angk Snuol District, Kandal Province...... VI-CF-39 Figure C.3.28 Income and Expenditure (M) Angk Samnanag Village, Peuk Commune, Angk Snuol District, Kandal Province...... VI-CF-40 Figure C.3.29 Income and Expenditure (F) Angk Samnanag Village, Peuk Commune, Angk Snuol District, Kandal Province...... VI-CF-41 Figure C.3.30 Mobility Map of Ou Veaeng Village, Kahaeng Commune, Samraong Tong District, Kampong Speu Province...... VI-CF-42 Figure C.3.31 Mobility Map of Tumpung Village, Kahaeng Commune, Samraong Tong District, Kampong Speu Province...... VI-CF-43

VI-C-vii

Page Figure C.3.32 Mobility Map of Kahaeng Village, Kahaeng Commune, Samraong Tong District, Kampong Speu Province...... VI-CF-44 Figure C.3.33 Mobility Map of Sala Kruos Village, Preah Nipean Commune, Kong Pisei District, Kampong Speu Province...... VI-CF-45 Figure C.3.34 Mobility Map of Boeng Chram Tboung Village, Preah Nipean Commune, Kong Pisei District, Kampong Speu Province...... VI-CF-46 Figure C.3.35 Mobility Map of Sayav Village, Preah Nipean Commune, Kong Pisei District, Kampong Speu Province...... VI-CF-47 Figure C.3.36 Mobility Map of Beng Village, Pneay Commune, Samraong Tong District, Kampong Speu Province...... VI-CF-48 Figure C.3.37 Mobility Map of Angkor Chea Village, Pneay Commune, Samraong Tong District, Kampong Speu Province...... VI-CF-49 Figure C.3.38 Mobility Map of Sampov Ngo Village, Pneay Commune, Samraong Tong District, Kampong Speu Province...... VI-CF-50 Figure C.3.39 Mobility Map of Chamkar Trach Village, Peuk Commune, Angk Snuol District, Kandal Province...... VI-CF-51 Figure C.3.40 Mobility Map of Tuol Thnaot Village, Peuk Commune, Angk Snuol District, Kandal Province...... VI-CF-52 Figure C.3.41 Mobility Map of Angk Samnang Village, Peuk Commune, Angk Snuol District, Kandal Province...... VI-CF-53 Figure C.3.42 Institutional Diagram of Ou Veaeng Village, Kahaeng Commune, Samraong Tong District, Kampong Speu Province ...... VI-CF-54 Figure C.3.43 Institutional Diagram of Tumpung Village, Kahaeng Commune, Samraong Tong District, Kampong Speu Province ...... VI-CF-55 Figure C.3.44 Institutional Diagram of Kahaeng Village, Kahaeng Commune, Samraong Tong District, Kampong Speu Province ...... VI-CF-56 Figure C.3.45 Institutional Diagram of Sala Kruos Village, Preah Nipean Commune, Kong Pisei District, Kampong Speu Province ...... VI-CF-57 Figure C.3.46 Institutional Diagram of Boeng Chram Tboung Village, Preah Nipean Commune, Kong Pisei District, Kampong Speu Province...... VI-CF-58 Figure C.3.47 Institutional Diagram of Sayav Village, Preah Nipean Commune, Kong Pisei District, Kampong Speu Province...... VI-CF-59 Figure C.3.48 Institutional Diagram of Beng Village, Pneay Commune, Samraong Tong District, Kampong Speu Province...... VI-CF-60 Figure C.3.49 Institutional Diagram of Angkor Chea Village, Pneay Commune, Samraong Tong District, Kampong Speu Province ...... VI-CF-61 Figure C.3.50 Institutional Diagram of Sampov Ngo Village, Pneay Commune, Samraong Tong District, Kampong Speu Province ...... VI-CF-62 Figure C.3.51 Institutional Diagram of Chamkar Trach Village, Peuk Commune, Angk Snuol District, Kandal Province...... VI-CF-63 Figure C.3.52 Institutional Diagram of Tuol Thnaot Village, Peuk Commune, Angk Snuol District, Kandal Province...... VI-CF-64 Figure C.3.53 Institutional Diagram of Angk Samnang Village, Peuk Commune, Angk Snuol District, Kandal Province...... VI-CF-65

VI-C-viii

APPDNDIX-C: PCM WORKSHOP AND RRA

Chapter C-1 General PCM workshops and RRA workshops were conducted as a part of rural socioeconomic survey. Chapter C.2 PCM (Project Cycle Management) Workshops and Chapter C.3 Rapid Rural Appraisal (RRA) describe the details including backgrounds, method/ methodology, and outputs of both workshops. Common characteristic of both workshops is the application of the participatory approach.

Chapter C-2 PCM (Project Cycle Management) Workshops

C-2.1 Background PCM Workshops, which were hold on the governmental agencies concerned; MOWRAM, MAFF, PDOWRAMs, and PDAs and the farmers who live in the villages located in the Target Area, aimed at understanding of the present condition of the Target Area from the viewpoint of the various level of the stakeholders. The goals of the PCM workshops were (1) To understand the present condition of the farmers who live in the villages where are access to sufficient or insufficient irrigation water, respectively, (2) To find their problems and solutions, and (3) To comprehend the recognition of the governmental agencies concerned about the Study Area.

C-2.2 PCM (Project Cycle Management) Method PCM (Project Cycle Management) method is a tool for managing the entire cycle of a development project (Planning → Implementation (Monitoring) → Evaluation). The workshop proceeded by this method is so-called “PCM (Project Cycle Management) workshop” or “Participatory planning workshop.” The method is characterized by three attributes: consistency, logicality, and the participatory approach. Because of the nature of the workshop, participants are required to write their opinions on cards in order to visualize their own ideas and then share them. The PCM method comprises two steps: Participatory Planning (PP) and Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E). The step of Participatory Planning is composed of mainly two stages; “Stages of Analysis” and “Stage of Planning.” The stages of analysis include (1) “Stakeholders Analysis,” “Problems Analysis,” and “Objectives Analysis.” “Alternatives Analysis (Project Selection)” plays a role to link the analysis stage and the planning stage. The planning stages are “PDM (Project Design Matrix)” and “PO (Plan of Operation).” At the stages of Stakeholders and Problems Analysis, the present situation and surrounding are analyzed to clarify those who are related to and involved in the problems and what causes the problems. Before going to Problems Analysis, “Target Group,” which is a major beneficiary likely benefited to, is determined. In the stage of Objectives Analysis, the issue of how to improve the presentsituation is discussed to find the solutions of the problems so as to achieve the future desirable condition. At the Alternatives Analysis stage, the project alternatives are discussed and one project is selected among various approaches (branches of the strategy to solve the problems) for the next stage, PDM (Project Design Matrix). PDM is the summary of the project contents. The format of PDM is similar to that of the Logical Framework, and therefore can be commonly used worldwide. According to the goals mentioned in C.2.2 Background, “Stage of Analysis” in Participatory Planning stage consists of Stakeholders Analysis, Problems Analysis, Objectives Analysis and Alternatives Analysis was applied. The alternatives were prioritized a following criterion; “Although the external fund would not come, you want to implement the approach/

VI - C - 1 project by yourself.”

C-2.3 Expected Project Framework of the M/P Study At the stage of Stakeholders Analysis, “Expected project framework” is determined prior to identifying the problems and objectives. In the case of this series of PCM Workshops, the “Expected project framework” was recognized as the project contributing to the comprehensive agricultural development of the Prek Thnot river basin.

C-2.4 Workshop Schedule, Participants and Venues Totally 4 PCM Workshops were conducted with the stakeholders from the different categories. The schedule and the participants of each workshop are mentioned in the table below. The venues are determined considering the accessibility of the participants. Governmental agencies concerned selected the staff participating in the PCM workshops by themselves. Farmers participants were selected by PDOWRAM Kampong Speu and Kandal Provinces based on the required characteristics; the farmers who live in the villages where are accessible to sufficient irrigation water and the farmers who live in the villages where are not accessible to sufficient irrigation water, respectively. PCM Workshop Schedule, Participants and Venues Schedule Participant # of Participant Venue 22 August, 2005 Officers of MOWRAM and MAFF 16 MOWRAM, Phnom Penh Officers of PDOWRAM and PDA PDOWRAM Kampong 23 August, 2005 Kampong Speu and Kandal Provinces 21 Speu, Kampong Speu Province Farmers who live in the villages where Marum Tboung Pagoda, 24-25 August, 2005 are accessible to irrigation water 21 Chbar Mon Distirct, (sufficient irrigation water) Kampong Speu Farmers who live in the villages where Marum Tboung Pagoda, 26-27 August, 2005 are not accessible to irrigation water 15 Chbar Mon Distirct, (insufficient irrigation water) Kampong Speu Province C-2.5 Contents and Results of the PCM Workshops

C-2.5.1 PCM Workshop on MOWRAM and MAFF The Target Group was “Farmers.” The analysis proceeded with “Farmer’s income is low” as Core Problem (a starting point of Problem Analysis) and 2 Direct Causes (the problems directly cause Core Problem); (1) Agricultural income is low and (2) It’s hard to increase agricultural income. “Core Objective” was “Farmer’s income increases.” To achieve this objective, “Agricultural income is improved” was prioritized as a main mean. It is interesting to note that improvement of the coordination between MOWRAM and MAFF was mentioned as the need of MAFF in Stakeholders Analysis.

C-2.5.2 PCM Workshop on PDOWRAM and PDA Kampong Speu and Kandal Provinces Originally, Stakeholders Analysis and Problems Analysis was planned to be carried out by 4 provincial agencies together because all of their expected Target Group was “Farmers.” Nevertheless, the Analysis was carried out by the officers of PDOWRAM and PDA Kampong Speu and those of Kandal Provinces, respectively. The officers insisted that the characteristics and problems of the farmers are different in each province. It was noteworthy that they pointed out Pol Pot Canals and Hun Sen Canals should be separately discussed. The Target Group of both groups was “Farmers.” The table below indicates the results of their Analysis. Results of PCM Workshop on PDWORAM and PDA Kampong Speu and Kandal Provinces PDOWRAM and PDA Kampong Speu PDOWRAM and PDA Kandal Target Group Farmers in Kampong Speu Province Farmers in Kandal Province Core Problem Agricultural production is low Lack of water for agricultural use Direct Causes (1) Irrigation systems are insufficient (1) Lack of water for agricultural use

VI - C - 2 (2) Drought (2) Insufficient irrigation systems (3) There are not good plans for planting (3) No one maintains irrigation systems (4) Unfertile land (4) Natural disaster (5) Farmers use indigenous knowledge (6) Lack of quality seeds Core Objective Agricultural production is increased Sufficient water is available for farmers Direct Means (1) Sufficient irrigation systems (1) Extension of water management methods (2) Making specific crop planting plans (2) Studying of how to make the plans (3) Fertile land (3) Repairing/ rehabilitating of the existing (4) Changing of indigenous practices irrigation system (5) Quality seeds are available (4) Helping farmers to get enough food (5) Formulation of FWUC (6) Preparing for natural disaster Prioritized 1st: Direct Means (1) Sufficient irrigation 1st: Direct Means (3) Repairing/ rehabilitating alternative means systems of the existing irrigation system with Direct 2nd: Direct Means (4) Changing of indigenous Means (4) Helping farmers to get enough food practices 2nd: Direct Means (1) Extension of water 3rd: Combination of Direct Means (4) and (5) management methods to achieve Core Objective to achieve Core Objective C-2.5.3 PCM Workshop on Farmers Group Categorization in Stakeholders Analysis describes the huge presence of NGOs (ex. World Vision) and Internationals Organizations (ex. WFP) as the supporting agencies for the farmers. The PCM Workshops on farmers were held on the farmers who live in the villages where are accessible to sufficient irrigation water (herein after “the farmers with sufficient water”) and those who live in the villages where are not accessible to irrigation water (herein after “the farmers with insufficient water”), respectively. The participants came from 21 out of 44 Communes in the Target Area. The table below shows the name of Communes and the results of the workshops. 3 Communes (Samraong Tong, Saen Dei, and Sayav Kravan) are duplicated. It can be assumed that accessibility to irrigation of water is varied in the same Commune. Results of PCM Workshop on Farmers Farmers with Sufficient Water Farmers with Insufficient Water Target Group Farmers with Sufficient Water Farmers with Insufficient Water Name of Samraong Tong, Saen Dei, Sayav Kravan, Skuh, Samraong Tong, Saen Dei, Sayav Kravan,, Commune Pneay, Sopoar Tep, Trapeang Kong, Kahaeng, Tang Roka Thum, Sambour, Trapeang Chour, Prey Krouch, Roleang Kreul, Roleang Chak, Veal (13) Nheat, Veal (8) Core Problem Agricultural production is low Low yield of rice production Direct Causes (1) Lack of technique for rice growing (1) Inadequate location of rice fields (2) Lack of pesticide (2) Poor soil management (3) Unequal social structure (3) Farmers cannot use water effectively (4) Lack of draft animals (4) Unfertile soil (5) Farmers use indigenous knowledge (5) Pest/ disease of domestic animals (6) Unfertile soil (6) Lack of quality rice seed (7) Disaster (7) Insufficient knowledge of rice growing (8) Lack of high yield variety (HYV) seeds Core Objective Agricultural production increases Agricultural production increases Direct Means (1) The technique for rice growing is accessible (1) Expansion of land for rice cultivation (2) Pesticide is available (2) Good soil management (3) More equal social structure (3) Land is re-fertilized (4) Fertile soil (4) Pest/ disease damage of domestic animals (5) Seeds of high yield variety (HYV) are available is reduced (5) Quality rice seed is available (6) Sufficient knowledge of rice growing Prioritized 1st: Combination of all Direct Means 1st: Sufficient water for agricultural use alternative means 2nd: Combination of Direct Means (1), (2) and (3) 2nd: Combination of Direct Means (5) and (6) 3rd: Combination of Direct Means (4), (5) and (6) 3rd: Combination of Direct Means (4) and (5) to achieve Core Objective to achieve Core Objective

VI - C - 3 C-2.6 Problems, Objectives, and Needs Identified All stakeholders remarked that farmers’ income is low and the agricultural production is low as crucial farmers’ problems. As the necessary measures to solve these problems, agricultural extension service on how to improve the present farming method and ineffective water management are required. The analysis of the farmers is noticeable. Both of the farmers with sufficient and insufficient water focused their discussing points on improving the farming practice through making the agricultural input better. The farmers with insufficient water are eager to obtain sufficient irrigation water. They suffer from not only shortage of irrigation water but also the lack of subsistence food. Accordingly, it can be said that the farmers with insufficient water are more badly off than those who with sufficient water. The needs of those farmers are mainly construction or rehabilitation of irrigation facilities such as canals and farm roads. The understandings of the farmers’ present condition in the Target Area of MOWRAM, MAFF, PDOWRAMs, PDAs and the farmers are not inconsequence. This likely can bring the blessed future for the comprehensive agricultural development in the Prek Thnot river basin.

Chapter C-3 Rapid Rural Appraisal (RRA) C-3.1 Background Rapid Rural Appraisal (herein after RRA) workshops were conducted aiming at grasping the socioeconomic condition of the farmers in the Target Area by Category Area. More specifically, conducting of RRA intends to identify rural socioeconomic characteristic, the problems, the needs and their backgrounds qualitatively and deeply from the viewpoint of the farmers.

C-3.2 Methodology RRA is one of the participatory study method commonly used to understand the socioeconomic condition in rural areas. During the RRA workshops of this Study, semi-structured key informant interview was conducted. Prior to the implementation of RRA, “Topic Tree” describing the research issues and applying tools was made for checking the coverage of the RRA.

C-3.3 Schedule, Selection of Venues and Participants The Communes where conducted the RRA workshops were determined based on 2 maps prepared in The Preparatory Study for The Study on Comprehensive Agricultural Development of Prek Thnot River Basin; (1) Reference Map of Drought Report showing the location of the Prek Thnot river, Roleang Chrey Regulator, and the north and south main canals and the table summarizing SEILA Commune Data Base 2004 including the name of Provinces, Districts, Communes, number of villages, and rice cropped area in the rainy and dry seasons in the Target Area. Three villages from each Category Area were selected among the determined Communes through discussion with PDOWRAM Kampong Speu and Kandal Provinces. The table below shows the criteria for classifying the Target Area into the Category Areas. Criteria for Classifying the Target Area into Category Areas Category Area Selection Criteria Category Area-1 Area where is accessible to sufficient irrigation water Category Area -2 Area where is not accessible to sufficient irrigation water Category Area -3 Area where has small reservoirs for irrigation Category Area -4 Area where rainfed cultivation is carried out The participants were picked up by village authorities according to the following criterion; the farmers who can provide the village information. Thus, the participants’ group consisted

VI - C - 4 of farmers’ representatives, Village Chief, Group Leaders, and the member of FWUC and VDC when they were available. Gender balance was also considered. The table below indicates the schedule, venue, and participants. Schedule, Venue and Participants on RRA Workshops Category Area-1 Category Area-2 Category Area-3 Category Area-4 Schedule 19-22 Sep, 05 23-26 Sep, 05 27-29 Sep, 05 13-17 Sep, 05 Venue Name of Village i) Ou Veaeng i) Sala Kruos i) Beng i) Chamkar Trach ii) Tumpung ii) Boeng Chram ii) Angkor Chea ii) Tuol Tnaot iii) Kahaeng Tboung iii) Sampov Ngo iii) Angk Samnang iii) Sayav Name of Commune Kahaeng Preah Nipean Pneay Peuk Name of District Samraong Tong Kong Pisei Samraong Tong Angk Snuol Name of Province Kampong Speu Kampong Speu Kampong Speu Kandal # of villages in the 15 27 19 19 Commune Participant i) 16 (10:6) i) 15 (10:5) i) 15 (8:7) i) 13 (10:3) # (Male: Female) ii) 15 (10:5) ii) 13 (8:5) ii) 15 (12:3) ii) 12 (4:8) iii) 16 (10:6) iii) 15 (11:4) iii) 15 (9:6) iii) 15 (8:7)

Occupation/ Village Chief, Village Chief, Village Chief, Commune Chief, Position Group Leaders, Group Leaders, Group Leaders, Village Chief, VDC members, VDC members, VDC members, Deputy Village FWUC Chief and FWUC members, FWUC members, Chief, Group Deputy Chief, farmers farmers Leaders, VDC farmers members, farmers C-3.4 Outputs of RRA

C-3.4.1 Natural and Social Resources Natural and Social Resource Map provides basic information of the determined venues. The information identified through making the Maps is summarized by the Category Area in Table C.3.1 - C.3.4 on the end of Appendix C. It tends that population of the village is relatively large in the upstream. Landless farm households, those who have involuntarily lost land, possess no skills other than in farming and face uncertain livelihood because of the loss of land but have only residential lands are commonly observed. Female-headed households are not also rare. Both households are relatively vulnerable in the villages. Vulnerability is also brought by the illness and too many children (5-6 children). Herein after, it is defined that “household” means kruosar in Khmer, a small unit which makes the livelihood together. It is noticeable that the villagers exactingly classify ponds into natural (trapeang) and artificial ones (sras). It means a natural pond (trapeang) when they say “a big pond.” More detailed information on rural socio-economy is as follows.

C-3.4.2 Economic Condition (1) Income Source More than 95% of the villagers are farmers. Therefore, main income sources are (i) selling surplus rice, (ii) selling surplus vegetables, (iii) selling pigs and chickens, and (iv) climbing palm trees and making palm sugar. Busy farming seasons are; transplanting of rice seedling normally from July to August and harvesting of rice normally from December to January. In these seasons, the poorer farmers work as a labor farmer. Labor farmers are required for plowing, pulling rice seedlings, transplanting of rice seedlings, and harvesting. Main non-farm income source is the remittance/ salary from the children working for a garment factory. Common subsidiary occupations are (i) a motorbike taxi driver, (ii) a traditional wedding music player, (iii) a handicraftsman (weaving palm leaves), and (iv) a construction

VI - C - 5 worker. 2 out of 28 sample households did not earn income in 2004. Both of them live in Boeng Chram Tboung Village of Category Area-2 and survived with debts. (2) Expenditure Main items of expense are roughly divided into two; agricultural input and living expense. In the past, the villagers were nearly self-sufficient. They grew rice and vegetables and caught fish for self-consumption. While, in the present, they need much cash for food, seasonings, clothes, children’s education, recharge of a battery for lightening and watching TV, kerosene for lamps, gasoline for motorbike, and modern medical care. They also need cash contribution to a pagoda/ wat and various types of ceremonies. Consequently, 21 out of 28 sample households were in debt in 2004. Calculable minimum and maximum debts were R 39,500 (about US$ 10) and R 9,957,800 (about US$ 2,500) respectively. For balancing out, they sold cows, pigs, chickens, gold, jewelries and a motorbike, and owed debt. Main lenders were relatives, without interest. 7 out of 28 sample households were in black in 2004. Calculable minimum and maximum surplus are R 47,200 (about US$ 12) and R 2,369,200 (about US$ 600) respectively. The surplus is saved as a shape of gold, cows, pigs, and additional paddy field, if it is available. Some of them spent it for purchasing farm equipment such as ploughs and harrows. (3) Accessibility to Rural Micro Finance Rural credit has been largely provided by NGOs, a bank named ACLEDA and IOs concerned primarily with poverty reduction. Village Saving Association is also available in Kahaeng and Tumpung Villages. Accordingly, the access to rural micro finance is good in the sample villages of all Category Areas. It can be said that summing up of cash inflow to the villages including in kind is huge, and it should be careful about inflation in the near future. (4) Economic Stratification Economic stratification was identified through group discussion. Main Indicators of economic stratification are (i) the materials of a house, (ii) farmland holding size (for paddy and vegetables), (iii) the number of livestock cattle/ cows, pigs, chickens, and ducks, and (iv) surplus of rice for selling. A number of children negatively influences on determining the economic condition of the household. Around 50% of the villagers think that they are in the middle class. The standards of “the middle class” households are; (i) living in a zinc roofed house, (ii) holding 1ha of paddy field and 0.2-0.5ha of vegetable field, (iii) keeping 1 or 2 cows/ oxen, 1 or 2 pigs and poultry, and (iv) having surplus of rice for selling. It is noteworthy that the standard of the indicators is relatively higher comparing Category Area-1 with the other Category Areas.

C-3.4.3 Agriculture Due to the nature of agriculture, climate and weather directly influence crop production, the type of livestock, and the style of fishery. Climatic zone of Cambodia is classified as tropical monsoon. It is governed by 2 monsoons. The cool, dry, northeastern one carries little rain and the southwestern one brings strong winds, high humidity and heavy rains. The season is roughly divided into rainy and dry seasons. The rainy season ordinarily starts from the end of May and continues until the end of October. In the strict sense, the dry season is classified into the cool dry from the beginning of November to the end of January and the hot dry seasons from the beginning of February to the middle of May. (1) Crop Production Staple crop is rice in all Category Areas. The villagers intend to mitigate the risk of growing rice through using many varieties of seeds. According to them, rice variety is classified into 4; early rice, medium rice, late rice and IR. They grow a variety of vegetables depending on water availability and soil condition. Variety of the vegetables is cabbage, sponge gourd, wax

VI - C - 6 gourd, pumpkin, tomato, lettuce, leek, cucumber, watermelon, mung bean and string bean for self-consumption and sale. Cauliflower is grown for sale only in Sala Kruos Village, Category Area-2. Both chemical and natural fertilizers are commonly used for rice and vegetable growing. Chemical pesticide is also commonly used for solving the main problems of farming; the damage of pests (red caterpillars and worms), birds and mice. As a result, the expense for agricultural input is large against the revenue. While, Kahaeng Village in Category Area-1 quit using chemical fertilizer and uses compost instead, because chemicals result in the loss of rice fragrance. It would be possible to reduce the expense for agricultural input using the compost and natural pesticide. (2) Animal Husbandry Animal husbandry is practiced in all Category Areas. The breeds of typical livestock are cattle (cows and oxen), pigs, chickens, and ducks. Ou Veaeng Village in Category Area-1 keeps gooses for self-consumption and sale, and dogs as a guard and for self-consumption besides them. The intended use of livestock by breed is summarized in the table below. Intended Use of Livestock by Breed Breed Intended Use/ Objectives Cattle • Draft animal • Exchange • Sale • Energy source • Dung for fertilizer • Traditional identity • Breeding Pig • Sale • Exchange • Dung for fertilizer • Feast for ceremonies • Breeding • Self-consumption Chicken • Sale (meats and eggs) • Feast for ceremonies • Excrements for fertilizer • Self-consumption (meats and eggs) • Breeding Duck • Sale (meats and eggs) • Self-consumption (meats and eggs) • Breeding • A present for relatives • Feast for ceremonies (3) Fishery Fish is staple food as well as rice. Fish catch has been decreasing in both rainy and dry seasons in all Category Areas. In the past, there were more fish in the dry season compared in the rainy season. The reason was that fish gathered specific places due to limited water resources in the village. Fish catch was enough for sale after the villagers consumed it in the family. On the other hand, in the present, the villagers need to buy fish for daily self-consumption and making prahock (fermented fish paste) ordinarily from January to April. The price of fish is ranged between R 1,000-8,000/kg in the sample village and R 1,500-7,000/kg at the markets according to the location of the sample villages, season and weather. The most serious problem is the extinction of fish due to the current use of electrical fishing tools. The expense for purchasing fish brings heavy pressure on the villagers’ living. (4) Marketplace Markets, rice millers, and small vending shops are available with 60 minutes walk residual in all Category Areas. The villagers can buy daily necessities and simultaneously sell their agricultural production in the markets in the villages and neighboring markets. Dealers/ Middlemen come to villages to buy rice, vegetables, chickens, ducks, cows/ oxen, and pigs in front of the gates. In many of the sample villages, their purchase price is relatively lower than the market price. In case of the villagers in Kampong Speu Province (Category Area-1, -2 and -3), when they want to sell mass production, they go to Kampong Speu Province Market by motorbike, motorbike taxi, remorque-moto (a large trailer hitched to a motorbike), or pickup truck. In case of Kandal Province (Category Area-4), they go to Angk Snuol

VI - C - 7 District Market by the same transportation means. Transportation fee depends on the distance from the village to the market, and the type of transportation means. Motorbike taxi fare is ranged between R 120/km and R 500/km, and remorque-moto fare is R 500/km. At present, the marketplaces are sufficient for the villagers. Nevertheless, the price of agricultural products is not so favorable to the villagers. The table bwlow describes the prices of agricultural products at the markets and that of dealers/ middlemen. Price of Agricultural Products in the Category Areas Agricultural Product Price Rice R 500-900/kg Vegetables R 400-1,200/kg Cucumber R 700 - 900/kg Wax gourd R 3,000 - 4,000/kg Chile pepper R 3,500/kg Mung bean R 2,500 - 3,000/kg String bean R 700 - 800/kg Taro N.A. Cattle R 800,000 - 1,600,000/head Pig/ Pork R 4,000 - 5,300/kg Chicken R 6,000 - 9,000/kg Duck R 7,000/kg Palm sugar R 700/kg C-3.4.4 Education (1) Formal Education It is generally said in Cambodia that people need to go to school at least until the 5th grade of primary school for simple reading and writing, and until the 2nd grade of junior high school for accurate writing. Enrollment rate of primary school is around 100% of all sample villages in the Category Areas. The locations of primary schools are accessible for most of the school age children because many of the primary schools are built in the village or within a half hour radius. On the other hand, the accessibility of junior high school varies by the village. Therefore, the enrollment rate decreases compared with that of primary school. Many female students give up the idea of continuing the study for supporting the family’s livelihood through working in a garment factory after finishing the primary school. Dropout rate of junior high school of female students is also high because of the same reason mentioned above. Accordingly, the enrollment of higher education such as high school and university is quite low. Most of the parents are aware of the importance of the education because they believe higher education will result in higher income, and moreover in improvement of the village economic condition. Nevertheless, the continuation of schooling depends on the economic condition of the family. (2) Non-formal Education Five; Ou Veaeng in Category Area-1, Beng and Angkor Chea in Category Area-3, Angk Samang and Sampov Ngo Villages in Category Area-4 of 12 sample villages in the Category Areas have received the course for illiterate adults and youth. Venues are determined based on the accessibility of the students, for example, a pagoda/ wat and a Commune multipurpose facility. The course has been provided by Ministry of Education with cooperation of UNICEF sine 2003. It is familiar to the villagers, for example, 80% of the illiterate adults and youth have attended this course in Angk Samnang Village, Category Area-4. The course and textbook fees are free of charge. The contents include simple calculation, writing and reading of Khmer, sanitation/ public hygiene, environment, primary health care, HIV/AIDS, human right, Domestic Violence, and landmines. Required qualification is simple; those who are interested in the contents and have no problem with

VI - C - 8 eyesight. The classes usually start from 12:00 or 1:00 PM and finish at 2:00 or 3:00 PM. The course period is totally 6 months; 6 days a week in the dry season and 3 days a week in the rainy season, considering the seasonal workload. The course has good reputation among the present and ex-students because the contents and schedule suit their livelihood in rural areas. The villagers who have never received the non-formal education stated they are pleased to attend it if it would be available.

C-3.4.5 Health Condition and Medical Services (1) Health Condition Table C.3.5 attached on the end of Appendix C indicates the major diseases by generation. According to the tables mentioned above, dengue fever, a viral disease transmitted by mosquitoes is a quite common among the children in Category Area-1, 2 and 3. The reason for this might be that Category Area-4 does not enjoy the water resources. Typhoid, a dangerous gut infection caused by contaminated water and food, is common among the adults and elders in Category Area-1, 2 and 3. The major disease among the adults besides typhoid is upset stomach. TB (Tuberculosis), a bacterial infection usually transmitted from person to person by coughing, is frequently seen among the elders. Malnutrition among the children has been rarely observed. In relation with this, infant mortality rate has been decreasing. In accordance with Boeng Chram Tboung Villagers in Category Area-2, the health condition of the children was much improved after Children’s Right Program (NGO) came in 2003. On the other hand, from 5 to 6 children suffer from malnutrition in Sayav and Angkor Chea Villages in Category Area-2 and 3, respectively. According to the informants, their families are poor because of the landless or/and the female-headed. (2) Medical Service The villagers decide the medical institution depending on the seriousness when they get sick. In case, they are not severely sick, they go to Commune Health Center. The Commune Health Center is the most accessible medical institution for many of them. It provides medical treatment to all generations and vaccinations to children. When the villagers are seriously ill, they go to the clinic in the capital of Provinces or the public hospital in Phnom Penh by a remoroque-moto or a pick-up truck. Mobile clinic is also available when they request. Referral system works for the serious illness and delivering condition. It seems reasonable to say the delivery condition/ environment is favorable. Only one out of 12 sample villages in the Category Areas has maternal death as a major health problem of adult women. The referral system works for unsmooth delivery as well as the serious illness. Table C.3.6 attached on the end of Appendix C describes the delivery condition by Category Area. Accordingly, it can be assumed that the access to the medical service is sufficient in all Category Areas.

C-3.4.6 Sanitation/ Public Hygiene (1) Familiarity with Latrines Public toilet is not commonly used in the all Category Areas. Moreover, less than one third of the villagers have a personal/ individual toilet in their residential areas. In stead of having wash at toilets, they go to bush, paddy field, or backyard and dig a hole. Children’s Right Program offers the toilet facilities with the contribution of the villagers in 2 out of 12 sample villages. Awareness of the sanitation and public hygiene doesn’t seem quite low; however, it is not affordable for most of the villagers to build a toilet. (2) Access to Safe Water All sample villages have the wells donated by UNICEF; however, water quality is not so good in some villages. The informants pointed out they have to boil the water from the wells

VI - C - 9 for drinking, the taste is salty, and the capacity is low. Children’s Right Program and Social Fund also donated the wells for drinking water. Water for domestic use is mainly obtained personally from the well, streams, rivers, canals and reservoirs nearby on the shoulder or by motorbike or oxcart. In case, they face shortage of water, specially in the dry season, they have to buy canal water at R 1000/barrel and reservoir water at R 2,000/barrel in the case of Ou Veaeng Village of Category Area-1. In Chamkar Trach Village of Category Area-4, purified water costs R 30,000/ 4,500L. Low water quality causes the water contamination related disease such as typhoid and upset stomach. In Angk Samnang Village of Category Area-4, 3,000L of water for drinking and domestic use costs R 2,500. This is enough for only 10 days in the dry season.

C-3.4.7 Institutions and Organizations (1) Local Authorities Commune is the smallest administrative unit under Ministry of Interior. Commune has Commune Council and the head of Commune Council is Commune Chief, who is selected by Commune Council Election. Commune consists of natural villages, and the settlers have the sense of belongingness to their villages. In the village, there are Village Chief and Deputy Village Chief appointed by Commune Chief. Moreover, the village consists of from two to five Groups depending on the number of the households in the village. The Group consists of 10-18 households and is represented by Group Chief/ Leader. Villagers regard a line starting from Commune ending up to Group as local administrative authority. (2) Farmers Water Users Community (FWUC) Water distribution has been customarily practiced. As for intermediation of water conflict, 10 out of 12 sample villages do not have its record. In 2 villages, the conflict among farmers occurred, when external actors such as NGOs and donors provided motor pumps and some members do not obey the rules. MOWRAM has promoted organizing FWUC (Farmers Water Users Community) and its subordinate organization, Farmers Water Users Groups (FWUG) sine the late 1990s. FWUC and FWUG take care of an irrigation system at the farmers’ level. They are in charge of repairing irrigation facilities, distributing water, and collecting water charge. There are the members of FWUC in all sample villages in Category Area-1, 2, and 3 and Tuol Thnaot Village in Category Area-4; however, some of the members are titular. While in Ou Veaeng Village, where FWUC functions well, the farmers appreciates FWUC because of its advantage on effective water management and O & M of irrigation facilities. The current condition of FWUC/ FWUG as of September 2005 is summarized in Table C.3.7 Condition of FWUC/ FWUG by the sample village on the end of Appendix C. (3) Village Development Committee (VDC) Except 2 out of 12 sample villages, VDC has established. In 2 villages; Tuol Thnaot Village, Angk Samnang Village of Category Area-4, are preparing to establish VDC. VDC members know about the natural and social condition of their villages very well. Because of the nature of VDC, VDC plays an important role to unite villagers. (4) Village Saving Association Village Saving Association has been organized and promoted by CEDAC in Kahaeng and Tumpung Villages. Purpose of this association is to alleviate poverty, and share and save money for agricultural input as a group. In case of Tumpung Village Saving Association, the initial funds at R 7,600,000 were collected from the members. After contributing to the initial funds, the members have to save R 1,300/month continuously. The villagers can contract the debt with 3% of interest/ month. (5) International Organizations

VI - C - 10 UNICEF widely covers the Category Areas with digging of the hand pump well and providing of the non-formal education projects as mentioned above. PRASAC continues the activity of providing a large mount of loan to the villagers with 3-4% of interest rate/ month. (6) NGOs Except Ou Veaeng Village in Category Area-1, all sample villages have had the support from the variety of NGOs. The activities mainly focus on providing finance (cash and in kind such as rice and cows) and agricultural training. The presence of Children’s Right Program is remarkably large due to not only supporting children but also contributing much to the villages.

C-3.4.8 Culture The villagers spend the life dominated by religious events/ ceremonies and farming. The religious events, ceremonies, festivals, and farming activities commonly follow the lunar calendar in the sample villages. The majority of the villagers are followers of Theravada Buddhism. Pagoda/ Wat is the core of religion and welfare oriented activities in the villages. Monks take care of the moral, spiritual and religious needs of the villagers. In turn, the villagers take care of the monks’ physical and material needs, so-called, 4 requisition; robes, food, residence and medicine. The connecting line between the monks and the villagers is a temple volunteer, achar. The role of achar is to initiate Theravada Buddhism and managing the religious events and ceremonies in the pagoda/ wat. Animism has also taken root in rural society in the Category Areas. All sample villages have their own Neak Ta or holly and sacred spirit around the villages. Neak Ta can be observed as a Mother Earth concept, an energy force uniting a rural society with its earth and water. Accordingly, all sample villages have the sacred place/ land in the villages. The villagers pray Neak Ta for a plenty of rainfall, high production, and prevention from disasters. Christianity is also obtaining a presence but its popularity is still low. Consequently, the events, ceremonies, and festivals deeply related to Theravada Buddhism and Neak Ta faith are common in the sample villages of all Category Areas. For example, Bon Dalien, the festival expressing the gratitude to Neak Ta of land and water for cultivation, is held in the 1st lunar month in all sample villages. The other examples of the common and enormous events are Khmer New Year cerebration in the 4th lunar month, and Pchum Ben, the ceremony commemorating the deceased persons in the 5th lunar month. The villagers enjoy these events through taking time out from their busy farming schedule.

C-3.4.9 Gender and Development It is generally said, while Cambodian political and religious policies do not directly discriminate against females, they are rarely afforded the same opportunities as males. In case of sample villages, “Day Time Line” informed by males aged between 20s’ and 60s’ is dissimilar with that of females. Nevertheless, the gender discrimination and inequality are not obviously regarded in all sample villages. In addition, following issues are in the similar condition in all sample villages of all Category Areas. (1) Income Generating Activities Main income generating activities are farming and animal husbandry in all sample villages. Because climate influences farming and animal husbandry activities considerably, the villagers’ daily activities in the rainy season are different from those in the dry season. There are separate roles between male and female in farming activities traditionally. Transplanting of rice seedling used to be a typical faming activity of females; however, it’s becoming both genders’ recently in some sample villages.

VI - C - 11 Both males and females engage in animal husbandry activities such as taking cattle to the grassland, feeding and watering cattle, pigs, chickens and ducks. Only making a fire for protecting cattle from mosquitoes in the rainy season is specific to males. The other income generating activities are clearly different between males and females. The table below shows the details of income generating activities by gender. Income Generating Activities by Gender Type of Income Males Females Generating Farming • Plowing • Transplanting of rice • Burying manure seedlings • Building banks for paddy • Pulling rice seedlings fields • Collecting vegetables • Pulling rice seedlings • Harvesting rice • Transplanting of rice • Controlling water in paddy seedlings fields • Weeding • Land preparation for • Harvesting cultivating vegetables • Taking care of vegetables • Cultivating vegetables • Weeding • Taking care of vegetables and fruit trees in the backyard • Making compost • (Preparing meals for hired labor farmers) Animal husbandry • Taking care of animals and • Taking care of animals and birds birds • Bringing cattle to grassland • Bringing cattle to grassland • Making a fire for cattle • Collecting cattle and pig dung • Collecting cattle and pig dung • Feeding and watering • Feeding and watering The others • Selling charcoal • Working for a garment factory • Climbing up palm trees to • Teacher collect palm juice • Health worker • Making palm sugar • Sewing clothes • Driving a motorbike taxi/ a taxi/ a truck/ remorque-moto • Construction worker (2) Role in Community Administrative community leaders are usually men in all sample villages. As well as VDC members, female members are rare; while female participates in the VDC member election and the meetings for it. Both genders have fair opportunities to participate in the meetings on the irrigation system at the village level. The opportunities for attending training courses/ extension services provided by governmental agencies, IOs, and NGOs are also fair between males and females. The contents of the training courses/ extension services are varied; rice growing, animal husbandry, income generation, education, health care, HIV/ AIDS awareness, preservation of traditional culture, human right, and Domestic Violence awareness. As for construction works such as rehabilitation of canals and roads for village development, only males have engaged in. (3) Role at Home Division of role by gender at home has been changing. Specially, the males of 20s’ and 30s’ help a wife with cooking, housekeeping, and taking care of children. In many cases, these phenomena emerge when a wife works for a garment factory and is also an important

VI - C - 12 breadwinner for the family. Role at Home by Gender Males Females • Head of family • Cooking/ Boiling water • Breadwinner • Washing and putting dishes in order • Catching fish, crabs, and snails for • Cleaning the house self-consumption • Doing laundry • Collecting and chopping firewood • Collecting firewood and grasses • Helping wife with cooking/ Cooking • Taking care of/ teaching children • Taking care of/ teaching children • Buying food at a market • Cleaning the house • Breadwinner/ Head of family

Ratio of decision making in family depends on income earning in some extent. Generally, the ratios of decision making between male and females are 50:50 or 60:40 in the sample villages. (4) Political Participation Ninety % of the villagers have been to vote 4 times sine 1993. They had the 1st General Election for the National Assembly in 1993, the 2nd General Election for the National Assembly in 1998, Commune Chief Election in 2002 and the 3rd General Election for the National Assembly in 2003.

C-3.4.10 History Village history has a commonality among 12 sample villages. Village historical background is summarized in the table below. Historical Background Year Event Effect 1970 Coup-d’etat (Lon Nol overthrew King Sihanouk) Villagers suffered from fighting and evacuated from the village to the other. 1970-1974 War between Lon Nol regime and Khmer Rouge Villagers were forced to join the armies by both sides There were no social stability and security. 1974-1979 Pol Pot Regime Villagers were evacuated from the birth village. Villagers were forced to work hard collectively (Sahakkor) without enough food. Villagers had to work and eat together (no privacy). Many villagers were killed, suffered from diseases, and died of hunger. 1979- The end of Pol Pot Regime Solidarity groups (Krom Samaky) were organized for People started to return to their birth village. collective cultivation. The harvest was shared according to the labor contribution. 1983-1986 Land privatization was promoted through land Villagers became able to grow crops privately and distribution. keep the harvests by themselves. Some of the villagers were forced to join the army Many of them who went to clear the forests under K5 to fight against Khmer Rouge and to clear forest returned home with malaria/ disability. under K5. 1986-1992 The villagers got the right to start the private Living condition has been getting better. business and the freedom. 1993 The 1st General Election for the National Assembly Villagers who were eligible to vote went to the prepared by UNTAC election center nearby happily and freely. 1998 The 2nd General Election for the National Assembly More villagers who were eligible to vote went the prepared by NEC (National Election Committee) election center nearby happily and freely. 2002 Commune Election The villagers were happy to be able to choose their representatives by themselves. 2003 The 3rd General Election for the National Assembly More villagers went voting willingly. prepared by NEC As indicate in the table above, the villagers have suffered from unwilling collectivity at least

VI - C - 13 twice until 1986. Only after the land privatization policy was implemented through land distribution from 1983 to 1986, the villagers became able to have their specific private property. The size of the farm land/ person were ranged between 10a (0.1ha) to 20a (0.2ha). Besides this, the residential land was distributed/ person. Merely before and after the 1st General Election for the National Assembly, the villagers started to receive the variety of support from NGOs and IOs in many fields including agriculture.

C-3.5 Problems and Needs Identified The table below describes the problems identified by the villagers and the analysis on their causes. Problems Identified by the Villagers and Cause Analysis Causes of the Problems Problems Category • Water is short in the dry season ♦ Villagers lack rice for self-consumption Area-1 • Rainfall has decreasing since 2003 ♦ Villagers pay lot of money to buy water for cultivation and daily use • Fertilizer is expensive ♦ It’s financially hard for the villagers to • Food is expensive buy food • Annual income fluctuates year by year due to rainfall • Design of the irrigation system is ♦ There is no bridge across canals to go to improper school and pagoda/ wat Category • Rainfall has been decreasing since 2003 ♦ Drinking water is not sufficient Area-2 • Water sources have not been fully ♦ Production of rainfed paddy field is not developed stable • Irrigation systems are not sufficiently functioned • Rainfall has been decreasing since 2003 ♦ Water for cultivation decreased • Irrigation facilities existed in the past compared with the past were removed by the government ♦ Some villagers spend too much money • Although there are irrigation facilities, compared with their income water does not come in the dry season • Change of water flow due to newly ♦ Villagers have damaged by flood constructed houses • It’s not affordable for the villagers to ♦ Latrines are short purchase toilet facilities Category • Water sources are not fully developed ♦ Water for drinking, domestic, and Area-3 • Rainfall has decreasing since 2003 agricultural use is not sufficient • Harvest depends on rainfall ♦ Water is insufficient for growing rice for • Irrigation systems are not efficient subsistence in a drought-stricken year • Water management is not properly ♦ Many farmers cannot cultivate rice 2 carried out times/year • Water resources are limited • Marketable products are limited ♦ It is impossible to calculate yearly based • Income fluctuates income and expenditure (1 village) Category • Water sources are limited ♦ Water conflict on agricultural water has Area-4 • FWUC/ FWUG doesn’t function fully occurred in the rainy season • Rainfall has decreasing since 2003 • Drought struck the villages in 2003 and ♦ 90% of rice production was damaged 2004 and it caused the low standard of living • Extension services on rice growing are condition not sufficient • It is difficult to raise pigs bravely ♦ It is tough to produce high output from • Extension services on pig raising are not pig raising sufficient

VI - C - 14 Shortage of water in the dry season is the crucial problem in all Category Areas. Drought damage on agricultural production is huge especially in Category Area-4. Expense for water is enormous even in Category Area-1. The need is simple. It is the solving of the problems indicated in the table above. The villagers who can cultivate rice once a year have a strong desire for doing it twice a year. The villagers who can cultivate more than twice a year surely do not expect that they are forced to cultivate rice once a year by the external factors. The reason for this is most of the villagers subsist off in the present condition. Raw data including tables and figures are attached on the end of Appendix C.

VI - C - 15 Tables

Table C.2.1 Stakeholders Analysis (Group Categorization) done by MOWRAM and MAFF Negatively Affected Implementing Beneficiaries Decision-makers Funding Agencies Community Leaders Potential Opponents Supporting Groups Group Agencies Anti-government Anti-government Cambodian National Farmers JICA JICA JICA Study Team Local authorities NGOs NGO Mekong Committee

Farmers who are MOWRAM (Ministry Farmers who are PDOWRAM (Kg. Rice millers taken land for the of Water Resources MOWRAM Provincial authorities taken land for the NGO (Agriculture) Speu and Kandal) development and Meteorology) development

MAFF (Ministry of Agriculture, Farmers in the Study JICA Study Team MAFF FWUC Fisheries, and Area (technical support) Forestry)

Private sector MEF (Ministry of (constructors / Economy and MEF FWUC investors of irrigation Finance) facilities)

Non-agricultural Ministry of Ministry of

VI -CT -1 industries in the Environment Environment Study Area MRD (Ministry of Rural Development)

Donors (except JICA)

Table C.2.2 Stakeholders Analysis (Detailed Group Analysis for MAFF) done by MOWRAM and MAFF Basic Information Problems Needs Strength Action to take Primarily responsible agency for the Improvement of the coordination with Intensive collaboration with JICA Study Lack of information on the target areas High capacity development at the central level MOWRAM Team to get data/information required

Lack of cooperation and coordination with Data collection through participatory CAAEP II for extension system Department of Agronomy MOWRAM approach strengthening

Department of Extension Limited experience in development planning Budget fro information collection

Limit of equipment (Lap-top PC, desk-top DPA of Kampong Speu Training to staffs computer, etc.)

Department of Animal production Transportation means Development planning

PDA of Kandal Limit of transportation to go to farming ares Table C.2.3 Stakeholders Analysis (Detailed Group Analysis for MOWRAM) done by MOWRAM and MAFF Basic Information Problems Needs Strength Action to take

Available staff to collect/analyze Rehabilitation of irrigation Meteorological data Flood and drought Budget weather information systems

Available staff to establish Establishment of new Knowledge of farmers on Long-term data on hydrology Local budget is 13 million FWUC to operate and maintain meteorological station and irrigation is limited and meteorology irrigation facilities rainfall measurement Adoption of law and sub-decrees Incomplete irrigation Training on O & M of Hydrological data on natural resources infrastructure in the target area irrigational system to FWUC management Shortage of water (storage Improvement and installment of No irrigation workers capacity) water level stations more National budget is limited for Increase of the national budget 24,000 ha in the target area developing the irrigation for rehabilitation and O & M of infrastructure irrigation system Kampong Speu and Kandal More training to PDWRAM Climatic phenomena PDOWRAM’s staff budget staff

Table C.2.4 Stakeholders Analysis (Detailed Group Analysis for Poor Farmers) done by MOWRAM and MAFF VI -CT -2 Basic Information Problems Needs Strengths Action to take 70% is farmers in the Prek Thnot Establishiment of RBO or Limited knowledge FWUCs/FOs Hard working River Basin FWUC Population ←? Lack of education Supply of water for irrigation Work of the field O & M

Shortage of water for agriculture Supply of transportation means Setting up of the flood warning Income about $20-$25/month Experience in rice growing in both production seasons to market system

Building the reservoir & Technology to get high crop 5 person/family Incomplete irrigation scheme Provision of extension service irrigation system to guarantee production water in the field Cultivation only in the rainy Lack of irrigation and drainage Micro credit Water harvesting system Bank service season system Good coordination and Providing of financial service No leader for poor farmers Agricultural extension service cooperation (Micro credit) Enough supporting service to Introduction of Multi- Flash flood and drought Capacity building farmers Agriculture System Bank erosion Support from the government Limit of transportation means Agriculturale land is not sufficient (holding size is small) Farmers in the Target Area are Limited extension service for facing shortage of water for agricultural development domestic use Less chance to borrow money Size of land holding is small Agricultural production Climate change (volume) is low Table C.2.5 Stakeholders Analysis (Group Categorization) done by PDOWRAM and PDA in Kampong Speu and Kandal Provinces Negatively Implementing Community Potential Supporting Beneficiaries Decision-makers Funding Agencies Affected Group Agencies Leaders Opponents Groups Ministry of Water Commune Water and Floating / fishery Resource and participants / Farmers Government Meteorology Company District Authorities areas Meteorology participated by local Specialist (MOWRAM) people Ministry of Farmers who Agriculture and Financial Agricultural Local people / Farmer leaders effected by the Provincial Local Authorities Department Specialist commune farmers project Agricultural Department Farmers that receive Ministry of Commune the benefit from the Slam building NGO PDOWRAM Local people Planning Authorities project People / general Ministry of Fisherman Supporting NGOs PDA farmers Transportation All kinds of Provincial NGOs District DOWRAM business Authorities NGOs which are handing projects in Donors Village Chiefs the rural areas /

VI -CT3 commune JICA NGO Land Agency Institution of Environment All levels of local authorities

Authorities (Village, Commune, District and Province)

Table C.2.6 Stakeholders Analysis (Detailed Group Analysis for Kg Speu Province) done by PDOWRAM and PDA Kampong Speu Basic Information Problems Needs Strength Action to take Most of the children cannot afford for the Farmers’ knowledge is limited Rehabilitation of the irrigational system Government helps to rehabilitate the Request of taking water from the Peam 90% of the population are farmers People in Kg Speu are poor Establishment and construction of water Supporting from the authorities Excavate Peam Lvea canal Population density is 95/km2 Water does not meets the farmers Crops planting and feeding technique Working abilities in the field Taking the information research in local The average of land holding is 0.10 – Insufficient water Technique in producing seeds and There are wet and rainy seasons Environment system analysis Population growth is high Lack of irrigational system Farmers have to be the owner of crop FWUC Making proposal to JICA for managing Lack of irrigational system Most of the irrigational system are Study Tour Water resource from Prek Thnot river for Population growthis 2.4%/year Natural disasters Farmers participate in money Farmers are Buddhists Low crop production Farmers in 7 districts get water from the The average number of family members Poultry production is low Low income Yield is low (1.5-2.5t/ha) Shortage of food supply Crop planting techniques Animal gets disease Road devastation Lack of good seeds Table C.2.7 Stakeholders Analysis (Detailed Group Analysis for Kandal Province) done by PDOWRAM and PDA Kandal Basic Information Problems Needs Strength Action to take

There is a farmer cooperative to produce seeds Lack of water for crops Check structure construction Budget and practical participatory approach The study of Prek Thnot river basin

Average of agricultural land holding is 0.3ha/household Lack of irrigation system All types of agriculture have to be managed Well cooperation between farmers and local authorities Getting the detailed information from local authorities

Yong laborers (Men/Women) work as factory workers Lack of manpower Water for cultivation Districts nearby the stream can depend on water there Seeking donors

Most of the farmers (95%) are Buddhists Natural disasters Additional agricultural technologies Repairing of the the irrigation system

Education level is low Farmers' children work in the factories Rehabilitating the irrigational systems Working closely each other

Management committee of various water usages in various Population increase rate is 2.4 % Inadequate water in Prek Thnot River Basin Local securities must be ensured provinces

Distance from one village to the another is average 1.6 Km The study of dike Reservoir construction Sufficient water

(4.3 %) to (12.2 %) of children did not go to school As the measure against drought, reservoirs are required Quality seeds

Angk Snuol district ’ farmers located in 6 communes depend on About 1 to 2 % of the farmers have violence in the family Impact of infrequent annual rainfall is large water in Prek Thnot river basin

Farmers living in 9 communes need water from the Prek Thnot 80 % of the farmers use animals as main draft Lack of agricultural cultivation equipment river for cultivation

Rice yield is less than 3t/ha Lack of resources to enlarge land use

70%of the farmers depend on rainfall Domestic violence in the families is frequently broken out VI -CT4

Too much usage of chemical fertilizers

Table C.2.8 Stakeholders Analysis (Group Categorization) done by the farmers in the villages with sufficient water Beneficiaries Negatively Affected Group Decision-makers Funding Agencies Implementing Agencies Community Leaders Potential Opponents Supporting Groups

Mr. YIM SOKHOM, Kampong Farmers/ people Illegal fishermen MOWRAM SEILA Program PDOWRAM Village chief community Land middlemen Speu deputy governor

Teachers Not certificated fishermen RGC WB PDAFF Commune community Land middlemen Chief of commune

Undocumented fishermen JICA Village community Commune council

Land middlemen for WFP NAPA community aquaculture

Humanitarian Other communities

PRASAC Saving community

Social Fund SEDAC

World Vision

NGOs Concerned

Red Cross

UNICEF

ADB Table C.2.9 Stakeholders Analysis (Detailed Group Analysis for Farmers) done by the farmers in the villages with sufficient water

Basic Information Problems Needs Strength Action to take

Most farmers depend on agriculture Lack of ponds Canal rehabilitation Available water source Available institutional concerned

The other income generation activities are climbing Lack of water for irrigation Structures Solidarity Community development palm trees and making palm sugar

95% of farmers are Buddhist Poor water gate in Lompeng Village Box culverts Participatory in FWUC Good maintenance of existing civil works

30% of farmers are illiterate Lack of water gates in Beng Village Bridges across canals Participation Good relationship with all level of authorities

Land holding/household is normally only 0.5ha Lack of bridges across canals Dike rehabilitation Available supporting from community Project procedure

Civil works projects are available from the national Farmers studied a lot Lack of water gates Rural road rehabilitation Available place to construct water gates government

Children in poor health condition Lack of wells Tertiary canals Believing in agricultural technique

Insufficient baby feeding Lack of structures in Roung Village Good high yield variety seeds

Domestic violence is broken out at 50% Lack of latrine in Ou Veaeng Village Rural road for transportation

Only one well in Prey Pongror Village Lack of structure in Tompoung Village Canal rehabilitation

Drug used teenagers Lack of motor pumps Rice seed

Some farmers lost their jobs because they have Poor rural road in Prey Khlong Village Well, hand-tube well tuberculosis 100% of farmers in Prey Khpong Village depend on Lack of box culverts in Ou Veaeng Village Pond rehabilitation with food security supporting agriculture

90% of people are farmers in Ou Veaeng Village Lack of pumps in Toul Samnang Village Pumpping station VI -CT -5 Crops are stolen Lack of tertiary canals Latrines

30% of the Villagers are illiterate in Tumpung Village Lack of rural road in Angdongsla Village Food security

30% of farmers are poor Lack of bridges in Ou Veaeng Village Cropped technique for agro-industry

Increasing of farmers Poor rural road in Samnang Village Drainage facilities construction

Gang-star in the Village Lack of structures in Bakk Thmeanh Village

30% of farmers are poor in commune Lack of structures in Angdongsla Village

Poor culture Poor dike in Ang Popel Commune

90% is literate in Srethnal Village Lack of water in Samraong Tong Village

Small cropping area Poor canals

In Prey Pongror Village 50% of farmers worked for Lack of 4 structures in Svay Village gament factory and 40% worked as labor

Poor standard living in Ou Veaeng Village Lack of water for cropping

Increasing # of farmers in Ou Veaeng Village Lack of high yield variety seed (rice)

Typhord and stomachache are common Pest

In Prey Romduol Village, 35% of farmers are illiterate Lack of agricultural technique

50% of farmers are poor in Prey Romduol Vllage Lack of Senpidor rice seed

Farmers are able to access to agricultural extension Lack of marketing

Only one rice cropping in a year in Prey Pongror Lack of technique to use fertilizer Village

Most of women have participated in community Lack of vegetable seeds

Lack of technique to make pesticide Table C.2.10 Stakeholders Analysis (Group Categorization) done by the farmers in the villages with insufficient water Negatively Affected Implementing Beneficiaries Decision-makers Funding Agencies Community Leaders Potential Opponents Supporting Groups Group Agencies Farmers in Samraong Chief of Samraong Land buyer World Vision MAFF Social fund Cow Bank Community Fishermen Tong Commune Tong commune Farmers who have land FWUC of the north Farmers in Roka Chbar Mon Districts Chief of Royal armed- located nearby canal Roleang Chrey main Commune DOWRAM office forces installation sites canal Farmers in Voa Sa Kg Speu of DOWRAM Kg Speu police Commune Chbar Mon Districts Kg Speu deputy Farmers PDA office governor

FWUC

Farmers in Keapor Commune Farmers in Mohalompeng Village VI -CT -6 Table C.2.11 Stakeholders Analysis (Detailed Group Analysis for Farmers) done by the farmers in the villages with insufficient water Basic Information Problems Needs Strength Action to take

Increasing of farmers # Drought Tree fruit seed Good solidarity Support from local authorities is available

75% of people in Tuol Thnong Village lack of food 30% are poor in Damdek Village Rural roads Participating in the meeting Spacific identified location of Prey Nheat Commune security 55% of people in Trapeang Reusei Village lack of Some farmers have good understanding about 80 % of farmers can read Canals Location of secondary canals in Tuol Thong Village food security agriculture

85% of farmers in Preisya Village cannot read Poor health people Dikes Water sourse with irrigation system In Khob Village dike construction is available

85% of people in Mohalompang Village lack food 60% of farmers in Trapeang Roeusei can read vegetable seed Good governace in Preisya Village PDOWRAM security

60% of people in Tuol Thnong Village cannot read People in Khob Village lack of food security Structures Sanitary participation in the Villages Contribution is available to design the projects

80% of people are in Lompeng 1 Village are illiterate Lack of secondary canals Rehabilitation of canals & ponds Security JICA support

30% of people in Lompeng 1 Village are literate 95% lack of food security Secondary canals Participation learning on rice cropping Farmer's participation is available

95 % of people are Buddhists Violence Bridges across canals Counterpart fund Manual contribution

70% of people in Preiti Village are literate Lack of canal Rehabilitation of ponds Good coordination of local authorities Participatory in project designing

Water source from the main canal located in 8 persons/family in Khob Village Lack of water use in Khob Village High yield variety seeds Local and external participation Trapeang Roeusei Village

70% of people in Trapeang Tras Village are literate 40% of people in Preikdei Village lack food security Motor pumps Works contributiing to food security

98% of people in Khob Village are poor Lack of motor pumps in Tuol Thnong Village Spade/ Shovel Authorities participation is available Most of people are farmers Lack of draft animal Wells, tube wells Participatory in agricultural extension is available

Lack of main canal and secondary canals in Khob 70% of farmers in Tuol Thnong Village are poor Health center Village

70% of farmers in Keomony Village are literate Lack of rural road in Preisya Village Latrines in Preisya Village

Most of people in Lompeng 1Village depend on Lack of bridges across canals 3000m of rural road in Preisya Village agriculture

70% of farmers in Khob Village are illiterate Lack of canal in Preisya Village Duck, Chicken and swine breed

50% of people in Preisya Village worke for garment Lack of rice seed Draft animal factory

Populataion increases at 20% in Kandal Village Lack of rice seed in Preisya Village Veterinarian

20% of people in Kandal Village are poor Lack of canals in Preikdei Village Health center

Lack of rice seed provided from authorities in Most of people depend on agriculture Food Lompeng 1Village

Children in poor health condition Lack of water for agriculture Pond

Violence in the Village Lack of canals in Mohalompeng 1 Village Canal, dike

VI - CT -7 Total population in Keapor Village now is 581 Lack of latrine in Mohalompeng 1 Village Khob Village needs rice seed & good cow persons

At present, rice growing in Preikdei Village only 60% Lack of hand tube well in Trapeang Chuon Village Preikdei Village needs canal

In Trapeang Chuon Village 30% of farmers are In Preikdei Village lack the relationship with various illiterate NGOs

30% of farmer are poor Poor rural road condition in Trapeang Chuon Village

Most of children in Damdek Village suffer from Lack of rural road in Khob Village danguee fever

Only one time growing rice in Tuol Thnong Village Lack of rice seed in Khob Village

10% of farmers in Tuol Thnong Village worked for Lack of rural road in Trapeang Tras Village garment factory

40% of people in Khob Village are literate Lack of 4km rural road in Mohalompeng Village

In Khob Village farmers earn 2500 Reil/day Lack of 4 lines rural road in the Village

Lack of bridges across canal in Trapeang reusei In Preisya Village farmers earn 3000 Reil/day Village

In Damdek Village farmers earned 2000 Reil/day Lack of compost in Khob Village

In Preikdei Village farmers earn 2000 Reil/day Lack of rural road in Kandal Village

In Mohalompeng 1 Village farmers earn 2500 Lack of compost in Kandal Village Reil/day from palm tree

Lack of rice seed in Trapeang Reusei Village

Lack of fertilizer in Tuol Thong Village Lack of vegetable seed

Lack of motor pumps in Trapeang Reusei Village

Lack of cow breed in Kondal province

Lack of Pond in Keomony Village

Lack of cow breed in Trapeang Chuon Village VI - CT -8 Table C.3.1 Information Summary of Natural and Social Resources (Category Area-1) Province Kampong Speu District Samraong Tong Commune Kahaeng Village Ou Veaeng Tumpung Kahaeng Physical layout and Natural resources: Bordered on the Bordered on the a) Village boundary Adjacent to La Village (Northern north by Roleang Chrey north by Thmei and eastern sides) south by Kouk Rumlich northern west by Okontrom west by Krang Spueu and south by Pongro Odongk east by Khvan Villages east by Kahaeng and Roleang Chrey Villages b) # of households (# of landless household) (♀: # of 92 (13) (♀almost 30) 133 (15) (N.A.) 92 (0) (♀24 ) female-headed household) c) Kinship All villagers are relatives except Some are relatives, and the others N.A. 1 newcomer. are not.

VI-CT -9 d) Household distribution Along National Road # 4, village Mainly along the road to Roleang A village main road, the Prek main roads Chhuk Pagoda, village main Thnot River roads, the Prek Thnot River e) # of (administrative ) Groups/ Kromtee N.A. 5 5 f) Main road National Road # 4 National Road # 4, ruined rail National Road # 4, ruined rail ways ways g) Main bridge Ou Veaeng Bridge None 2 bridges h) Water resources for agricultural use South Roleang Chrey main canal, South and North Roleang Chrey The Prek Thnot river, Ou Veaeng Ou Veaeng secondary canals, Ou main canals, secondary canals, canal, Ou Veaeng secondary Veaeng reservoir, Village Roleang Chrey water gate, the canals, Ou Veaeng reservoir, common ponds Prek Thnot river Roleang Chrey water gate

i) Water resources for drinking Rainwater, wells (of which two Rainwater, wells (of which two Rainwater, the Prek Thnot river are donated by UNICEF), canal are donated by Children’s Right (must be boiled) Program, one is donated by UNICEF), canals j) Water resources for domestic use Canals, wells Canals, wells Prek Thnot river k) Village Common land Forestry (managed by MAFF), Not mentioned Not mentioned pasture

l) Total cropland/ Average farmland holding size 55 ha (rice)/ 0.7ha/HH 54 ha (total)/ 0.45ha/HH 52 ha (rice)/ 0.56/HH m) Markets nearby Kg Speu Market, a rice miller Not on the map Not on the map

Social resources: a) Schools nearby Primary and secondary school (in Roleang Chhuk primary and Primary and secondary schools the village) secondary schools (in the village)

b) Religious facility Roleang Chnot Pagoda (2km) Roleang Chhuk Pagoda Pagoda (between primary and Christian church secondary schools)

c) Medical institution Kahaeng-Tang Commune Health Kahaeng Commune Health Kahaeng Commune Health Center (200m) Center Center VI -CT -10 d) Electricity (transmission network) None (but in the plan) None None e) Transportation means Motor bike, bicycle, motorbike Motor bike, bicycle, motorbike Motor bike, bicycle, motorbike taxi, remorque-moto*, oxcart taxi, remorque-moto, oxcart taxi, remorque-moto, oxcart

f) Communication infrastructure No telephone line No telephone line No telephone line g) Public agency nearby (besides health center or/and Commune office, Police station Military base (Village Public Center) schools) Note: * remorque-moto is a large trailer hitched to a motorbike

Table C.3.2 Information Summary of Natural and Social Resources (Category Area-2) Province Kampong Speu District Kong Pisei Commune Preah Nipean Village Sala Kruos Boeng Chram Tboung Sayav Physical layout and Natural resources: Bordered on the Bordered on the Bordered on the a) Village boundary south and west by Srang Village north by Prey Thkov north and northwest by Trapeang east by Prey Chor Village and south by Damnak Mean Chey Sla Kandal Province west and south by Chamkar Sbov southwest by Dot Kambaor east by Dot Kambaor Villages south by Pheansa southeast and east by Prey Totueng Villages b) # of households (# of landless household) (♀: # of 64 (6) (♀10) 40 (5) (♀2) 99 (6) (♀7) female-headed household) c) Kinship All villagers are relatives except Some are relatives, and the others N.A. 1 newcomer. are not. VI -CT -11 d) Household distribution Mainly along Village Road # 1 Mainly along village roads Along with village roads and # 2

e) # of (administrative ) Groups/ Kromtee 2 3 4 f) Main road National Road # 3, National Provincial Road to Kg Speu National Road # 3 Road # 4, Road # 51, Provincial Road to Kg Speu g) Main bridge 2 Not on the map Not on the map h) Water resources for agricultural use Canals, reservoir built in 1986 Natural big ponds, small ponds, 5 big ponds, canals conducted canals conducted from the big from the ponds pond (chram)

i) Water resources for drinking Rainwater, wells (donated by Rainwater, 9 wells Rainwater, 20a pond, the other UNICEF), big ponds, canals ponds, purchased water, wells (dug by Social Fund, one for the public use) j) Water resources for domestic use Wells (donated by Social Fund) Rainwater, 9 wells, the big pond Big ponds, the public well (chram) k) Village Common land Pasture Not mentioned Not mentioned

l) Total cropland/ Average farmland holding size Rice: 41ha, vegetables 50ha N.A./ N.A. N.A./ 0.8ha/HH (120ha in total)/ 0.7ha/HH m) Markets nearby Angkor Market Prey Totueng Market Prey Totueng Market A market Social resources: a) Schools nearby Primary and secondary schools Primary school Primary school (in the village) (in Prey Thkov village) (in Trapeang Sla village)

b) Religious facility Preah Nipean Pagoda (in Prey Pagoda Pagodas (one in Prey Totueng Chor Village) Village, one in Trapeang Sla VI -CT -12 Village) c) Medical institution Not on the map (Preah Nipean Preah Nipean Commune Health Preah Nipean Commune Health Commune Health Center) Center Center

d) Electricity (transmission network) None None None e) Transportation means Oxcart (in the village), Motor bike, bicycle, motorbike Motor bike, bicycle, motorbike remorque-moto, (out of the taxi, remorque-moto to Takeo, taxi, remorque-moto for village) oxcart (for farming), operating commuting garment factories, railway from PP to Kg Som operating railway and its station on the way from PP to Kg Som f) Communication infrastructure No telephone line (4 mobile No telephone line (4 mobile No telephone line (7 mobile phone holders in the village, phone holders in the village) phone holders in the village) public mobile phones in the other village)

g) Public agency nearby (besides health center or/and Village Public Center None None schools) Village Accommodation Center

Table C.3.3 Information Summary of Natural and Social Resources (Category Area-3) Province Kampong Speu District Samraong Tong Commune Pneay Village Beng Angkor Chea Sampov Ngo Physical layout and Natural resources: Bordered on the Bordered on the Bordered on the a) Village boundary northwest by Sampov Ngo northwest by Sampov Ngo northwest by Ou Kraom northeast by Angkor Chea south by Krang Pongro northeast by Krang Ta Roatn southwest by Chamkar Bos west by Beng south by Chamkar Bos southeast by Krang Pongro east by Samraong Tong Villages west by Pneay east by Samraong Tong Villages east by Angkor Chea Villages b) # of households (# of landless household) (♀: # of 107 (20) (♀23) 70 (5) (♀5) 65 (4) (♀16) female-headed household) c) Kinship Some are relatives, and the others Some are relatives, and the others Some are relatives, and the others are not. are not. are not. VI -CT -13 d) Household distribution Mainly along village roads Along village roads Along Village Road #1, #2, #3, a village truck road e) # of (administrative ) Groups/ Kromtee 4 2 4 f) Main road National Road # 4 National Road # 4 National Road # 4 g) Main bridge Not on the map 2 3 h) Water resources for agricultural use Canals, streams, Chamkar Chamkar Thnol reservoir, Rainfall, canals conduced from reservoir (controlled by the water Roleang Chrey reservoir, Chang Chamkar Thnol reservoir (only in gate repaired by PRASAC in Teak stream, canals the rainy season), 2 small ponds, 2003), a reservoir (controlled by big ponds the water gate constructed by World Vision), a big ponds

i) Water resources for drinking Rainwater, the pond near Te Rainwater, public wells (donated Rainwater, 2 small and 2 big Kanaram pagoda and the well by UNICEF), canals conduced ponds near a primary school, wells from Roleang Chrey reservoir

j) Water resources for domestic use Canals Canals conduced from Roleang Wells (donated by UNICEF), Chrey reservoir, temporary wells individual wells (out of 2 are not near the canals available for the villagers)

k) Village Common land Not mentioned Not mentioned Not mentioned

l) Total cropland/ Average farmland holding size Rice: 65ha, vegetables (+ Rice: 37ha/ 0.5ha/HH Rice: 79ha residential area): 3ha (85ha in total) (68ha in total)/ 0.4ha/HH / 0.5ha/HH m) Markets nearby Chambak Market Kg Speu Market Kg Speu Market Kg Speu Market Social resources: a) Schools nearby Kindergarten, primary school (in Kindergarten, primary and Kindergarten, Trapeang Chhuk the village) secondary/ junior high schools primary and Not on the map but; (in Beng Village) secondary/ junior high schools Secondary/ Junior high school (in Chamkar Bos Village), Te (2km away from the village) Knaram school (nearby Te

VI -CT -14 High school (8km away from the Knaram Pagoda) village) b) Religious facility Te Knaram Pagoda (in the Trapeang Chhuk Pagoda, the Trapeang Chhuk Pagoda, Te village) other pagoda Knaram Pagoda

c) Medical institution Pneay Commune Health Center Pneay Commune Health Center Pneay Commune Health Center (in Sampov Ngo Village) (in Sampov Ngo Village) (in Krang Snuol Village)

d) Electricity (transmission network) None None None e) Transportation means Remorque-moto, motorbike taxi, Motorbike, motorbike taxi, Bike, motorbike, motorbike taxi, car taxi, truck (for going out Remorque-moto, truck car, Remorque-moto from the village), bike, motorbike f) Communication infrastructure No telephone line (5 mobile No telephone line (4 mobile No telephone line (Mobile phone phone holders in the village, out phone holders in the village, all holders: 5% in the village) of 1 is a public mobile phone) of them are used as a public mobile phone) g) Public agency nearby (besides health center or/and Village Public Center Commune office Commune office schools) Village Public Center

Table C.3.4 Information Summary of Natural and Social Resources (Category Area-4) Province Kandal District Angk Snuol Commune Peuk Village Chamkar Trach Tuol Tnaot Angk Samnang Physical layout and Natural resources: Bordered on the Bordered on the Bordered on the a) Village boundary north by Tuol Tnaot north by Trapeang Chhuk north by Kandal, Trapeang Tuol west by Troyueng Villages south by Chamkar Trach and Prey Rueng southwest by Troyueng northeast by Trapeang Krasang, west by Trapeang Chhuk Trapeang Sopoar and Khla Koun east by Angk Samnang Villages southeast by Prey Tumpung Villages

VI -CT -15 west by Trapeang Chhuk b) # of households (# of landless household) (♀: # of 25 (3) (♀N.A.) 42 (7) (♀N.A.) 45 (5) (♀N.A.) female-headed household) Note: including 2 immigrants from Thailand c) Kinship Some are relatives, and the others Some are relatives, and the others Some are relatives, and the others are not. are not. are not. d) Household distribution Mainly along a village road Mainly along two village roads Mainly along with a village road, village truck paths e) # of (administrative ) Groups/ Kromtee N.A. N.A. 3 f) Main road National Road # 4 National Road # 4, the road National Road # 4, the road constructed in the Pol Pot era to constructed for railways in the Kg Speu Pol Pot era is used as cattle and motorbike path g) Main bridge Not on the map Not on the map 1 h) Water resources for agricultural use Rainfall Rainfall (the ruined canals Rainfall, shallow canals (only in (in the future; constructed in the Pol Pot era are rainy season) the canals conduced from a used for oxcart paths) reservoir nearby projected by Inter-Ministerial Project) i) Water resources for drinking Rainwater, wells, ponds, Rainfall, 5 wells (out of two are Rainfall, big ponds, a pond purchased water public and donated by UNICEF), belonged to Village Chief, the the pond near the pagoda pond belonged to Chambok pagoda, purchased water j) Water resources for domestic use Wells Wells, the pond near the pagoda Big ponds, a pond belonged to Village Chief k) Village Common land Not mentioned Not mentioned Chinese cemetery was.

l) Total cropland/ Average farmland holding size Rice: 18ha Rice: 25ha/ 0.67ha/HH Rice: 27ha (in total 41ha)/ 0.8ha/HH (in total 39ha)/ 0.67ha/HH m) Markets nearby Angk Snuol Market Angk Snuol Market Angkor Kashikan Co. Ltd.,

Social resources:

VI -CT -16 a) Schools nearby Primary school Primary school Primary school near Chambok pagoda

b) Religious facility Pagoda (near primary school) Pagoda (near primary school), Chambok pagoda Korean Catholic Church

c) Medical institution Peuk Commune Health Center Peuk Commune Health Center Angk Snuol Commune Health (on the map), a private clinic (on the map), a private clinic Center (near Angk Snuol market) (near Angk Snuol market) d) Electricity (transmission network) None None None e) Transportation means Remorque-moto, motorbike taxi, Remorque-moto, motorbike taxi, Motorbike taxi, motorbike, bike, bike, motorbike bike, motorbike, truck Remorque-moto

f) Communication infrastructure No telephone line (4 mobile No telephone line (more than 10 No telephone line (more than 8 phone holders in the village) mobile phone holders in the mobile phone holders in the village) village) g) Public agency nearby (besides health center or/and Commune office Commune office None schools)

Table C.3.5 Major Diseases by Generation Children Adults Elders Zone 1 • Lung disease • Upset stomach i) Ou Veaeng • Hemorrhagic • Typhoid • TB* dengue • Typhoid ii) Tumpung N.A. N.A. N.A. iii) Kahaeng • Cough • Upset stomach • TB • Cold, • Typhoid • Rheumatism • Diarrhea • Fever Zone 2 • Dengue fever • Fever i) Sala Kruos • Fever • Lung disease, • Upset stomach • Cough Typhoid • TB ii) Boeng Chram Tboung • Fever • TB • Fever • Dengue fever • Fever iii) Sayav • Dengue fever • Typhoid • TB Typhoid • TB • Rheumatism • Upset stomach Zone 3 • Fever • Cold • High blood pressure i) Beng • Dengue fever • Typhoid • Fever • Cold ii) Angkor Chea • Dengue fever • Typhoid • Typhoid Diarrhea • Upset stomach iii) Sampov Ngo • Dengue fever • Cold • High blood pressure Typhoid • Fever • Cold • Diarrhea Zone 4 • Cold • Cold • Cold i) Chamkar Trach • Upset stomach • Upset stomach • Upset stomach ii) Tuol Tnaot • Measles • Upset stomach • Lung disease iii) Angk Samnang • Fever in the • Maternal death • Overwork in the (Malaria was used be the most dry season present and the past common disease in the village) Note: TB* is the abbreviation of tuberculosis

VI - CT - 17 Table C.3.6 Delivery Condition by Category Areas

Place of Delivery Cost Remarks Category Area-1 • Home with helping The midwife use to be a TBA*. She got the of the midwife in N.A. training sponsored by UNICEF in the i) Ou Veaeng the village CHC** and certificated as a midwife. ii) Tumpung N.A. N.A. N.A. iii) Kahaeng • Home with helping If the women need infection or medication, of the midwife they have to pay more. R 50,000-60,000 invited from Tumpung Village Category Area-2 • Home with helping The villages had many cases of maternal i) Sala Kruos of the midwife in N.A. death until 2000. the village • Preah Nipean CHC ii) Boeng Chram • Preah Nipean CHC TBA died in 2002. • Hospital in the N.A. Tboung capital of Kg Speu Province st iii) Sayav • Preah Nipean CHC It is common to deliver the 1 childe in the • Home with helping CHC and the 2nd and the 3rd at home. the medical N.A. assistant from the CHC Category Area-3 • Home with helping The midwife use to be a TBA*. She got the of the midwife in training sponsored by UNICEF in the i) Beng the village (2 N.A. CHC** and certificated as a midwife. midwives in the village) ii) Angkor Chea • Home with helping The midwife use to be a TBA*. She got the of the midwife in N.A. training sponsored by UNICEF in the the village CHC** and certificated as a midwife. iii) Sampov Ngo • Home with helping Usually, the women deliver a baby in the of the midwife in CHC, but, do it Kg Speu hospital in a Pneay CHC serious case. N.A. • Hospital in the capital of Kg Speu Province Category Area-4 • Peuk CHC Normal/ Smooth: Delivering a baby in the clinic is more R 17,000-18,000 comfortable than doing it in the CHC i) Chamkar Trach Serious: R 200,000 • A private clinic Higher than that in the CHC ii) Tuol Tnaot • Peuk CHC Usually, the women deliver a baby in the • Angk Snuol District CHC, but, do it in Angk Snuol District Health Center N.A. Health Center or a hospital in Phnom Penh • Hospital in Phnom in a serious case. Penh iii) Angk Samnang • Angk Snuol District Usually, the women deliver a baby in the in (Malaria was used Health Center Angk Snuol District Health Center. In more be the most • Hospital in Phnom N.A. serious case, they go to hospital in Phnom common disease Penh Penh. in the village) Note: CHC* is the abbreviation of Commune Health Center TBA** is the abbreviation of Traditional Birth Attendance

VI - CT - 18 Table C.3.7 Condition of FWUC/ FWUG by Village Year of Water Charge Current Condition Establishment Category Area-1 • Members of FWUC are those who i) Ou Veaeng N.A. • Pumping: R 10,000/ha have farmland and pay water • Intake: R 30,000/ha charge • FWUC functions well ii) Tumpung N.A. N.A. • Head of FWUC lives in the village • FWUG is at a preparing stage • Nobody pays water charge because the farmers think gravity irrigation is better, but level of paddy fields is lower than water level of canals iii) Kahaeng N.A. • R 200/a from the farmers • 92 farmers are members of FWUC who used water • FWUC covers 4 Communes; Chbar Mon, Kahaeng, Roleang Chak, and Svay Kravan • Chief and deputy chief live in the village • Not all of the members paid water charge willingly in 2003 • FWUC provides sufficient water for cultivation Category Area-2 i) Sala Kruos Preparing from N.A. • FWUG is at a preparing stage August 2005 • Irrigation water is insufficient ii) Boeng Chram Tboung Instruction from N.A. • The village got the instruction of PDOWRAM in forming FWUG in September September 2005 2005 iii) Sayav 2004 N.A. • There is no record of activities Category Area-3 • FWUG was established in 2003 i) Beng 2003 Free of Charge • There are not water distribution facilities because the government removed gates for transferring water to Kandal Province when it repaired canals • Water distribution has been customarily practiced. ii) Angkor Chea 1998 N.A. • The villagers had requested the person in charge to open gates; however, they had been closed occasionally when they had needed irrigation water. iii) Sampov Ngo N.A. • There are 3 types; • FWUC covers 2 Communes; Sampov Ngo Village is Kong Pisei and Samraong Tong classified into Type 3 and • FWUC functions water charge is R • FWUC manages water of 10,000/ha Chamkar Thnol reservoir • Water charge is determined based on the distance from the reservoir Category Area-4 i) Chamkar Trach ii) Tuol Tnaot • Deputy chief of FWUC lives in N.A. N.A. the village iii) Angk Samnang

VI - CT - 19 Table C.3.8 Wealth Ranking of Ou Veaeng Village, Kahaeng Commune, Samraong Tong District, Kampong Speu Province (Category Area-1) Total 93 households Category Symbol (Animal) # of HH % Indicator Rich Rabbit - Cars (2 HHs) - 10-15 motorbikes - 5ha farmland - Cement house (4 HHs) - Tile-roofed house (5 HHs) 6 6 - Business - 2 colored TVs - Utensil - Electricity (2 HHs) - A Chinese noodle restaurant - A motor pump Average Goose - Tile-roofed houses (3 HHs) - 5 motorbikes - 2-4 cows 24 26 - 4-5 pigs - A black-white TV (10 HHs) - Battery (10 HHs) - Small business (2 HHs) Poor Duck - Zinc-roofed house (10 HHs) - 0.5ha farmland - 4-5 bicycles 38 41 - A cow - A pig - 2 chickens Very poor Crab - Thatch house (10 HHs) - 0.2ha farmland 25 27 - 1 chicken - 5 ducks

Table C.3.9 Wealth Ranking of Tumpung Village, Kahaeng Commune, Samraong Tong District, Kampong Speu Province (Category Area-1) Total 133 households Category Symbol (Animal) # of HH % Indicator Rich Goose - A car - A big house - A motor pump - A rice mill - A motorbike - A mobile phone 17 13 - A generator - 2ha paddy field - 0.4ha farmland - Many pigs - A KARAOKE - A TV Average Chicken - A big house - A motorbike - 1ha paddy field - 0.1ha farmland - 2 cows 62 47 - A TV - A battery - 5 chickens - 2 pigs - A bicycle - A motor pump Poor Fish - A small zinc-roofed house - A bicycle - 0.5ha paddy field and farmland - A TV 29 22 - A cow - A pig - A chicken - A kerosene lamp Very poor Dog - Thatch house - Small farmland - A bicycle 25 18 - Working as a labor farmer (transplanting) - A chicken - A kerosene lamp

VI - CT - 20

Table C.3.10 Wealth Ranking Kahaeng Village, Kahaeng Commune, Samraong Tong District, Kampong Speu Province (Category Area-1)

Total 81 households Category Symbol (Animal) # of HH % Indicator Rich Cow - A tile-roofed/ stone house - A car - A motorbike - A bicycle - A TV - A rice mill - A motor pump 7 8 - 1.5ha paddy field - 4 cows - 10 pigs - 0.5ha vegetable field - Surplus of rice for selling - Occupation: public servant, dealer (middleman) Average Pig - A tile-roofed/ fiber cement-roofed house - A motorbike - A bicycle - A TV

37 - A small rice mill 45 - A motor pump - 1ha paddy field - 2 cows - 3 pigs - 0.2ha vegetable field - Surplus of rice for selling Poor Chicken - A zinc-roofed house - A TV - A bicycle - 0.3-0.4ha paddy field - 2 cows 33 41 - 1 pig - Occupation: labor farmer - Many children - Children help the household chore - Children drop out from school Destitute Crab - A thatch-roofed house - No paddy field - No cow 4 6 - Many children - Earning living by selling labor - Borrowing money

VI - CT - 21 Table C.3.11 Wealth Ranking of Sala Kruos Village, Preah Nipean Commune, Kong Pisei District, Kampong Speu Province (Category Area-2) Total 64 households Category Symbol (Animal) # of HH % Indicator Rich Duck 2 3 - Tile roofed house (17*, 59) - 2ha of paddy field - 1ha of upland - A rice mill - 10 cows - 2 pigs - 5 hens - A TV - A motorbike - A mobile phone - A plot of residential land - Rice for self-consumption and for sale - Being able to sell 1t of rice every year - A ox cart - A bicycle - A motor pump Average Cow 34 53 - Zinc-roofed house (57, 62, 64, - 1ha of paddy field 55, 53, 48, - 0.5ha of upland 54, 52, 51, - 5 cows 44, 39, 23, - A pig 40, 56, 16, - 3 hens 15, 14, 58, - A bicycle 12, 31, 30, - A TV 7, 12, 29, - Enough rice for 10, 6, 5, self-consumption 45, 36, 8, - A ox cart 47, 19, 34) Poor Chicken 19 30 - A house with a roof built of (12, 33, 46, leaves 61, 9, 25, - 0.6ha of paddy field 63, 20, 24, - 2 cows 35, 21, 49, - 2 hens 37, 18, 27, - A bicycle 26, 43) - Not enough rice for self-consumption - Working as a labor farmer for transplanting and carrying soil - A battery Destitute Pig 9 14 - A hut (60, 38, 50, - No paddy field 4, 28, 1, 3, - Working as a labor 2, 32) - 2 chickens - Many children - Buying rice for self-consumption - A bicycle Note: * = Household # in the Natural/ Social Resource Map

VI - CT - 22 Table C.3.12 Wealth Ranking of Boeng Chram Tboung Village, Preah Nipean Commune, Kong Pisei District, Kampong Speu Province (Category Area-2) Total 39 households Category Symbol (Animal) # of HH % Indicator Over Average Pig 10 26 - 1ha of land (13*, 9, 30, - Roofed house made of tile and 11, 33, 23, bricks 32, 24, 29, - 2 motorbike 34) - 3 bicycles - A rice mill - A motor pump - 4 cows - 10 pigs - A telephone - Clean and hygienic toilet - A well - Extra rice to sell - Making rice wine - Using a battery to lighten the house Average Chicken 17 44 - Roofed house reinforced by (10, 37, 20, cement 25, 1, 15, - 50-70a of paddy field 8, 20, 17, - 3 cows 4, 18, 31, - 3 chickens 27, 12, 21, - Some rice to sell 19, 7) - Using a battery to lighten the house Poor Fish 8 20 - No paddy field (3, 14, 16, - Zinc-roofed house 2, 38, 28, - Working in a garment factory 5, 6) - Buying rice for self-consumption - Using a kerosene lump to lighten the house - A bicycle - Working as a labor for rice Very poor Duck 4 10 - Thatched house (35, 39, 36, - No paddy field 22) - No enough rice for self-consumption - Always facing the shortage - Using a kerosene lump to lighten the house - Working as a labor for rice Note: * = Household # in the Natural/ Social Resource Map

VI - CT - 23 Tale C.3.13 Wealth Ranking of Sayav Village, Preah Nipean Commune, Kong Pisei District, Kampong Speu Province (Category Area-2) Total 99 households Category Symbol (Animal) # of HH % Indicator Rich Cow 11 11 - Tile roofed house (40*, 49, 3, - 1-1.5ha of paddy field 14, 31, 28, - 0.8ha of upland field 50, 8, 52, - 5 cows 20, 5) - 10 hens - 5 ducks - A motorbike - 2 bicycles - A TV - A plough - A rake - Children working in a factory - A rice mill - A motor pump Average Pig 48 48 - Zinc-roofed house (86, 39, 38, - 1ha of paddy field 27, 91, 48, - 0.4ha of upland field 18, 63, 7, - 3 cows 24, 32, 56, - 2 pigs 6, 92, 84, - 7 hens 60, 1, 29, - 5 ducks 93, 47, 55, - A bicycle 24, 9, 59, - A motorbike 30, 99, 98, - Enough utensil 10, 80, 53, 35, 25, 67, 36, 9, 23, 2, 21, 45, 4, 96, 42, 33, 15, 69, 46, 11) Poor Chicken 22 22 - A house built of leaves (84’, 73, - 0.3ha of paddy field 97, 41, 87, - A cow 37, 16, 79, - A bicycle 62, 78, 70, - Not enough rice for 26, 82, 71, self-consumption 19, 90, 65, - Working as a labor 64, 44, 58, - Borrowing rice from the 34, 22) government with interest Destitute Duck 18 18 - A small house built on the (83, 43, 85, ground 77, 57, 61, - No paddy field 81, 88, 12, - No upland field 12, 68, 95, - Working as a labor for living 76, 66, 13, - Not enough earnings for living 75, 17, 72, - Too many children 89) Note: * = Household # in the Natural/ Social Resource Map

VI - CT - 24 Table C.3.14 Wealth Ranking of Beng Village, Pneay Commune, Samraong Tong District, Kampong Speu Province (Category Area-3) Total 106 households Category Symbol (Animal) # of HH % Indicator Over Average Cow 5 5 - Tile roof house (11*, 5, 56, - 1 ha paddy field 17, 45) - 2 a upland field - 1 car - 1 motorbike - 2 cows - 4 pigs - A rice mill - A carrier - Available to sell the surplus of harvest - TV - Mobile phone - Cassette recorder Average Fish 60 57 - Zinc roof house (40, 1, 10, 70, - 1 ha paddy field 34, 96, 69, 98, - 1 cow 79, 99, 72, 57, - 1 pig 25, 13, 12, 7, - 1 motorbike 6, 89, 32, 31, - 1 bicycle 26, 4, 27, 2, - TV 54, 65, 100, - A pump 103, 51, 46, - Generator 84, 41, 44, 48, - Enough tools for cultivation 67, 47, 49, 94, - 1 child working in a garment factory 87, 88, 59, 85, 16, 86, 81, 80, 66, 30, 9, 101, 91, 97, 58, 24, 42, 37, 35, 82, 28, 33) Poor Chicken 25 23 - Thatched house (14, 102, 53, - 25 a paddy field (small) 93, 59, 73, 82, - 1 bicycle 65, 30, 95, 19, - 1 cow 43, 18, 39, 8, - Chickens 36, 3, 68, 60, - Using kerosene lumps 83, 74, 20, 61, - Working for wage 21, 22) - Not enough food - Borrowing money - Many children - Lack of tools for cultivation Very poor Duck 16 15 - Small thatched house (71, 90, 105, - No paddy field 92, 104, 76, - Selling labor 38, 55, 64, 62, - Scraping a living day by day 78, 77, 75, ?, - Using kerosene lumps 15, 106) - Many children - Borrowing money Note: * = Household # in the Natural/ Social Resource Map

VI - CT - 25 Table C.3.15 Wealth Ranking of Angkor Chea Village, Pneay Commune, Samraong Tong District, Kampong Speu Province (Category Area-3) Total 70 households Category Symbol (Animal) # of HH % Indicator Rich Cattle 10 14 - Tile roof house (17*,8, 43, - 2 ha paddy field 37, 9, 20, - 6 cattle 63, 30, 26, - 0.5 ha upland field 4) - 3 pigs - 20 chickens - 1 motorbike - 1 car - TV - A lump - A pump - A rice mill - Enough farming tools - Mobile phone - Toilet Medium Fish 34 49 - Zinc-roofed house (42, 16, 59, - 1 ha paddy field 19, 66, 39, - 20 a upland field 20, 69, 18, - 3 cattle 51, 12, 7, - 1 pigs 47, 41, 33, - 10 chickens 38, 52, 44, - 1 motorbike 61, 45, 53, - 1 bicycle 57, 10, 27, - 1 TV 29, 28, 36, - Enough farming tools 55, 3, 68, 22, 6, 5, 40) Poor Duck 14 20 - Thatched-roofed house (18, 2, 35, - 30 a paddy field 62, 31, 14, - 1 cow 48, 13, 23, - 1 pig 49, 65, 56, - 1 bicycle 54, 24) - Should work as labor - Insufficient food consumption Destitute Chicken 12 17 - Thatched hut (64, 38, 46, - No paddy field 11, 21, 67, - No cow 60, 32, 50, - Should work as labor 34, 1, 25) - Buying rice for consumption - Many children - In debt Note: * = Household # in the Natural/ Social Resource Map

VI - CT - 26 Table 3.16 Wealth Ranking of Sampov Ngo Village, Pneay Commune, Samraong Tong District, Kampong Speu Province (Category Area-3) Total 67 households Category Symbol (Animal) # of HH % Indicator Over Average Goose 14 21 - Tile roof house (43*, 42, - 4 ha paddy field 11, 41, 34, - 4 a upland field 33, 56, 53, - 7 cows 52, 71, 61, - 12 pigs 28, 27, 50) - 2 motorbike - 3 bicycle - Mobile phone - Agricultural machinery - TV - Water pump - Enough equipment for harvest - Powerful Average Fish 34 51 - Zinc house (49, 40, 44, - 2 ha paddy field 20, 18, 15, - 2 a upland field 14, 12, 10, - 2 cows 7, 9, 26, - 3 pigs 23, 4, 66, - 1 motorbike 1, 21, 48, - 2 bicycle 38, 32, 30, - TV 67, 62, 57, - Water pump 29, 22, 54, - Enough rice 64, 47, 72, 46, 8, 37, 52) Poor Pig 12 18 - Thatched house (17, 19, 70, - 1 ha paddy field 36, 2, 65, - 1 cow 59, 60, 5, - 1 pig 3, 25, 69) - 1 bicycle - Not enough rice - 7 children - Should work for money Poorest Elephant 7 10 - Small thatched house (45, 33, 63, - No paddy field 55, 24, 6, - 1 kerosene lamp 58) - Not enough food - Many children - In debt Note: * = Household # in the Natural/ Social Resource Map

VI - CT - 27 Table C.3.17 Wealth Ranking of Chamkar Trach Village, Peuk Commune, Angk Snuol District, Kandal Province (Category Area-4) Total 25 households Category Symbol (Animal) # of HH % Indicator Rich Duck - Huge land - Huge house (Zinc-roofed) - A motorbike - Paddy field 1 4 - TV - A mobile phone - Generator - Children working for a garment factory Average Cow - Zinc-roofed house - 70-80a paddy field - A motorbike - TV 12 48 - Battery - Children working for a garment factory - 3 cows Poor Mouse - Zinc-roofed house - TV - 30a paddy field - A motorbike 6 24 - A bicycle - Children working for a garment factory - Battery Poorest Dog - No paddy field - No cow - No motorbike 6 24 - No bicycle - Loan - Not enough rice - (Too) many children

VI - CT - 28 Table C.3.18 Wealth Ranking of Tuol Thnaot Village, Peuk Commune, Angk Snuol District, Kandal Province (Category Area-4) Total 42 households Category Symbol (Animal) # of HH % Indicator Over average Pig - Zinc-roofed house - 5 cows - 7 pigs - Chickens - Ducks - A motorbike - A car

4 - Cassette recorder 10 - TV - Paddy field - Children studying at high school - Small business at home - Generator - Enough tools for harvest - A pump Average Cow - Zinc-roofed house - 2 cows - 2-3 children - A motorbike - Cassette recorder - TV 19 45 - Paddy field - Knowledge at high school level - Battery - A bicycle - Growing rice - Children working at a factory - Tools for harvest Poor Mouse - Zinc-roofed house - No paddy field - No cow - Exchange cows with somebody - Children working at a factory - No ox cart - No tools for harvest 14 33 - Lack of tools used at home - Battery - Borrowing money from somebody - TV - No well - Carrying water from somebody’s home Very poor Crab - Thatched hut - Loan - No chicken and cow - No paddy field 5 12 - Battery - Many children - Lack of tools used at home - No well

VI - CT - 29 Table C.3.19 Wealth Ranking of Angk Samnang Village, Peuk Commune, Angk Snuol District, Kandal Province (Category Area-4) Total 43 households Category Symbol (Animal) # of HH % Indicator Over average Chicken - A big zinc-roofed house - 2-3 motorbike - Money for lending somebody with interest - 1-1.5ha land - A pond - 5-10 cows - A threshing machine 16 37 - 2-3 cars - Enough tools for growing rice - A motor pump - 2-3 bicycle - A TV - A cassette recorder - Enough equipment for using at home - Paddy field Average Worm - A roofed house - A motorbike - 2 cows - A ox cart - Farming tools - 0.5-1ha paddy field - A bicycle 17 40 - A radio - A TV - A cassette recorder - Tools for growing rice (a motor pump) - Enough equipment for using at home - Children working at a factory Poor Duck - A small thatched house - Small paddy field - Insufficient draft animals - Some has carts, the other 7 16 doesn’t - A few bicycle - Loan - Exchange cows with the person or the organization Very poor Mouse - A small thatched house - No paddy field - No ox cart - No harvesting tools of rice 3 7 - Loan - Many children - Lack of equipment for using at home

VI - CT - 30 Table C.3.20 Crop Calendar of Ou Veaeng Village, Kahaeng Commune, Samraong Tong District, Kampong Speu Province (Category Area-1) Lunar Calendar 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th Variety Early Rice* Phka Mlis Glutinous Rice Medium Rice* Prambeikua Raing Chey Late Rice* Kong Keo Kpor Doung VI -CT -31 IR 36 Vegetables Cabbage Sponge gourd Wax gourd Pumpkin Chili Legend: land preparation/sowin* Fertilizer: transplanting DAP: R 78,000/bag weeding UREA: R 70,000/bag germination of seeds Natural compost planting harvest Problems of rice growing: red caterpillar, worms, pests, sreung (a kind of pest worm feeding rice during the milky period) → Using chemical pesticide called Angfrine Table C.3.21 Crop Calendar of Tumpung Village, Kahaeng Commune, Samraong Tong District, Kampong Speu Province (Category Area-1) Lunar Calendar 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th IR Medium Rice Mlis, Arreth, Chongbanla, Glutinous rice Late Rice Vegetables Cucumber Pumpkin Wax gourd Tomato Lettuce VI - CT -32 VI -CT Leek Legend: land preparation * Fertilizer: 16.20.0 at R 85,000/bag, UREA R 80,000/bag Note: planting 15 Days after transplanting, 5kg/0.1ha Cucumber: sowing 1st: (just before transplanting) 0.5kg/0.1ha It takes 45 days for cultivating cucumbers transplanting 2nd: (15 Days after transplanting) 0.5kg/0.1ha germination of seeds 3rd: (the starting of blossoming) weeding harvest Problems of rice growing: Pests: Pesticide is used to decrease the damages of the paddy/ 1 bottle/0.2ha at R 3,500/bottle Shortage of water Worms: Taking out manually Table C.3.22 Crop Calendar of Kahaeng Village, Kahaeng Commune, Samraong Tong District, Kampong Speu Province (Category Area-1) Lunar Calendar 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th Medium Rice* Late Rice* IR* Vegetables Taro Tomato Cucumber String bean Pumpkin Wax gourd Legend: land preparation * Fertilizer: Phosphate at R 1,700/kg VI - CT -33 Note: planting 1st: (immediately after land preparation) 0.5kg/0.1ha Rice: sowing 2nd: (1 month after the first blossom) 0.5kg/0.1ha For self-consumption transplanting Chemical fertilizers were used in the past but now Taro: germination of seeds compost is used instead. For selling to the dealers/middlemen who weeding/ looking after The reason of its change is that chemical fertilizer come to pick up it to farmers' home harvest causes the lost of rice natural smell Tomato: For selling to the market Problems of rice growing: Destroying by worms and caterpillars Solutions: Pesticide Cucumber, String bean, Pumpkin, Wax gourd: For both selling to the market and self- consumption Table C.3.23 Crop Calendar of Sala Kruos Village, Preah Nipean Commune, Kong Pisei District, Kampong Speu Province (Category Area-2) Lunar Calendar 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th Early Rice* Phka Malis Krachak Chab Late Rice* Medium Rice Kong Laeuk Vegetables Watermelon Wax gourd Cucumber Cauliflower VI - CT -34 Pumpkin Legend: land preparation･planting * Fertilizer: 3 times/ cultivation period (black and white fertilizers) Note: sowing 1st: (just before transplanting) 1kg/0.1ha at R 1,500/kg In case of watermelon and wax weeding 2nd: (starting to grow) 1kg/0.1ha White fertilizer mixed with black one gourd, fertilizer is used 2 times harvest 3rd: (just before harvesting) White fertilizer 1kg/0.1ha from the growing to harvesting periods. Chemical fertilizer of Problems of rice growing: destroying by worms, red caterpillars, and mice 100kg/ 0.1ha and compost of Solutions: about 10 oxcarts are used. → Preventing worms from destroying paddy by spraying pesticide at R 7,000/bottle Cauliflower is grown for selling. → Preventing red caterpillars from destroying paddy by spraying pesticide at R 7,000/bottle → Mice are decreased by using poisonous food for mice mixed with smoked fish and crabs Poisonous food: R 1,000/ small bag is used from the sowing to the harvesting periods Table C.3.24 Crop Calendar of Boeng Chram Tboung Village, Preah Nipean Commune, Kong Pisei District, Kampong Speu Province (Category Area-2) Solar Calendar January February March April May June July August September October November December Variety of Rice* Rainy Season Toung Mlum, Chhmaprum, Krahorm Dry Season Toiy Vegetables Melon, Water VI - CT -35 melon, Wax gourd, String bean Legend: land preparation Note for Paddy: cultivated 2 times/year (once Note for vegetables: sowing in the rainy season, once in the dry season). Melon, wax gourd and water melon are cultivated for selling. transplanting Most of the paddy is used for self- 12 melons = R 7,000 weeding consumption but some is sold when the 12 wax gourds = R 4,000 harvest household faces the financial difficulty. 0.4ha of water melon = R 400,000 * Fertilizer: 2 times/ year Melon: 1st: (just before transplanting) Fertilizer: 1 time/ cultivation 2nd: (after 2 months of the transplanting) Chemical fertilizer and cow dung 0.5kg/1a of Philippines and UREA (After completion of land preparation) Philippines: R 58,000/bag/haUREA: R Problem: worms, pests, birds 1,500/kg, 30kg/ha Solution: spraying pesticide, watching the farm to scare them out of their eating Problems: String bean: Red caterpillars, fruitless paddy, and mice Fertilizer: 1 time/ cultivation Solutions: (Starting period of planting) No solution but the paddy can be used for Problem: worms, pests, ants feeding cows. Solution: spraying pesticide Table C.3.25 Crop Calendar of Sayav Village, Preah Nipean Commune, Kong Pisei District, Kampong Speu Province (Category Area- 2) Lunar Calendar 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th Early Rice* Phka Mlis Glutinous rice Medium Rice* Srovkraham Prambeikua Late Rice* Srov sor Chuma Prum Kratam

VI -CT -36 Vegetables Watermelon Wax gourd Cucumber Hawaii green pepper Cassava Legend: Sowing･Transplanting * Fertilizer: 2 times (compost, USA, UREA, Philippines) Note: Land preparation ･ Planting 1st: (just before transplanting) USA 1bag/ha Watermelon: Weeding 2nd: (almost blossoming) UREA 25kg/ha fertilizer: 2 times 1st: During planting, 5 oxcarts of compost/0.5ha and about 5 Harvest USA: R 75,000/bag oxcarts of the soil from the earth pile heaped up by termites UREA: R 1,400/10kg and about 25kg of chemical fertilizer Problems of rice growing: worms and red caterpillars 2nd: 15 Days after planting Solutions: Cucumber: → We have nothing to deal with red caterpillars. In case of worms, chemical pesticide is sprayed. fertilizer: only 1 time It can be destroyed by red caterpillars and worms. Pesticide Chemical pesticide: R 4,500/bottle is used to solve this problem. Hawaii green pepper: fertilizer: 10 times Animal drugs, the soil from the earth pile heaped up by termites and chemical fertilizer

Table C.3.27 Crop Calendar of Angkor Chea Village, Pneay Commune, Samraong Tong District, Kampong Speu Province (Category Area-3) Solar Calendar January February March April May June July August September October November December Variety Late Rice Chma Prum, Bei Kantam Medium Rice Srou Spr, Prambei Kua Early Rice

Vegetables Mung bean VI - CT -38 Cucumber Pumpkin Peanut Cassava Legend: land preparation/sowin* Fertilizer: 3 times/ year (American fertilizer, UREA, natural compost) sowing American fertilizer: R 70,000/ bag, UREA R 60,000/ bag transplanting 1st: (after soil plowing) American fertilizer 600g/a, and one ox cart of natural compost weeding 2nd: (during the rice starts blooming) UREA 600g/a harvest 3rd: (after blossom period) UREA 600g/a Note: - Mug beans: natural compost is used, Problems of rice growing: insects, red caterpillar, and destroyed by mouse growing for self-consumption and selling → using pesticideR 3,000/ bottle (the pesticide is not effective on some kinds of insects) - Cucumber: natural compost is used → poisoning mice by chemical poisonous food R 500/ small bag (about 1kg/ hole), growing for self- consumption - Pumpkin: natural compost is used (about 1kg/ hole), growing for self- consumption - Peanut: fertilizer is also used (natural compost mixed with ash) Table C.3.28 Crop Calendar of Sampov Ngo Village, Pneay Commune, Samraong Tong District, Kampong Speu Province (Category Area-3) Solar Calendar January February March April May June July August September October November December Variety Early Rice* Malis, sticky rice, Areth, Chang Vay Pdav Medium Rice* Prambeikua, Bei Kantam Late Rice* Pkaa Pnov,

VI -CT -39 Kpou Doung, Chma Prum, Philippines Vegetables Cucumber Mung bean Pumpkin Wax gourd Sponge gourd Corn Egg plant Morning glory Legend: land preparation/sowing * Fertilizer: 3 times/ year (natural compost, UREA, American fertilizer) Note: sowing UREA: R 70,000/ bag Cucumber, mung beans, pumpkin, wax gourd, transplanting 1st: (at sowing period) UREA 50kg/ha, Natural CAmerican fertilizer: R 75,000/ bagsponge gourd, corn, egg plant, and morning weeding 2nd: (at transplanting period) American fertilizer 50kg/ha, UREA 50kg/ha glory are grown mainly for self-consumption. harvest 3rd: (at blossom period of rice) UREA 50kg/ha Problems of rice growing: worms, insects, destroying by crabs, mouse, ants and red caterpillar Only small amount can be sold to the → although using pesticide, it is ineffective incase of red caterpillar. Pesticide R 5,000/ bottle villagers. No villagers can produce much for → poisoning mice by chemical poisonous food R 500/ small bag selling in the market Table C.3.29 Crop Calendar of Chamkar Trach Village, Peuk Commune, Angk Snuol District, Kandal Province (Category Area-4) Lunar Calendar 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th Variety Early Rice Neang Mlis Champa Meas

Glutinous rice Medium Rice Chma Prum Chuma Laeut Vegetables Cassava VI -CT -40 Wax gourd Sponge gourd Water melon Turnip String bean Cucumber Legend: land preparation Notes for Early Rice: Notes for Watermelon: (the second main crop) Fertilizer: compost made from leaves and cow dung Cultivation: 2times/ year Price: R 500-600 sowing of 10-15 oxcarts/ha Fertilizer: compost, chemical fertilizer (UREA) transplanting Frequency: 2 times/ cultivation cycle Pesticide: only when it is affected/ damaged by worm and insect (red ant, worms, phylloterta insects) weeding 1st: before plowing 2nd: after transplanting *The main source of cash income for the villagers harvest Chemical fertilizer: It costs about R 150,000 - 200,000/ha and we can get about R 800,000 -1,000,000/ha from the harvest. We can grow Notes for Medium Rice: Amount: 1 bag/ 3ha mixed with the compost it 3 times if we could have enough water. Yield: 1.7-2.0t/ha Pesticide: No use *The compost is used only once before planting. Early rice is different from medium rice: the Disease: red caterpillar, water-caterpillar, worms *It is grown at the highland and between the paddy field. We prefer growing it in the paddy field because the same yield of the medium rice is better than early Solution: No exact method fertilizer can be used and result in good soil for rice cultivation in the rainy season. However, we can grow it 2 one, ex. 1 stalk of medium rice produces Yield: 1.7t/ha times/year at the highland. more than 200 grains. If it rains in 10th Distribution: mainly self-consumption, and some Notes for Cassava: month and then doesn't, we can get some extra for sale to get cash income The soil of this village is suitable for growing cassava but the problem is that we cannot find the market for cassava. harvest. However, in case of the medium Weeding period: 2 months after transplanting Notes for string bean and cucumber: subsidiary crops for cash income rice, this condition damages its production because the soil is still wet and soft Price: String bean at R 700/kg Cucumber: at R 700/kg seriously. Fertilizer: Compost once before planting, UREA once after planting Table C.3.30 Crop Calendar of Tuol Thnaot Village, Peuk Commune, Angk Snuol District, Kandal Province (Category Area- 4) Lunar Calendar 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th Variety Paddy Chhma Prum Phka Malis

Vegetables Chilli Sponge gourd Morning glory Legend: land preparation/sowing transplanting VI -CT -41 weeding harvest Table C.3.31 Crop Calendar of Angk Samnang Village, Peuk Commune, Angk Snuol District, Kandal Province (Category Area-4) Solar Calendar January February March April May June July August September October November December Rice Variety Chhma Prum Chhma Louet Sambok Angkrang

Glutinous rice Vegetables Pumpkin Sponge gourd Morning glory Papaya VI -CT -42 String bean Ptii doung Banana Cassava Legend: land preparation/sowing transplanting weeding harvest Table C.3.32 Animal Husbandry of Ou Veaeng Village, Kahaeng Commune, Samraong Tong District, Kampong Speu Province (Category Area-1) # of holder Type of Livestock Total # Objectives Feed Disease (HH) Draft animal, selling, Grass, rice bran, rice Scarlet fever, water Cow/ Cattle 75~80 150~160 dung for fertilizer, straw, banana tree, virus, swollen throat, exchange, breeding leaf sore on nail Rice, rice bran, Selling, as property, banana tree, feed from Scarlet fever, measles, Pig 55~65 75~85 breeding, dung for market, rice after water virus fertilizer, exchange making rice wine Self-consumption, Rice plant, rice, grass, Chicken 70~80 180~220 Diarrhea, measles selling, breeding, meat rice husk Self-consumption, Rice plant, rice, grass, Diarrhea, measles, Duck 15~20 80~100 selling, egg, breeding rice husk, crab, snail scarlet fever Self-consumption, Rice plant, rice, grass, White excrement, Goose 1~2 4~6 selling, egg, breeding rice husk measles, scarlet fever Looking after the house, self- Dog 70~80 100~110 Rice, meat, bone Rabies, diarrhea consumption, breeding, keeping

Table C.3.33 Animal Husbandry of Tumpung Village, Kahaeng Commune, Samraong Tong District, Kampong Speu Province (Category Area-1) Type of Livestock # of holder Total # Average # Objectives Feed Disease Water-born infectious Energy, dung for Cow/ Cattle 80 160 2 Grass, rice straw disease, Scarlet fever, fertilizer diarrhea Selling, feast for Rice, rice bran, Scarlet fever, water- Pig 50 100~150 2~3 wedding and the other morning glory, edible born infections ceremonies plants, animal feed disease, measles, Self-consumption Chicken 90 630 7~8 (meat/ egg), selling, Rice, rice bran Cholera excrement for Self-consumption, Duck 4 80 20 Rice bran, rice Cholera selling, egg Biting each other Aquaculture 2 200 Over 100 Self-consumption Chaff, rice bran causes disease Diseases: * Cow: Treated by ourselves, asking a veterinarian * Pig: Treated by a veterinarian * Chicken: Not able to treat *Fish: Not able to prevent Problems: Theft of the animals

Table C.3.34 Animal Husbandry of Kahaeng Village, Kahaeng Commune, Samraong Tong District, Kampong Speu Province (Category Area-1) # of holder Type of Livestock Total # Objectives Feed Disease (HH) Draft animal, selling, Cow/ Cattle 89 178 Grass, hay Scarlet fever, Sa manure from the dung Not growing well, Amaranth, animal fever, Scarlet fever, Pig 45 120 Selling feed, rice bran, banana leprosy/ lack of tree, taro raising technique Swollen eyes, keeping 184 Self-consumption, Rice, insects, kitchen Chicken 92 sitting/ standing, (hens) selling, egg waste convulsion, death Meat, eggs, selling Rice, insects, kitchen Duck 5 25 Fatal convulsion (meat and eggs) waste Solutions of Diseases: * Cow: Using Khmer traditional medicines; in more serious case, the villagers seek the help from veterinarians; keeping the cows clean, making fire when cows sleep at night * Pig: Inviting the veterinarians to provide vaccination to pigs, cleaning the shed, feeding regularly * Chicken: Soaking them in the traditional medicine; make them drink it, cleaning the pen * Duck: Keeping them in the pen and feeding them

VI - CT - 43 Table C.3.35 Animal Husbandry of Sala Kruos Village, Preah Nipean Commune, Kong Pisei District, Kampong Speu Province (Category Area-2) # of holder Type of Livestock Total # Objectives Feed Disease/ Main problem (HH) Selling, as a draft Scarlet fever, Sa Tek , Cow/ Cattle 66 246 animal, breeding, Grass, hay black blood manure Steamed rice mixed Diarrhea, scarlet fever, Pig 10 20 Selling (R 5,000/kg) with bran, pig feed leprosy, cough Some for sale (R Chicken 55 120 7,000/kg), some for Rice, milled rice Convulsion self-consumption Eggs, sale (R Duck 4 35 5,000/head), self- Rice, kitchen waste Convulsion consumption Solutions of the disease: 1) Cow/ Cattle Scarlet fever: Khmer traditional medicines Sar tek : Khmer traditional healing; It is true that the suffered cows recovered from the illness Black blood Calling a veterinarian for injection 2) Chicken They cannot be prevented from disease and cannot be cured 3) Ducks Vaccinate for prevention from the disease

Table C.3.36 Animal Husbandry of Boeng Chram Tboung Village, Preah Nipean Commune, Kong Pisei District, Kampong Speu Province (Category Area-2) # of holder Type of Livestock Total # Objectives Feed Disease/ Main problem (HH) As a draft animal, Scarlet fever, cow disease Cow/ Cattle 34 96 breeding, using dung Grass, hay, rice bran (sar tek ), diarrhea/ theft as fertilizer Steamed rice, the water after washing Diarrhea, leprosy, scarlet rice, rice bran, Pig 7 16 Selling fever/ Lack of the raising morning glory, skill amaranth, livestock feed from the market Chicken disease Rice, milled rice, characterized by the Self-consumption, Chicken 37 220 termites, grass, scabs around the head selling, breeding insects and neck (tan ), convulsion/ theft, Rice, fish, steamed Eggs, meats, giving Convulsion, becoming Duck 11 100 rice, termites, to relatives not able to sit morning glory Solutions of the disease: 1) Cow/ Cattle Scarlet fever: Khmer traditional medicines made of pounded crabs, prahok , and sugar Sar tek : Khmer traditional medicines made of fruit tree leaves and kampleu (plant) leaves Diarrhea: Khmer traditional infusion made of boiled guava leaves and the bark of cashew trees 2) Pig Diarrhea: Medicine bought from veterinarians Leprosy: Calling a veterinarian for injection Scarlet fever: Khmer traditional medicines made of pounded crabs, prahok , and sugar 3) Chickens and ducks No solution (Not able to be cured)

VI - CT - 44 Table C.3.37 Animal Husbandry of Sayav Village, Preah Nipean Commune, Kong Pisei District, Kampong Speu Province (Category Area-2) # of holder Type of Livestock Total # Objectives Feed Disease/ Main problem (HH) Selling, using as a Scarlet fever, Sa Tek , Cow/ Cattle 97 291 Grass, hay draft animal, breeding fever Selling, self- Steamed rice, rice Sa Tek , plague, diarrhea, Pig 31 65 consumption, feasts bran, amaranth, constipation for funerals and morning glory, pig Selling, self- Convulsion, Sam Kok Rice, milled rice, Chicken 98 530 consumption, feasts (becoming not able to sit/ insects for funerals and stand) Eggs, self- Duck 10 70 Rice, snails, crabs Convulsion consumption (meat) Solutions of the disease: 1) Cow/ Cattle Scarlet fever: Khmer traditional medicines made of pounded Brormoay Damrey (grass with thick wrinkled leaves and flowers resembling elephant's thrunk) mixed with crabs, Kagn Chet (edible aquatic plant) and drugs Sar tek : Calling a veterinarian for injection Fever: Calling a veterinarian for injection 2) Pig Sar tek : Vaccinating for preventing from the disease Plague: Making fire for preventing from bit of the mosquitoes Keeping pigs away from water and vaccinating 3) Chicken Sam Kok : Not able to be cured Convulsion: Not able to be cured For preventing from them, vaccinating

Table C.3.38 Animal Husbandry of Beng Village, Pneay Commune, Samraong Tong District, Kampong Speu Province (Category Area- 3) # of holder Type of Livestock Total # Objectives Feed Disease (HH) Drafting, selling and Water virus, Scarlet Cow/ Cattle 90 139 Grass, bran breeding fever, Back blood Rice bran, edible Scarlet fever, cough, Pig 30 150 Selling plant, morning glory, death water lily, animal Selling to solve Chicken 100 560 family problem, self- Rice, feeds Struggling consumption Taking eggs, selling, Duck 20 90 and self-consumption Rice, bran Struggling of meat Disease: Cows/ Cattle: - Water virus= mixing crabs with root tree (traditional medicine), asking for veterinary :- Scarlet fever and black blood virus = buying medicine for vaccinating Pigs: - Cough = buying medicine for vaccinating Chicken and ducks: - buying medicine for vaccinating

VI - CT - 45 Table C.3.39 Animal Husbandry of Angkor Chea Village, Pneay Commune, Samraong Tong District, Kampong Speu Province (Category Area- 3) # of holder Type of Livestock Total # Objectives Feed Disease (HH) Scarlet fever, cow Selling, using dung as Cow/ Cattle 66 198 Grass, straw disease (sar tek ), fertilizer, breeding plague* Selling to support Rice bran, cooked Plague, scarlet fever, Pig 50 100 family rce, animal feed diarrhea, measles** Paddy, milled rice, Disease making Chicken 70 280 Selling eggs and meat termite chicken *When cows suffer from scarlet fever, the villagers ask a veterinarian to inject them or cure them with traditional medicine. When the cows suffer from Sar Tek and plague, they ask a veterinarian to inject them.

** When pigs suffer from plague (diarrhea, scarlet fever, or measles), he villagers ask a veterinarian to inject them *** The villagers have no knowledge to cure their chickens

Table C.3.40 Animal Husbandry of Sampov Ngo Village, Pneay Commune, Samraong Tong District, Kampong Speu Province (Category Area-3) # of holder Type of Livestock Total # Objectives Feed Disease (HH) Cow/ Cattle 62 186 Drafting and breeding Grass, hay Scarlet fever Scarlet fever, Banana tree, morning Selling to solve infectious disease, Pig 55 110 glory, rice, and the financial problem leprosy, worm, mixture of feeds Tempeahure, Dangdas (it happened in dry season, Selling to solve Chicken 65 325 Rice chickens and ducks financial problem immediately die whn they suffer from it) Selling to solve Duck 30 150 Rice, bran Dangdas financial problem Disease: Cows/ Cattle: - When cows/ cattle are infected by scarlet fever, we use traditional medicine for treatment. We create some medicine with a combination of Kandol tree bark, Trakrep Kdam tree bark, soil from hillock and water. We sometimes use modern drugs - When cows/ cattle have painful swelling, we use traditional medicine for treatment by mixing Apeh (plant) with Puoh Tralach (Plant) and Kdam Truoy Nonaung (plant). We sometimes use modern drugs. - When cows/ cattle have sateuk (disease), we invite traditional healers to treat them. We sometimes use modern drugs, too. Pigs: When pigs are infected by scarlet fever, villagers use traditional medicine to treat the disease by pounding kandol leaves with Kdam leaves. We sometimes buy modern drug from the veterinarian. We use the modern drugs to treat the other diseases such as painful swelling, sateuk, leprosy, fever, and diarrhea, and to deworm. When pigs have constipation, we sometimes use a syringe in which there is combination of water and salt to inject into pigs' bottoms. When this method doesn't work, we use modern drugs.

Chickens and Ducks: Once chickens and ducks suffer from convulsions, we cannot treat them, but know that it can be prevented by vaccinating them.

VI - CT - 46 Table C.3.41 Animal Husbandry of Chamkar Trach Village, Peuk Commune, Angk Snuol District, Kandal Province (Category Area-4) # of holder Type of Livestock Objectives Feed (HH) Selling, using as draft Rice bran, rice straw, palm, Cow/ Cattle 4-12 animal, exchange grass, hay Selling, self- Rice bran, banana tree, Pig 4 - 7 consumption, livestock feed bought in a exchange market Selling, self- Chicken/ Duck 10-25 consumption, Rice, rice plants, insects exchange * Difficulty with animal husbandry: In the rainy season, animals are easily to get sick Cow/Cattle suffers from wind virus, black blood virus (fever) and scarlet fever.

Table C.3.42 Animal Husbandry of Tuol Thnaot Village, Peuk Commune, Angk Snuol District, Kandal Province (Category Area-4) # of holder Type of Livestock # of total Objectives Feed Disease (HH) Selling, drafting, using Grass, hay, rice bran, dung for fertilizer, banana tree, red palm Diarrhea, Scarlet fever, Cow/ Cattle 10 - 9 55-75 Exchange is easy, as a juice, tree branches, infectious disease, traditional agricultural bamboo leaves identity

Selling, self-consumption, Fodder bought at market, breeding, using dung as Pestilence, Scarlet fever, Pig 4 - 7 35-45 rice bran, morning glory, fertilizer and producing gas diarrhea, worms vegetables, left-over to use

Selling meat and eggs, Dry season disease, using dung as fertilizer (for Paddy, corn, bean, animal Chicken 35-40 100-150 Scarlet fever, fever due to house use and selling), cock feed, feed in the field cold fighting, breeding

Selling, self-consumption, Rice bran, rice, cooked Dry season disease, fever Duck 3-4 20-25 using as medicine rice, morning glory, plants, due to cold (gallbladder) worm, small grogs, grogs

Table C.3.43 Animal Husbandry of Angk Samnang Village, Peuk Commune, Angk Snuol District, Kandal Province (Category Area-4) # of holder Type of Livestock # of total Objectives Feed Disease (HH) Power of drafting in the Grass, rice bran, mornign field, taking dung for Scarlet fever, fever, Cow/ Cattle 35-40 85-90 glory, crushed rice, palm, fertilizer, selling, breeding, dierrhea, painful swelling other leaves barter Crashed rice, cooked rce, Selling, self-consumption, morning glory, animal Scarlet fever, water fever, Pig 1-2 20-22 breeding, barter, fertlizer, feed, rice for producing diarrhea gas wine, banana trees, edible plant

Selling, self-consumption, Paddy, corn, bean, animal Eye disease, dierrhea, Chicken 35-44 150-200 rent, barter, fertilizer, egg feed, feed in the field flow nasal muscus

paddy, crashed rice, Seeling, egg, breeding, self- insects, eduble plant, Diarrhea, flow nasal Duck 4-6 50-60 consumption morning glory, crab, bird muscus feed

VI - CT - 47 Table C.3.44 Fisheries of Ou Veaeng Village, Kahaeng Commune, Samraong Tong District, Kampong Speu Province (Category Area-1) Fisheries in the Past Rainy Season Dry Season There were a lot of fish. There were more fish compared with the rainy Methods to catch fish: season. - Setting a basket: lakes Methods to catch fish: - Setting a net: lakes, ponds - Setting a basket: lakes - Pulling the hand to drag a seine net: lakes - Setting a net: lakes, ponds - Putting the horizontal cylinder trap: lakes - Catching fish by hands: dry lakes, paddy - Putting a bamboo basket fields - Fishing in the lakes - Pulling the hand to drag a seine net: lakes Methods to catch frogs: - Pulling the net: canals - At the banks of the lakes - Digging holes to put fish into the lakes Methods to catch crabs: - In the paddy field We had not only for self-consumption but also for selling at the market at R 1,000-1,500/ We had not only for self-consumption but also bunch (5-7 pieces of fish) and in the village at for selling at the market at R 1,000/ bunch R 500-700/ bunch (5-6 pieces of fish). (5-7 pieces of fish) and in the village at R 500/ When we needed more, we went to market bunch (4-5 pieces of fish). and bought fish at R 5,000-7,000/ kg. When we needed more, we went to market and bought fish at R 5,000/ kg. Problem: It’s difficult for the villagers to buy fishing tools because their price is high both in rainy and dry seasons.

VI - CT - 48 Fisheries in the Present Rainy Season Dry Season We do not have much fish as before because Lack of water makes it difficult to catch fish. some of the villagers catch fish by electrical Methods to catch fish: tools and set the net to get young fish. It - Pulling the hand to drag a seine net: lakes caused the decreasing of the breeding. - Setting a net: lakes Methods to catch fish: - Setting a small net: lakes - Setting a net: lakes - Catching by hands - Setting a small hole net - Pulling the net: canals - Putting a horizontal cylinder trap: lakes - Catching fish by using electrical tools - Putting the enclosed net wit lead fences - Plunging baskets: lakes - Catching fish at lakes’ banks - Plunging a basket Fish is not enough for self-consumption. We - Putting arrow shaped bamboo fence traps need to buy fish from the market at R 8,000- with horizontal cylinder trap 9,000/kg and at R 6,000- 7,000/kg in the Methods to catch frogs: village. - At the banks of lakes

We have enough for self-consumption. Sometimes, we buy fish in the village at R 5,000-6,000/kg and at the market at R 4,000-5,000/kg. In December, we buy it from the market at R 1,000-1,500/kg to make prahock with rice yeast. Problems: Problems: Water flew out from the lakes flows out fish Lack of water to find fish with it. Lack of the facilities to store water for keeping fish. Lack of money to buy tolls because they are expensive but the market price for selling fish is low. On the other hand, if we buy it from the market, the price is high and the fisheries decreases.

VI - CT - 49 Table C.3.45 Fisheries of Tumpung Village, Kahaeng Commune, Samraong Tong District, Kampong Speu Province (Category Area-1) Fisheries in the Past Rainy Season Dry Season In 1995, There were a lot and all kinds of fish. There were more fish compared with the rainy It was easy to catch it. season. Fish gathered specific places because Methods to catch fish: water resources were limited. It made easier to - Putting a long stick: lakes, paddy field, catch fish. pond, canal, river, stream Methods to catch fish: - Setting a long net: river, pond, canal, lake - Setting a net: lake, rive, stream, big lake - Hooking: lake, pond, canal - Digging holes: paddy-field bank, pond, - Putting a horizontal cylinder trap: canal, lake small paddy field - Putting a horizontal cylinder trap: paddy - Putting a enclosure net made from lead: field bank, all water resources paddy field, lake - Dragging a seine net by hands: lake, hole, - Stabbing with a knife (when it rains and pond paddy field has water) - Putting a enclosure net made from lead: paddy field bank, pond We had enough for self-consumption and - Hooking: lake, river, stream selling at the market or in the village. - Catching fish by hands: river, dike, lake, Price in the village: R 500-1,000/bunch (3 pond, canal pieces of fish), at the market: R - Finding: small holes in the paddy field, 4,000-6,000/bunch pond - Using an arrow-shaped bamboo fence trap: canal, lake, stream Methods to catch crab: - At paddy-field bank Methods to catch frog: - At river bank

We had enough for self-consumption and selling at the market or in the village. Price in the village: R 500-1,000/bunch (2-5 pieces of fish), at the market: R 1,200-1,500/bunch Problem: - We had the problem with the transportation going to buy fishing tools and their high price - Lack of money to buy fishing tools

VI - CT - 50 Fisheries in the Present Rainy Season Dry Season We do not have much fish as before because We do not have much fish as before because some of the villagers catch fish by electrical some of the villagers catch fish by electrical tools. It causes the extinction of fish at almost tools. It causes the loss of breeding. every place. Methods to catch fish: Methods to catch fish: - Setting a basket: pond, stream - Setting a net: pond, river - Putting a enclosure net made from lead: - Setting a long net: river, lake river, lake - Catching by hands: river - Hooking: river, stream, canal, from bridge - Dragging a net: river - Dragging a long net: river, lake, stream - Putting a enclosure net made from lead: - Catching by hands: canal, paddy field river, lake - Digging holes: lake, paddy field - Stabbing with a knife (when it rains and - Finding: digging holes in lake paddy field has water) Methods to catch crab: Fish is not enough for self-consumption. We - At paddy-field bank, canal need to buy fish from the market at R 5,000- Methods to catch frog: 6,000/kg and at R 3,000- 11,000/kg in the - At paddy field, river village.

We do not have enough for self-consumption. Sometimes, we buy fish in the village at R 4,000-5,000/kg and at the market at R 2,500-3,000/kg.

Problems: Problems: It is difficult to catch fish because it almost - Lack of money to buy fishing tools becomes extinct. - It is expensive to buy fish from the market - Lack of transportation means to the market ( the market is far from the village) - Lack of money to buy electrical tools

VI - CT - 51 Table C.3.46 Fisheries of Kahaeng Village, Kahaeng Commune, Samraong Tong District, Kampong Speu Province (Category Area-1) Fisheries in the Past Rainy Season Dry Season There were so much fish that we could catch it There were much fish in holes, streams, and with bare hands rivers. Methods to catch fish: Methods to catch fish: - Using bare hands - Using cast nets: holes - Using hare hands to get scattered fish - Installing gillnets: holes from water - Installing Bangkai: rivers - Installing bamboo cylinder traps and - Using fishhooks: rivers gillnets - Dragging mosquito nets: rivers - Casting nets - Looking for fish at nigh: rivers, lakes - Dragging mosquito nets - Installing line fishhooks (a string with We could catch more than enough for fishhooks attached)/ Bangkai (fishhooks self-consumption. The surplus was sold in the that are attached to rods that are fixed in village or the market. Selling fish in the the ground rather than held) village by the bunch with 7-8 pieces of fish at - Digging holes: along river levees the price of R 1,000. At the market, it cost R - Looking for fish at night by using a 2,000-2,500/kg. flashlight To make Prahock, we had to buy raw fish Methods to catch crab and snail: from the market at R 1,500/kg. - Using hands: along the paddy fields - Frogs can be caught at the beginning of the rainy season We could catch more than enough for self-consumption. The surplus was sold in the village or at the market. In the village, we sold the fish by stringing them together in a ring of 8-9 fish at the price of R 1,000. In the market, fish was sold at R 1,500-2,000/kg. We made Prahock (fermented fish with rice and yeast) from 3-5 kg of the caught fish for self-consumption. We sold 2-3kg of Prahock and earned R 1,500-2,000/kg. Problem: - Lack of money to buy fishing gears because it is expensive.

VI - CT - 52 Fisheries in the Present Rainy Season Dry Season There is not a lot of fish because of using the There is not much fish because electric gears electric-fishing gears, which has wiped out are used more intensively in the dry season some species of the fish. than in the rainy season. Methods to catch fish: Methods to catch fish: - Installing bamboo cylinder traps: along - Installing gillnet: along rivers, big ponds paddy fields, streams, rivers - Using cast nets: along rivers - Scooping water out of paddy fields - Dragging mosquito nets: rivers - Installing gillnet: along streams, rivers, - Using fishhooks in the holes big ponds - Installing Bangkai: rivers - Using cast nets; rivers, streams, paddy - Installing line fishhooks: big ponds fields - Using knives to strike fish: rivers, big - Using fishhook: rivers, streams, big ponds ponds - Installing line fishhooks: along paddy - Scooping water out of the stream fields, rivers - Dragging mosquito nets by hands; rivers Fish is not enough for self-consumption. We - Using knives to strike fish have to buy fish form the market or in the Methods to catch crab and snail: village. It costs R 3,000/kg in the village and - Along paddy fields, the banks of big R 1,300-1,500/kg at the market. ponds When we want to make Prahock, we have to buy fish at the market and it cost R 1,600/kg. Fish for self-consumption is not enough. If we want to eat more, we have to buy it at the market or in the village. Sellers bring fish to the village at the price of R 2,000-2,500/kg (REAL baby fish). At the market, it cost R 1,300-1,500/kg (baby fish).

Problems: Because of the intensive use of the electric fishing gears, some species of fish becomes extinct.

VI - CT - 53 Table C.3.47 Fisheries of Sala Kruos Village, Preah Nipean Commune, Kong Pisei District, Kampong Speu Province (Category Area-2) Fisheries in the Past Rainy Season Dry Season There were a lot of fish. There were more fish to be caught compared Methods to catch fish: with the rainy season because there was not - Using fishing hooks: ponds, lakes, and much water and the fish stayed together in streams shallow lakes, puddles, ponds, rivers, and - Setting horizontal cylinder traps for the streams. paddy fields: canals and paddy fields Methods to catch fish: - Using horizontal cylinder traps: lakes, - Dug pits (Bea) = digging a pit and then pods, streams setting brush park When the water flow - Casting a net: lakes, ponds, streams into the pit, we scoop the water, and lift up - Using Bnagkai (fishhook attached to a rod the brush park: lakes and pond beds fixed on the ground rather than held): - Dug holes: paddy fields paddy fields, ponds - Plunging a basket: lakes, ponds - Installing a line of fishhooks along the - Using hands for dragging a seine: bank of the lakes - Casting a net: lakes, ponds - Using a kerosene lamp at night: canals, - Scooping water from puddles, lakes, paddy fields, ponds, lakes ponds Methods to catch frogs: - Using a spear: lakes - Using horizontal cylinder traps Methods to catch small frogs: - Using a kerosene lamp at night: paddy - Using a kerosene lamp: along lakes, ponds fields, lakes - Encircling a brush park: lakes, ponds Methods to catch crabs and frogs: We caught enough fish for self-consumption - Digging holes: embankment of paddy but not enough for sale. The fish caught was fields, lakes, and streams salted for making dried fish or prahock - (fermented fish paste). A jar of prahock We had enough fish for self-consumption but weighs about 2kg. When we did not go not enough for sale. We made dried and fishing, we bought fish form the market. Dried smoked fish and prahock, which weighs 2kg. or smoked fish/kg cost R 500, and fresh When we did not go to catch fish, we bought fish/kg cost between R 2,000 and 3,000. fish at the market, where fresh fish/kg cost between R 2,000 and 3,000. When we made prahock, we went to sell it and buy fish at Prek Thnot, where fish/kg cost R 200-300.

VI - CT - 54 Fisheries in the Present Rainy Season Dry Season There is not much fish because of the draught. There is not much fish because lakes and Methods to catch fish: ponds are dried up. - Setting a gillnet: a dam, lakes, ponds Methods to catch fish: - Installing a line of fishhooks: along paddy - Plunging a basket: lakes, a dam fields, a dam, and lakes - Using a basket: lakes - Casting a net: a dam, ponds, lakes - Scooping water: paddy fields, ponds - Bnagkai (fishhook attached to rod fixed - Using fishhooks with a big rod: lakes, on the ground): paddy fields, a dam basins - Using a horizontal cylinder traps: paddy - Using a spear: lakes fields, a dam - Casting a net: a dam, basins, and lakes Methods to catch fish and frogs at night: Methods to catch frogs: - Using a flash light: paddy fields and a - Using a horizontal cylinder trap: lakes, dam streams, ponds Methods to catch crabs: At paddy fields - Using a light at night: a dam, lakes basins There is not enough fish for self-consumption, - Digging pits to make Bea: lakes, a dam therefore, we don’t catch fish. If we want to There is not enough fish for family because have extra fish, we go to buy it at the market there is not mush fish and the population or in the village. In the village, smoked fish/kg increases, When we need fish, we have to go is R 5,000 o 6,000, fresh fish/kg is R 8,000, to market or buy it in the village. In the tilapia and chukaeng are R 6,000, and Bah/kg village, fish/kg cost R 6,000 to 8,000. At the is R 6,000. At the market, Ros/kg costs R market, it costs from R 3,000-10,000. In 15,000, Deab/kg is R 10,000, Cwang/kg is R January, we buy fish from Prek Thnot to make 7,000, Kanhos/kg is R 2,500. prahock

Problems: Problems: The number of the villagers, who want fish Little water, the increase of the villagers, lack increases, and then fish decreases. of a basin, lack of water source, much fish A large number of fish become extinct. becomes extinct, the village is 5km from the Need: water source, the Prek Thnot River. Wells, river, a big basin, canals, two roads, sanitary toilet, motor pumps. We want the completion of the hall in the pagoda which is under construction for holding ceremonies.

VI - CT - 55 Table C.3.48 Fisheries of Boeng Chram Tboung Village, Preah Nipean Commune, Kong Pisei District, Kampong Speu Province (Category Area-2) Fisheries in the Past Rainy Season Dry Season Fish was abundant. Amount of fish was more abundant than that Methods to catch fish: in the rainy season because fish was - Plunging a basket: ponds, lakes concentrated in ponds, lakes and brush. - Gillnet: paddy fields, lakes, ponds Methods to catch fish: - Horizontal cylinder trap: canal, paddy - Attaching two ropes to a bucket for field scooping water from lakes and ponds - Bnagkai (fishhook attached to rod fixed - Digging holes on bunds, the edges of on the ground): paddy field, ponds, lakes ponds, and lakes - Fishing line: paddy fields, lakes, ponds - Putting a kind of aquatic plants to attract - Casting a net: ponds, lakes fish to the holes - At night: machete, plunging a basket - Bnagkai (fishhook attached to rod fixed Methods to catch frogs: on the ground): ponds, lakes - Using a kerosene lump - Using a machete at night Methods to catch fish and frogs: - Using Sang (wooden sticks) at night With hooks: - Using a spade to dig the ground for We depend on the sunlight during the daytime catching eels and a flashlight at night. Methods to catch frogs: Methods to catch crabs: - Horizontal cylinder trap: the edges of - Using a hoe and a pole with a hook ponds and lakes - Scooping water from paddy fields and We caught enough fish for self-consumption, ponds by using pots and had some to sell in the village or at the - On the edges of ponds, lakes and in paddy market. We sold a bunch with 2-3 pieces of fields at night fish at R 1,000 in the village. When we sold it Methods to catch fish and shrimp: in the market, we could earn R 1,500 – 2,000/ - Mosquito nets kg. We made about 3kg of dried fish and 5kg - Pots: paddy fields, lakes, canals, and of prahock (fermented fish paste). ponds Methods to catch crabs: - Digging holes on the edges of ponds and bunds We had enough fish for self-consumption. We had some for selling at the market or in and outside of the village. We had fish for making dried fish and prahock (fermented fish paste).

VI - CT - 56 Fisheries in the Present Rainy Season Dry Season Fish is not abundant because there are Fish is not abundant. There are much more fishermen who use electrical fishing gears to villagers who want to catch fish than the catch fish. Therefore, some fish has become amount of fish. Some villagers use electric extinct. fishing gear to catch fish. Therefore, some fish Methods to catch fish: has become extinct. - Gillnet: lakes, ponds Methods to catch fish: - Fishing lines: paddy fields, lakes, ponds - Digging holes: bunds and edges of ponds - Casting a net: paddy fields, ponds, lakes - Putting a kind of aquatic plants to attract - Horizontal cylinder traps: canals, paddy fish to the holes fields - Cast nets: ponds, lakes - Bnagkai (fishhook attached to rod fixed - Machete at night on the ground): paddy field, ponds, lakes - Using Sang (wooden sticks) at night - Fishing hooks: ponds, lakes Methods to catch crabs: Methods to catch fish and frogs at night: - On edges of ponds and bunds - Kerosene lamps: paddy fields - Using a hoe to dig the ground - Kerosene lamps: edges of lakes and ponds We do not catch enough fish for self-consumption. We have to buy fish at the market or in the village. In the village fish/kg costs R 5,000. At the market, it costs R 3,500-4,000.

VI - CT - 57 Table C.3.49 Fisheries of Sayav Village, Preah Nipean Commune, Kong Pisei District, Kampong Speu Province (Category Area-2) Fisheries in the Past Rainy Season Dry Season There were a lot of fish in the paddy fields, There were a lot of fish in ponds, pits, canals ponds, and the other water sources. because it flocked there. Methods to catch fish: Methods to catch fish: - Plunging baskets: ponds, canals - Using a single fishhook: ponds, lakes - Using bamboo baskets: paddy fields, - Using live baits: ponds ponds, streams, puddles - Plunging baskets: ponds, puddles, lakes - Using horizontal cylinder traps: canals and - Dragging a mosquito net: puddles, streams streams - Casting a net: ponds, lakes - Using a gillnet: ponds, canals - Scooping water from puddles, lakes, - Using Bangkai (fishhook attached to a rod ponds, pits fixed on the ground rather than held): - Using bamboo baskets to scoop: ponds, paddy fields, ponds, banks of ponds lakes, puddles - Casting a net: canals, puddles - For eels: slashing with knives during - For eels: at the corner of paddy fields, daytime (eels live underground) ponds Methods to catch crabs: Methods to catch crabs: - Digging holes: banks of paddy fields and - Digging holes on the banks of canals and ponds paddy fields Methods to catch snakes: Methods to catch frogs and fish: - At night: banks of paddy fields - In paddy fields, streams at night Methods to catch frogs and fish: Methods to catch frogs: - Using a flash light to spot: ponds, canals - Using horizontal cylinder traps: the banks at night of canals, paddy fields Hunting animals at night - Using fishhooks: ponds Methods to catch small frogs: Not enough for self-consumption. - Using a kerosene lamp: paddy fields, To consume more, we had to buy them in the uplands village; Small fish = R 1,500-2,000/kg Just enough fish for self-consumption. Big fish = R 2,500/kg When we did not go to catch them, we had to To make prahock, we went to Prek Phnov. buy them at the market; There, we bought fish at R 150/kg and made Small fish = R 1,500-2,000/kg it. Big fish = R 3,500-4,000/kg

VI - CT - 58 Fisheries in the Present Rainy Season Dry Season We do not have much water because we have There is not much fish because somebody uses just gotten rainfall recently. electrical tools at ponds, canals, and streams Methods to catch fish: which are almost dried up. - Setting a gillnet: ponds, canals Methods to catch fish: - Using horizontal cylinder traps: canals, - Throwing: ponds, small holes streams, ponds - At ponds, lakes - Bangkai (fishhook attached to rod fixed - Using bamboo baskets: ponds, canals, on the ground): paddy fields, pond banks lakes - Using fishhooks: ponds, canals, streams - Setting a net: ponds, lakes - Using bamboo baskets: paddy fields, - Digging holes: dried ponds ponds, small holes Methods to catch crabs: - Setting a net: canals, small holes, streams - At paddy fields, banks of ponds and paddy Methods to catch frogs: fields - Digging holes: banks of paddy fields and Methods to catch fish and frogs at night: ponds - At ponds and lakes Methods to catch fish and frogs at night: Methods to catch snakes at night and - Using a flashlight daytime: - At paddy fields There is not enough fish for self-consumption. When we need more, we go to buy it at the There is not enough fish for self-consumption. market or in the village at R 3,000-4,000/kg. When we need more, we have to buy it at the As the number of villagers increased, the market. amount of fishing also increased. It makes Fish: R 5,000/kg difficult to catch fish. Frogs: R 3,000/kg We do not have enough money to buy fishing tools. Food is expensive. Problems Needs - Using electrical tools to catch fish - Water source (basin) - Water sources are dried up - Canals - Draught - Ponds - Motor pumps for growing rice - Seeds of rice and the other crops

VI - CT - 59 Table C.3.50 Fisheries of Beng Village, Pneay Commune, Samraong Tong District, Kampong Speu Province (Category Area-3) Fisheries in the Past Rainy Season Dry Season More fish Not much fish Methods to catch fish: Methods to catch fish: - Using nets in the dike - Casting nets in the stream - Tying a leader line in the lake, pond, - Tying a leader line in the stream paddy fields and streams - Throwing a net in the stream - Fishing in the lake, streams, ponds, and - Catching by hands in the stream paddy fields - Bamboo net in the stream - Putting the gill net in the streams - Using fishing spears in the stream - Fishing instruments in the paddy fields (digging holes) and lakes Methods to catch frogs: Methods to catch frogs: - Hunting frogs on the stream banks - In the lake and paddy fields - Digging holes in the ponds and streams Methods to catch crabs: - In the lake and paddy fields We did not have enough for even A kind of instrument in the stream self-consumption but were able to buy fish for Putting a large bamboo woven basket in the making prahock and dry fish at good price in stream the early rainy season (R 100-300/kg) Methods to catch fish and frogs : - In the lake and paddy fields Problems: - Digging holes in the paddy fields Too busy with the other job to catch fish for - Putting bamboo cages in the paddy fields eating such as climbing palm trees, finding firewood We had enough for self-consumption and store Fishing area was too far fish by making dry fish and sold them in the It was hard to find fish village. 1 bunch had 3 or 5 pieces of fish and cost R 500-800.

VI - CT - 60 Fisheries in the Present Rainy Season Dry Season Not much fish due to a little rain Not much fish because some of the people use Methods to catch fish: the electrical fishing instruments, shortage of - Casting nets in the dike and canals water, and much demand of fish from the - Using fishing instruments in the paddy villagers fields and streams Methods to catch fish: - Using leader lines in the streams and - Casting nets in the stream paddy fields - Throwing nets in the stream - Setting nets in the dike and lake Methods to catch frogs Methods to catch frogs and crabs: - Digging holes in the stream - Electrical instruments in the dike - Javelin in the stream - Tying a leader line in the stream We do not have enough fish for Methods to catch crabs: self-consumption because of lack of water to - In the lake get fish. So, we go to market in the village or outside of the village. We do not have enough fish for eating. So, we Price of fish go to buy fish at the market or shops in the In the village: R 5,000- 6,000/ kg village. At the market: R 3,000/kg Price of fish In the village: R 4,000- 5,000/ kg Problem At the market: R 3,000- 4,000/ kg - High food price In January, the villagers go to buy fish to make - Lack of money to buy food prahock to Prek Pnov. The price of fish is R 1000/kg.

Problem - Water dries up - Many people want to catch fish in the village - Lack of canals to get fish - Lack of water to get fish - Lack of facilities to store/ stop water - Fishing with electrical instruments causes the death of many kinds of fish.

VI - CT - 61 Table C.3.51 Fisheries of Angkor Chea Village, Pneay Commune, Samraong Tong District, Kampong Speu Province (Category Area-3) Fisheries in the Past Rainy Season Dry Season There were many fish because there was water There were not so many fish like rainy season. from Prek Thnot River When the amount of water decreased, that of Methods to catch fish: fish also did. - Setting a gill net in canal, the stream, and Methods to catch fish: paddy field - Scooping with trough shaped bailing - Setting horizontal cylinder (Trou) instrument (Snach) in the lake - Setting a fishing gear called Dai in the - Dragging seine net at canals and the stream and small canals streams - Setting a long line attached with many - Casting a net into canals and the stream hooks (Ror Norg) in paddy field - Digging new pits near the paddy field and embankment, the stream and canal the stream - Dragging mosquito nets in canals, the - Fishing with a large woven bamboo basket stream, and puddles (Chneang) at puddles, the stream and - Fishing with a large bamboo basket in canals puddles, the stream, and small waterways - Setting horizontal cylinder trap (Lorb) at - Using fishing hooks in the stream and paddy fields and the stream ponds - Digging new pits near the stream and - Catching fish and frogs around the lake canals and paddy fields during the night with a - Hunting frogs and birds around the lake, kerosene lump paddy fields, the stream, and forests - Digging and hunting crabs in paddy fields during the night with lights and around the lake - Digging and hunting crabs at the paddy fields and the lake My family had enough food. I made prahock - Setting Bea ( fenced-in-pool fish trap) at and dried fish. I was able to sell them at the paddy fields, the lake and the stream market or in the village. In the village, the My family did not have enough fish during dried fish was sold by bundle. One bundle dry season because I did not have enough time consisted of 2-3 dried fish and cost R 500- to fish. I was busy with logging in the forest, 1,000. At the market, the same bundle cost R finding construction work, and climbing palm 1,500. The prahock was reserved for when I trees for getting juice. When I wanted extra was not able to catch fish. fish, I had to go and buy it at the market or the shops in the village. Fish cost R 2,000 – 3,000. When I made prahock I went Prek Pnul. There, fish of 1kg cost R 100-200.

VI - CT - 62 Fisheries in the Present Rainy Season Dry Season There are not many fish since water level is There are not so many fish such as rainy very shallow. Therefore, I cannot catch fish. season. Methods to catch fish: Methods to catch fish: - Setting gill net at the stream, canals, the - Scooping water with a water container in and paddy fields the lake - Dragging a mosquito net at canals, the - Dragging seine net in canals and the stream and puddles stream - Casting a net at paddy fields and lake - Digging new pits around paddy fields and - Setting a long line with many hooks at the lakes embankment of the paddy field, the - Fishing with a large woven bamboo basket stream, and canal at puddles, the stream, and canals - Fishing with a large woven bamboo basket - Setting horizontal cylinder trap in paddy at puddles, the stream, and small fields embankment and the stream waterways - Catching frogs and wild animals with - Setting horizontal cylinder traps (Lork) at lights at the lake, paddy fields, the stream, the embankment of the paddy field and the and forest stream - Setting Bea (fenced-on-pond fish trap) at - Using fishing hooks at the stream and the paddy fields, lakes, and the stream pond - Fishing with gears fixed on the ground at I could catch only a little fish to eat because I the paddy fields, the stream and canals don’t have enough time to fish. I am busy with - Setting a fishing gear called Dai at the logging the forest, building houses, and stream and small canals climbing palm trees for getting palm juice. - Digging and hunting crabs at paddy fields When I want to eat fish, I go to buy shops in and the lakes the village. When I make prahock (fermented - Catching frogs and fish around lakes and fish paste), I go to Kg Spue market. There, paddy fields during the night with a light 1kg of fish costs R 600 – 700. I make prahock in January. The amount of catching is very little for self-consumption. When I want to eat fish, I have to go to buy it at the market or shops in the village.

VI - CT - 63 Table C.3.52 Fisheries of Sampov Ngo Village, Pneay Commune, Samraong Tong District, Kampong Speu Province (Category Area-3) Fisheries in the Past Rainy Season Dry Season We had many fish because of much water due We had little fish than that in rainy season to the pond and water gates because we had water only in the stream and Methods to catch fish: the basin in dry season. - Putting the gill net into the stream Methods to catch fish: - Using fisheries instrument (large bamboo - Using canteens in the stream or any other woven basket) shallow hole - Casting the net into the dike - Using fishing instrument (in the shape of a - Fixed a fishery instrument on the ground basket with a hole at the small end) in the in the paddy field stream and small holds - Long tool with many baited hooks in the - Pulling the long fishing net in the shallow paddy field stream and small holes - Putting leading strings in the paddy field - Digging a hole to make it come in - Using fishing instrument (in the shape of a Methods to catch crabs and frogs: basket with a hole at the small end) in the - Digging holes in the paddy field and the stream when it dries up banks - Using kerosene lump in the paddy field - Digging holes in the dried up streams and anywhere with little water to find - Searching them in the dried paddy field frogs and fish - Young frogs can be found in the streams Methods to catch crabs: and the paddy fields - Purring hands into the crab hole in the paddy field The amount only satisfies self-consumption. Methods to catch snails: We cannot sell it to the market. But we tried to - Picking in the paddy field find more fish through climbing up palm trees - Using fishing instruments for the income. When the adults cannot go to - Digging holes in the paddy field find fish, we let the children go, instead. When - Putting the fishing net (large) in the we cannot find fish, we eat prohock and dried stream fish. Prohock can be used for the barter trade with rice (10kg of rice = 10-30 kg prohock) We catch fish not only for eating but also We make prohock in January and Februrary. selling in the market or the village. We can make prohock and dried fish for storage. For selling it in the village, we bundle it (1 bundle = R 500 -1,000). For selling in the market, we bundle it too (1 bundle = R 700 -1,200)

VI - CT - 64 Fisheries in the Present Rainy Season Dry Season There is no fish because of draught. When it We do not have fish because there is no water rains, we drink that water, and sometimes we in the paddy field, ponds, and streams do not have water in water jars. (draught). There is no water gate. Methods: Methods: To catch crabs: in the paddy field To catch crabs: digging in the paddy field To catch snails: in the paddy field To catch young frogs: in the stream without To catch small snails: in the puddle water Problem: When we need fish, we have to go to the - Draught: Difficult to cultivate paddy and market and buy it in the village. Price is R satisfy self-consumption (family). 4,500-6,000/ kg. - Necessity to buy expensive water for drinking Problem: - Spending much money to buy food and - Draught firewood - Spending much money for food - No water gate - No basin in the village - No water source - No dike - We have canals but do not have water and water gates

VI - CT - 65 Table C.3.53 Fisheries of Tuol Thnaot Village, Peuk Commune, Angk Snuol District, Kandal Province (Category Area-4) Fisheries in the Past Rainy Season Dry Season Tual Thnot Village had a lot of fish. Methods to catch fish: Methods to catch fish: - Draining water - Catching by hands (canals, ponds, paddy - Catching by hands (streams, paddy fields) fields, and the roads used to be a railway) - Casting nets (the big pond) - Shining fish at the midnight (paddy field) - Casting nets in the paddy field Besides for sufficient self-consumption, we - Casting nets (ponds) had fish for selling at the market or in the - Using the fishing instruments village. We were able to earn R 5,000 ~ 10,000/ day by selling fish. Besides for sufficient self-consumption, we had fish for selling at the market. We were Problems: able to earn R 10,000 ~ 15,000/ day by selling Paying to much money for buying the fish. instruments because they are expensive

VI - CT - 66 Fisheries in the Present Rainy Season Dry Season Methods to catch fish: Methods to catch fish: Fishing needs the instruments, and the method Due to no water in the ponds, paddy fields, to catch fish is not changed from the past, but holes, and streams, we cannot catch fish. the amount of the fish decreased. Therefore, we need to buy fish at the market. This year, it doesn’t rain much; therefore, we We do not have enough fish for eating. So, we cannot find fish even for self-consumption. go to buy fish at the market or shops in the village. Problem - Draught (small amount of water in the lake, ponds, streams, holes, and paddy fields) - Someone uses the electrical shock for catching fish. This causes the death of fish and decrease of fish (no hatching).

VI - CT - 67 Table C.3.54 Fisheries of Angk Samnang Village, Peuk Commune, Angk Snuol District, Kandal Province (Category Area-4) Fisheries in the Past Rainy Season Dry Season *In the past, fish, frogs, crabs and snails are *There were fairly a lot of fish. abundant (from August to March) (The villagers could catch a lot of fish for just *The villagers had different ways of catching 1 month) fish Methods to catch fish: Methods to catch fish: - Cast nets in the ponds - Using horizontal cylinder traps in the - Hand-dragged seine nets in the ponds and paddy field, canals, and ponds streams - Using a gear fixed on the edge of the - From the pond bed, catching eels ponds - By hands at night in the paddy field *There were fish dealer coming to the village - Jumping into the water to sell fish at R 5,000/kg. - Using cast nets under the bridge, in the *We could catch fish only for canals and ditches self-consumption. When we couldn’t catch fish, we had to go buying fish to the market at *Fish dealer sold fish at R 5,000/kg. R 3,000/ day.. *The villagers could catch fish for *The villagers who did not have money to buy self-consumption. fishing tools had to go buying fish to the *In December, we could catch fish for market. self-consumption and selling. *From late February to early March, we could *We could earn R 2,500 by selling 5 fish earn R 300/kg of the prahock. bonds (1 bond has 5-6 pieces of fish). *We could also make 5-6 kg of Prahock for self-consumption and selling in December. *From late February to

VI - CT - 68 Fisheries in the Present Rainy Season Dry Season *The villagers can catch very few fish because *The villagers cannot earn their living by of draught. fishing because water sources are dried up. *The ponds, puddles, streams, all of them are *Some sellers sell fish in front of the villagers’ dried out and it made fishing impossible. houses (bring the fish at the gate) at R So, the villagers stop fishing temporarily. 7,500/kg. *If there were enough water early in the rainy season, there would be a lot of fish. And it would be easy for fishing. *Some sellers sell fish in front of the villagers’ houses (bring the fish at the gate) at R 7,500/kg. *We can catch crabs for self-consumption.

Problem - Insufficient food The villagers cannot catch fish because there is not much water, but we want to eat fish. So, we have to buy it at the market to spend R 7,000/day. - We catch crabs in the paddy filed for self-consumption - From late February to early March, the villagers go to buy Prahock (fermented fish paste) and Pha-ouk (fermented fish with rice and yeast) at R 700/kg - The villagers started raising chickens and ducks as the substitute of fish. We keep domestic animals for self-consumption for when we cannot get fish.

VI - CT - 69 Table C.3.55 Festival Calendar of Ou Veaeng Village Kahaeng Commune, Samraong Tong, District, Kampong Speu Province (Category Area-1) Lunar Calendar 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th Bon Dalien Khmer Bon Phka Bon Bon Choul Bon Chenh Bon Phka Expressing gratitude New Held Pakchai Phlong Preah Vosa Pchum Preah Vosa Held to the mother earth, collectivelyto - It is held to The elderly Year raise the charity Buan 1 Day ceremony Ben collectively to who helps to increase The festival lasts for 3 mark the villagers and contribution to The ceremony is Lasting for 15 raise the charity agricultural Days. Celebrated beginning of a others take food build school, held without any Days contribution to production and yield - Activities of 1st day through the penitential to offer to the and temple- announcement in * 1st Day of build school, Festival is started at *Villagers are wearing children paying season during monk at the related advance Held Pchum Ben (or and temple- 3:00pm with the a good-looking their debt of which the monks temple to buildings. whenever the Ben Muay ): related gathering of villagers, clothes to wait for gratitude to their must remain celebrate the end Those charity villagers - The villagers buildings. and contiued until welcoming the new parents. within the period of the contibutions in recognize a prepare food to Those charity 7:00pm. At the end, angel for the new year * The four temple Lentic season. cash as temple is very offer to the contibutions in villagers pay homage to come. They prepare requisities of the compounds; and banknote bills poor or the monks at the cash as to the Buddha, and fruits, flowers, and Buddhist monks it is also marked are decorated monks in the temple. banknote bills then the monks were cakes for welcoming such as clothing, the beginning of Bon Katin into money temple are Pchum Ben is are decorated invited to preach on her touching-down on provisions, cultivation Held once a year flowers, and almost starved arranged in turn into money dharma. earth, and then they shelter and seasons. Held to raise the charity VI - CT -70 being paraded due to the of villages flowers, and *Activities light candles, incense medicine are contribution to serve to the temple. shortage of food, which are close being paraded - The villagers enjoy sticks to pray for offered to the - The villagers the need of the temple; and needs to be to the temple, to the temple. dancing during the prosperity and monks during prepare food to and do other public supplied and and which are nights. happiness. this ceremony. offer to the construction related supported affiliated to the - The monks are - Activities of 2nd * The children monks at the activities. immediately. temple. served with porridge day: of the temples. Held to raise the charity Villagers * 2nd Day of as breakfast in the *The grandfather, celebrated- contribution for buying collectively Pchum Ben (or next morning. grandmother and their parent(s) also robes for monks who contribute food Ben pii ): The - The villagers take grandchildren visit the offer some food remain permanantly in and other villagers in their with food , rice and temple to enjoy and the temple compounds. requisities, and turn take food to so on for monks. playing the traditional contributions to then take them offer to the folk games. the elderly all to that temple monks at the *Villagers prepare the relatives and directly. temple. At food for offering to villagers. around 3:00pm the monks at the the monks are *14th and 15th Days: all of temple. served with soft villagers who take turn to *The young pay close drink, and also participate in Pchum Ben gather at attention to listening -Activities of 3rd day: invited to the temple. Participants distribute to the elderly persons' * The Buddha statues are also being bathed by Bon preach the their food especially cooked rice the villagers. The monks are also received this advice and comments. Chamroeun dharma. by putting it into the monk' s alms religious service from the villagers. The bowls. This ceremony process is children also give their parents with this bathing preah chuan called rap bat in Khmer. service. (or Longevity Participants listen to the monk * Villagers also pay visit to their relatives. Celebration) preaching the dharma to mark the * Some villagers go to see fortune teller at the end of Pchum Ben festival period. temple to have their destiny read for the coming Held to pay the debt of gratitude to the parents new year. - The elderly villagers are given a bath and some gifts by the children of the celebrated parent(s). Table C.3.56 Festival Calendar of Tumpung Village Kahaeng Commune, Samraong Tong, District, Kampong Speu Province (Category Area-1) Lunar Calendar 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th Bon Dalien Miek Khmer Pisak Pchum Bon Katin It is the time that Bochea New Bochea Ben Held to fulfill the merit for the one-year- Held for monks who have stayed for Held to commemorate the Year Held to cultivation cycle commemoration of observant three months at the Buddha' s enlightenment at Held in commemorate comes to the end. the deceased temple. Villagers offer the temple. commemoration of the Buddha' s Villagers persons through requisitions to them. *Activities: the transition from birthday and collectively offering food to One temple (wat ) can accept - Villagers prepare food to the old-year to the his organize this them. Bon Katin only once per year. offer to the monks. new one, and to achievement festival to express *Activities: - Monks are invited to preach - In the afternoon, the monks welcome the angel in complete gratefulness to the - Villagers prepare on dharma. are invited to preach on for the new year. nirvana . ancestors and food to offer to the - Cambodian opera is dharma and the story related * Activities: *Activities: harvest, and to monks at the temple performed on stage during the to Miek Bochea , - People clean their - Villagers gain merits for for 15 days. evening. Villagers enjoy - In the evening, the monks houses to welcome prepare food, individual person. Villagers make dancing, and playing are invited to preach on the angel for new and other The festival is Cambodian rice traditional local folk games. dharma and the story related year, and also requisitions usually held in the prepare food to offer cakes called num VI - CT -71 to Miek Bochea again. such as village. ansam, to offer to the monks at the candles, * Activities: them. temple. incense sticks, - In the afternoon, - In the morning, - Villagers pile up and flowers to the monks are participants the sand to make offer to the invited to preach distribute food to small mountains. monks at the Water on dharma. the monk's alum Bon Phka These mountains temple. Villagers enjoy bowl. This ritual Festival - Organized to symbolize the rice -In the dancing. process is called Water festival, admiring full moon, and raise the charity and longevity of evening, - In the morning, rab bat . eating pounding rice (ambok ) festivals are contribution human being. monks are villagers prepare - In the evening, held in the same time. among the -Villagers invited to food to offer to the the monks are * Activities: villagers. The participate in a preach on monks. invited to preach on - In the evening, the monks are invited to contribution in bathing ritual called dharma for * Participants: dharma. preach on dharma. banknotes are Srang Preah , to people's monks, nuns, - At dawn, the - Ritual of dripping the lighted candle is decorated into clean or to expel the gaining the clergies, and monks are invited to held to predict the rainfall for the next money flowers, evils or bad fortune merit. villagers. year's cultivation. and then are from the person. The sermon on dharma, - Eating pounded rice (ambok ) and paraded to the merit gaining from while villagers admiring the full moon celebration are temple to offer to these rituals are throw the rice balls held in one day. the monks. transferred to the to deceased person - Water festival is held for - Monks are soul of ancestors who are believed to commemoration of the good deed of the invited to preach who have passed come to eat them marine who fought for the people, and for on dharma. away, and also kept during this time. commemoration of the water guardian - Villagers enjoy as saving merit. -Villagers also spirits who provide water to human dancing. All enjoy dancing. beings. villagers participate in this festival. Table C.3.57 Festival Calendar of Kahaeng Village Kahaeng Commune, Samraong Tong, District, Kampong Speu Province (Category Area-1) Lunar Calendar 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th Bon Phka Miek Bon Dalien Khmer Pisak Choul Chenh Water Pchum - Villagers Bochea - Held to express New Year Bochea Preah Vosa Preah Vosa Festival gather to hold - This ceromony gratitude and - Held to welcome - It is held to It is celebrated Ben Chenh Preah * Water Festival, this festival in is held in thankfulness to the angel who commemorate the because it is the -It is one of the most important Vosa festival is Festival for order to raise commemoration the ancestors and come to look after Buddha who Khmer tradition. festivals as a memoriy of held to mark the admiring the the charity of Buddha's great-grand- human being achieve complete * Activities: deceased ancestors, relatives, end of rainy moon, and contribution for enlightenment parents, who during the coming nirvana. - In the and friends who passed away to season that Eating pounded building a * Activities: distribute land new year. * Activities: afternoon, the next world. It is held to gainlasted for three rice (am bok). temple and the -In the morning and water for *Activities: - Villager set up villagers gather merit for individual person. months. Held to express other buildings session, cultivation as a Villagers clean and and decorate halls, at the temple to Pchum Ben lasts for 15 days. * Participating gratitude to the in the temple villagers prepare main source of decorate their gathering places offer soft drinks *Activities: activities: guardian spirits compound. food to offer to daily survival. houses, and set up for ceremony. to the monks. - From the 1st day to the 15th - In the early of water and as a * Activities the monks at the * Activities: an altar for * Villager listen to And then the day, villagers prepare food to morning, commemoration - Villagers temple. festival lasts for welcoming the the monks monks are offer to the monks at the villagers serve of our ancestors gather at the -In the one and half days. angel. preaching on invited to preach temple. the monks with who fought the temple afternood - In the afternoon * Villagers prepare dhamar. on dharma. * Morning session of each day:porridge. war on water VI - CT -72 compound to session, of the 1st day, the food to offer to the * Villagers serve * Villagers also at 4:00am villagers go to the Participants way. serve lunch to villagers gather villager gather at monks. monks with make temple to throw rice ball (bay distribute food * Activities: guests and the again at the the dinning hall of * Villagers play the porridge in the Cambodian rice ben ), and prepare food for into the monks' -Villagers offer other temple to listen the temple, and traditional local morning of the cake called an monks' breakfast and lunch. alms bowl.They coconuts, participants at to the monks eat the food folk games and following day to sam to offer to *Afternoon session of each also prepare pounded rice noon. preaching on brought from enjoy traditional marke the final the monks. day: Villagers 0ffer soft drinks lunch for monks. (ambok ), - Villagers dharma. home. dance. process of the to the monk, and invite them to - In the banana, betel serve soft - In the night, * Cambodian opera ceremony. preach on dharma. afternoon leaves and nuts drinks to the villagers listen to is performed in this * Some villagers spend time session, villagers to the moon. monk in the the monk occasion. enjoying entertaiment and serve the monks -At 12pm, afternoo, and preaching on * Monks preach on related activities during the with soft drinks villagers start monks are dharma. dharma. final day. and invite them eating coconuts, invited to Participants also * People gather to to preach on pounded rice, preach on the enjoy dancing. pile up the sand to dharma. and banana . dharma. -In the 2nd day, make a small - In the temple, -Villager offer before noon, mountain. Villagers * Villagers also the ritual of porriage to the villagers gather to believe that taking spend time for dripping the monks in the pile up rice grain part in this ritual visiting places. candle to predict next morning to to make a small will help to cleanse * Villagers also the rainfall in the mark the end of mountain for the bad fortune out participe in Bon Katin country for the the festival. praying. of them. bathing Buddha' - Held to raise the charity contribution to buy requisities such as robes and the others next year is held. s statue to have to monks. Bon Katin is held once a year for one temple. The villagers the coolness and *Activities: offer food to prosperity in the -The monks are invited to preach on dharma. the monks. village. - Villagers enjoy playing traditional local folk games. - Cambodian opera is also performed on stage. - Traditional folk dance is also performed. - Dinner is served to the guests. Table C.3.58 Festival Calendar of Sala Kruos Village Preah Nipean Commune, Kong Pisei District Lunar Calendar Kampong Speu Province (Category Area-2) 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th Bon Bon Dalien Bon Khmer Pisak Hall Choul Chenh Water Phlong - Commemoraion of the - Making the New Bochea Warming Preah Vosa Pchum Preah Vosa Festival guardian spirits of land and charity - Showing Commemoration Commemoration Ceremon Celebrating of Marking of the * Water gratitude to the water, who provide us land contribution for of the changing of the Buddha' s the time for Ben end of rainy Festival, parents. and water for cultivation. construction from the old to birthday. To bury the relic monks who must -Transferring season, which Festival for Parents have *Activities: related to the the new year. * Activities: of the deceased stay in the merit to the has lasted for admiring the the priority to -In the afternoon, villagers temple. Welcoming of -1st Day persons. temple. persons, who three months. moon, and eat the freshest offer soft drink to the * Activities the new angel for in the evening, * Activities: * Activities: passed away *Activities: Eating tastes of rice monks. And then invite the - In the the new year. the monks are - Villagers -Villagers recently and - Villagers pounded rice over the other monks to preach on dharma. afternoon of the *Activities: invited to preach collectively prepare food and long time ago. prepare food to (am bok) are members of Villagers also enjoy 1st day, - 1st day: on dharma. make the traditional *Activities: offer to the held to the household. traditional local games villagers raise villagers set up -2nd Day contribution in Cambodian - In the 15- monks at the commemorate - The end of during this festival. money from an altar to in the morning, cash. It is used cakes to offer to day-celebration temple. the marine the harvesting Cambodian opera is also individual welcome the new villagers prepare to spend on the monks at the period, in the - The monks commanders season performed on stage. People households. The angel with fruits. food to offer to preparing food temple. very early preah on who fought to * Activities: also enjoy dancing. banknotes are They clean their the monks at the for the monks in - Villagers take morning of dharma, and proctect our VI - CT -73 - In the - In the morning of the 2nd decorated into houses. They temple. After the the temple. turn to prepare each day, perform a ritual nation and morning day, villagers prepare money flowers, also prepare food monk's luch, the - They parad food to offer to villagers go to to mark the end express session, Cambodian noodle, num and the villagers to offer to the ceremony comes with the relicsto the monks who the temple to of the rainy gratitude to the villagers banhchok , and other food, parade with monks at the to a final stage. the temple. are staying in the throw rice ball season. guardian prepare food and then gather at the them to the temple. temple. (or bay ben) to spirits of to offer to the temple' s dinning hall to templ in the - 2nd day: the deceased The monks are water. monks at the offer the food to the monks. evening. The villagers enjoy persons, and invited to perform * Activities: temple. At noon, villagers distribute monks are playing the Ceremony also prepare a ritual to transfer -Villagers food to offer to - At noon, food in the monk' s alsm invited to traditional local of merit to the offers villagers serve bowls. Festival comes to a preach on folk games, and the monks at deceased coconuts, lunch to the final stage after this dharma. - In the dancing in the ordaining the temple. The ancestors who has pounded rice monks. distribution. morning of 2nd temple. a priest monks are passed away to (ambok ), day, villagers invited to - 3rd day For a person who wants to be a monk, and who wish the next world. banana. serve porridge preach on villagers enjoy to show gratitude to the parents. The merit gaining -Villagers also -At 12pm, the Miek to the monks. - dharma. vesting places from this ceremony and the mookhood will be spend time villagers start In the evening - On the final Bochea relatively far transfered to the parents for their good deed. visiting friends eating together of 2nd day, day, villagers - Commemoration of from the village. They also ask * Activities: and visit places. coconuts, Cambodian make Buddha's acchievenent of They also the monks to - Villagers accompany with the celebrants in a pounded rice, opera is also Cambodian complete nirvana. participate in perform a ritual parade from the village to the temple. The monks Bon Katin and banana. * Activities: performed on traditional rice bathing Buddha' to transfer the are invited to preach on dharma. - Offering requisites - In the -In the afternoon, villagers stage. Villagers cakes to offer s statue to pray merit to the - in the morning of the second day session, and other things such temple, ritual gather at the temple to enjoy dancing. to the monks at for safety and deceased villagers prepare food for serving to the monks at as Buddha statue to of dripping the listen to the monks' preachi Delightfulness the temple. prosperity. parents, the temple. The monk is inivited to perform a the temple. candle take on dharma. of the festival relatives, buddhist ritual to ordain the celebrant to become a *Activities: place to - In the morning, villagers depends on the friends, ancestor priest. At noon, villagers distribute food to the - Villagers parade predict the prepare food to offer to the capability of the as a whole. monk's alms bowls, and then the ceremony come to with them to the rainfall for monks at the temple. sponsors. an end. temple. next year. - Cambodian opera is lfd Table C.3.59 Festival Calendar of Boeng Chram Tboung Village Preah Nipean Commune, Kong Pisei District Lunar Calendar Kampong Speu Province (Category Area-2) 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th Bon Dalien Bon Khmer Pisak Ceremony Choul Chenh Bon - Having been held since Phka New Bochea of Preah Vosa Pchum Preah Phlong our ancestors' time. - Raising the -It is celebrated - Being held to - It is held to - To mark the end -To pray for Commemoration of our charity ordaining to mark the time Ben welcome the commemorate of the rainy safety and ancestors who give us contribution for a priest for monks must - A memorial angel who come the Buddha who season, and the prosperity. lives and prosperity. the It is held to stay at the day for to look after achieve his time for monks *Activities: Merit is transfered to constructions express the temple ancestors, human being on enlightenment. who spent 3 - Offering deceased ancestors for the temple gratitude to the compounds; and relatives, and the earth for the * Participating months in the sesonings such through ritual performing compound. parents and it is celebrated to friends who coming new activities: temple. as salt, by monks. * Activities eagerness to marke or to passed away. year. - Vllagers *Activities: Cambodian *Activities: - Villagers learn and announce the - Transferring *Activities: prepare food to - Villagers prepare fermented fish -In the morning session, make practice the time for the start the merit to - Villagers offer to the food to offer to (prahok ), and villagers prepare food to contribution in dharma. of cultivation them. Pchum prepare food to monks at the the monks at the garlic to the offer to the monks at the cash by unit of *Activities: season. Ben lasts for 15 offer to the temple. temple for spirits. temple. The monks are individual - Individual * Activities: days. monks at the -The monks are transferring the These are invited to preach on household. person, who -Villagers *Activities: temple, in invited to preach merits to the prepared at the VI - CT -74 dharma. Those wishes to prepare food to - Villagers commemoration on dhamar. ancestors, northeastern - In the evening, banknotes are become a monk, offer to the prepare food to of the ancestors. relatives who direction of the individual household decorated into is given good- monks at the offer to the - Villagers also passed away. house. makes Cambodian noodle money flower. temple. And then monks at the enjoy playing the looking clothes, - The monks are Water (or num banhchok ) for Villagers traditional local and the the monks are temple. invited to preach serving to the guests who parade with folk games. decoration with invited to preach - In these 15- on dharma. Festival come to visit their houses. them to offer to - Cambodian valuable on dharma. day-celebration -Water Festival, Villagers also enjoy the monks in opera is also - Villagers also treasuries. period, in the Festival for very early admiring the dancing throughout the the temple. performed on visit relatives Villagers Bon Katin night. -A stage during this and friends. accompany with morning of moon, and - Being held to Cambodian occasion. - Washing him in a parade each day, Eating pounded offer requisities and traditional - People gather Buddha' s to the temple. villagers go to rice (ambok) Miek other things such as musical dance for piling up the statues. - The monks are the temple to are hled to Buddha statue to Bochea called sand to make a The parents and invited to throw rice balls commemorate the temple. -Commemoration of the chhaiyam is small mountain. the elder preach on (bay ben) to the marine *Activities: deceased who passed also performed villagers believe villagers are dharma. In the the deceased commanders - Villagers parade away to the next world. during the taking part in given a bath. afternoon, the persons. who fought for with these things to * Activities: parade. this ritual will This ritual is to monks are -Villagers also proctecting our the temple to offer -In the afternoon, villagers give them the clean out the sin served with soft visit friends nation. Also to the monks. gather at the temple to opportunity to and any bad drinks. and places. held to express - Cambodian opera listen to the preaching apologize for fortunes from -Traditional gratitude to the is also performed dharma of the monks. what they've the participants local folk guardian spirits on this occasion. They are served with soft done wrong through the games are also of water. drinks. during their power of their played by the *Villagers offer lives. merit-gaining. Water Festival villagers. coconuts, (Continued) pounded rice -At 12pm, the villagers start eating them. - In the temple, the ritual, dripping the candle, is held to predict the (ambok ), and rainfall of the next year. bananas. Table C.3.60 Festival Calendar of Sayav Village Preah Nipean Commune, Kong Pisei District Lunar Calendar Kg Speu Province (Category Area-2) 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th Bon Miek Bon Khmer Pisak Festival Choul Chenh Water Pchum Water Festival, Dalien Bochea Phka New Bochea of Preah Vosa Preah Vosa Admiring the Held to express gratitude to the Held to pray the Held to raise Celebrated for Held to mark the Held to welcome Held for conjuring Ben moon, and guardian spirits of land and deceased money to build the monks who end of monk's the new angel for commemoration - Held for Eating pounded water who provide us land and parents, and the dinning hall, up the learn dharma in observance the new year, of starting commemoration rice(ambok) are water for cultivation ancestors for cathedral, and the temple which lasted for and to pray for cultivation village of the deceased held to Held to pray for safety and safety and other compound. 3 months. safety and season, and to get guardian persons who commemorate propersity prosperity constructions in * Activities: *Activities: prosperity. the permission passed away the marines *Activities: *Activities: the temple from the spirit -Villagers long time ago - Villagers *Activities: Held to appeal fought to - In the evening, at around -In the evening compound. guardian spirits prepare with and recently. prepare food to - 1st Day; each to the guardian proctect our 8:00pm the villagers invite at around *Activities of water, and of food, rice, *Activities: offer to the household clean spirits for a nation. monks to preach on dharma. 9:00pm, - In the afternoon land to start pounded rice Villagers prepare monks at the his/her house, plenty of rainfall. Express gratitude They also enjoy dancing. villagers invite of the 1st day, cultivation. (ambok ), food to offer to temple. and arrange the Held to pray for to the guardian Festival continues until the 2nd monks to preach contribution is Villagers prepare banana, and so the monks at the - The monks altar to offer to safety and spirits of water. day. They serve porridge to the on dhamars. The made among the food to offer to on, to offer to temple for 15 preah on the new angel. prosperity. * Activities: monk in the morning and lunch monks are villagers. In the - 2nd Day; the monks at the the monk at the days. dharma.

VI - CT -75 *Activities: -Villagers offer later on. served with soft evening, the temple. temple. Each - In the Villager prepare - In the coconuts, - Besides food, villagers also drink. monks are * Activities: village nearby morning, food to offer to afternoon, ambok , banana contribute some rice to the invited to - In the the temple take villagers go to the monks at the villagers take Bon Katin to offer to the monks at the temple. perform a ritual afternoon, their turns to the temple to temple. food to Ang Tual Held to offer moon at the front and preach on villager gather to offering food to throw rice balls They also enjoy to offer to the monk's requisites space of their dharma at around pile up a small the monks. (or bay ben) to playing the guardian spirits. such as robes houses. Bon 9:00 pm. traditional local mountain. This is the deceased because the - Villagers gather - Festival is Phlong folk games, and made from the persons. monks stayed in at the temple to ended after the Held for dancing in the rice grains. And - The monks are the temple for 3 observedripping morning session commemoration temple the monks are invited to preach months, and their candles to of the 2nd day. to express compound. invited to preach on dharma. worn-robes need predict the - Villagers thankfullness to - 3rd Day on dharma. - Traditional to be changed. rainfall for next parade with the deceased Villagers prepare local folk games *Activities: year. money-flowers to persons. food to offer to are also played - Started from - They enjoy offer to the * Activities: the monks at the in the temple around 7:00 to playing the monks at the Villagers prepare temple and compound. 9:00 pm. traditional folk temple. food, rice and participe in a - villagers make Cambodian operagames at the - A Cambodian contribution to - A Cambodian bathing ritual This is held to show gratitude to the Cambodian is performed on temple, and traditional the monks at the opera is also called srang parents. The parents are served with traditional rice stage for the going out to see musical dance temple. performed on prea . food, and the children participate in cakes during this audients. or join in the called chaiyam stage at the washing the parent's face. festival. Villagers enjoy festival is alo performed temple - They also participate in pilling up the Cambodian organized by in the parade. compound sand to make small mountain called traditional friends and during this phnum ksach. This ritual is held at the dancing. relatives. festival. temple compound to cleanse the misfortune out of the person. Table C.3.61 Festival Calendar of Beng Village, Pneay Commune, Samraong Tong District, Lunar Calendar Kampong Speu Province (Category Area-3) 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th Bon Dalien Khmer Choul Chenh Water Festival Pchum Bon Plong is - For expressing New Year Pisak Preah Vosa Preah Vosa gratitude to the Ben It is held to held in - Being held for - It is held to For mother earth, Bochea -It is held as a offer food to commemoration Miek commemoration of mark the commemoration who helps to - Buddhist memory for the monks who of the marine Bochea transfering the mandate of beginning of a of having increase ceremoniy deceased stay in the soldiers who - Buddhist looking after the present penitential complete agricultural being held ancestors, temples, which dared to ceremonmy world from the previous season which the observance of production and to relatives, and are relatively sacrifice their being held angel to succeeding one. monks must stay the lent by the yield commemora friends. poor or do not life to protect during full - Activities of 1st day in the temple monks Festival is te the - Phchum Ben have enough the Khmer moon of the * villagers prepare food for compounds; and - The villagers started at Buddha's lasts for 15 supporters. It is people and month Miek in offering to the monks at the it is also marked offer food to the 3:00pm with the enlightenme days held for nation.* commemoratio temples. the beginning of monks at the gathering of nt. continuously, showing the Admiration of n of Buddha's * villagers count the monk's cultivation temple. villagers, and it - The and villagers hope that the the moon is held death alm bowl which is laid seasons. is contiued until villagers prepare food to deceased with offering of - The villagers orderly with puting food into - The villagers 7:00pm The offer food to offer to the ancestors will Bon Katin pounded rice offer food to them and praying. monks at prepare food to VI - CT -76 villagers pay monks at the be benefited Being held to (am bok ), monks and also * and then villagers listen to offer to the homage to the tenples and temple every through this offer new robes banana, and listen to their the monk preach on dharma. monks at the Buddha, and also listen to day. ritual and and other coconuts. preach on - Activities of 2nd day: temples. then the monks their preach At the very performance requisities to The villagers dharma. *The villagers participate in are invited to on dharma. early morning - The monks in monks at the gathers at the piling up the sand to build a preach on Bon Phka of each day, those temples temples. temple to hill as a meaning of gaining dharma. - This festival is villagers gather are invited to - Being held to observe the the merit, and of releasing the - The villagers collectively held among at the temple in preach on raise the charity ritual prediction bad luck from their body. also enjoy the villagers to raise the order to throw dhamar, and to contribution to for rainfall in * Preparing the food for dancing during charity contribution to the rice ball, as help transfering build Buddhist- the following offering to the monks at the the nights. buildings such as school hoping the merist to the related buildings cultivation temples for transfering the - The monks are and temple deceased deceased in the temple season. merit to the ancestors served with - The banknotes are ancestors, ancestors. compounds, - Method of -Acitivities of 3rd day: porridge as decorated like flowers for relatives, schools and so dripping the * The children bathe their breakfast in the contributing to the friends will on. Bon Katin is lighting candles parents for their happinesss following temple. come to eat held once a year is applied to and gaining the merit during morning. The - A group of traditional those rice ball. for one temple. predict the the New Year celebration. villagers bring music band called Chhai -Villagers also * Water Festival, amount of * The villagers enjoy food , rice and so yam is performed and spend time for Festival for rainfall for next traditional folk games in the on for monks as accompanies with the visiting admiring the year. temple compound; spend well as other parade to the temple relatives, moon, and time enjoying with friends festivals. - Traditional folk games friends and Eating pounded inside and outside of the The festival ends are also played; dancing enjoying other rice (am bok). village. at noon time. is alos performed during entertaining this occasion at the activities. temple compound. Table C.3.62 Festival Calendar of Angkor Chea Village, Pneay Commune, Samraong Tong District, Lunar Calendar Kampong Speu Province (Category Area-3) 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th Dalien Khmer Collective Choul Chenh * Water Festival Dalien festival Pisak - The festival is New Year Funerals Vassa Pechum Vassa celebrated to is crebrated for -To The festival is Villagers cerebrates the New Bochea - The festival honor the moon two reasons Miek commemorate Ben celebrated that Year on May 13. - To marks the in which there is 1) To dedicate dceased friends - Villageres monks can greet Bochea 1) To dedicate to their commemora beginng of a a rabbit. to ancestors This festival is and relatives. take turn to the senior monks parents who have already te the birthm penitentiary - Dripping who passed celebrated on bing food to and parishoners, died death, and season, which melting wax of land, bamboo, the 15th when Activities: monks for 15 whom they 2) To welcome new deity enlightment monks must stay candles to and mango th moon is full Monks are days. They start cannot see for 3 of Buddha. in the temples foresee the rain trees to to mark the day invited to pray it from the 1st months. Activities: for 3 months. in the coming descendants when Lord for the dead at day to the 15th Activites: Villagers sweep their houses Activites: year. 2) To mark the Buddha set the the burial sites. day of the Villagers bring and decorate their altars. Villageers Activities: Activities: end of harvest limit of his life. waning moon. food to monks They play traditional games bring rice Villagers offer Villageres stick season They cerebrate and listen to such as Chot Chhoung , and food to Sadak (a candles on a Activities: the festivals to their prayer. In Angkonh , tug of war, Leak pagoda. package of a stick made of Villagers enjoy In the evening, Kaun Khleng , and Leak banana leaf stem dedicate to the morning,

VI - CT -77 bamboo or their daily lives monks are hungry ghosts, they offer Kanseng . or grenn banana wood supported following their invited to deceased porridge to the decorated with by 2 poles on farming preach. relatives and monks A religipouse ceremony betel leves, areca both ends. There activities such Villagers offer friends. called Srang Preah is held. nuts, and are banana leaes as sowing, food to the In the cere,mony, monks and flowers), dessert inderneath of seedlings and monks. At Activities: the elderlies take a bath to and kerosene to Katin the poles. Three harvesting. noon, villgers Villagers go to show apology for what they monks The festival is celebrated candles take part in pagoda to listen have done in the previous that villagers can offer represent the Activities: religeous to monks' year and to make wishes and clothes to monks. By ealiest, the Villagers make activitiy that prayer. They happiness to Buddha. doing it, both monks and middle, and the khmer noodle. involves throw rice balls Villagers pile up sand to get they will get merit. latest part of the They invite putting rice out of potential troubles. onto the ground relatives and until 14th day. year. into monks' They engage in activities that Activities: friends to eat They take Activities: bowls arranged includes putting rice into Villagers take food and meal during the Ansam Villagers go to in a row. monks' bowls arranged in a Sadak (a package of a festival. They (cylindric cake pagoda to play Special row. They offer food to banana leaf stem or grenn rent sound made of rice traditional charactteristics: monks and the elderlies, and banana decorated with equipment for paste wrapped games, listen to In this festival, dedicate to deceased parents. betel leves, areca nuts, and entertaiment. with banana monks7 prayer, both monks flowers) to pagoda. They invite leaves) and eat pounded rice and villagers Chhaiyam (traditional monks to food to pagoda. and drip the can say perfomance) performers preach, abd melting wax of Buddhist parade 3 times around the offer them the candles. prayer together. pagoda. food. There is dance and other traditional performance. Table C.3.63 Festival Calendar of Sampov Ngo Village Pneay Commune, Samraong Tong District, Lunar Calendar Kampong Speu Province (Category Area-3) 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th Bon Phka Bon Dalien Khmer Choul Chenh - A traditional - For New Year Pisak Preah Uosa Preah Uosa festival at the expressing the Pechum - Being held for Bochea - The monks are For * Water Festival building of gratitude to the Miek Ben commemoration of - Buddhist prohibited to beg commemoration Expressing the school, temple, dead parents - Offering food Bochea transfering the mandate of ceremoniy food outside of of having gratitude to the road and pond and ancenstors, to monks for - Buddhist looking after the present being held the temple complete lord of water, - Contribution who provided hoping the ceremonmy world from the previous to during this observance of who provide a as shape of the plot of land benefiting of being held angel to succeeding one. commemora period. the lent by the plenty of water banknotes are for cultivation the dead during full - Being held to express the te the - The villagers monks for crop decorated like a - For relatives' spirits moon of the gratitutedes to the parents, Buddha's bring a large - The villagers production. towers expressing - The villagers month Miek in who gave us life. birthday and candle, offer food to the Expressing - Flowers are gratitude to the invite the commemoratio - Activities of 1st day his death kerothene for monks as well as gratitude to prepared by mother earth, monks to pray n of Buddha's * Cleaning the house for - The lightening, rice cakes made of Buddha, who individual who helps to for the dead, death being ready to welcome the villagers and other rice. sacrificed his household or increase and throw rice - The villagers new angel to come on the offer food to materials for the life for the sake Group in the agricultural balls. Bon Katin offer food to earth monks at monks. of human VI - CT -78 Being held to village. production and monks and also * Setting up an altar with It continues 3 - In the last 3 beings. tenples and offer new robes - The villagers yield listen to their fruits months. days of the * Admiration of also listen to and other parade to - The villagers preach on * Preparing the food for festival, the the moon their preach requisities to pagpda with offer food and dharma. offering to monks at temples villagers make The villagers on dharma. monks at the them. rice to monks. - Activities of 2nd day rice cakes to gather to offfer temples. - The villagers Khmer noodle * Preparing the food for offer to the coconuts and - The villagers hold this (or num offering to the monks at the monks. bananas to the buy the robes festival to gain banhchok ) is temples for transfering the moon. and parade to the the merit in the made as well. merit to the ancestors - Dripping temple, and offer present and - The villagers * The villagers enjoy candles for them to the next lives. enjoy dancing traditional folk games predicting the monks. during the - Activities of 3rd day amount of rain - A group of folk nights. *The villagers participate in next year traditional folk piling up the sand to build a - Eating music and hill as a meaning of gaining pounded rice at dancers called the merit full-moon to "Chhayam" is * The children bathe their express the accompanied parents for their happinesss thankness to the with the parade. and gaining the merit during spirit of rice, - Traditional the New Year celebration. who feed human opera is beings performed during the night. Table C.3.64 Festival Calendar of Chamkar Trach Villag, Peuk Commune, Angk Snuol District, Lunar Calendar Kandal Province (Category Area-4) 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th Bon Khmer Visak Festival of Bon Chenh - DliFood is New Year Bochea Conjuring Choul Preah prepared in Villagers up the Preah Vosa the village. - Villagers prepare food village Vosa Villagers go to to offer to guardian prepare food Villagers pagoda. the monks at to offer to - The spirit prepare food - Dancing the temple. the monks at monks are (Neak Ta ) to offer to - the temple. also invited The monks the monks at to preach on are invited to the temple. Bon Katin dharma the sacred It is held to site of raise the guardian Miek charity spirit (Neak VI - CT -79 Bochea contribution to Ta ) - The food construct the is also building in the arranged for temple children compound. Water Festival, Festival for Admiring the moon Villagers prepare pounded rice (ambok), banana, and coconut juice to offer to the monks at the Table C.3.65 Festival Calendar of Tual Thnaot Village, Peuk Commune, Angk Snuol District, Lunar Calendar Kandal Province (Category Area-4) 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th Bon Dalien Khmer Visak Bon Chenh New [or Bon Bochea Banhchos Monks cannot go out from pagoda; therefore the Preah Year Phum (Related to thiet villagers have to prepare everything for the monks' Vosa 13 14 15 Buddhist 2nd living. (Village - Cerebrating a Buddhism) Bon Katin funeral: Festival)] new year - Cerebrating for 1) Water Festival, Taking bones 1. Identify which - Admiring expressing the 2) Festival for and ashes to Bon Pechu household is a ancestors memory of Admiring the home and place of the through Buddha/ Choul No event m Ben moon holding a 15 Days cerebration preparing food Remembering Preah 3) Making rice memorial service 1) Before 1970s 2. Invite all for the monks day for his good flakes Vosa Offering food to monks for villagers (Traditional & behavior 15 days 3. Prepare food religious event) On a full moon Bon Buas (Not so 4 Invite a monk day: (Ceremony for popular) As preaching some words, to come - Buddhists ordaining - Going to taking food to the North-east express their direction of pagoda to invite * This is held at Bon Pak Buddhist monk) pagoda for VI - CT -80 the end of the Chai Buan remembering of bringing the ancestors. his birth, After the sunset, spreading harvest season. (or the four The people including food to enlightenment, the food for the ancestors Rice has grained requisities of the children, who want to monks and Nirvana who did wrong things in his and stored at Buddhist go into the and - They gather at previous life and are staying each household monks, clothing, monkshood should inviting pagoda with in the hell at present. in the village. provisions, go to pagoda in this monks for incense, candles, For the other ancestors, This ceremony shelter, and month wedding and flowers at bringing food to pagoda in shows the medicine) - The neighbors and ceremony night. the early morning marching sharing the (whether it's villagers come to with music thankfulness cerebrated, pagoda to attend this 2) 2000s with the spirits depending on ceremony Organizing the villagers into of the earth for wealth of each 14 groups to offer food to being able to family) monks in turn thresh good - Transferring (the faith in 70s was much harvest. merits to the stronger than that at present) *Monks are ancestors Recently, the number of the invited for being - Transferring villagers who bring the food a intermediator merits to the has been decreasing, but the between the parents, who are monks cannot go out from the spirits, ancestors still alive pagoda for 3 months, and and the villagers. (washing bodies, then the villagers decided the buying new turins. clothes, bad and chairs) - Expressing Bon Sen thankfulness to Preah ancestors and Phum parents Offering to the guardian spirit of the village Table C.3.66 Festival Calendar of Angk Samnang Village, Peuk Commune, Angk Snuol District, Lunar Calendar Kandal Province (Category Area-4) 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th Meak Khmer Visak Remaining Bon Katin Bochea New Bochea House Choul Pechum -the 1st waning moon Cerebrated at Year in 11th month to 15th - Ceremony -Buddhists' pagoda - Khmer Ben full moon in 12th Commemoration - Holding this tradition (Buddhist tradition - month of the days when ceremony only - Held in rainy festival) - Cerebration Commemoration *Monks practiced Buddha was when there are season - Chakturong days are of the deceased choul vosa and it born, many people -The period Conference determined by parents ended enlightened the who want to join during monks (the voluntary Luna calendar - Asking merits The villagers cerebrate people, and went in practice choul gathering of all * People go to - Tradition of this in order to raise to Nirvana - Keeping the vosa from 1st monks for pagoda to listen Buddhists money an other things - Cerebrated the alive parents or waning moon of the to monks' *Ben starts from to give the monks 1st full moon of the descents in 8th month to announcement sermon and back 1st to 15th *Gathering with 6th month appropriate 15th full moon of Buddha's to their home waning moon friends and relatives *People gather at stupa for of 8th month death) town *Throwing rice for raising money and pagoda for worship - People gather *The villagers *People prepare ball at the other things for VI - CT -81 listening to the *The organizer at the pagoda to make sweets to all kinds of food pagoda offering to monks at monks' sermon prepare cerebrate it give children at for offering *Making and the pagoda that the *Cooking food ceremonial the pagoda *People wrapping Khmer villagers chose and making pavilion and *The villagers welcome the new cakes (Ensorn ) - Water Festival sweets for invite guests listen to the year *Monks recite -Commemoration of bringing to *The organizer monks' sermon *Young people *People listen to Khmer marine soldiers pagoda welcome the and then give dance monks' sermon -Commemoration of *Monks give guests good to the *People play *Giving food to Preah Chongkoun sermon until *Monks give monks traditional games monks Keo sunset sermon, and then *People wash *Going to Days: *In the morning, the organizer Buddha statute pagoda to put 14th and 15th full the people cook gives the Bon Dalien rice into monks' moon and 1st waning food and give it prepared bowls that are moon in 12th month - Showing to the monks at package of food , arranged in a *Going to pagoda gratitude of the the end of the sugar and etc to row *In Phnom Penh, going villagers' rice ceremony the monks harvest to see the boat race/ - Showing the Floral Ceremony stay at home gratitude to - Cerebrated at home *The villagers gather guardian spirits - The ceremony is held between 4th month and take bananas, *Monks give and 6th month (luna calendar) fruits and pounded rice sermon and *Raising money first, and then the organizer to the pagoda in the preach gives it to monks. With this money, the evening *In the morning, monks can build or repair the pagoda *Monks recite *Rotating lit candles to the monks eat = Four requisitions of monks (clothes, food, settlement, and medicine) ceremony the offered food Bakchay Bon forecast the rainfall in - Showing gratitude to parents, teachers and making merits the following year *Young people *Held at home *Monks are invited to give sermon *Children wash their parents and give dance clothes to them *In the morning, the children prepare food, sugar and etc to give to monks Table C.3.67 Briefs and Taboos of Tumpung Village, Kahaeng Commune, Samraong Tong District, Kg Speu Province (Category Area-1) 1. Installing Ting Moung (Puppet): - To scare the birds out of coming to eat the paddy - To frighten ghost, demon, and the other harmful evil agents out of entering the village and harming villagers 2. Bon Dalien - It is celebrated for commemoration of the rice storage, and marking the end of rice cultivation. 3. Conjuring up demon and guardian spirits (Neak Ta): - This ritual performance is held to expel the harmful evil agents from damaging the human and animal lives in the village. 4. Ritual for begging a plenty of rainfall - The villagers perform this ritual to pray to the guardian spirits and the other spirits for a plenty of rainfall for the next cultivation season. 5. Sacred power of Roleang Chrey guardian spirits - The villagers always pay respect to and trust the sacred power of Roleang Chrey guardian spirits and water guardian spirits as well. The villagers pray for the safety and prosperity of themselves. 6. Sacred power of Kampong Tmar guardian spirit: - The villagers respect him and his sacred power. The villagers have never dared to touch him, and nobody goes to the place in the bush for getting a wash. If someone breaks this taboo, he/she would suffer from some problems such as swollen arm or leg, and difficulty in passing water.

Table C.3.68 Briefs and Taboos of Kahaeng Village, Kahaeng Commune, Samraong Tong District, Kg Speu Province (Category Area-1) 1. A cottage for the village guardian spirits:

2. Ta Choeung Peang (Name of the village guardian sprit)

3. Ta Keis and Ta Kul (Name of the village guardian sprit)

4. Ta Doeun Pou (Name of the village guardian sprit) - The villagers always respect them and express the gratitude to these four guardian spirits. The guardian spirits are invited to participate in every festivals held in the village. The villagers pray to their sacred power for safety and prosperity. The villagers have never done any bad behaviors toward them. 5. Ritual of conjuring the demons up: - It is held to expel the demons, ghosts, and the other bad evils from harming the family. 6. Setting up an offering altar called Chram at the paddy field after Pchum Ben: - The feast at this altar is offered to the spirits in order to ask them to help with protecting rice and the other crops from pests and the other harmful things. 7. Kahthoeuk Procession: - The villagers make a container called Kanthoeuk to put rice, rice grain, mug bean, corn, sesame, banana, coconut, salt, seasonings, garlic, pepper, and so on to offer to the bad evils, ghosts, and demons for asking them to leave and not return to the village. 8. Conjuring up the guardian spirits to ask a plenty of rainfall: - The villagers gather at the cottage of the guardian spirits to ask a plenty of rainfall for cultivation. 9. Ting Mong (Puppet): - The puppet is set up at the paddy field to frighten the birds out of eating the paddy.

VI - CT - 82 Table C.3.69 Briefs and Taboos of Sala Kruos Village, Preah Nipean Commune, Kong Pisei District, Kg Speu Province (Category Area-2) 1. Setting up an offering altar for spirits called Chram: - Feasts are offered at this altar for the commemoration of the guardian spirits of this village and of water. The feasts are rice, soup, and a variety of rice cakes. The offering altar is set up at the corner of a paddy field in the northeastern direction. The feasts are offered for praying safety and prosperity. 2. Rites of conjuring up the village guardian spirit called Loeung Neak Ta and Kanthoeuk Procession: - The rites are held to pray these spirits for a plenty of rainfall for cultivation, safety, and prosperity. They are also held to appeal to the guardian spirits to help for expelling evils and bad fortune from the village household and the village. Feasts such as rice, milled rice, sesame, beans and salt are offered at the northeastern site, where is out of the village. 3. Louk Sak Pram/ Ta Tulleamuak: - The villagers parade with candles and incense sticks to put them at all of the places considered as the residence of village guardian spirit, named Louk Sak Pram, to pray his sacred power for safety and prosperity of the village. 4. Ting mong (Puppet) - Ting mong is installed at the front yard of the house to frighten the demon or evils and disaster out of entering into the house. This puppet is also installed at the paddy fields to scare the birds out of coming there and eating the rice.

Table C.3.70 Briefs and Taboos of Boeng Chram Tboung Village, Preah Nipean Commune, Kong Pisei District, Kg Speu Province (Category Area-2) Offering the feasts to the village guardian spirits: - The villagers offer the feasts to the village guardian spirits for protecting rice and the other

1. crops from destroying by pests and animals. They gather with rice, salt, sesame, corn, seasonings and so on to offer them to the guardian spirits. The feasts are offered at the northeastern direction.

Kantoeuk Procession: 2. - A container called Kantoeuk is made for putting feasts. This is placed at the corner of the pond (boeng in Khmer) to pray for a plenty of rainfall for cultivation.

3. Ting moung or Puppet: - The puppet is made and installed in front of the house as a guardian who protect from diseases entering into the house. Ting moung is also installed in the paddy filed to scare the birds out of eating the paddy.

VI - CT - 83

Table C.3.71 Briefs and Taboos of Sayav Village, Preah Nipean Commune, Kong Pisei District, Kg Speu Province (Category Area-2) 1. Setting up an offering altar for spirits called Chram: - Chram is set up for the guardian spirit around the house to pray for happiness. The villagers always bring the foods there. Offerings to the guardian spirits of the village: 2. - The villagers bring food and rice to put them in the paddy fields to pray the guardian spirits for guarding the crops from being destroyed by insects.

3. Setting up an offering altar for the guardian spirits of the village (Neak Ta): - The villagers set up the altar to pray the village guardian spirit for a plenty of rainfall at the Sayav Pond in the land preparation season for paddy. The villagers gather to parade with milled rice, rice, corn, sesame, and salt in the ball and keep them for the spirits. They pray for not bringing harms to them.

Table C.3.72 Briefs and Taboos of Beng Village, Pneay Commune, Samraong Tong District, Kg Speu Province (Category Area-3) Brief 1. Dak Chram (= Setting up an altar for offering food to the guardian spirit) - An altar made of bamboo is set up for lying food offering to the guardian spirits for water and earth, who are looking after all of the villagers. The ritual feasts are offered to those spirits to express thankfulness, and to appease them no to make them ill or harm in their lives. 2. Tvoeu Kan Toung (= Making a leave container for offering to the spirits) - Food is lain in this leave container to offer the guardian spirits of water and earth to pray for safety and happiness. 3. The sacred power of the village guardian sprit named Peilei Bott - The villagers always pray and appeal to him and his sacred power for help, protection and safety. 4. Conjuring up demon, the village guardian spirit, and plenty of rainfall - The rituals are performed to cleanse the bad future from the village, and to pray for a plenty of rainfall for protecting agricultural production.

VI - CT - 84 Table C.3.73 Briefs and Taboos of Angkor Chea Village, Pneay Commune, Samraong Tong District, Kg Speu Province (Category Area-3) Brief/ Superstitions 1. Offering to the ancestors: - The person who offers invites his/ her ancestors (spirits) to consume the meal for the descendants can be separated from illness. 2. Offering to the spirits (guardian spirits) - The person offers cooked/ uncooked milled rice, or other items to the guardian spirits to make wishes for the happiness in return. . 3. Conjuring up spirits - To ask the guardian spirits for helping children and providing happiness to family members (it takes place at home) Taboo 4. Power of the tamarind tree’s spirit - When generators do not work during ceremonies or festivals, the villagers always pray to the spirit dwelled in the tamarind tree. Only after that, the generators work properly. 5. Setting up altar (spiritual house) in the house - To offer to the maregn kungveals* for its protecting the family Note: maregn kungveals are ghosts believed to take care of wild animals in the forests. People often pray to them to protect their livestock and family.

Table C.3.74 Briefs and Taboos of Sampov Ngo Village, Pneay Commune, Samraong Tong District, Kg Speu Province (Category Area-3) Brief 1. Offering to the guardian spirits of the village: - Offering is for the guardian spirits of the village called “Neak Ta” to pray for a plenty of rain and prosperity of the village. 2. Setting up an altar called “Chraom” to the spirit - An altar made of woven bamboo braid is used as a container for food offering to the spirits. Chraom is offered to the spirits to help protecting of the crops from the pest.

3. The magical power of Ansam Ork guardian sprits is believed. - When children get sick or some other misfortune is happened in the households or the village, bananas are offered to him (Ansam Ork) in order to make him pleased.

VI - CT - 85 Table C.3.75 Gender and Development (Day Time Line by Gender) of Ou Veaeng Village, Kahaeng Commune, Samraong Tong District, Kampong Speu Province (Category Area-1) Day Time Line (M 36) Time Rainy Season Time Dry Season 6:00AM Getting up and washing the face 1:00AM Getting up and washing the face 7:00AM Going to farming 2:00AM Going to drive a truck from Kg. 11:00AM~ Coming back home; Lunch Spue to Phnom Penh 11:30PM 6:00AM Carrying water to put in the jars for 12:00PM Going to the paddy field to build the domestic use banks of the paddy field 7:00AM Going out to work (delivering Back from the field charcoal for sale) 1:00PM Transplanting rice seedlings with wife 9:00AM Taking a rest; Breakfast Coming back home 10:00AM Heading to home 3:00PM Taking a bath 11:00AM Arriving at home 3:30PM Helping the wife to do housekeeping 11:30AM Lunch 4:00PM such as cooking 12:00PM Taking a rest Dinner; teaching the children 12:30PM Going to catch food such as fish, 4:30PM Going to the paddy field to see the crabs and snails at the field 6:00PM water in it 1:00PM Going to the farmland to cultivate Coming back home some vegetables for self- 8:00PM Discussing with the wife about the consumption 8:30PM living; going to bed 2:00PM Collecting cow dung for fertilizer Coming back to home 4:30PM Helping the wife with cooking 5:00PM Taking a bath; Dinner 5:30PM Watching TV 7:00PM Discussing with the wife about the 9:00PM living; going to bed

1) Social Activities: - Controlling the national property 2) Family activities (Roles at home) - Growing rice - Cultivating vegetables - Cooking - Taking care of the children 3) Decision making in family: 80% (Wife: 20%) 4) Income earning: N.A. 5) Political activity: - Voting 4 times 6) Problems: - Low income – much expense - Lack of money - Lack of utensils - Lack of cows - Lack of bicycles - Lack of rice growing equipment - Difficult to earn money 7) Needs - Supporting agricultural activities - Canals for agricultural use

VI - CT - 86 Day Time Line (M 35) Time Rainy Season Time Dry Season 5:00AM Getting up and washing the face 5:00AM Getting up and washing the face 6:00AM Collecting cow dung; Cleaning the 5:00AM~ Collecting cows’ dung and bringing house; Farming until 11:00AM 5:30AM it to the paddy field 11:00AM~ Coming back home; Lunch 5:30AM~ Feeding pigs,, chickens, and ducks 11:30PM Breakfast 12:00PM~ Taking a rest 6:00AM~ 1:00PM 6:30AM Taking the cows to the field and 1:00PM Taking cows to the paddy field; ~7:00AM tying them for feeding grasses feeding grasses; Chopping firewood; ~8:00AM Chopping firewood; carrying water making fire for the cows to put in jars 5:00PM Coming back home Plowing the farmland and 6:00PM Taking a bath; Giving a bath to the ~10:00AM cultivating morning glory children Taking a bath 6:30PM Dinner ~10:30AM Taking the cows for watering and 7:00PM Teaching the children ~11:00AM tying them until the sunset 7:30PM Watching TV Lunch 9:30PM Going to bed ~11:30AM Taking the children to school 12:00PM Taking a rest 1:00PM Taking the cows to feed grasses 2:00PM Coming back home; Chopping 5:00PM firewood; making fire for preventing the cows from mosquitoes’ bites Feeding pigs, chickens, and ducks 5:30PM Taking a bath; Dinner Teaching the children 6:00PM Watching TV 7:00PM Going to bed 8:00PM~ 9:30PM

1) Social Activities: - Collecting money from the villagers to repair dikes, piped water - Collecting money from agricultural water users - Attending the training about health and children’s right in the village - Decision making on the village development issues through attending the meetings 2) Family activities (Roles at home): N.A. 3) Decision making in family: 70% (Wife: 30%) 4) Income earning: 30% (Wife: 70% monthly) 5) Political activity: - Voting 4 times 6) Problems: - Having many corruptions - No chance to say something about the social problems 7) Needs: N.A.

VI - CT - 87 Day Time Line (Female: 35) Time Rainy Season Time Dry Season 5:00AM Getting up and washing the face 5:00AM Getting up and washing the face; Cooking; Cleaning the house Cleaning the house 6:00AM Going to the paddy field; pulling the 6:00AM Going to the paddy field; pulling the rice seedlings rice plants; harvesting; looking after 10:30AM Going to collect vegetables such as the paddy field pumpkin and edible plants for lunch 10:30AM Going to collect vegetables for lunch 11:00AM Cooking Cooking; Lunch 11:30AM Lunch 11:00AM Taking a rest 12:00PM~ Taking a rest 12:00PM Doing laundry 1:00PM~ 1:00PM Going to the paddy field for putting 5:00PM Going to the paddy field for farming 2:00PM fertilizer and weeding Going to collect vegetables for dinner; ~5:00PM Collect vegetables for dinner 5:30PM Cooking 5:00PM Cooking for dinner Dinner 5:30PM Dinner 6:00PM Taking a bath 6:00PM Taking a bath; Doing laundry 6:30PM Discussing with the neighbors about 6:30PM Discussing with the family members 7:00PM the way of harvesting and farming 7:00PM about the living, farming, and 7:30PM Watching TV children’s education Watching TV 8:00PM Going to bed Going to bed ~9:00PM 7:30PM 9:00PM 9:00PM 1) Social Activities: - Attending the meetings about the method of growing rice by Ministry of Agriculture 2) Family activities (Roles at home) - Taking care of the children - Cleaning the house - Cooking - Helping the works of the husband and children 3) Decision making in family: 50% (Husband: 50%) in the rainy season : 60% (Husband: 40%) in the dry season 4) Income earning: 20% (Husband: 80%) in the rainy season : 30% (Husband: 70%) in the dry season 5) Political activity: Voting 4 times - National Assembly election in 1993 - National Assembly election in 1998 - Commune Chief election in 2002 - National Assembly election in 2003 6) Problems: Rainy season - Lack of money Dry season - Lack of water - Lack of food - Lack of fertilizer for the paddy field - Lack of money 7) Needs: Rainy season - More money - Enough water for growing rice and domestic use - Organizations that provides the trainings on agriculture Dry season - Enough water for higher productivity of rice for self-consumption and sale

VI - CT - 88 Table C.3.76 Gender and Development (Day Time Line by Gender) of Tumpung Village, Kahaeng Commune, Samraong Tong District, Kampong Speu Province (Category Area-1) Day Time Line (Male: 32) Time Rainy Season Time Dry Season 6:00AM Getting up; Collecting cow and pig 6:00AM~ Getting up; Cleaning the house; dung; feeding animals; Cleaning the 7:00AM Washing the face; Breakfast house; Breakfast 8:50AM Going to the vegetable field 7:00AM~ Plowing until 11:00AM; Back to home 9:10AM Looking for food at the lake, paddy 11:00AM Taking a bath; Chatting with the family field, or buying it at the market; Lunch; after lunch, discussing with the Cooking family about the method of growing 11:00AM~ Taking a bath; Lunch 11:50AM rice to get higher production 12:00PM Taking a rest until 1:00PM 1:00PM Taking a bath; Discussing with the family Going to the field for plowing 3:00PM~ Going to the vegetable field; Dinner; 12:00PM~ Back to home; Feeding animals 6:00PM Taking a rest 1:00PM Dinner 1:00PM Taking a bath; Watching TV; Teaching 5:00PM the children Going to bed 8:00PM

9:50PM 1) Social Activities: - Attending the meetings about the method of growing rice and how to use fertilizer and compost - Used to be a member of Village Saving Association 2) Family activities (Roles at home) - Earning money by selling vegetables and etc. - Animal husbandry (pigs and cows) 3) Decision making in family: N.A. 4) Income earning: 70% (Wife: 30%) 5) Political activity: Voting 6) National Assembly election in 1993 7) National Assembly election in 1998 8) Commune Chief election in 2002 9) National Assembly election in 2003 10) Problems: - Lack of water - Lack of capital 11) Needs: - Irrigation system for getting water for domestic and agricultural uses - The vegetable market should be more stable.

VI - CT - 89 Day Time Line (F 35) Time Rainy Season Time Dry Season 5:30AM Getting up; Cleaning the house; 6:00AM Getting up; Washing the face Cooking 7:30AM Breakfast; Going to the vegetable 6:00AM Giving children a bath; Breakfast field for weeding; Buying food at 7:30AM~ Going to the paddy field to pull the the market 10:00AM rice seedlings; Weeding; Controlling 8:00AM~ Harvest water in the paddy field 10:00AM Back home; Cooking; Lunch 11:00AM Back home; Cooking; Lunch 10:30AM Laundry; Talking with the children 11:30AM Taking the children a bath; 11:30AM~ and neighbors Laundry; Talking with neighbors 12:00PM Transplanting; Controlling water in 12:30PM Taking a rest 1:00PM~ the paddy field; Weeding 1:00PM~ Harvest 4:00PM Back home; Cooking; Taking a bath; 4:00PM 5:00PM Bringing the cows to the cowshed; 5:00PM Back home; Cooking Dinner 6:30PM Bringing the cows to the cowshed 6:00PM Teaching the children; Watching TV and tying them; Giving the children Going to bed a bath 7:30PM 7:30PM Teaching the children; Watching TV 8:00PM 8:00PM Going to bed

1) Social Activities: - Joining in the villagers’ discussion for making a work plan of constructing a farm road - Explaining the health care to the villagers 2) Family activities (Roles at home) - Looking after the children - Cooking - Cultivation of some crops for self-consumption 3) Decision making in family: 50% 4) Income earning: 40% 5) Political activity: - Voting 3 times 6) Problems: - Low income – much expense - Lack of money - Lack of water - Lack of transportation 7) Needs - Enough water - Transportation - Enough money

VI - CT - 90 Day Time Line (F 19) Time Rainy Season Time Dry Season 6:00AM~ Getting up; Doing exercise; Washing 6:00AM~ Doing exercise; Washing the face; 7:00AM the face 6:30AM Wearing clothes 7:00AM~ Washing dishes; Cleaning the house 6:30AM~ Breakfast; Going to school 7:30AM Going to the paddy field; Preparing 7:00AM~ Studying at school 7:30AM~ the rice seedlings; Pulling the 11:00AM 12:00PM seedlings; Plowing; Weeding 11:00AM~ Back home Back home; Dinner; Taking a bath 12:00PM 12:00PM~ Lunch 12:30PM~ Taking a rest; Watching TV 12:30PM 1:00PM 12:30PM~ Laundry; Watching TV; Doing 1:300PM~ Going to the paddy field for 2:00PM homework; assisting the mother 2:00PM transplanting the seedlings (bringing with selling something 2:00PM~ the seedlings-> transplanting) 2:00PM~ Studying 5:00PM Back home; Taking a bath 3:00PM 3:00PM~ Studying Laundry; Dinner 5:00PM 5:30PM~ 5:00PM~ Back home 6:00PM Talking with the family 6:00PM 6:00PM~ 6:00PM~ Preparing food; Dinner 7:30PM Supporting brothers and sisters’ 7:00PM 7:30PM~ homework 7:00PM~ Talking with the brothers and sisters 8:00PM Watching TV 8:00PM Self-learning 8:00PM~ 8:00PM~ 9:00PM Going to bed 8:30PM Supper 9:00PM~ 8:30PM~ 10:00PM 9:00PM Watching TV 10:00PM 9:00PM~ 10:00PM Going to bed 10:00PM 1) Social Activities: - Attending the group for contributing the province - Attending the training on “Friend Helps Friend” 2) Family activities (Roles at home): - Assisting the mother’s business - Controlling the rice mill when the villagers take the paddy to be milled - Supporting the brothers and sisters’ homework - Growing fruit trees around the house: papaya, mango, banana - Feeding chickens, pigs, cows and ducks - Saving money 3) Decision making in family: 20% 4) Income earning: N.A. 5) Political activity: N.A. 6) Problems: - Lack of money - Lack of water - Lack of fertilizer 7) Needs: - Enough water - Enough money to buy fertilizer - Appropriate transportation to school - New and good technique of growing rice

VI - CT - 91 Table C.3.77 Gender and Development (Day Time Line by Gender) of Kahaeng Village, Kahaeng Commune, Samraong Tong District, Kampong Speu Province (Category Area-1) Day Time Line (Male: 32) Time Rainy Season Time Dry Season 5:30AM Getting up; Having a wash in the bush 5:00AM Getting up; Exercise; Having a wash Leading the cows out of the cowshed; Taking cows out of the cowshed; 6:00AM Feeding them 6:00AM Feeding them with hay Gathering up the children and giving Setting out for work (a construction 6:30AM them the tasks to do; Breakfast 6:30AM worker) Getting 2 cows into a yoke; Driving Returning home; Bringing the children the oxcart to the paddy field; Preparing 11:30AM back form school; Feeding pigs 7:00AM a rice nursery; Transplanting the rice Lunch; Chatting with the children seedlings Taking a nap Returning home 12:00PM Getting up; Having a wash; Returning Lunch; Chatting with the family about to work 11:00AM the work that have been achieved so 1:00PM Returning home after finishing work; 12:30PM far; Taking a nap 2:00PM Taking the children back from school; 1:00PM Getting up; Having a wash; Going to Leading cows back into the cowshed; the field to examine the level of water 5:00PM Making fire for the cows 2:00PM in the paddy field; Weeding Having a wash; Taking a rest; Taking 5:00PM Returning home; Having a wash; the children to visit the relatives’ Taking the children to visit the houses (aunts, uncles etc.) relatives (aunts, uncles etc.) Dinner; Watching news on TV about 5:30PM Family gets together; Dinner; 5:30PM social development (evaluating their Watching TV; Chatting with the past works/ performance to find put family about the past activities (about the strong and weak parts so as to get 6:00PM their good and bad points) and making 6:00PM understanding of the work in the a future plan future Going to bed Going to bed

9:00PM 9:30PM 1) Social Activities: - Going into the military service to protect the nation and the social security - Participating in the development of the village - Rehabilitating canals - Rehabilitating roads - Protecting the village security - Participating in the seminar on agriculture (how to use natural fertilizer; how to reduce chemical fertilizer; animal husbandry (pigs and fish)) 2) Family activities (Roles at home) - Working had to earn income to support the family - Bringing up and educating the children to be good persons 3) Decision making in family: 60% (Wife: 40%) 4) Income earning: 50% (Wife: 50%) 5) Political activity: Voting 4 times (3 National Assembly Elections and 1 Commune/ Sangkat Council Election) 6) Problems: - Lack of draft animal and farming tools - Lack of money to support the children’s schooling - Shortage of water for dry-season farming 7) Needs: - Canals for farming

VI - CT - 92 Day Time Line (F 52) Time Rainy Season Time Dry Season 5:00AM Getting up; Washing the face; Sweeping 5:00AM Getting up; Washing the face; the floor; Cooking rice; Boiling water Sweeping the floor; Cooking rice; Arranging the husband’s goods; Feeding Waking the children; Feeding cows, cows, pigs and chickens; Breakfast; pigs and chickens; Collecting cow assigning the tasks to family members dung; Cleaning the cowshed and Faming such as transplanting rice chickens’ and pigs’ pens; Breakfast seedlings, maintaining the level of water Collecting firewood; Collecting 6:30AM in the paddy fields and preparing the land tree leaves to mix with the cow for growing vegetables 6:30AM dung to make compost; Assisting Getting back home; Preparing food for the people who have private ponds lunch for growing vegetables; Growing Laundry; Giving a bath to the children; vegetables at the time for 10:30AM letting the children prepare for school; transplanting Breeding and telling the children to study Returning home; Buying meat, 11:00AM hard vegetable, and fish; Cooking and Continuing faming 10:30AM boiling water; Cleaning the house Coming back home; Preparing food for and its surroundings; Feeding pigs; dinner; Feeding cows, pigs and chickens 11:00AM Walking the cows into the 1:00PM Dinner wit the family; Talking about the cowshed; Taking a bath; Eating 5:30PM children’s daily tasks; Telling the with the family member children how to behave in the society; Taking a rest Telling entertaining stories and reading Leaving home to the field; 7:30PM funny stories; Making sure everything 12:30PM Breaking up the soil; Preparing fine before going to bed 1:00PM ridges for growing vegetables; Going to bed; Talking about the Carrying and putting fertilizer in upcoming cultivation season the paddy and vegetable fields; Collecting the cow dung; Looking after the crops until dusk; Returning to home 9:00PM Going to the village to buy meat, fish and vegetables for dinner; 5:00PM Feeding pigs, chickens, and cows; Making fire in the cowshed; Taking a bath; Washing clothes; Dinner Gathering together and talking about various things so as to be relaxed from the day work; 7:00PM Discussing the works to be done tomorrow (about the individual work) Going to bed

9:30PM

1) Social Activities: - Used to join in the agricultural program at Agricultural Development Center, which is located in the outskirts of Kg Speu Provincial city - Joining in the Development Program for the handicaps - Joining in the CEDAC’s development programs (producing rice stalk out of the seedlings, producing compost, and organizing the saving group (Village Saving Association) 2) Family activities (Roles at home) - Cleaning the house

VI - CT - 93 - Cooking food - Preparing the things for the children going to school - Going out to do the other tasks such as looking after seedlings, vegetables, and four-legged animals - Decision making in family: The wife has more power than the husband in decision making 70% (Husband 30%) 3) Income earning: The wife earns about 60% (Husband 40%) 4) Political activity: - Voting 4 times in 1993, 1998, 2002, and 2003 5) Problems: - Money - Labor - Pocket money for the children when they go to school 6) Needs - Skill - Water - Family utensils - Experience

VI - CT - 94

Table C.3.78 Gender and Development (Day Time Line by Gender) of Sala Kruos Village, Preah Nipean Commune, Kong Pisei District, Kampong Speu Province (Category Area-2) Day Time Line (Male: 52) Time Rainy Season Time Dry Season 4:00AM Getting up, washing the face, putting on 4:00AM Washing the face, brushing the teeth, clothes putting on clothes 5:00AM Going to the fields, plowing the paddy 5:00AM Arranging the cows by yokes; fields, transplanting rice seedlings driving the oxcart to the farm Breakfast 6:00AM Setting up plows and plowing the 8:00AM Plowing the paddy field paddy field for 2 hours 8:30AM Building banks to remain water in the 8:00AM Breakfast 10:00AM paddy field 8:30AM Plowing the paddy field until Taking a rest and eating lunch 10:00AM 11:00AM Transplanting rice seedlings until 10:00AM Lunch 1:00PM 3:00PM 11:00AM Taking a rest, carrying the cows to Collecting grasses for feeding cows be watered and fed 3:00PM Returning home and taking a rest 1:00PM Digging holes, burying manures, and 5:00PM Dinner covering the holes with soil 5:30PM Listening to radio 2:00PM Starting to plant watermelons’ seeds 7:00PM Watching TV for 3 hours 8:00PM Making fire to protect the cows from 5:00PM Returning home 9:00PM mosquitoes; feeding the cows with hays 6:00PM Taking a bath and then eating dinner Going to bed Taking a rest, listening to radio, and Getting up to make fire to protect the 7:30PM watching TV 9:30PM cows from mosquitoes 8:00PM Making fire to protect the cows from 12:00AM 8:30PM mosquitoes; feeding the cows with hays Going to bed, sleeping until 9:00PM 4:00AM; then getting up, Making fire to protect the cows from mosquitoes; feeding the cows with hays

1) Social Activities - Used to be a village policeman - Used to work at K5 - Participated in constructing the village administration office - Participated in ceremonies 2) Family activities (Roles at home) - Head of the family - Breadwinner - Climbing up palm trees to collect their juice - Growing crops - Raising pigs and children 3) Decision making in family: 70% (my wife: 30%) 4) Income earning: 100% 5) Political activity: N.A. 6) Problems: - Lack of manure for rice growing - Lack of rice seeds - Lack of water to irrigate the farms 7) Needs - Manure for growing rice - Rice seeds - Water for drinking and irrigation - Wells (clean water) - A sanitary toilet - Roads in the village

VI - CT - 95

Day Time Line (Female: 52) Time Rainy Season Time Dry Season 4:00AM Getting up, washing the face 5:30AM Getting up; washing the face, putting 4:00AM~ Going to the paddy field for collecting on clothes 6:00AM seedlings 6:00AM Breakfast 6:00AM Coming back to home and eat breakfast 7:00AM~ Going to the farms to grow and Going to field to transplant the 10:00AM water watermelon, cabbage, and 7:30AM seedlings cauliflower ~10:00AM Coming back to home; picking 10:00AM Coming back to home from the 11:00AM vegetables for lunch farms; picking vegetables for lunch Preparing lunch Preparing lunch 12:00PM Lunch 10:30AM Lunch 12:30PM Taking a rest after lunch, taking a bath, 11:00AM Taking a rest and chatting with 1:00PM chatting with neighbors about how to 11:30AM neighbors cultivate rice Going to the farms to take care of Going to the fields to transplant the 1:30PM~ and water the vegetables; picking 2:00PM~ seedlings, remove weeds, and apply 4:00PM vegetables and buying meat for 5:00PM fertilizer; picking vegetables for dinner dinner Coming back to home Preparing dinner Preparing dinner 4:00PM Dinner 5:00PM Dinner 4:30PM Taking a bath and doing laundry 5:30PM Taking a bath; doing laundry 5:00PM Taking a little rest and watching TV 6:00PM Taking a little rest and watching TV 5:30PM Going to bed 7:00PM Going to bed 7:30PM 7:30PM

8:00PM

1) Social Activities - Attended the training course on farming with the other villagers - Participated in an activity aimed at preserving traditional culture (NGO, called Voso) - Attended the meetings on how to bring up the children in the better way - Attended the meetings on the awareness of domestic violence 2) Family activities (Roles at home) - Taking care of small children - Earning a living - Growing rice and vegetables - Preparing meals for the family 3) Decision making in family: 50% (My husband: 50%) 4) Income earning: 40% (My husband: 60%) 5) Political activity: Voting 4 times; 1993, 1998, 2002 and 2003 6) Problems: - Lack of money - Lack of food - Lack of water for growing rice and vegetables - Lack of fertilizer for applying on the paddy fields - Lack of the road leading to the village - Lack of money for giving to children when they go to school - Lack of toilets - Lack of drinking water - Lack of rice seeds 7) Needs - Water to irrigate the paddy field and farms for vegetables - Irrigation canals, ponds, toilets - NGOs to build a road that makes villagers able to travel easily and to complete the construction of the school that partly has been built

VI - CT - 96

Table C.3.79 Gender and Development (Day Time Line by Gender) of Boeng Chram Tboung Village, Preah Nipean Commune, Kong Pisei District, Kampong Speu Province (Category Area-2) Day Time Line (Male: 37) Time Rainy Season Time Dry Season 6:00AM Getting up, washing the face; collecting 5:00AM Washing the face, brushing teeth, cow dung for putting it in the paddy and collecting cow dung field 6:00AM Collecting and carrying the cow 7:00AM~ Weeding at the paddy field dung to put it in the paddy field 8:00AM 7:00AM Looking for and collecting the cow 8:00AM Cutting grass for cows until when it’s dung to put it in the paddy field ~10:00AM time to go back to home Growing vegetables in the paddy 9:00AM Going out to buy meats and vegetables 8:00AM field until 8:30AM Arriving at home and starting cooking Weeding and making the soil around 10:00AM Waking up children, giving the children 9:00AM the vegetables soft for their roots a bath Taking a bath, and going out to buy 12:00PM Looking for edible plants at the paddy meats and vegetables for cooking field for 1.5 hours and return home 10:00AM Lunch and taking a rest for an hour 1:00PM Feeding grasses to the cows and Taking a rest and watching TV with washing them my children Staying at home to look after my 11:00AM Returning to the field to grow the 2:00PM children and going out for a walk with vegetables for 4 hours the children 12:00PM Weeding at the field 3:00PM Buying meats, vegetables and cooking Making the soil around the for the children 1:00PM vegetables soft for their roots and Waiting for my wife along the National weeding 4:00PM Road 2:00PM Scaring cows and birds for The wife returns from work; 3:00PM protecting the crops from their 5:00PM Eating dinner together; eating Taking a bath and washing clothes Cooking and feeding the children 6:00PM Taking a rest and watching TV for 4:00PM Taking a bath, washing clothes, and about 1.5 hours, then going to bed eating dinner Sitting with friends for 1.5 hours 7:00PM 5:00PM

6:00PM

7:00PM

1) Social Activities - N.A. 2) Family activities (Roles at home) - Looking after the children - Cooking 3) Decision making in family: 70% (my wife: only 30%) 4) Income earning: 40% (my wife: only 60%) 5) Political activity: Voting 4 times; 1993 (National Assembly members) under UNTAC, 1998 (National Assembly members), 2002 (Commune Council), and 2003 (National Assembly members for the third mandate) 6) Problems: - Lack of money, house utensil, cows for plowing, natural fertilizer, vehicle, and water for using at the paddy field

VI - CT - 97

Day Time Line (Female: 26) Time Rainy Season Time Dry Season 6:00AM Getting up, washing the face, collecting 5:00AM Washing the face, brushing the teeth, cow dung for putting it in the paddy and collecting cow dung field, cleaning the house, collecting 6:00AM Collecting and carrying cow dung to trash in the house, and cook for the the paddy field hired farmers for transplanting at the 7:00AM Cleaning the house, washing dishes, paddy field and then taking a bath 7:00AM Transplanting the seedlings at the paddy 8:00AM Going to the paddy field to grow field until 10:00AM vegetables, and weeding 10:00AM Going out to buy meats and vegetables 9:00AM Going to the market to buy meats Lunch and vegetables, and return home 11:00AM Talking for pleasure with the parents, 10:00AM Taking a bath and cooking for the 12:00PM children and relatives children Washing the clothes of the husband and 11:00AM Lunch and taking a rest for 1 hour 1:00PM children, then taking a nap, and then Looking after the children; giving getting up 12:00PM them a bath, getting them to bed Going to the paddy field for Going to the paddy field to grow the 2:00PM transplanting at the paddy field until vegetables 4:00PM 1:00PM Return home from the paddy field Return home from the paddy filed and and going to the market to buy 4:00PM going out to buy meats and vegetables; 2:00PM vegetables and meats cooking Weeding, and making the soil around Cooking, and then giving the children a the vegetables soft for their roots 5:00PM bath 3:00PM Going to the paddy field for Talking with the husband and children protecting the vegetables from cows’ 6:00PM as eating dinner eating and removing worms Talking with the children and parents 4:00PM Cooking for the children 7:00PM Going to bed Dinner and taking a rest Going to bed 8:00PM 5:00PM 6:00PM 8:00PM

1) Social Activities - N.A. 2) Family activities (Roles at home) - Staying at home and looking after the children - Cooking 3) Decision making in family: 30% (My husband: 70%) 4) Income earning: 40% (My husband: 60%) 5) Political activity: Voting 3 times; 1998 for National Assembly, 2002 for selecting the members of Commune Council, and 2003 for National Assembly 6) Problems: - Lack of money - Lack of cows for plowing the field - Lack of natural fertilizer, vehicle, and water for farming

VI - CT - 98 Table C.3.80 Gender and Development (Day Time Line by Gender) of Sayav Village, Preah Nipean Commune, Kong Pisei District, Kampong Speu Province (Category Area-2) Day Time Line (Male: 35) Time Rainy Season Time Dry Season 5:30AM~ Washing the face; boiling water 6:00AM Getting up; washing the face; taking 6:30AM care of the children 6:30AM~ Collecting cows and pigs dung 6:30AM~ Collecting water to put into water 7:30AM~ Going to the fields for weeding and 7:30AM jars; watering plants; tying the 8:30AM maintaining the paddy field cows; collecting cows and pigs 8:30AM~ Doing the chores of the household dung, feeding pigs and chickens, 11:00AM chatting with neighbors 11:30AM Lunch with the family Breakfast 12:30PM Herding the cows at the cropland 7:30AM~ 4:00PM Leading the cows to home; preparing 8:00AM Driving a motorbike as a taxi to grasses and hays for cows; feeding pigs 8:00AM~ support the family and chickens; watering the plants 11:00AM Returning home; taking the cows to surrounding the house 11:00AM~ be watered; feeding animals; lunch Looking after the children; giving a 12:00PM with the family 5:00PM bath to the children Watching TV, taking a nap for 30 The family members gather; preparing 12:00PM~ minutes; herding the cows at the 6:00PM dinner; watching TV 4:00PM paddy field Making the children studied Watering the plants around the 6:30PM~ 5:00PM~ house, feeding animals such as 8:30PM Going to bed 6:00PM chickens, ducks, pigs and cows 9:00PM Giving a bath to the children; taking 6:00PM~ a bath; preparing and eating dinner 7:00PM Making the children studied

7:00PM~ Going to bed 9:00PM 9:00PM

1) Social Activities - Participating in the local community programs such as animal husbandry (chickens, pigs and cows) and HIV/ AIDS awareness 2) Family activities (Roles at home) - Looking after the children - Growing crops - Raising animals such as chickens, ducks, pigs and cows - Educating the children; making them studied harder so as to become outstanding students and good children in the society 3) Decision making in family: 50% (my wife: 50%) 4) Income earning: N.A. 5) Political activity: - Voted 4 times: 1993 for the national assembly for the first mandate, 1998 for the national assembly for the second mandate, 2002 for the Commune Council, and 2003 for the national assembly for the third mandate 6) Problems: - Difficulty of earning money - Lack of money to buy utensils - The paddy field is small and produces small amount of rice - Lack of money to buy fertilizer and insecticide 7) Needs - Ponds for the villagers - Aquaculture facilities - Crops - Specially, canals to store water from growing rice in the dry season

VI - CT - 99 Day Time Line (Female: 46) Time Rainy Season Time Dry Season 4:00AM Getting up; putting away a mosquito 7:00AM Getting up; washing the face,; net, a mat and pillows; cleaning a toilet; sweeping the floor, cleaning the washing the face; cooking rice; feeding toilet and storage; removing weeds pig and cows with grasses an straws 8:00AM around the house Going to the field; building bunds; 9:00AM Sewing clothes 7:00AM leveling the soil for seedlings to grow Buying meat and vegetables in the ~11:00AM well; clearing the field; collecting dry 10:00AM village weeds from the paddy fields and dry Meeting the children and chatting plants from the bush to burn 11:00AM with them in the house Coming back to home 12:00PM Preparing lunch Vaccinate the local children once a 1:00PM Lunch with the children 11:00AM month; telling pregnant women to have Giving advice to the children how to 11:30AM prenatal checkup at the Health Center 2:00PM earn living and tell them to study Buying vegetables, meat and so on in 3:00PM~ hard the village to prepare lunch 4:00PM Sewing clothes Preparing lunch; Lunch; chatting with Tending mango trees, sweet 12:00PM the husband and children about potatoes, radish, pumpkin, eggplant, farming; telling the children to collect 5:00PM mint, lemon grass, chilly, tomatoes, 1:00PM leaves and cow dung to put in the and cauliflower around the house paddy field Getting together with the children Going to the fields; blocking water in and grandchildren; giving advice the field for not to flowing out; mixing 5:30PM them on how to spend money the chopped Tontreankhet and Traing 7:00PM wisely; telling them no do anything 2:00PM~ Baisar (plants), papaya and ashes for 8:00PM harmful to the society 4:00PM making organic fertilizer to put in the Preparing dinner 5:00PM field 8:30PM Dinner Coming back home Taking a bath; putting away dishes 5:30PM~ Cooking rice; picking vegetables such and pots; sweeping the floor 6:00PM as eggplants, sweet potatoes and 10:00PM Watching the Khmer drama on 8:00PM pumpkins television with the children and 8:30PM Sewing clothes for customers grandchildren; making sure cows are fine Dinner with the children Going to bed 9:00PM Taking a bath; doing laundry; putting way dishes and pots; cleaning the toilet, 11:00PM sweeping the floor Taking a rest; watching TV with the grandchildren; chatting with the children Going to bed

1) Social Activities - Participated in the activity aimed at promoting the health of children, women, men and the pregnant women. - Participated in the activity for the awareness of domestic violence/ RHAC educated wives and husbands to learn forgiving each other, and taught the villagers how to use condoms. In addition, RHAC distributes condoms to men and women. It promoted birth spacing. It told women to bring their children to receive vaccinations against 6 disease 2) Family activities (Roles at home) - Family head - Taking care of the children - Preparing meals - Sweeping the floor - Earning a living 3) Decision making in family: 100% 4) Income earning: 80% (My children: 20%) 5) Political activity: Voting 4 times; 1993, 1998, 2002 and 2003

VI - CT - 100 6) Problems: - Lack of food - Lack of money - Lack of utensil - Lack of cows for farming - High expenses for hiring the labor farmers - Lack of water for domestic and agricultural use 7) Needs - Canals for cultivation in the dry season - Motor pumps for farming - Cows for farming

VI - CT - 101 Table C.3.81 Gender and Development (Day Time Line by Gender) of Beng Village, Pneay Commune, Samraong Tong District, Kampong Speu Province (Category Area-3) Day Time Line (Male: 46) Time Rainy Season Time Dry Season 5:00AM Waking up 5:30AM Waking up Picking up cow dung Picking up cow dung 5:30AM Bringing the dung to the paddy field~ 6:00AM Carrying water~ Taking cows to the field~ 6:30AM Breakfast~ 6:00AM Coming back from the field~ 7:00AM Taking cows to the field~ 11:00AM Lunch ~ 9:00AM Taking a rest~ 11:40AM ~Taking a rest 9:30AM Taking cows to water~ 12:30PM Transplanting~ 10:00AM Washing cows~ 1:00PM Coming back home, and then bringing 10:20AM Bringing cows to home~ 2:00PM cows to the grass field for feeding~ 10:45AM Preparing paddy straw for feeding Continuing transplanting~ cows~ Taking a rest~ 11:00AM Lunch~ 3:00PM Taking cows into the stable~ 11:30AM Taking a rest~ 5:00PM Finding grasses for the cows~ 12:30PM Taking cows to the field for 5:30PM Firing woods for protecting animals~ farming~ 5:45PM Taking a bath~ 1:00PM Taking cows to water~ 6:00PM Dinner~ 4:00PM Bringing cows to home~ Taking a rest ~ Teaching children 4:30PM Preparing paddy straw for feeding 6:15PM Watching TV cows~ 6:30PM Going to bed 5:00PM Taking a bath~ 6:45PM 5:20PM Dinner~ 7:45PM 5:40PM Firing woods for protecting animals~ 9:00PM Chattering with neighbors 10:00PM 6:00PM Teaching children~ 6:30PM Watching TV 7:30PM Going to bed 9:30PM

1) Social Activities - Joining in the meetings with CONSERN on veterinary - Joining in the meetings with Village Chief (many times) - Joining in the meetings with HEFER (Cambodian organization) on how to take care of domestic animals (health care) - Joining in the meeting with PRASAC about choosing members of VDC - Joining in the meeting for elections 2) Family activities (Roles at home) - Earning money to support family - Leader of the family - Finding the future ways for my son and daughter - Responsible for the family 3) Decision making in family: 55% 4) Income earning: 80% 5) Political activity: Voting in 1993 (the 1st General Assembly election), 1998 (the 2nd General Assembly election), 2002 (Sangkat/ Commune election), and 2003 (the 3rd General Assembly election) 6) Problems: - Lack of water for cultivation - Lack of fertilizer - Lack of seeds - Lack of food - Lack of money for buying animal feeds

VI - CT - 102 Day Time Line (Female: 33) Time Rainy Season Time Dry Season 6:00AM Waking up, washing face, brushing 6:00AM Waking up and washing face teeth, and cleaning the house 6:30AM Breakfast 7:00AM Cooking and bringing cooked food to 7:00AM Cleaning the house the paddy field 10:00AM Going to market to buy vegetables 8:00AM Breakfast for preparing lunch 8:30AM Farming 10:30AM Cooking 11:00AM Back home and going to market to buy 1:00PM Lunch, and then taking a rest vegetables for preparing lunch 1:30PM Going to the field and feeding cows 12:30PM Cooking (grass) 1:00PM Lunch 6:00PM Cooking 1:30PM Taking a rest and watching TV 6:30PM Dinner 2:00PM Going to the field 7:00PM Taking the children to the upstairs, 5:00PM Cooking watching TV 5:30PM Finishing the cooking 8:00PM Going to bed 6:00PM Dinner 6:30PM Letting the children taken a bath and wore clothes 7:00PM Taking the children to the upstairs 7:30PM Watching TV 8:30PM Going to bed

1) Social Activities - Participating in the meetings for the development - Participating in the meetings about gender issues - Participating in the meetings about blind people - Participating in the meetings about health - Participating in the meetings about income generation 2) Family activities (Roles at home) - Educating children - Cooking - Finding food - Looking after the house - Providing the ideas for income generation 3) Decision making in family: 30% (on borrowing money, exchanging cows, pig raising, buying seeds, the delivering place 4) Political activity: Voting in 1993 (National assembly election), 1998 (National assembly election), 2002(Commune Chief election) and 2003(National assembly election) 5) Problems: - Lack of water - Lack of fertilizer - Lack of paddy seeds - Lack of canals - Lack of money - Many kinds of diseases of human beings and animals (related to intestine, blood cold, tuberculosis)

VI - CT - 103 Day Time Line (Female: 40) Time Rainy Season Time Dry Season 5:40AM Getting up 6:00AM Waking up, washing face, and 6:00AM Collecting cow dung cleaning the house 6:15AM Cleaning the house 6:10AM Breakfast 6:30AM Letting children taken a bath 7:00AM Cleaning the house, doing laundry, 6:40AM Having breakfast with grandchildren 10:00AM and looking after the children Going to the paddy field and farming Cooking 6:55AM Going back to home and cooking 10:15AM Preparing meal Lunch 10:25AM Lunch 11:00AM Taking a rest 11:30AM Taking a rest, watching TV, and 11:50AM Going to the paddy field for farming 11:55AM chattering 12:10PM Going back to home Looking after the children and 1:00PM Cooking 1:00PM cleaning the house Dinner Preparing paddy straw for feeding 5:00PM Taking a bath and doing laundry 5:00PM cows 5:20PM Taking a rest and watching TV or Cooking 6:00PM chattering 5:30PM Letting the children taken a bath 6:40PM Going to bed 5:50PM Giving snacks to the children 7:10PM 6:00PM Dinner 6:10PM Washing and putting the dishes in 8:30PM 6:40PM order Taking a bath 6:50PM Teaching children and watching TV 7:00PM

1) Social Activities - Participating in the meetings for non-formal education for illiterate people - Participating in the meetings at Health Center for getting the information from the center and being asked to encourage the villagers come to the hospital when they are sick 2) Family activities (Roles at home) - Educating children - Cooking - Finding food - Looking after the house - Providing the ideas for income generation 3) Decision making in family: 50% 4) Income earning: 30% 5) Political activity: Voting 4 times in 1993, 1998, 2002 and 2003 6) Problems: - Lack of fertilizer - Lack of paddy seeds - Lack of a pump for pumping up water - Lack of home appliance

VI - CT - 104

Table C.3.82 Gender and Development (Day Time Line by Gender) of Angkor Chea Village, Pneay Commune, Samraong Tong District, Kampong Speu Province (Category Area-3) Day Time Line (Male: 48) Time Rainy Season Time Dry Season 5:00AM After getting up, washing hands and 5:00AM After getting up, washing hands and face, and clean my house face, and then going to work on my 6:00AM Going o to paddy field to plow the farm field, grow vegetables, and transplant. 6:00AM Harvesting rice. Afterward, going to Returning to home and have lunch cut bamboos to make ladders for 10:00AM with family. climbing up palm trees. Taking a rest and chatting with 7:00AM Starting to take palms for getting 11:00AM children, wife, aunts and uncles juice on palm trees Going back to paddy field and 8:00AM Filling containers with the juice, and 12:00PM continuing transplanting bringing them to home, and process Returning home to have dinner with the juice into sugar 5:00PM family 9:00AM Starting to make palm sugar with Tending toward cattle for making fire wife 6:00PM to protect it from mosquitoes Taking the processed palm sugar to Chatting with relatives and watching 10:00AM the market and selling it in the 7:00PM TV with wife and children village Washing hands and face/ going to bed Having lunch with family 8:00PM Locking the door 11:00AM Taking a rest 12:00PM Starting to climb up palm trees and 9:00PM 1:00PM collecting palm juice Returning to home 7:00PM Processing palm juice into sugar 7-8:00PM Washing hands and face, having 8:30PM dinner with family and chatting with them Taking a rest, watching TV 9-10:00PM Tending toward cattle for making 10:00PM sure their health condition Going to bed

10:30PM

1) Social Activities - Attending meetings with Human Right Organization, PRASAC, and World Vision 2) Family activities (Roles at home) - A breadwinner - Advising and educating children to be a responsible member in the family - Making the future for the children 3) Decision making in family: 50% 4) Income earning: 50% 5) Political activity: Voting in 1993 (the first mandate), 1998 (the second mandate), 2002 (Commune), and 2003 (the third mandate) 6) Problems: - Lack of water for cultivating rice - Shortage of seed paddy - The fertilizer is expensive - Shortage of cash and household appliance

VI - CT - 105

Day Time Line (Female: 36) Time Rainy Season Time Dry Season 5:00AM After getting up, washing hands and 5:00AM After getting up, washing hands and face, and clean my house face, and cleaning the house 6:00AM Going to paddy field to transplant Washing dishes and cooking until 10:00AM 6:00AM Taking children to school 10:00AM Going back to home and preparing 7:00AM Laundry meal, and having lunch with family 8:00AM Going to buy food in the village Chatting with husband and children 9:00AM Cooking 11:00AM Going back to the field for continuing 10:00AM Going to school for taking children the transplanting and checking the back home 1:00PM water level in the field 10:30AM Lunch with children Returning to home 11:00AM Taking a rest, chatting, laundry, Buying food in the village watching TV Cooking 11:30AM Feeding livestock (pigs) 5:00PM Having dinner with family 12:00PM Taking a nap 5:30PM Washing hands and face, and children’s 1:00PM Taking children to school 6:00PM clothes 2:00PM Taking a rest, watching TV, cleaning 6:30PM Taking care of children, watching TV the house 7:00PM Going to bed 4:00PM Going to buy food in the village 5:00PM Cooking dinner 8:00PM 5:30PM Dinner with family 6:00PM Basing with children 9:00PM 6:30PM Taking a rest, watching TV with 8:30PM family and chatting about farming and how to earn money 9:00PM Going to bed

1) Social Activities - Participating in meetings with Human Right Organization - Participating in seminars abut health care such as birth control 2) Family activities (Roles at home) - Looking after children - Cooking - Cleaning the house - Farming 3) Decision making in family: 50% 4) Income earning: 40% 5) Political activity: Voting in 1998, 2002, and 2003 6) Problems: - Lack of canals for farming, which results in low yield of rice and insufficient food for self-consumption

VI - CT - 106 Table C.3.83 Gender and Development (Day Time Line by Gender) of Sampov Ngo Village, Pneay Commune, Samraong Tong District, Kampong Speu Province (Category Area-3) Day Time Line (M 33) Time Rainy Season Time Dry Season 5:00AM Waking up and washing a face 5:00AM Waking up 5:30AM Breakfast 5:30- Bring out cows from the shelter 6:00AM Transplanting rice 6:00AM Cleaning the house 9:00AM Back from the field, taking a bath 6:10AM Carrying water and chopping 9:30AM Cooking firewood 11:00AM Lunch 7:00AM Breakfast 11:30PM Taking a rest 7:30AM Farming/ Harvesting 12:00PM Going to transplant 11:00AM Taking a bath and cooking 5:00PM Back from the field 11:20AM Lunch 5:30PM Taking a bath 12:00PM Taking a rest 6:00PM Bringing cows into the shelter 12:30PM Going to the field 6:30PM Dinner 1:00PM Harvesting and transplanting 7:00PM After dinner, talking with neighbor 5:00PM Back to home 7:10PM Make fire for cow to prevent from 5:30PM Taking a bath and cooking mosquitoes Bringing cows into the shelter 7:30PM Listening to radio and watching TV 6:00PM Dinner Going to bed 6:30PM Taking a rest 10:00PM 7:30PM Rice cleansing process 10:00PM Going to bed After harvesting, having the other job -Motorbike taxi Morning from 7:00-10:00 Afternoon from 13:00-17:00

1) Social Activities: - Used to attend in meeting with Village chief, organizations such as PRASAC about water usage work and Aroras 2) Family activities (Roles at home) - Making income - Taking care of children - Giving advice to the children - Family leader - Responsible for the family 1) Decision making in family: 60% 2) Income earning: 40% 3) Political activity: - Attend in National Election 4 times - Select people representative under UNTAC in 1993 - Select people representative in 1998 - Select commune chief in2002 - Select people representative in 2003 4) Problems: - Sickness - Not have enough food - Lack of fertilizer - Lack of equipment to cultivate rice - Lack of water - Lack of money to solve problem in the family

VI - CT - 107 Day Time Line (Female: 51) Time Rainy Season Time Dry Season 6:00AM Waking up, washing a face, cleaning 6:00AM Waking up, washing a face, the house, making rice soup brushing teeth, cooking, packing the Going to the paddy field and pulling meal for taking to the paddy field, 7:00AM the rice plants cleaning the house and washing ~10:00AM Back to home dishes 10:00AM Taking a bath 7:00AM Going to the field for harvest 10:10AM Cooking 11:00AM Back to home 10:30AM Having lunch with the family 11:30AM Cooking 11:00AM Going to the paddy filed and 12:00PM Lunch 12:00~ transplanting 12:30PM Taking family members to the field 5:00PM Cooking Harvesting 5:00PM Dinner 1:00PM~ 6:00PM Making pigs’ fodder 5:00PM Cooking 6:30PM Taking a bath and washing clothes 5:15PM Laundry and taking a bath 7:00PM Talking with the family 5:30PM Dinner 7:30PM Watching TV and teaching children 6:00PM Taking a rest 8:00PM (giving advice) 6:30PM~ ~9:00PM Patrolling around the house because of 7:00PM Cleansing process of rice plants and 9:30PM the afraid of stealing some animals 7:15PM~ taking a bath Going to bed 9:30PM Watching TV 9:30PM~ Looking around the house 10:00PM 10:00PM Going to bed 10:30PM

1) Social Activities: - Attending the seminar on Aids and breast-feeding babies - Having the meetings with EMT organization about loan at 3% interest - Attending the seminar in commune office on domestic violence and breast-feeding babies - Having meetings with Human Right organization. - Attending meetings in Health Center, when someone in village was sick, tell him/her to have a checkup at Health Center. - Used to study in district office, Samraong Tong , about how to use loan for investment. 2) Family activities (Roles at home) - Feeding children - Looking after the house - Cooking meals - Growing rice - Making a little income for supporting the family and keeping family’s life 3) Decision making in family: 100% 4) Income earning: 80% (Children 20%) 5) Political activity: - Attending in National Election 4 times - Select people representative under UNTAC in 1993 - Select people representative in 1998 - Select commune chief in2002 - Select people representative in 2003 6) Problems: - As my husband is sick, he cannot work. Therefore, we face lack of money, do not have enough rice, must borrow money and rice from somebody. - Lack of water - No money to buy diesel oil for pumping up water to the field - Lack of fertilizer due to high cost

VI - CT - 108

Table C.3.84 Gender and Development (Day Time Line by Gender) of Chamkar Trach Village, Peuk Commune, Angk Snuol District, Kandal Province (Category Area-4) Day Time Line (Male) Time Rainy Season Time Dry Season (Harvesting Season) 5:30AM Getting up 5:30AM Getting up Preparing a harrow and a plow Preparing cows for bringing the Bringing cows to the paddy field to harvested rice to home harrow and plow Put the trailer on the cows and feed Going to another paddy field to plow them Taking a rest and eating breakfast Harvesting 9:10AM~ Letting the cows to drink water and 9:25AM Continuing plowing for transplanting to bring the harvested rice to home Going back to home Breakfast 8:30AM~ 11:20AM~ Eating lunch 9:00AM Taking the cows to the paddy field 11:35AM Taking a rest (20-30 minutes) for bringing the harvested rice to 12:00PM Transplanting/ pulling out the rice home again plants Bringing the harvested rice to home 1:05PM~ Going back to home, finding firewood, 11:30AM~ by the cows grasses for the cows, or doing the other 12:00PM Lunch works 12:30PM~ Chopping the firewood and bringing 12:45PM Taking a rest (25-35 minutes) water Taking the cows to the paddy field Taking the cows to cowshed and 1:20PM for bringing the harvested rice to making fire for protecting them from home again mosquitoes Releasing the cows from the trailers, Taking a bath tying them to the trees, and harvesting 6:30PM~ Watching TV, reading books etc. Taking the cows to cowshed and 7:05PM Going to bed making fire for protecting them from mosquitoes Dinner 5:40PM~ 6:30PM Threshing the harvested rice ~10:15PM Going to bed

1) Social Activities: - I do not have enough time to join in social activities but I will join in if necessary - Rare opportunity (invitation) to join in social activities

VI - CT - 109

Day Time Line (Female: 52) Time Rainy Season Time Dry Season 5:00AM Getting up, cooking, and cleaning the 4:00AM Getting up and cleaning the house house Cooking for taking meal to the 5:30AM Going to the paddy field 5:00AM children working in the paddy field (transplanting, looking after and Bringing cows to the paddy field collecting the rice plants) Weeding 11:00AM~ Cooking for the family and eating 7:00AM Going to the paddy field to look 12:00PM 8:00AM after the rice plants (weeding, 1:00PM Going to the paddy field 8:30AM~ transplanting, harvesting) 5:30PM Going back to home 10:00AM Cooking and eating lunch 5:30PM~ Cooking and eating 6:00PM Looking after the paddy field 6:30PM Watching TV 11:00AM~ 9:30PM Going to bed 12:00PM Cooking and eating dinner 1:00PM~ Going to bed 5:00PM 5:30PM 8:00PM

1) Social Activities: - Giving a advice to farmers about rice cultivation method - Member of Group 1 and joining in the group meetings about election and sharing information related to village development 2) Family activities (Roles at home): - Deciding on buying something - Taking care of the children 3) Decision making in family: 50% (the same as my husband) 4) Income earning: 50% (When my husband climb up palm trees and plow the paddy field and I harvest the rice) 5) Political activity: Voting in 4 times in 1993, 1998, 2002 and 2003 6) Problems: - Lack of food - Lack of water (need enough water) - Lack of money 7) Needs: - I want to have a good irrigation system to have enough water for rice cultivation and other crops, and enough water for domestic use.

VI - CT - 110

Day Time Line (Male) Time Rainy Season Time Dry Season 5:00AM Getting up 3:00AM Climbing up palm trees (about 30 ~8:00AM Plowing ~11:00AM trees) ~11:00AM Transplanting 11:00AM Lunch and taking a rest 11:00AM Lunch and taking rest 1:30PM~ Transplanting 3:00PM~ 6:00PM 8:00PM/ Climbing up palm trees 6:00PM Putting rice straws into a manger for 9:00PM cows Sometimes, making a fire for cows Dinner to protect them from insects (In dry Going to bed season, there is not so much mosquitoes)

*In rainy season, I grow rice. In dry season, I climb up palm trees because I cannot get high productivity of the rice. I grow rice for storing it for eating in the dry season. In dry season, the farmers’ standard of living is better than that in rainy season because we can engage in the other jobs such as the climbing up of the palm trees.

VI - CT - 111

Table C.3.85 Gender and Development (Day Time Line by Gender) of Tuol Thnaot Village, Peuk Commune, Angk Snuol District, Kandal Province (Category Area-4) Day Time Line (Male: 26) Time Rainy Season Time Dry Season 4:00AM Waking up, cooking rice, and washing 4:00AM Waking up, taking a bath, cooking cows for keeping them clean rice, and washing clothes Packing the cooked rice, and then 7:00AM Taking cows to the grass field 7:00AM taking the cows to the paddy field 7:30AM Going to work as a construction ~11:00AM Preparing lunch worker 11:30AM Noon break Lunch (at a work place) 12:00PM 12:00PM Continuing to work~ ~1:00PM Transplanting and taking care of the 1:00PM ~ Continuing to work 1:00PM rice plants 6:00PM Cooking dinner ~5:00PM Preparing dinner 6:30PM Taking a bath, washing clothes 5:30PM Watching TV 8:00PM Watching TV 7:00PM 9:00PM Going to bed ~9:00PM Going to bed 10:00PM - On holidays (Sundays): 10:00PM Discussing with wife about the future -When there is no construction work, I stay at home, and look after children because my wife is working at a garment factory. - Comparing with summer and rainy season, the living in rainy season is easier than that in dry season. This is because we have much water for agricultural and daily use, and can fish in the paddy field for self-consumption.

1) Social Activities - Water distribution when people need to use 2) Family activities (Roles at home) - Looking after the children with wife 3) Decision making in family: 50% 4) Income earning: 20% 5) Political activity: Voting 2 times in 1998 and 2003 6) Problems: - Lack of water for cultivation 7) Need: - To get a irrigation system that makes agricultural production become easier

VI - CT - 112

Day Time Line (Female: 69) Time Rainy Season Time Dry Season 4:00AM Waking up, washing face, reciting a 4:00AM Getting up, reciting a sutra, cooking, sutra, picking up cow dung, cleaning cleaning the house, and washing chickens’ raising instruments, dishes cleaning the house, then going to the 6:00AM Turning cows out to graze paddy field and bringing water to home 7:00AM~ Finding firewood Turning cows out to graze 7:30AM 6:30AM Going to the paddy field for 9:00AM Collecting vegetables 7:00AM transplanting and taking care of the rice 9:30AM Back to home plants 11:00AM Cooking Coming back from the paddy field 12:00PM Lunch 12:00PM Preparing food for lunch 1:00PM Taking a rest 12:30PM Taking a rest 2:00PM Looking after the cows in the field 1:00PM Changing the cows’ feeding location, Back to home and giving rice straws 2:00PM~ and then going to the paddy field for 3:00PM to cows 4:00PM transplanting and taking care of the rice Taking a bath plants 4:00PM Cooking Taking a bath and washing clothes 5:00PM Dinner 4:30PM Cooking for dinner 6:00PM Taking a rest and watching TV 6:00PM~ Talking with neighbors about how to 7:00PM~ 7:00PM cultivate rice 9:00PM Going to bed Watching TV 9:00PM 7:00PM~ - When there is a meeting on the 9:00PM Going to bed development plan, Commune 9:00PM informs and asks us to attend it, listening to the others, and discuss for the village development.

1) Social Activities - Teaching the villagers how to cultivate rice - Joining in the meeting about the canals and how to select the commune chief 2) Family activities (Roles at home) - Blaming the children who do not listen to our advice - Taking care of children 3) Decision making in family: 100% (Husband has died) 4) Income earning: (My son and daughter earn money) 5) Political activity: Voting in 4 times: the 1st General assembly election in 1993, the 2nd General assembly election in 1998, Sangkat/ Commune election in 2002 and the3rd General assembly election 2003 6) Problems: - Lack of food - Lack of money - Lack of water 7) Needs: - Enough water for easier cultivation because we can get high production if we have enough water.

VI - CT - 113

Table C.3.86 Gender and Development (Day Time Line by Gender) of Angk Samnang Village, Peuk Commune, Angk Snuol District, Kandal Province (Category Area-4) Day Time Line (Male: 30) Time Rainy Season Time Dry Season 4:00AM Waking up 5:30AM Waking up 4:00AM~ Plowing in the field ~6:00AM 9:05AM~ Breakfast 6:00AM Feeding domestic animals 9:25AM~ Continuing to plow in the field 6:20AM Collecting cows’ dung and cleaning 11:05AM~ the cowshed 12:00PM~ Back to home 6:50AM Breakfast 12:20PM Bringing cows to the grass field and let 7:00AM~ Finding firewood them stay in the same place 9:10AM Taking a bath 9:20AM Bringing the firewood back to home 12:20PM~ Lunch 10:15AM Taking a bath 12:40PM~ Taking a rest 10:15AM~ Lunch 1:00PM~ 11:05AM Taking a rest 2:00PM Harvesting/ Farming ~12:30PM 2:05PM~ 12:30PM Watching TV 5:00PM Back to home and feeding domestic ~2:05PM 5:05PM~ animals 2:05PM~ Taking bamboos to make a fence 5:30PM~ Taking cows to the cowshed 4:05PM~ 6:00PM~ Burning the rice straws for protecting 4:15PM~ Back to home 6:20PM the cows from mosquitoes 5:05PM~ Taking cows to the cowshed Looking around the house 5:15PM Taking a bath Taking a bath 5:15PM~ Dinner 6:20PM~ Dinner 6:00PM~ Burning the rice straws for 7:00PM~ Putting additional rice straws 6:25PM protecting the cows from 7:20PM~ Watching TV 6:25PM~ mosquitoes 8:00PM~ Going to bed Watching TV 8:20PM~ Looking after the fire and putting 9:30PM 8:10PM~ additional rice straw 8:50PM~ Closing the fence and taking care of 9:00PM~ the farming equipment Chattering with the family and 9:15PM going to bed

1) Social Activities: - Used to attend the meetings in the village (about education and animal husbandry) 2) Family activities (Roles at home): - Earning income (working as a company driver) - Looking after the house 3) Decision making in family On - Loan/ Exchange cows - Mutual help for harvesting with the other farmers - Finding the other income source 4) Income earning besides agriculture: - Driving a car - Poultry 5) Political activity: - Voting for selecting Commune Chief, Assembly members, Village Chief 6) Problems: - Difficult to find the income source besides growing rice - Lack of water for growing rice - Lack of water for cultivating the other crops - Lack of drinking water for - Lack of money to hire the labor farmer at the harvest - Lack of money to buy fertilizer

VI - CT - 114

Day Time Line (Female: 38) Time Rainy Season Time Dry Season 5:00AM Getting up, washing a face, cooking 5:30AM Getting up, washing a face, cooking 5:30AM Pacing cooked rice for eating at the and cleaning the house paddy field, bringing cows and make 6:30AM Breakfast them stay at the paddy field 7:00AM~ Going out for finding firewood as 6:00AM~ Harvesting/ Farming with the children 9:00AM stock 11:00AM Back to home from the paddy filed, and 7:00AM~ Going to harvest, bonding the 11:00AM collecting vegetables for lunch 11:00AM harvested rice for taking back to Cooking home, keeping the cows in the safe 11:30AM Lunch place 12:00PM Doing laundry 11:30AM Collecting vegetables such as 1:00PM~ morning glory, winter melon, and 1:30PM Going to harvest, looking after the rice cabbage for lunch 2:00PM~ plants, weeding 11:30AM Cooking 5:30PM Cooking 12:00PM Lunch 6:00PM Collecting vegetables for dinner 1:00PM Taking a rest after lunch 6:30PM Dinner 1:30PM Discussing with the family members 7:00PM Watching TV and chattering with the about the business and with the 7:30PM~ neighbors villagers about how to get good 9:30PM Going to bed harvest of rice 9:30PM 2:00PM~ Harvesting, bonding the harvested 5:00PM rice for taking back to home, and bringing the cows to the cowshed and feeding them with grasses and rice bran 6:00PM Cooking 6:30PM Collecting the vegetables 7:00PM Dinner 8:00PM~ Threshing the rice with the family 9:00PM Taking a bath and doing laundry 9:30PM Going to bed 10:00PM

1) Social Activities: - Cooperating with the villagers to build village roads, rehabilitate canals, and patrol the village in turns - Attending the ceremony after the harvest - Member of the Group; Attending the Group meetings for discussing the development of the village and election - Deputy Chief of JRS (When the villagers borrow money from JRS, I am the one who collect the interest from the borrowers, and have a meeting once a month with JRS.) 2) Family activities (Roles at home): - Housekeeping (washing dishes, preparing meals and etc.) - Preparing clothes - Sending the children to school - Looking after the children - Helping each other for eating - When the family member gets sick, the other goes to ask the doctor to come for his/ her treatment 3) Decision making in family: 80% (My husband has 20%) in any cases 4) Income earning: 30% (I can earn little more than my husband/ my husband: 70%) 5) Political activity: Voting in 4 times in 1993, 1998, 2002 and 2003 6) Problems: - I have small conflict with my husband because my husband doesn’t let me to start small business (vending) but I want. - Lack of money - Lack of water for use 7) Needs: - I need enough water for high production of rice and the other crops in order to eat them and sell the surplus. VI - CT - 115 Table C.3.87 History of Ou Veaeng Village, Kahaeng Commune, Samraong Tong District, Kg Speu Province (As of Sep. 2005) (Category Area-1) Year Event Effect 1964-65 -Good rice yield -Nearly all families had enough rice to eat and the other goods and products to for usage and exchange, and to start business. People lived in a good condition. 1965-70 -People increased # of cows to be -People can afford to sell 3 or 4 cows per year. It was raised. There were more wild animals easy to find food and to hunt the wild animals. People in the forest than today. suffered from less disease. 1971-74 -Social problems: war, poverty, robbery -Rice production activities decreased due to war -Price of goods increased (Invasion of Khmer Rough). 1974-75 -Very unstable situation because of -No chance to transport goods to sell at the market war, heavy battles, and bombs. -No social stability, lack of security. -No chance to cultivate. -Animals were robbed. -People tried to flee from the war and battles and move from one village to another. -Most of products and rice were burned and destroyed. -Personal property were robbed or confiscated, and only small amount remained. Small property was sold to get money to buy food.

1975-79 Pol-Pot Regime -People were evacuated from the homevillage to the others. -Overwork, insufficient food, and lack of medicine caused diseases and death. -No freedoms -Money was not used in this regime. -All private property were collected and confiscated as the collectivity property. -Some families returned to the village -Rice was planted in collectivity way, and everybody is poor. -There were some personal properties such as cattle and oxcarts. -People did not have money to use. -Barter trade (Rice was used as cash).

1980-87 People started to live in the home -People had freedom in some extent under the village controlled of Vietnamese Army. -Cash was used, and people had more freedom. The state had forced people to join the army. -There was the Vietnamese army in the village. -The governments ordered some civilians to go to the western part of the country to cut down trees.

1988-90 Low rice yield -Lack of food -Lack of rice seed -Lack of fertilizers caused unfertile soil -Lack of schools and hospitals -Lack of draft animal -Lack of domestic animals to breed

1990-93 -People grew rice, but faced flood. -Every family planted rice but still faced shortage of food. -People migrated from the village to the forest in order to cut trees or to hunt wild animal for sale. -People went out from the village for working as a labor

VI - CT - 116 farmer, a factory worker or went to Phnom Penh to be the cyclo drivers in order to earn money.

1993-98 -Flood, drought -Most people (farmers) faced the shortage of food -People went out from the village to work as a labor farmer in the other villages. -People fell in debt to support their family. -Government dug and repaired canals and gave some gifts.

1998 -Flood and Drought -People face lack of food -The 2nd General Assembly Election -People were happy with the result to the election -District and Commune Chiefs Election

2003 -The 3rd General Assembly Election -People had their own representatives -Commune Chief led the people to construct a road. -Flood -Living condition of the people became worse -A broken dam caused flood in the village. -Flood destroyed rice, houses, and schools -Human and animal diseases and death were spread

2004 - People suffered from drought -People had nothing to eat. -Some went to forest to find food or hunt wild animals.

2005 -A road from Kaheang to Roleang -People can transport their products to sell at the market Chrey was constructed easily -A road from Roleang Chrey to Kaheang was constructed -A road from Ou Veaeng to Trapeang Angk was Constructed

VI - CT - 117 Table C.3.88 History of Tumpung Village, Kahaeng Commune, Samraong Tong District, Kg Speu Province (As of Sep. 21 2005) (Category Area-1) Year Events Effects 1970 Coup-d’etat -People suffered from fighting and evacuated from the (Lon-Nol overthrown King Sihanouk). village to Choim-Sangkae, Prey Khmeng -People lived in a poor condition -There is no security

1970-74 War between Lon-Nol Regime and -Very low rice yield because of war. Khmer Rouge. -People were forced to join the army by both sides. -People lived in a difficult period because of fighting, bombing, and insecurity.

1975-79 Living in Pol-Pot Regime. -People evacuated from the village. House and shelters were burned and destroyed by Pol-Pot. -People could not cultivate crops and lived in the forest. -When people came back to the village, Pol-Pot Regime forced them to work very hard without enough food, medicine and dig canal, build levee with hands. -Savagery killed people.

1980-81 -Pol-Pot Regime ended. -There were about 20 to30 houses in the village, and 5 -People come back to the village. solidarity groups (Krom Samaky) were created for cultivation. -One pagoda was rebuilt by 3 monks, 1 pagoda dignity, and 1 nun. -One school was also built.

1982 -2 ha of land was distributed to each -Living conditions of the people become a little better, solidarity group by the group leader only enough rice to eat. The group leader had instructed -The state gave rice seed to people the people of keeping some rice seed for planting next year.

1984 -Mutual Help Group were organized in -It was formed in order to help each other among the the village villagers -People received rice, money, materials and etc

1985-89 -People enjoyed better harvest. -People lived in the better conditions because there were the Groups that could help each other with cultivation. -The number of houses and families increased. -People could cultivate rice and exchange rice with cows or buffaloes as draft animals.

1990-92 -People faced flood -Damaged crops made people lived in a poor condition -People received support from the -People lacked everything. government. -The supports are; rice for self-consumption, rice seeds to be planted, medicine, clothes and shelters.

1993 The 1st General Assembly Election. -People go to the election center, Roleang Chhouk Pagoda.

1994 -Village Development Committee -VDC started to help people by building water wells (VDC) was established and providing medicine for treatment of diseases.

1995 - IPM organization came -IPM taught IPM to people and experiment on rice cultivation.

VI - CT - 118 1998 -The 2nd General Assembly Election -People who can vote went to vote at the Election Center in Tumpung village.

2001 -Government came to build a road and -People can transport goods and travel easily but the canal. water to use from the canal is not enough.

2002 -Election for Commune Council -People joined the election in Tumpung village.

2003 -The 3rd General Assembly Election -People went to vote at the Election Center in Tumpung village.

2004-05 -Village Saving Association was -People joined money saving in order to get the interest, organized in the village supported by and so they can have money to solve the problems in CEDAC the association. The interest received will be lent to the member of the association who needs money to start business with the interest rate of 3%/month.

VI - CT - 119 Table C.3.89 History of Kahaeng Village, Kahaeng Commune, Samraong Tong District, Kg Speu Province (As of Sep. 22, 2005)( Category Area-1) Year Events Effects 1975-79 -Pol Pot evacuated the people from the - Under Pol-Pot regime people worked hard village. without enough food to eat and freedom. Conditions of living look like that of a prison.

1980 -Pol Pot regime was defeated - There were 89 families, 367 persons. -People came back to the village - 5 solidarity groups (Krom Samaky) were created for cultivation purpose. One group consisted of 17 families. The solidarity group members help each other in order to grow rice together through exchanging labor force and work performance. At that time, the living conditions of people got a little better.

1983 - 20 families had left the village -Families that had left the village had gone to settle in the other villages. -Pagoda and school were built - It is easy for people to respect Buddhism and worship Buddha, and hold Buddhist ceremonies. There were 3 monks in the pagoda. -There were 120 students - Students could go to school easily

1984-86 -One line of canal about 1,800 meters was -People could have enough water to grow rice dug and repaired by the villagers. -Living conditions had improved. -Lack of draft animals -The persons, who had cows, contributed their cows to the solidarity group as a common property for they could help other people for cultivation.

1987-92 -Agricultural technique was extended to the -People learned a new seed selection method farmers by the government. and seed storing technique. -Government gave rice seeds, fertilizers, -Farmers started to grow rice with the new insecticide to the farmers method of seed selection and technique of using insecticide. It resulted in increasing of rice yield. The farmers got more benefits and could support their families well. -Government promoted land privatization - People can plant their own rice privately and by distributing 110m2 of paddy field to each get benefits themselves. person -The Prek Thnot river caused flood -That caused the damaged to plants and roads in the village. -There was the supported from the government by providing milled rice to eat, rice seed to plant, medicine, clothes to the people.

1993 -The 1st National Assembly Election was -People, who were eligible to vote, went to vote managed by UN. together freely and happily in order to choose their own representatives.

1994 - Flood struck the village. -Crops and roads were damaged. - The 2nd National Assembly Election -Government supported the people.

1998 - Fund organization called GRAD came to -More people went to vote to the election center the village and provided loan to the people. in Kahaeng village. -People can borrow money to buy fertilizers,

VI - CT - 120 piglets, insecticide with the interest rate of 5% per month

2000-01 - Big flood struck the village. -Crops and roads were damaged -Government came to help the people by providing food, medicine and rice seed.

2002 -Commune Council and Chief Election. -People have the right to choose their own -Population census in the village was made representatives in the commune. by district and provincial officers.

2003 - The 3rd National Assembly Election -Population increased at 20% -MOWRAM had built one line of main -Lack of land to cultivate and build houses canal about 800 meters and 4 lines of -People went to vote more freely and happily secondary canals about 1,000 meters in than at the 1st and 2nd National Assembly total. Election -People had joined the expert group of MOWRAM to build the canal.

2004-05 - About 1,800m one line road was -There is enough irrigation water and crop constructed through covering plinthite production increased. gravel/ laterite by TRIP. -People grow more grasses and crops for animal -People built one school together in the feed. village. -It’s easy to travel everywhere, especially from the village to the market. Because the road condition is good, the cost of transportation becomes cheaper. -It’s easy for people to gather in order to have the social activities.

VI - CT - 121 Table C.3.90 History of Sala Kruos Village, Preah Nipean Commune, Kong Pisei District, Kg Speu Province (As of Sep. 23, 2005) (Category Area-2) Year Event Effect 1971 -War between Lon-Nol and Pol-Pot -People evacuated from the village to Barseth District. - -People could grow rice and rear animals.

-People came back to the village -Khmer Rouge let people live in the village.

1972 -Khmer Rouge Evacuated the people -People went to live in Svay Village, Ba Commune, from the village Prey Kabas District, Takeo Province. People grew rice in a collective way and share the harvest based on the number of the family. There was nobody in Sala Kruos Village.

1974 -People came back to homevillage -People lived collectively; eating together at one place and working together. -There was no sufficient food, no freedom, and no medicine; people lived with torture, punishment and the fear of killing, and overwork or died of hunger.

1975-79 -Pol-Pot Regime was defeated - 4 solidarity groups were organized. -People organized a solidarity group for -One group consisted of 12 families in order to grow cultivation purpose. rice and share the harvest according to the # of family members. -Pagoda was reconstructed. -Easy for the people to make the ceremony and worship. There were 2 monks.

1980 -The villagers built a dam. -There was some water for domestic use and cultivation. Rice yield was medium but still short. -Living condition was not good because water was not enough.

1981 -State had supported the people by -Every family received rice seed to grow. Rice providing rice seed. production was better. -School was rebuilt. -Students can have proper place to study.

1982 -Land distribution to be the private -People started to grow rice privately. property. -Land share received according to the amount of member of family. -Family living condition got better.

1983 -Commune Health Center was built. -It became available for people to treat their illness easily. Doctors came to the village to treat the people and give medicine, but some serious illness was not be treated in the village. They sent to Phnom Penh.

1984 -Drought struck Sala Kruos village. -The drought caused the shortages of water for rice and vegetable growing. Many crops dried up and was destroyed. 1985 -Enough rain fall -People went to buy seeds from Koh Thom district to grow.

1986-87 -People faced very difficult time; lack of food, increase of mortality, lack of water for animals and spread of diseases. -People had dug the well to get water to use. 1989-90 -People lived in the better condition because they had enough water for daily use and cultivation.

VI - CT - 122 1993 -The 1st National Assembly Election -People freely joined the vote at the election center in Preah Put Nipean Pagoda.

1994-95 -Drought, insufficient rain. -People faced the shortages of food. -People left the village to be a construction worker in Phnom Penh.

1998 -The 2nd National Assembly Election -People, who were eligible to vote, went to Prey Dang Tuek Village.

1999 -Prey Totoeng road was rehabilitated. -It’s easy to travel from the village to National Road # 3. -It’s easy to transport products from the village to Phnom Penh (Kan Touk).

2002 -Election to choose Commune Chief. -People freely join the election in order to choose their village or commune representative.

2003 -The 2nd National Assembly Election -People went to the election center in the village for voting.

2004 -Drought -Lack of water for rice cultivation caused very low rice yield. -People faced water shortage for daily use. Government has plane to build canals. -People agreed with and supported the government’s plan of building canals.

2005 -AMK started to provide loan to people - People can borrow money to buy seeds and fertilizer. with interest rate of 3%/month. -Children’s Right Program dug 2 pump -People can get some more water to use but amount is wells and UNICEF also dug a well. not enough.

VI - CT - 123 Table C.3.91 History of Boeng Chram Tboung Village, Preah Nipean Commune, Kong Pisei District, Kg Speu Province (As of Sep. 24, 2005) (Category Area-2) Year Event Effect 1970 War between Lon-Nol and Pol-Pot. -People suffered from fighting, bombing, and robbing.

1972 -People were evacuated from the - Khmer Rouge forced people to leave the village to go village. to another village named Svay Chenh Cheb in Barseth District. People lived in a bad condition collectively. -In Boeng Chram Taboug village, only empty house remained and there was no people.

1975 -People came back to the village. -Everything was under a collective way; eating together at one place and working together. There were insufficient food, overwork, diseases, and torture, and killing. -Under Khmer Rouge Regime -Living without freedom

1979 -Khmer Rouge Regime was defeated -People got frighten and some villagers deserted the but Khmer Rouge came back to the village and went to Phnom Penh. village.

1981 -People came back to the village. -Solidarity groups were organized in order to help each other for rice cultivation and share the harvest according to the labor status. The 1st one was an adult who worked as a laborer, the 2nd one was a maid, and the 3rd one was a student. There were 3 groups and each group consisted of about 12 to 13 families.

1983 -Land privatization by distributing land -People started to grow their own rice and receive their to people own product. Living condition became better, and there was enough rice to eat.

1984 -Pagoda and school were reconstructed. -People got to have the place to worship and prepare ceremony. -Students have the place to study.

1986 -800m canal was rehabilitated by the - Water for cultivation became available. Living people with support of SKEL. condition became better. There were some rice fields located far from the canal.

1987 -People lived in a normal condition. -People can build bigger house, raising animal for the family like cow, pig, chicken

1993 -The 1st National Assembly Election. -People who were eligible to vote went freely to the Election Center in Trapeang Veng Pagoda.

1995 -Some people left the village to be a -Families that have the member worded in the garment garment factory worker in Phnom factory have better living conditions. Penh. -One small rice mill belonging to the -It became easier for people to mill rice. The milling individual was installed cost is free if people leave rice bran

1998 -The 2nd National Assembly Election. -People, who were eligible to vote, went to Preah Nipean Commune Center. -Two more private small rice millers -It became much easier to mill rice. started their business.

VI - CT - 124 -Researcher came to the village to -Increasing of population. arrange the village population census. -Lack of land to cultivate.

2000 -8 water wells were dug by the people. -People got enough water for daily use.

2002 -Election for Commune. -People got the right to choose their own representatives.

2003 -The 3rd National Assembly Election. -More people went to vote than before. -Children’s Right Program dug one -People were happy with better water availability. pump well.

2004 -Commune came to the village for -People were very happy and gave their children and vaccinations services so as to prevent 5 babies vaccinated together. diseases from children.

2005 -There is a plan for farmers’ living -The objective of this organization is to teach the support and developing organizations. formers rice cultivation, but this plan has not yet carried out in the village.

VI - CT - 125 Table C.3.92 History of Sayav village, Preah Nipean Commune, Kong Pisei District, Kampong Speu Province (As of Sep. 26, 2005) (Category Area-2) Year Event Effect 1970 -One military base was built and was managed -It was built to prevent from Khmer Rouge by the people representative named Mr. Mech invasion. At that time, people lived in a Bun in Lon Nol regime. frightening period and fled from one place to another. The living condition was very bad.

1975 - Pol Pot came with a large power and - People lived in black period, and faced lack evacuated the people from the village to the of everything. other. - Living in fright, punishment, torture, killing, dying of hunger, no freedom, overwork. People had to work very hard for building canals, dams, levees and cultivate rice by bare hand. Everything was under a collective way; eating together, working together - Anyone who was not able to work should have been killed.

1979 - Khmer Rouge regime was defeated. -6 solidarity groups were formed and each - People came back to Sayav village and the group consists of 20 families. Rice was solidarity groups were formed. cultivated by group and the group shared the product according to the # of family members. Living condition became a little better

1982-83 -Labor Exchange Group was formed in order -It became possible for people to build own to repair irrigation systems. Land privatization private houses and to grow own rice (in their and land distribution were promoted. The size land, they could do everything like; building of distributed land; 20m x 50m as residential fences, planting vegetable etc.) land and 20a (2,000m2) as farming land to - Roads in the village were constructed. each person. -Irrigation systems were repaired, and -People received the support from the State therefore it’s easier for people to cultivate -Pagoda and school were rebuilt. crops. -Living conditions became better. -There were two monks in the pagoda, and so people paid their respects to the monks, worship Buddha and prepare Buddhism.

1992 -Living conditions of the people had - It became possible for people to build a improved. bigger house and to have draft animals in the family. Animal husbandry also increased in each family; pigs, chickens and ducks. Crop cultivation also increased and the yield was good.

1993 - The 1stt National Assembly Election - People went to vote freely in order to choose their own representatives at the election center in Trapeang Veng Pagoda. -Red Vanna came to help the people in the -A reservoir was built by Red Vanna and Red village. Vanna helped the people by providing rice seed. It became possible to borrow cows from the organization for plowing.

1995 - Prime Minister Hun Sen sent one group of - From 1995, people who lived near the pond labor force to the village for helping the can use the water to irrigate crops. people to dig one water pond (50m x 100m).

VI - CT - 126 - People who were elder than 20 years old left - Any family who has its member working in the village to Phnom Penh in order to be the the garment factory are having better living. garment factory worker.

1998 -The 2nd National Assembly Election. - People who were eligible to vote went to Trapeang Chhok Election Center.

-Population census on the village - The number of people had increased. - The increasing of population caused the shortages of land for cultivation and building a house. -People in Savya village can have more water to use.

1999 -ACLEDA provide loan to the people with the - It’s became possible to borrow money to run interest rate of 3% per month. reproductive operation (Buying agricultural input like cows, oxcart, seeds, and fertilize).

2001 -Commune Health Center was constructed in -This was built to help people to treat the Prey Totoeng village. illness and provide 5 diseases prevention vaccination to the babies and children.

2002 - Election for Commune Chief -People went to vote in order to choose their own representatives.

2003 -The 3rd National Assembly Election. -More people went to vote to Trapeang Veng Pagoda Election Center.

2004 -The AIDS Organization came to teach the -People joined the training program and people this disease. learned about this disease and not to discriminate the persons who carried AIDS.

2005 - SEILA started the program in order to study - People joined the training program and the condition of agriculture, village activities, learned animal husbandry, rice cultivation. and flood and drought. - Commune and District had a meeting with SEILA in order to find the measures to fight against drought.

VI - CT - 127 Table C.3.93 History of Beng Village, Peuk Commune, Samraong Tong District, Kampong Speu Province (Sep. 27, 2005) (Category Area-3) Year Event Effect 1973 Khmer Rouge invaded Beng Village -Khmer Rouge burned houses of people, robbing everything such as cows, pigs, buffalos, chicken, ducks, rice and killing people. People deserted the Village to Kg Speu Province. Living in poor conditions and the Village was destroyed

1975 Khmer Rouge evacuated the people -Khmer Rouge let people to build their own shelters. from the village to Krang Chek, Khmer Rouge forced people to build dams, levees, dig Oudong District. canals, and cultivate rice by hand. There was no freedom for people. People lived without enough rice to eat, and grew rice in a collective way. If anyone made small mistakes, they were just killed and accused as a traitor. People left the village and entered into - People suffered from lack of shelters and food. They a forest. were forced to stay in the forest by Pol Pot.

1979 People came back to the village -People reconstructed a way of living. Life was getting (Pol Pot Regime was defeated). better. -Created solidarity group to increase rice production in the mutual way. People get supported from the State of rice seed to plant and rice to eat.

1980 Reconstruction of Pagoda -Everyone contributed to buying the materials to build the Pagoda by selling rice. Now they have the place to respect and pray Buddha, and have the Buddhism ceremonies. Pagoda is the place for educating the people and meeting together for village activities.

1984 Land privatization; each person -People started to cultivate crops privately. Now they received 15a (1a=10m×10m=100m2). get a better living condition because of larger yield.

1985 School was built -Children became able to join school and learn the -One medium sized private rice mill lessons properly. was installed -School was built by everyone’s money (collecting money to buy wood, tile and other materials). -Easy for the people to have their rice milled. And the cost of milling is 200 Riel for about 10 to 15kg of rice, if the farmers take back the rice dust, and if the formers don’t take the rice dust the price of milling is 500Riel for about 10 to 15 kg of rice. People making their own cultivation privately and they get a better living because they get more yields. -“K5” plan (the state sent people to cut -People went to the western part of Cambodia bordered trees and clear forests). between Cambodia and Thailand to clear forests that was the shelter of Khmer Rouge. When people came back to the village, they were sick or died. Some of them became disabled due to diseases such as malaria and explosion of landmines

1986-90 People were forced to join the army to -People were scared. Male aged between 18 and 40 protect the country. years old had to join the army. They were very -People got a better living condition. frightened. Most of them fled from or deserted the village.

VI - CT - 128 -Some people had changed their living standard; building a bigger house, enough food, and better rice yield. They do not need the expenses for buying vegetable and rice. Some people could get surplus of rice to sell to the State at the price of R 200/kg.

1993 -The 1st National Assembly election -People freely went to vote for choosing their prepared by UN. representatives to the election center at Vattepi Neaream Primary School.

1994 -Water wells were dug by PRASAC -People got enough water for daily use. NGO.

1996 -PRASAC started to provide loan to the People got the source of borrowing money in order to people with the interest rate of operate their business for supporting the family. 4%/month.

1997 -The # of private rice mills increased (5 -People can mill their rice more easily. The price of rice millers). milling is 500Real/10kg when the people take back the rice bran, and 200Real/10kg when the rice miller take it

-Some people left the Village to be a -Every family has the members working in a garment garment factory worker. factory to get a better living standard that they can afford to buy a motorbike, cows, and rice etc.

1998 -The 2nd National Assembly election. -People who were eligible to vote went to the election -Population census. center in Tep Khon Ream Pagoda School together freely and happily. -Population increased and the village became crowded. This caused the shortages of land for cultivation and building a house.

1999 -The storm struck the village. -Houses and schools were dameged. -IPM came to the village and told the farmers agricultural knowledge. -Disabled person Association was -For disabled persons, those who have enough rice have organized. to share rice with the association in order to help disabled persons who need assistance.

2000 -EMK started to provide loan to the -EMK provides the loan to help and enlighten the people with interest rate of 3%/month. people who lack everything. -People can lend enough money for operating their business.

2002 -Commune Chief election. -One school and one water well - Children can have the proper place to study. provided and constructed by UNICEF. - People have more water to use.

2003 -The 3rd National Assembly election. -World Vision organization comes to -People can lend enough money for operating their the Village. business with interest rate of 4%/month. -Government came to repair dams and -People could get enough water for daily use or for canals. cultivation

2004 -The government issued a new ID to -People can register their birthdays, and the population the people can be counted exactly.

VI - CT - 129 Table C.3.94 History of Angkor Chea village, Pneay Commune, Samraong Tong District, Kampong Speu Province (As of Sep. 28, 2005) (Category Area-3) Year Events Effects 1970 -During 1970s, there were no villagers in this village. The village was covered by a bamboo forest.

1972 -In Lon Nol era, a general, named Chan -The road was constructed to make it easier for his army Rungsey, built a road across the village, to combat the enemy. It was used as a belt to protect his which is still in use today. barracks in Chbar Mon.

1975 -People settled down the village. -During this period, the villagers farmed and ate -They were the people gathered by Pol communally (no privacy). The harvest was belonged to Pot’s army. all. Khmer Rouge forced the villagers to farm, dig up soil, and construct dams. The villagers had no rights and freedom, all of them just listened to Angka (Pol Pot political organization). Some villagers died of hunger. They did not have enough food to eat. There were many kinds of diseases and illness because there was no medicine. Young men were forced to construct dams; Peam Lvea Dam, Chan Thrial dam, Dorng Koun Damrey Deo Dam (the eastern direction) and the part of the big river (Tonle).

1979 -People came to settle down in the -They, at that time, fared communally and shared the village. There were 30 houses/ 50 harvest according to each person’s labor contribution. families. The villagers organized communal groups under the leadership of the village chief, who was appointed by Vietnamese advisers. The living of the villager was a bit better because there were more food for consumption compared with the past.

1980-81 -There was an undestroyed school -The villagers brought their children to enroll at the passing through the Pol Pot’s time. school. The students at that time were rather old (15-16 There were 5 volunteer teachers. years old). Volunteered teachers worked with no ration (salary). At the time, teachers did not have to work at the paddy field.

1982 -A pagoda, named Tepkak Naran was -The villagers contributed milled rice and wood to rebuilt. There were only 2 elder monks. construct the pagoda and the school. Pagoda is the place The villagers moved the school in the where they could offer and hold ceremonies or festivals. pagoda’s compound. It instills culture, tradition and religion into the villagers.

1983-85 -Some of the villagers were forced to -Some villagers ran away from the village and left their join the army to fight against the parents in the village. Anyone who had a relative Khmer Rouge and to clear forest under working at Commune (officials) would be released if K5 Plan. he/she was caught. Those who went to clear forests under K5 returned home with malaria. There was no medicine.

1986 -The communal groups (for farming) -Distributing land to each individual as private property were dissolved. The villagers could be Each individual worked hard on their own cultivation private individuals. Each of them land and it resulted in a better living standard. Thatch received 10a of paddy filed to grow huts were replaced with wooden houses with tile roof or rice and 15m×50m of residential land. fiber-cement roof.

VI - CT - 130 1987 -District Department of Agriculture -It told the modern method of rice cultivation, fertilizer came to tell the villagers agriculture as and rice seeds selection, the technique of cropping a whole and vegetable growing. vegetables, preparing land, and spreading fertilizer. Nevertheless, the villagers have mot practiced what they learnt.

1988-92 -The villagers had right to start private -They were very happy with their living. They enjoyed business and freedom. a medium living standard which was with cattle, pigs, ducks and chickens. They also had freedom to celebrate ceremonies and to select the occupations.

1992 -The villagers who had lived in refugee -They reunited with their parents. camps retuned to the village.

1993 -The 1st National Assembly Election -A lot of people went to vote to the election center in organized by UNTAC Trapeang Chhuk Pagoda.

1997 -Some villagers went to work for -The family with children working for garment factories garment factories enjoyed a medium living standard. -PRASAC provided credit (loan) to the -It’s convenient for the villagers to cross a stream and villagers with interest of 4% and taught traveling to Kampong Speu Market. The drainage them how to earn a livelihood. canals helped to reduce water power and prevent rice -CONCERN helped with construction from being flooded. of a bridge and drainage canals. -The villagers borrowed money to buy cows and pigs and to earn a livelihood.

1998 -The 2nd National Assembly Election -The villagers voted at the election center in Tepkak -Census in the village Naran pagoda. -Village population increased.

1999-2000 -PRASAC helped to produce jars (clear -A lot of villagers participated in the organization water containers) and studied handed out 38 jars to the villagers. They taught the rest agricultural technique in the village. of the villagers thoroughly how to make the jars and how to use water for farming.

2002 -Commune Election. -The villagers participated in the election freely to choose the representatives. -Commune Health Center was built. -It’s easy for mothers and fathers to protect the children -Medical staff came to vaccinate from five diseases. villager’s children. -The villagers did not have to go to the Provincial Hospital. -The village was afflicted by drought -They had to spend money for fuel to pump up water to for three consecutive years. paddy fields because there was not enough rainfall.

2003 -National Assembly Election (the 3rd -A lot of villagers went to vote to the election center in mandate) Tapkak Naran pagoda.

2004 -UNICEF helped to dig a well -The villagers did not have enough water for daily use. The water from the well is used for washing clothes, bathing, cooking and washing dishes. -IPM came to educate the villagers -The villagers learnt how to use fertilizer, to prepare about agriculture land and to use rice seeds.

VI - CT - 131 Table C.3.95 History of Sampov Ngo village, Pneay Commune, Samraong Tong District, Kampong Speu Province (As of Sep. 29, 2005) (Category Area-3) Year Events Effects 1970 - War between Lon-Nol regime and -People deserted the village and moved to Kampong Khmer Rouge. Speu Province. Khmer Rouge destroyed everything in the village.

1973-1978 - Khmer Rouge evacuated the people -Khmer Rouge mistreated and tortured the people; from the village to O’Chhnoul Phnom forcing to build dams, dig canals, grow rice by hand Preah. without enough food to eat and freedom. If anyone cannot work, they should have been killed.

1979 -Khmer Rouge regime was defeated. -People grew rice together in the collective way and -People gained back their freedom and shared the harvest according to the labor contribution. came back to the village. Four People lived in a small house. The living condition was solidarity groups were organized which very bad. They lack everything. one group consisted of 15 to 17 families.

1982 - School and Pagoda were built. -The villagers gave their rice to be exchange with woods and timbers for building the Pagoda. They can have the place to respect Buddha and pray in the Buddhism way. There were 3 monks in the pagoda. All villagers agreed to build the school in the village, and so their children can have proper place to study.

1983 Land distribution (privatization) policy -People started to cultivate crops by themselves and was implemented. receive the harvest by themselves. People got the better People received the land; 12a/ person living standard. for farming and 17m×30m for residence. (note. 1a= 10m ×10 m =100m2) 1984-1992 - People get the better living standard - People have enough money to build a bigger and - One water pump well was dug by better house, to have enough food. They can afford to UNICEF and UNICEF taught people buy cows, a motorcycle and etc how to cultivate crops High yield of rice.

1993 - National Assembly Election -People who were eligible to vote went to the election center in Trapeang Chhouk Pagoda together.

1994 -One small private rice mill started its -People can mill rice easily. The price of milling is 300 business. Real per Tov (about 10-15Kg of rice) if they take the rice bran, and if they don’t take it, it is free of changes.

1995 -Children’s Right Program came to the - People joined the training program happily and village and taught the people the village understood how to develop the village and applied the development. guideline instructed by the organization. -Fund organization called AMRET -People can borrow money to buy agricultural inputs provided loan to people and taught the like; motor pump, fertilizer, seed, and etc. people how to use money to operate the business successfully. The interest rate is 3%/ month 1997 - Some persons left for Phnom Penh in - Families that have the member working in a garment order to be a garments factory worker. factory have a better living standard. -The 2nd National Assembly Election 1998 - Population census - People went to vote freely to Sam Pong Village. - Increasing of population led lack of land to cultivate rice and build a house.

VI - CT - 132 1999 - Flood - Most of rice was damaged.

2001 - Commune Health Center was built - People can treat their illness easily, and women can and the five deceases prevented easily deliver a baby safely and can prevent diseases vaccination was provided to babies and from mothers as well as babies. children. The midwife was also sent to the village.

2002 - Commune Chief Election. - People can choose their representative freely.

2003 - The 3rd National Assembly Election - More people went to vote freely and happily.

2004 -Drought struck the village. - Lack of water to cultivate crops caused deterioration of the living standard.

2005 -Drought struck the village. - People spend money to pump up water into their paddy fields. This causes the increasing of expenses.

VI - CT - 133 Table C.3.96 History of Chamkar Trach village, Peuk Commune, Angk Snuol District, Kandal Province (As of Sep. 13, 2005) (Category Area-4) Year Events 1940-54 “Khmer Issarak” mistreated the people. Sihanouk liberated Cambodia from French Colony.

1954-70 Under King Sihanouk.

1970-75 War between “Lon-Nol” Regime and “Khmer Rouge” People were very frightened American bombing and fighting between Lon-Nol and Khmer Rouge armies.

1975-79 People lived in a very miserable condition; no freedoms, no clothes, no food. There were only torture and killing. People in the village were evacuated and replaced by the outside people.

1979-80 Labor Exchange Group was organized in order to help each other with rice cultivation. There were 15 houses.

1981-93 The State forced the people to join the army. Food, seeds, nurseries were given to the people by Samdech Hun Sen.

1993 -The 1st National Assembly Election managed by UN (UNTAC). -A school was built by Samdech Hun Sen.

July-1997 Civil war in the country. Fight was bitter especially in Phnom Penh city due to unsuccessful

1998 The 2nd National Assembly Election prepared by NEC (National Election Committee).

1999 People left the village to work as garment workers in Phnom Penh (about 10 people).

2002 Election to choose Commune Chief.

2003 The 3rd National Assembly election managed by NEC.

2004 -There is a plan that Samdech Hun Sen builds and repairs a dam, canals, levees, and water wells. -In the past, there were many big trees called “Deurm Trach” and “Chamkar” meaning “farm” So people call this village “Chamkar Trach.” -There are 25 families with 174 persons; Male 96, Female 78. There is no minority. Birth rate is N.A. The estimated rate is about 1-3 babies/year. 6 families left the village permanently

2005 ?

VI - CT - 134 Table C.3.97 History of Tuol Thnaot village, Peuk Commune, Angk Snuol District, Kandal Province (As of Sep. 14-15, 2005) (Category Area-4) Year Events 1970-1975 - Military draft for the war between Lon-Nol Regime and Khmer Rouge. - Under the ruling of Khmer Rouge, nothing remained in the village.

1976-78 -Khmer Regime was defeated and people stated to come back to the village. There were 19 families in the village and they lived in a very difficult condition. 1979-80 - Solidarity groups were organized in order to help each other with cultivating rice and to share the harvest according to the labor force. At the same time, roads and houses were rebuilt.

1980 - Rice, rice seed, corn, corn seed, and nursery were given to the people by the State for eating and planting. State also helped the people by rebuilding of the Pagoda. - There were monks in the Pagoda, and therefore a school was built in the Pagoda compound.

1981 - The State had instructed the people to build a fence around the house. - The State had forced some people in the village to go to the Cambodia-Thailand border to cut down trees in forests where the shelters of Khmer Rouge were.

1982 -Two solidarity groups were organized in order to cultivate rice. One solidarity group consisted of 10 families.

1983 -Land privatization; every villager grew rice for himself, but still helped each other due to the lack of draft animals. Some labors were assigned to repair the damaged canal, dam along the National 1985 Road # 4.

1986 - The villagers grew rice by family because paddy fields were distributed according to the number of members in the family.

1993 - The1st National Assembly Election prepared by UN.

1995-97 - Two water wells were built by UNICEF and the other 4 wells belongs to individuals.

1998 - The 2nd National Assembly Election prepared by National Election Committee (NEC). - One Christian church was built.

1999 -One small rice mill was built in the village.

2002 -Election to choose Commune Chief.

2003 -Drought struck the village. Many crops dried up due to lack of water.

2004 - The 3rd National Assembly Election - More severe drought struck the village compared with 2003.

2005 - “Tual Thnaot” means this village located on the high (Tuol) land. Thnaot means palm trees. Accordingly, “Tual Thnaot” means high land with palm trees because there are a lot of palm trees in this village.

VI - CT - 135 Table C.3.98 History of Angk Samnang village, Peuk Commune, Angk Snuol District, Kandal Province (Sep. 16-17, 2005) (Category Area-4) Year Event Effect 1977-79 Pol Pot evacuated people from -Pol Pot forced the people to work hard for increasing Trapeang Village to Angk Samnang rice production; building a dam, digging canals, Village. plowing and etc. Pol Pot let the elders stay at home. They made ropes, mats and etc. When the meal time came, there was not enough food. Lack of food caused the people to get into a poor health condition, to be skinny, sick and die.

1979 The Heng Samrin government -People lacked shelters and lived along the road or in evacuated the people from the village oxcart. People faced shortages of food in the miserable to Angk Snuol. time.

1980 People came back to Angk Samnang -Two solidarity groups were organized that consisted of Village. 24 families. Rice was cultivated mutually, and the harvest was shared equally.

1981 A Pagoda was constructed. -People can have the place to pray and worship and celebrate ceremony in Buddhism way and meeting for social activities.

1984 The right of private land ownership was -People obtained their own land to cultivate crops and approved. Land was distributed received the harvest. depending on the # of members/family.

1985-86 The Kampuchean People’s -People were very happy and tried to grow more rice. Revolutionary Armed Forces came to Draft animal were not enough in the village. The help people with rice growing. Kampuchean People’s Revolutionary Armed Forces had distributed agricultural input to the farmers.

1987 The association to help the poor was -The association was organized to help and rescue the formed. poor people who lack everything; food, land and money for buying agricultural inputs (seeds, cows, plows and etc.). The helped people needed to pay back money when they earned enough money. The association helped with transportation cost going to hospital when they get sick.

1988 JRS was organized. -JRS established a cow bank and a rice bank. People became able to lend cows. After the cows had babies, the borrowers have to bring the babies to the lender. The borrower can keep the female cow. In case of the rice bank, farmers have to pay about 20kg of rice as interest when they borrowed 100,000 Riel.

1992 The association to help the poor was -People now can support their own living. dismantled. -People borrow one female cow by giving back two -Labor exchanging and cow reusing babies as the interest, and the farmer can keep the group was organized (a cow bank). female cow.

1993 -Election propaganda -People listened to the political discourse of the parties; -The 1st National Assembly election CPP (Cambodian Peoples Party) FUNCINPEC Party. prepared by UN. -People who were eligible to vote joined the election.

1994 Water well was dug in the village by -People could get water for their daily use but the the Cambodia government. amount is not enough.

VI - CT - 136 1996 One small private rice mill was built. -People can have their rice mill. Milling is free of changes if they don’t take rice bran.

1998 The 2nd National Assembly Election -People went to vote. The other water well was dug by the -People could get enough water for their daily use, but Cambodia government. at the present, the well cannot be used due to damaged.

1999-2002 Living standard of the people has been -Enough rainfall resulted in good rice yield. People getting better. enjoyed the better rice harvest. Animal husbandry also increased.

2003-2005 Drought -There has been not enough rainfall. People have been facing difficulty in rice production, low harvest, lack of draft animals and the death of chickens.

VI - CT - 137 Figures

l Palm sugar yield is sugarPalm yield low o rura N electrification t l Fish production not is forenough meeting the demand y riorit p

p Road is condition bad o industry in rurao industry in is no on agriculture N areas rural of Lack infrastructure N to the Investment input inc reases ot enough man power Small population Small N o investors N on-agricultural production doesn’ton-agricultural Market price is low N meet he market demand he meet tion p There are not enough funds not enough There are to run business Pest & diseases occur frequently h forconsum g Fishery production is not Fishery production is enou Drinking and chatting and Drinking sex) (Both (Men) Cock fighting roduction p ) Traditional farming practices are prevailing ricultural ricultural g Farmer pay less attention to non- to less attention Farmer pay a level Low education Lack of the skills on non- the skills Lack of agricultural sector eg. Manufacture merchant both sex (

y Working as as servant Working in c it It’s hard to increase agricultural income agricultural increase to hard It’s Market demand is not is demand Market large so o money to start business N h 2 Lack of fertilizers g Fertilizer pric e is hi Tourist spots are not well yet developed h g Livestock size holding is small oor Quality production is Quality standardnot in Seed variety is p Deforestation (for producing etc) charcoals Agricultural extension not enou service is Insufficient food supply esp. dry in season It’s hard out besides to jobs find agriculture Farmer’s income is low riculture Road condition is condition Road poor g Lack of water for water of Lack a uate q Lack of irrigation system irrigation Lack of Insufficient food Livestock raising practice is inade Livestock productivity is productivity Livestock low Core Problem Core Rainfall is not stable licated p Violence Marketing system is com Livestock from suffer diseases t Crop productivity (yield) Crop productivity is low Farm inc omeis low Poor breeding technique overnmen g 1 Flood occursFlood frequently Migration Targe t Group: Farme rs from the from the Direct Effects Direct p Direct Causes Direct Limited subsidy for the main Limited cro Agricultural productprice Agricultural at market low is

The Study on Comprehensive Agricultural Development of Prek Thnot River Basin, Figure C.2.1 The Kingdom of Cambodia Problems Analysis done by MOWRAM and Japan International Cooperation Agency MAFF

CF-1 d rove p Palm sugar yield is sugarPalm yield im Road is newly constructed ed p Road is condition improved on-farm activities on-farmare activities rioritized Industry is developed ruralin areas is infrastructure Rural develo N p Enough manpower for industry d e g ear pp Available fund to Available run business investors Many a Market priceis attractive Pest & diseases are mana on-agricultural production on-agricultural meets the market needs N y d Farmers’ income Farmers’ increases d d Will be Will reduce anic fertilizers g rove Decreasing the price of or p f y Agricultural technique is technique Agricultural im III f roduction p roduction Development of the skill of of the skill Development non-farm commercial activit umber o eneficiar p N b Education is improved is Education ots on-farm income is increase ricultural p g ricultural ricultural N anic fertilizers g a g Farmer pay more attention to non- moreattention Farmerpay a ew business started canbe d g Topromote use o or N Working asskilled a worker 2 Development of Development s tourist the is demand Market increase - community fisheries To organize - Increasin Fertilizer is available d d e g Livestock size holding is increased rove Effective use of existing water resources p Deforestation is Deforestation mana will II Quality of the Quality production is improved Agricultural extension Agricultural service is im resources y It’s out to jobs find easier Increasing food supply dry esp. in season Seed varietyrich is Farmer’s income increases To protect & conserve fisher d d stems y rove rove p p Sufficient foodSufficient Livestock raising practice is im is condition Road im ation s ation g Improvement of irri Livestock productivity is productivity Livestock increased Core Objective riculture g Enough waterEnough for a Violence is not is broken out Violence More is information available I Pest & diseases are managed stems y d ation s ation rove g p Crop productivity is Crop productivity im of Rehabilitation irri - To promote small scale agriculture work- Extension - Law enforcement is increased Agricultural income is improved is income Agricultural High breed High (Selecting breed) high overnment Subsidy from g 1 Flood mitigation Flood Migration is reduced is Migration Direct Ends Targe t Group: Farme rs Means Direct rice is increased Agricultural product Agricultural p

The Study on Comprehensive Agricultural Figure C.2.2 Development of Prek Thnot River Basin, The Kingdom of Cambodia Objectives Analysis and Alternatives Analyis done by MOWRAM and MAFF Japan International Cooperation Agency

CF-2 raising technology Lack of animal animal of Lack seeds Seed is expensive expensive is Seed Lack of quality services services Insects/pests technology technology destroy crops crops destroy knowledge Lack of agricultural agricultural of Lack Lack of communication communication of Lack Farmer use indigenous increased increased Priceof goods is Poverty fertilizer Immigration Unfertile land Lack of natural Agricultural production is low planting planting planting for for planting There are not not are There to protect land good plans for No technology technology No Debt Debt Sickness Low income Insufficient food Core ProblemCore Climate Drought changing changing dikes water Lack of of Lack Not enough management Lack of water water of Lack Lack of care Direct Effects Effects Direct Insufficient irrigation systems Target Group: Target Farmers Floods donors

Damage of Lack of / noLack of repairing the of irrigation canals Direct Causes Causes Direct irrigation system Not installing and

The Study on Comprehensive Agricultural Figure C.2.3 Development of Prek Thnot River Basin, The Kingdom of Cambodia Problems Analysis done by PDOWRAM and PDA Kampong Speu Japan International Cooperation Agency

CF-3 ues q II Quality seedsQuality are available feedingAnimal techni productionSeed II d ractices Changing of indigenous Changing p techniques Planting of insectsDamage is reduce services Information Proper price needs marketing Many atural fertilizer saving atural fertilizer Fertile land N Agricultural productionincreased is Agricultural lans o Immigration p

N budgets Enough Health Good foodsSufficient income High g y lantin Making specific cropMaking p Core Objective Sufficient water Sufficient check Sufficient structure FWUC is documented is FWUC from by participating Conservation communitthe Direct Ends I l stems y stem Sufficient irrigational Sufficient s y Repair an old Repair an s Drainage cana Donors Rehabilitation Targe t Group:Farme rs

The Study on Comprehensive Agricultural Figure C.2.4 Development of Prek Thnot River Basin, The Kingdom of Cambodia Objectives Analysis and Alternatives Analysis done by PDOWRAM and PDA Kampong Japan International Cooperation Agency Speu

CF-4 t emen g Lack of natural resources mana Typhoon atural disaster N gy Flood o budget for o budget ment Lack of agricultural of Lack technolo practices Indigenous N organizing the organizing community p ui Lack of budget Lack q Lack of waterLack pumping e Drought h stems Old canals cannot be used cannot be canals Old o one maintains irrigation maintains o one y N s system Weak healt food Insufficient Lack ofLack land for installing irrigation ownership Farmers’ land ricultural use ricultural Poverty Low income Low yield Cultivated land is decreased There is no farmer community for water properly using Lack of water for cultivation g Lack of water for water of Lack a Lack of canals Lack to of planning FWUC establish stems y Insufficient irrigation s Lack of budget for the repairing system Low education Core Problem ricultural land ricultural g Abandoning of Abandoning a Lack of irrigation Lack planning system Lack of check structure check of Lack construction Direct Effects et ricultural use ricultural g g Lack of water for a Direct Causes Direct ud Insufficient b Target Group: Farmers

The Study on Comprehensive Agricultural Development of Prek Thnot River Basin, Figure C.2.5 The Kingdom of Cambodia Problems Analysis done by PDOWRAM and Japan International Cooperation Agency PDA Kandal

CF-5 Preparing for Preparing disastersnatural Taking measures for measures Taking and pumping draining of management Good resources natural Formulating of FWUC of Formulating ement g mana y Agricultural technology practiced is Agricultural Farmers stop agricultural indigenous practices Repairing of old systems of old Repairing for necessary is Budget communit Helping farmers to get enough food Water pumping means Good health Good food Sufficient Water is available for for all available is Water seasons erformance Poverty reduction Poverty income of Increase Increase of yields oncommunity Training p Organize for farmers usage water Enlarge productionEnlarge areas Well educatedWell of the or rehabilitating Repairing system irrigation existing Budget Sufficient water is available for farmers for available is water Sufficient Affording the land the Affording the building for system irrigation I Enough irrigational system irrigational Enough funds Enough Practical areas Making a plan a Making canal the for system Studying of how of make to Studying the plan to be implemented Core Objective II Water check structure check Water construction Direct Ends Direct Targe t Group: Farmers Fund for Fund the managing system irrigation

The Study on Comprehensive Agricultural Figure C.2.6 Development of Prek Thnot River Basin, The Kingdom of Cambodia Objectives Analysis and Alternatives Analysis done by PDOWRAM and PDA Kandal Japan International Cooperation Agency

CF-6 ue q d seeds Lack of production of see y ractice Low income Low yield high of Lack variet Traditional p ricultural techni ricultural ot believing in modern ot in believing g a N ensive p Seed is Seed ex Disaster Lack of for technique IPM t Immigration Collaterals Insufficient food os p Lack of Lack com Poor soil Poor t os p Debt Lackof useful extension services from PDA Agriculturaltechnical extension insufficient is extension technical of aware not are Farmers h Lack of technique to make com g g Lack of draft of Lack animals Low standard of livin t men p enditure hi is p ui q Agricultural production ex of Lack e Agricultural production is low social Unequal structure et g ud Lack of Lack b Target Group:Farme rs Imported agricultural production Core Problem Lack of pesticide Lackof technique to manufacture pesticide d gy Insufficient ener Poor living standar Starvation and disease g Lack ofthe relationship with external institutions rowin Lack of technique for rice g Direct Effects Direct CausesDirect

The Study on Comprehensive Agricultural Development of Prek Thnot River Basin, Figure C.2.7 The Kingdom of Cambodia Problems Analysis done by the farmers with Japan International Cooperation Agency sufficient water

CF-7 III Good selecting the yield seeds (high varieties) Seeds of varieties yield high available are Believing agricultural in technique Seed price is price Seed reasonable Improved income Fertile soil Farmers get to know agricultural know to get Farmers extension technical ue for IPM for ue q Farmers have the awareness of agricultural technical agricultural of awareness the have Farmers extension Living standardLiving is fine Accessible techni ower Accessible draft Accessible p Reasonable agricultural expenditure ost Agricultural production increases p ment p ui q Accessible e ost com p II Sufficient compost Available technique to technique Available make com et y More equalsocial structure Good relation with PDA g g ud Accessible b Good health Good standard of livin food Sufficient securit Core Objective Pesticide is available Direct Ends Technique to produce the pesticide is available Direct Means Target Group: Farmers I ricultural institutions g The technique for growing rice is accessible with There the relation is a

The Study on Comprehensive Agricultural Figure C.2.8 Development of Prek Thnot River Basin, The Kingdom of Cambodia Objectives Analysis and Alternatives Analysis done by the farmers with sufficient water Japan International Cooperation Agency

CF-8 Lack of plowing equipment Lack of materials priceHigh Poor land preparation Poor land Extension for services is growing rice not enough Lack of draft animal Poor standard of living Insufficient knowledge of knowledge Insufficient growing rice from farmersthe in of participation Lack services for growing rice extension Modern rice growing technique is technique growing rice Modern farmers to unfamiliar Lack of extension for services rice growing Insufficient food forInsufficient monks Lack of quality rice of quality Lack seed service extension of veterinary Lack with ofLack relationship institutions skillful of transportation Lack means Rural areasRural are not wealthy Storage of riceseed is not proper Farmer’s knowledge is limited o pesticide N egative effect on local traditional ceremony N Lack of irrigation of Lack systems o skillto esticide N p produce Migration Rice field is negatively affected negatively is field Rice intervention Lack of government Lack of rice seed rice of Lack selection Various types of rice seed are expensive Pest/ disease of domestic animals Lack of measure to protect Insufficient equipment High price in market in price High of rice Low yield production Limited budget for budget a Limited ceremony wedding Chemicals use Traditional use Environmentally unfriendly Lack of dikes of Lack extension of Lack rice for services growing f Debt Core Problem Core Increasing of population Farmer don’t know how use to it Lack of the budget ot proper use o use proper ot o abilityto work N fertilizer N o abilityto rehabilitate Lack reservoir Lack of a N a reservoir a Lack of food security from assistance of Lack y Unfertile soil Unfertile Cutting of Cutting trees Lack of knowledge Low standard of li i egative impactegative the on continuation of the continuation stud children’s N Farmers are poor Lack of technique to Lack of technique o hard working N Thieves Lack of secondary canals secondary of Lack Lack of extension service of mound soil Lack Lack of composts Direct Effects Direct Farmers cannot use effectively water Violation Farmers’ bored attention bored Farmers’ to thefields Poor water management Lack of pig manure of pig Lack Applied traditional Applied use method land Disease Poor soil management Poor soil o land clearance in clearance o land rice fields rice N Poor maintenance of c anals in ric e fields Lack of cow manure Direct Causes Direct Inadequate location fields rice of of standardLow living Target Group: Farme rs

The Study on Comprehensive Agricultural Development of Prek Thnot River Basin, Figure C.2.9 The Kingdom of Cambodia Problems Analysis done by the farmers with Japan International Cooperation Agency insufficient water

CF-9 Sufficient plow and plowshare Having local materials Reasonable price e II Good land Good preparation Enough number of agricultural extension groups Draft ar animals available Ac ceptable of standard living Sufficient knowledge for knowledge Sufficient rice growing Farmers receive the extension growing rice on service Modern rice growing technique is technique growing rice Modern farmers to familiar rice Accessible extension groups Sufficient food for food Sufficient monks the Quality rice seedQuality is available Extension group to protect to pest is group Extension accessible Good relation with the skilled institutions Transportation means are available Seed are stored in proper place Farmers’ understanding Rural areasRural aredeveloped Pestic ide is available Loc al & traditional held can be ceremonies Core Objective Rehabilitation of tertiarycanals Producing of Producing pesticides Farmers contribute farmland to farmland contribute Farmers canals excavate is RGC from Intervention Good seed Good selec tion o immigration N Measures are available to protect animals Price of seed is reasonable Adequate equipment Adequate Pest/ Disease damage of damage Pest/ Disease domestic animals is reduc ed Market price is reasonable increases yield Rice Holding a wedding ceremonyavailable is moreNo use chemicals Change of traditional use Environmentally friendly Rehabilitation of dikes of Rehabilitation Rec eiving ric e extension is services available Family planning o debt N etdonors from g Realizable how to Realizable use fertilizer Budget is available ud Proper & right way right & Proper fertilizer of use Requesting the Requesting b hbili i Rehabilitation of a Rehabilitation reservoir Having opportunity to opportunity Having a to rehabilitate Capable reservoir High food security food High III Land is re-fertilized is Land Good maintenance of maintenance Good forest Compost has Compost Available knowledge Acceptable standard Children can receive can Children good education People enjoy the better living of standard Farmers are hard workers Rehabilitation of irrigation Rehabilitation No thieves No Increasing of compost of Adequate agriculture mound Available I Direct Ends Direct Sufficient water for water Sufficient use agricultural No violence Farmers take care of care take Farmers Good water management Available sw ine/pig manures Changing of Changing traditional land use o disease N Good land clearance Good soil management soil Good Good maintenance of fields rice in canals Available cow/oxAvailable manures Direct Means Direct Expansion of for land rice c ultivation year a twice growing: Rice Acceptable standard of living Farmers Group: Target

The Study on Comprehensive Agricultural Development of Prek Thnot River Basin, Figure C.2.10 The Kingdom of Cambodia Objectives Analysis and Alternatives Analysis done by the farmers with insufficient water Japan International Cooperation Agency

CF-10 ) ) ) ) Intermediation ofIntermediation water conflict? ) ) irrigation system: canal structure ex. water gate, reservoir, dike etc. dike reservoir, gate, water ex. structure canal system: irrigation access to safe water Transection → village boundary,village neighborhood distribution, road, water resources, Crop Calendar religion: # of monks, role of monks in the village and "achar" education: formal/ informal/ adult education/ literacy, perceptions of parents about education ( ( → health and medical services: modern & traditional/ Hospital? Clinic? Health center? TBA? common disease, malnutrition, infant mortality rate, sanitation Social/ Natural Resource Map and Livestock Fisheries Crops, : pagoda 1.1 Physical layout: land, village settlementscommon major land and type land use pattern Soil 1.3 soil types, distribution and problems changes in soil fertility and soil management 1.4 Water resources ( uses agricultural for water of sources types and varieties objectives of planting each crop 1.2 Topography sources of water for uses human ( seasonal variability in water and long-term supply water management practice (FWUC? Law?) Custom? 1.5 use Land area, availability, type, utilization and management 1.6 Infrastructure Household distribution bridge Road, Public amenities Kinship : school ( 2.1 Crops : electricity : transportation means : communication infrastructure : medical facilities ( Deep understanding Deep of regional socio- economic characteristics in each Zone

The Study on Comprehensive Agricultural Figure C.3.1(1) Development of Prek Thnot River Basin, The Kingdom of Cambodia RRA Topic Tree

Japan International Cooperation Agency

CF-11 Institutional Diagram Institutional → Flow Diagram Mobility Map Mobility → → Local authorities Local / ) s p rou g WealthRanking → formal and informal informal and formal ( s p rou g ortant p groups forming and objectivesforming groups practices: pre-planting, planting, harvesting and post-harvesting (fertilizer & pesticide use) pesticide & (fertilizer post-harvesting and harvesting planting, pre-planting, practices: pattern of land and laboruse product and productdistribution opportunities) and production crop major for factors (limiting problems 2.2 Livestock and Fisheries types and breeds/ species use of livestock (consumption, economic, and rituals) controls disease shelters, feeding, practices: cultural residualusage and manure technology acceptance opportunities) and production crop major for factors (limiting problems Economic Data 3.1 Occupation, Income and Expenditure oftypes occupation(# of HHs involvedin each activities) sourcesincome of (crops, animals,off-farmandetc) and expenditure Marketing3.2 and Credits (inside and outside the village) markets for products,inputs, goods and labor Land ownership Land inheritance system 3.4 Social Stratification exchange of goods (barter trade) # of im criteria used to classify social stratification characteristicsof in eachstrata HHs and # formal & informal credits 3.3 Land Tenure Distribution of land holding 4 Authorities Local Committees/ Associations/ Groups/

The Study on Comprehensive Agricultural Figure C.3.1(2) Development of Prek Thnot River Basin, The Kingdom of Cambodia RRA Topic Tree

Japan International Cooperation Agency

CF-12 e ) Day time line/pie time Day ４） → Female) & (Male Time Refer to Refer （ → Line Festival calendar → Decision making at home/ social meeting (in cultural,activities) political, social at meeting home/ economic Decision making Participation associations/ in groups/ committees Participation generation in income activities Rigtht to vote factors opportunities) and (limiting Problems Festivals (inBriefs taboos relation to agricultural and activities) Development and Gender 5.4 female and male between (Social/Culturalof work division toActivities women especially group activities status?) Socio-economic (kinship? leader committee and (kinship?membership Socio-economic status?) oth capitals,and labors, supplies, advices information, (exchange other groups between relationship *intervillage Data Socio-Cultural Historyof5.1 the village theHistory of village settlement major events in the village/ outside the village Population 5.2 permanent) (seasonal, birth migration rate, sex of population, ethnic ratio, groups, # HHs, # of Festivals/5.3 Events

The Study on Comprehensive Agricultural Figure C.3.1(3) Development of Prek Thnot River Basin, The Kingdom of Cambodia RRA Topic Tree

Japan International Cooperation Agency

CF-13 Income and Expenditure (Female)

Paddy: R 840,000 Total income R 5,520,000 (Yearly) Vegetables: R 1,200,000 Wage as a factory Female: worker: Cattle raise: 35 (age) R 480,000 R 3,000,000 Children: N.A.

Total expenditure R 3,150,800 (Yearly) Fertilizer for rice: R 120,000

Fertilizer for Food: R 1,440,000 vegetables: R 30,000

Clothes: R 150,000 Seeds (rice): R 18,000 Ceremonies: R 200,000 Wage for labor farmers (transplanting Children’s education: and delivering): R 540,000 R 70,000 Battery recharge: Note Balance: + R 2,369,200 R 52,800 Problems; Lack of water for agriculture causes lack of rice for House rental: self-consumption R 230,000 A plenty of rain makes us excited Medical care: Food and fertilizer are expensive R 300,000 It’s hard for the villagers to buy food.

The Study on Comprehensive Agricultural Figure C.3.2 Development of Prek Thnot River Basin, Income and Expenditure (Female) The Kingdom of Cambodia Ou Veaeng Village, Kahaeng Commune, Japan International Cooperation Agency Samraong Tong District, Kampong Speu Province

CF-14 Income and Expenditure (Male)

Paddy: R 80,000 Total income (For stock: 25 bags X R 2,255,000 (Yearly) 20kg = 500Kg)

Selling water (pulling a water truck): R 1,825,000 Selling pigs: Male: 37 (age) R 300,000 Children: N.A.

Repair of machine: R 50,000

Total expenditure R 2,294,500 (Yearly)

Pig feed: R 292,000 Food: R 1,095,000

Wage for labor Children’s education: farmers for growing R 475,000 rice: R 260,000 Battery recharge: R 62,500 Repair of machine: R 60,000 Medical care: R 50,000

Note Balance: - R 39,500 Annual income varies year by year depending on the amount of rainfall. My main job is the sale of water. Decreasing rice productivity is caused by lack of water. Pig raising was not so successful in 2004 as in 2003 because the pigs suffer from disease. It resulted in the huge loss of the benefit from it.

The Study on Comprehensive Agricultural Figure C.3.3 Development of Prek Thnot River Basin, Income and Expenditure (Male) The Kingdom of Cambodia Ou Veaeng Village, Kahaeng Commune, Japan International Cooperation Agency Samraong Tong District, Kampong Speu Province

CF-15 Income and Expenditure (Male) Paddy: R 600,000

(1,000kg X R Total income 600/kg) R 2,180,000 (Yearly)

Wage: R 70,000 Vegetables: R 700,000 Male: 32 (age) Animal Children:3 husbandry: R 180,000 (R 9,000/kg x 20kg)

Total expenditure Fertilizer: R 364,800 R 2,315,600 (Yearly) (5 bags: White R 70,000/bag X 3 + R 75,000/bag X 2 + Chemical herbicide: Food: R 730,000 (R Black R 4,800) 2,000/day) R 13,000 Clothes: R 150,000

Seeds (vegetables): Repair of a walking Seasonings (garlic, R 22,500 (15kg: R tractor + fuels for the pepper): R 65,000 1,500/kg) tractor: R 143,500 Ceremonies: R 500,000 Animal husbandry: (R 100,000 + 150L X R 100,000 R 2,900/L) Children’s education (stationary: R 20,000, R 400/ day): Wage for labor R 68,200 farmers Debt repayment to the Kerosene for lamps: R 12,000 (R (transplanting): Village Saving 1,000/month) R 50,000 Association: Battery recharge: R 7,800 R 28,800 (R 2,400/month) Note Balance: - R 135,600 Transportation fee: To balance out; R 40,000 Borrowing from Village Saving Association Medical care: Selling a motorbike R 20,000

The Study on Comprehensive Agricultural Figure C.3.4 Development of Prek Thnot River Basin, Income and Expenditure (Male) The Kingdom of Cambodia Tumpung Village, Kahaeng Commune, Samraong Japan International Cooperation Agency Tong District, Kampong Speu Province

CF-16 Income and Expenditure (Male) Paddy: R 50,000

(100kg X R Total income 500/kg) R 1,510,000 (Yearly)

Vegetables: R 360,000 (vegetable: R Male: 400/kg, cucumber: R 900/kg) 35 (age) Children: N.A.

Animal husbandry: Total expenditure R 1,100,000 R 2,931,000 (Yearly)

Seeds (30kg rice): Food: R 1,460,000 R 21,000 (R 4,000/day)

Seeds (vegetables): Clothes: R 50,000 R 15,000 Buying water for daily Buying water of a use: motor pump for R 25,000 agricultural use: R 630,000 Children’s education: R 30,000

Medical care: R 200,000

Ceremonies: Note Balance: - R 1,421,000 R 400,000 To balance out; Borrowing from relatives Miscellaneous: Selling gold R 10,000

The Study on Comprehensive Agricultural Figure C.3.5 Development of Prek Thnot River Basin, Income and Expenditure (Male) The Kingdom of Cambodia Tumpung Village, Kahaeng Commune, Samraong Japan International Cooperation Agency Tong District, Kampong Speu Province

CF-17 Income and Expenditure (Female) Paddy: R 520,000

(800kg X R Total income 650/kg) R 7,666,500 (Yearly)

Vegetables: Business: R 162,500 (35 wax gourds, 12-13 R 4,088,000 dozens of coconuts) Female: 27 (age) Salary from Children: 2 Animal husbandry teaching: (selling cows): R 1,296,000 R 1,600,000 (R 108,000/month) Total expenditure R 8,993,700 (Yearly) Fertilizer: R 290,000 (4 bags = White: R Food: R 1,825,000 70,000/bag X 2 + ( R 5,000/day) Black: R 75,000/bag Clothes: R 240,000 X 2) Ceremonies: R 1,000,000 Seeds (vegetables): Children’s education (R 1,000-1,500/day, 5 R 32,000 (4 cans/ books/ year, a bag: R 3,500, R 100,000/ year: R 8000/bag) year): R 557,500 Breeding: Utility expenses R 2,503,500 (buying (battery recharge R cows: R 240,000, 2,300 X 4 times, buying 10 chickens: R firewood R 9,000/ kg, buying 10 1,000/day): ducks: R 13,500) R 840,400 Transportation fee (1 Wage for labor farmers L gasoline/ day, R (pulling rice: R 51,000, 3,800/L): transplanting: R 51,000, R 1,314,000 plowing: R 88,000): Chemical herbicide: R 190,000 Medical care: R 6,500 R 150,000 (R 50,000 X 3 times) Interest paying to Note Balance: - R 1,327,200 PRASAC: To balance out; R 360,000 Borrowing money from PRASAC with 3%/month Miscellaneous (seasoning, fish sauce, interest (= R 360,000) prahock): R 124,800

The Study on Comprehensive Agricultural Figure C.3.6 Development of Prek Thnot River Basin, Income and Expenditure (Female) The Kingdom of Cambodia Tumpung Village, Kahaeng Commune, Samraong Japan International Cooperation Agency Tong District, Kampong Speu Province

CF-18 Income and Expenditure (Male)

Selling pigs: R 455,000 Total income R 3,075,000 (Yearly)

Selling Taros: Performance of traditional R 900,000 music: R 1,600,000 Male: 42 (age) Children: 5.

Rice: R 120,000

Total expenditure R 5,246,400 (Yearly)

Food: R 1,095,000 Pig feed: R 105,000 Clothes: R 350,000 Wage for labor farmers for plowing and transplanting: Pocket money given to R 490,000 the children when they go to school: R 1,264,000 Fertilizer: R 450,000

Agricultural input for Ceremonies: taro: R 150,000 R 500,000

Medicine: R 35,000

Battery recharge: Note R 86,400 Balance: - R 2,171,400 To balance out; Petrol: R 686,000 Selling cows Borrowing money from the relatives (without interest) Medicine: R 35,000

The Study on Comprehensive Agricultural Figure C.3.7 Development of Prek Thnot River Basin, Income and Expenditure (Male) The Kingdom of Cambodia Kahaeng Village, Kahaeng Commune, Samraong Japan International Cooperation Agency Tong District, Kampong Speu Province

CF-19 Income and Expenditure (Female)

Rice: R 600,000 Total income R 3,195,000 (Yearly) Pigs: R 280,000

Wage as a factory worker Female: Taro: (from 49 (age) R 755,000 children): Children: 6. R 1,560,000

Total expenditure R 3,998,900 (Yearly)

Food: R 1,095,000 Pig feed: R 80,000

Clothes: R 305,000 Fertilizer and pesticide: R 455,500 Pocket money given to the children when Agricultural input for they go to school: taro: R 18,000 R 749,000

Wage for labor Ceremonies: farmers (plowing and R 1,277,000 transplanting): Battery recharge: R 237,000 R 86,400

Medicine: Note Balance: - R 803,900 R 25,000 To balance out: Selling cows and chickens Salt and Prahock: Borrowing money from children R 66,000

The Study on Comprehensive Agricultural Figure C.3.8 Development of Prek Thnot River Basin, Income and Expenditure (Female) The Kingdom of Cambodia Kahaeng Village, Kahaeng Commune, Samraong Japan International Cooperation Agency Tong District, Kampong Speu Province

CF-20 Income and Expenditure (Male)

Paddy: Total income R 600,000 R 1,220,000 (Yearly)

Water melons and Salary from the wax gourds: children:

R 500,000 Male: 52 (age) R 120,000 8 children

Fertilizer: Total expenditure R 1,200,000 R 7,661,000 (Yearly)

Pesticide: R 300,000 Food: R 1,825,000 Seeds of water melons and wax gourds: Clothes: R 500,000 R 70,000

Wage for labor Ceremonies (wedding farmers for gifts, funerals): transplanting: R 360,000 R 250,000 Children’s education Note (4): R 2,496,000 Balance: - R 6,441,000 - Because I spent so much, I had to

sell 2 cows at R 3,200,000. Battery recharge: - I borrowed about R 462,000 from R 60,000 the relatives annually without paying interest. Medical care: - Selling gold at R 600,000 R 600,000

The Study on Comprehensive Agricultural Figure C.3.9 Development of Prek Thnot River Basin, Income and Expenditure (Male) The Kingdom of Cambodia Sala Kruos Village, Preah Nipean Commune, Japan International Cooperation Agency Kong Pisei District, Kampong Speu Province

CF-21 Income and Expenditure (Female)

Chicken Total income (wholesale): R 100,000 (Yearly) R 100,000

Female: 42 (age) 3 children

Total expenditure R 802,000 (Yearly)

Food: R 432,000 Fertilizer: R 80,000

Clothes: R 60,000

Ceremonies: R 200,000

Note Children’s education: Balance: - R 702,000 R 120,000 - Due to high expense, I have to borrow R 400,000 without interest Battery for lightening: from my relatives annually R 60,000 - I get R 100,000 at a time for selling chickens. Medical care: R 30,000

The Study on Comprehensive Agricultural Figure C.3.10 Development of Prek Thnot River Basin, Income and Expenditure (Female) The Kingdom of Cambodia Sala Kruos Village, Preah Nipean Commune, Japan International Cooperation Agency Kong Pisei District, Kampong Speu Province

CF-22 Income and Expenditure (Male)

Debt

Buying goods in credit: R 5,000/ time Male: 24 (age) 3 children Borrowing money from the relatives: R 40,000

Expenditure

Fertilizer: R 80,000 Food: R 6,000/day (for yearly consumption) Buying medicine: R 5,000

Kerosene lump for lightening: R 300/ day

Seasonings (sugar, salt, fish source): Note R 5,000/month Balance: N.A. It’s impossible to calculate either daily or yearly income and expenditure in his case.

The Study on Comprehensive Agricultural Figure C.3.11 Development of Prek Thnot River Basin, Income and Expenditure (Male) The Kingdom of Cambodia Boeng Chram Tboung Village, Preah Nipean Commune, Kong Pisei District, Kampong Speu Province Japan International Cooperation Agency

CF-23 Income and Expenditure (Female)

Income: Selling 25a of the farming Debt land at USD 500

Buying goods in credit: R 10,000/ time Female: 48 (age) 2 children Borrowing money from the brother: R 20,000

Expenditure

Food: R 2,000/day Fertilizer: R 20,000 (for yearly Children’s schooling: consumption) R 300/day

Battery recharge: R 1,000/ week

Detergent: R 3,000/month

Note Balance: N.A. - It’s impossible to calculate either daily or yearly income and expenditure in her case.

The Study on Comprehensive Agricultural Figure C.3.12 Development of Prek Thnot River Basin, Income and Expenditure (Female) The Kingdom of Cambodia Boeng Chram Tboung Village, Preah Nipean Commune, Kong Pisei District, Kampong Speu Japan International Cooperation Agency Province

CF-24 Income and Expenditure (Male)

Paddy: Total income R 250,000 R 1,750,000 (Yearly)

Taxi driving: R 1,500,000

Male: 31 (age) 2 children

Fertilizer: Total expenditure R 100,000 R 2,542,000 (Yearly)

Wage for labor farmers for Food: R 1,460,000 transplanting and harvesting: Clothes: R 90,000 R 240,000

Ceremonies and wedding: R 340,000

Children’s education: R 57,600

Battery recharge and kerosene: Note R 110,400 Balance: - R 792,000 - I borrow money from the relatives Medical care: without paying interest. R 85,000

The others: R 80,000

The Study on Comprehensive Agricultural Figure C.3.13 Development of Prek Thnot River Basin, Income and Expenditure (Male) The Kingdom of Cambodia Sayav Village, Preah Nipean Commune, Kong Japan International Cooperation Agency Pisei District, Kampong Speu Province

CF-25 Income and Expenditure (Female)

Selling baskets: Total income R 480,000 R 480,000 (Yearly)

Female: 48 (age) 6 children

Total expenditure R 3,913,400 (Yearly)

Fertilizer: R 300,000 Food: R 1,825,000

Wages for labor Clothes: R 110,000 farmers for transplanting and Resin for making Festivals and harvesting: R 300,000 baskets: R 240,000 Ceremonies: R 500,000

Pocket money given Note to the children when Balance: - R 3,433,400 they go to school: - R 200,00 every 3 months is given R 416,000 by the children - Borrowing money form EMK with Battery recharging 3%/month interest and kerosene: - Borrowing from relatives without R 122,400 interest Medical care: R 100,000 Figure C.3.14 The Study on Comprehensive Agricultural Development of Prek Thnot River Basin, Income and Expenditure (Female) The Kingdom of Cambodia Sayav Village, Preah Nipean Commune, Kong Pisei District, Kampong Speu Province Japan International Cooperation Agency

CF-26 Income and Expenditure (Male)

Paddy: Total income R 1,400,000 R 2,460,000 (Yearly)

Harvest: Production of palm sugar: R 60,000 R 500,000

Male: 37 (age) Harvest: 3 children R 150,000

Wage as a Total expenditure construction R 2,412,800 (Yearly) worker: R 350,000

Fertilizer: R 230,000 Food: R 1,460,000 (3 bags)

Clothes: R 80,000 Fuel for pumping water: R 250,000 Ceremonies (wedding etc.): R 350,000 Inputs for producing palm sugar: Children’s education: R 70,000 R 115,000

Note Utilities: R 57,600 Balance: + R 47,200 When money is necessary: - Selling pigs Medical care: - Selling rice R 300,000 - Borrowing money from relatives (sometimes)

The Study on Comprehensive Agricultural Figure C.3.15 Development of Prek Thnot River Basin, Income and Expenditure (Male) The Kingdom of Cambodia Beng Village, Pneay Commune, Samraong Japan International Cooperation Agency Tong District, Kampong Speu Province

CF-27 Income and Expenditure (Male)

Paddy: Total income R 1,600,000 R 3,520,000 (Yearly)

Salary of the children from a garment factory: Male: 55 (age) R 1920,000 4 children

Total expenditure R 2,765,100 (Yearly)

Fertilizer: R 255,000 Food: R 730,000

Fuel for a pump: Clothes: R 100,000 R 42,000

Ceremonies (wedding etc.): R 300,000

Medical care: R 200,000

Note Miscellanies: Balance: + R 754,900 R 72,600 Surplus of the income goes to buying - Additional paddy field Fuel for a motorbike: R 1,065,500

The Study on Comprehensive Agricultural Figure C.3.16 Development of Prek Thnot River Basin, Income and Expenditure (Male) The Kingdom of Cambodia Beng Village, Pneay Commune, Samraong Japan International Cooperation Agency Tong District, Kampong Speu Province

CF-28 Income and Expenditure (Female)

Paddy: R 800,000 Total income R 3,950,000 (Yearly) Wage as a construction worker (husband): Female: R 3,000,000 29 (age) 3 children

Wage as a labor farmer for Total expenditure harvesting: R 2,572,100 (Yearly) R 150,000

Fertilizer: R 160,000 Food: R 1,500,000

Harvesting fee: Clothes: R 150,000 R 100,000

Ceremonies (wedding Fuel for pumping etc.): R 200,000 water: R 40,000

Children’s education: R 208,000

Note Utilities: R 114,100 Balance: + R 1,377,900 Surplus of the income goes to buying - Cows Medical care: - A bicycle About R 100,000 - Additional paddy field - Some jewelries

The Study on Comprehensive Agricultural Figure C.3.17 Development of Prek Thnot River Basin, Income and Expenditure (Female) The Kingdom of Cambodia Beng Village, Pneay Commune, Samraong Japan International Cooperation Agency Tong District, Kampong Speu Province

CF-29 Income and Expenditure (Male)

Paddy: Total income R 1,260,000 R 2,010,000 (Yearly)

Repayment from borrowers: R 750,000

Male: 42 (age) 5 children

Total expenditure R 1,919, 500 (Yearly)

Food: R 1095,000 Fertilizer: R 140,000

Clothes: R 50,000 Wage for labor farmers Ceremonies (funerals (transplanting, etc.) + wedding: seedling): R 75,000 R 200,000

Children’s education: R 208,000

Note Battery recharge/ Balance: + R 90,500 kerosene lump for When I have surplus: lightening: R 91,500 - Buying pigs - Buying bicycles - Buying ploughs and harrows Medical care: R 60,000

The Study on Comprehensive Agricultural Figure C.3.18 Development of Prek Thnot River Basin, Income and Expenditure (Male) The Kingdom of Cambodia Angkor Chea Village, Pneay Commune, Japan International Cooperation Agency Samraong Tong District, Kampong Speu Province

CF-30 Income and Expenditure (Male)

Paddy: Total income R 1,400,000 R 1650,000 (Yearly)

Playing traditional wedding music:

R 250,000 Male: 56 (age) 6 children

Total expenditure R 1,841,400 (Yearly)

Fertilizer: R 300,000 Food: R 365,000

Clothes: R 200,000 Wage for labor farmers for transplanting and Wedding and other seedlings: R 200,000 ceremonies: R 300,000 Medical care: R 50,000 Pocket money for children going to Note school: R 282,400 Balance: - R 191,400 When there is no money: Battery recharge/ - Selling chickens and pigs kerosene lump for - Borrowing money from my elder lightening: R 144,000 children - Selling jewelry - Selling cows

The Study on Comprehensive Agricultural Figure C.3.19 Development of Prek Thnot River Basin, Income and Expenditure (Male) The Kingdom of Cambodia Angkor Chea Village, Pneay Commune,

Japan International Cooperation Agency Samraong Tong District, Kampong Speu Province

CF-31 Income and Expenditure (Female)

Paddy: Total income R 700,000 R 1780,000 (Yearly)

Selling woven palm leaves: R 1,080,000 Female: 39 (age) 1 childe

Total expenditure R 3,415,600 (Yearly)

Fertilizer: R 160,000 Food: R 1,460,000

Wage for labor Clothes: R 200,000 farmers for transplanting and Ceremonies and seedlings: R 600,000 wedding: R 300,000

Snack: R 360,000 Pocket money for children going to school: R 51,600 Note Balance: - R 1,635,600 Battery recharge/ When money is necessary: kerosene lump for - Selling rice and chickens lightening: R 84,000 - Borrowing money from relatives - Selling gold Medical care: - Loan from ACLEDA R 200,000 Figure C.3.20 The Study on Comprehensive Agricultural Development of Prek Thnot River Basin, Income and Expenditure (Female) The Kingdom of Cambodia Angkor Chea Village, Pneay Commune, Samraong Tong District, Kampong Speu Japan International Cooperation Agency Province

CF-32 Income and Expenditure (Male)

Paddy: R 300,000 Total income (500kg) R 802,000 (Yearly)

Pig: 1 pig = R 160,000

Male: 38 (age) Wage of 4 children transplanting: R 50,000

Making and selling Khmer Total expenditure biscuit: R 292,000 R 1596,600 (Yearly)

Fertilizer: R 80,000 Food: R 1095,000

Plowing fee: R 74,000 Clothes: R 50,000

Ceremonies (wedding Transplanting fee: etc.): R 100,000 R 45,000

Children’s education: R 41,600

Note Fuel: R 36,000 Balance: - R 794,600 When money is necessary: - Going to cut trees for selling as Medical care: firewood R 75,000 - Growing trees

The Study on Comprehensive Agricultural Figure C.3.21 Development of Prek Thnot River Basin, Income and Expenditure (Male) The Kingdom of Cambodia Sampov Ngo Village, Pneay Commune, Samraong Tong District, Kampong Speu Japan International Cooperation Agency Province

CF-33 Income and Expenditure (Male)

Paddy: Total income R 900,000 R 1050,000 (Yearly)

Weaving palm leaves: R 150,000

Male: 56 (age) 3 children

Total expenditure R 2696,600 (Yearly)

Fertilizer: R 160,000 Food: R 1015,000

Clothes: R 45,000

Ceremonies (wedding etc.): R 200,000

Children’s education: R 1040,000

Note Utilities: R 120,000 Balance: - R 1,646,000 When money is necessary: - Going to cut trees for selling as Medical care: firewood (children) R 36,000 - Selling chickens

Figure C.3.22 The Study on Comprehensive Agricultural Development of Prek Thnot River Basin, Income and Expenditure (Male) The Kingdom of Cambodia Sampov Ngo Village, Pneay Commune, Samraong Tong District, Kampong Speu Japan International Cooperation Agency Province

CF-34 Income and Expenditure (Male)

Paddy: R 900,000 Total income (1t) R 1900,000 (Yearly)

Climbing up palm trees: R 1,000,000

Male: 49 (age) 7 children

Total expenditure R 2,433,800 (Yearly)

Fertilizer: R 320,000 Food: R 1095,000 (4 bags)

Clothes: R 80,000

Ceremonies (wedding Tools for palm tree etc.): R 300,000 climbing: R 100,000 Children’s education: R 332,800

Note Utilities: R 156,000 Balance: - R 533,800 When money is necessary: - Selling pigs and chickens Medical care: - Loan: 3.5%/month from EMT R 50,000

The Study on Comprehensive Agricultural Figure C.3.23 Development of Prek Thnot River Basin, Income and Expenditure (Male) The Kingdom of Cambodia Sampov Ngo Village, Pneay Commune, Samraong Tong District, Kampong Speu Province Japan International Cooperation Agency

CF-35 Income and Expenditure (Male)

Total income Climbing up R 3,400,000 (Yearly) palm trees: R 100,000 Wage from a garment factory (children): Male: R 2,400,000 N.A. (age) Children: 5.

Total expenditure R 8,393,600 (Yearly)

Chemical fertilizer: R 150,000 Food: R 3,650,000

Payment for labor Clothes: R 800,000 farmers (transplanting): Ceremonies: R 150,000 R 1,000,000

Other input for Children’s education: growing rice: Fuel for a motorbike: R 402,000 R 1,440,000 R 576,000 Battery charging fee: R 144,000

Detergent: R 21,600

Note Medical care: Balance: - R 4,993,600 (2004) R 60,000

The Study on Comprehensive Agricultural Figure C.3.24 Development of Prek Thnot River Basin, The Kingdom of Cambodia Income and Expenditure (Male) Chamkar Trach Village, Peuk Commune, Japan International Cooperation Agency Angk Snuol District, Kandal Province

CF-36 Income and Expenditure (Female)

Paddy: Total income R 72,000 R 1,212,000 (Yearly)

Salary of children Climbing up palm as a worker trees (husband): R 240,000 Female: N.A. (age) R 900,000 Children: N.A.

Total expenditure R 9,138,000 (Yearly)

Food: R 1,650,000 Fertilizer: R 120,000

Clothes: R 2,000,000 Wage of labor farmers: Battery charge fee: R 400,000 R 72,000

Other input for Ceremonies: growing rice: R 209,000 R 1,512,000

Tools for climbing up Gasoline: palm trees (husband): R 384,000 R 1,600,000

Children’s education: Note R 1,200,000 Balance: - R 7,926,000

The Study on Comprehensive Agricultural Figure C.3.25 Development of Prek Thnot River Basin, The Kingdom of Cambodia Income and Expenditure (Female) Chamkar Trach Village, Peuk Commune, Japan International Cooperation Agency Angk Snuol District, Kandal Province

CF-37 Income and Expenditure (Male)

Paddy: R 204,000 Total income R 6,054,000 (Yearly) Remittance from the family Pension: member who is working for R 600,000 a garment Male: factory: R 450,000 50 (age)

Children: N.A. Wage from a garment factory (daughter living Vegetables with): (surplus from R 4,800,000 Total expenditure self-consumption R 5,130,000 (Yearly)

Chemical fertilizer: R 15,000 Food: R 2,160,000

Payment for labor Rice: R 372,000 farmers: R 250,000 Ceremonies (wedding Water for farming: etc.): R 250,000 R 540,000 Children’s education: Fuel for a motorbike: R 1,080,000 R 40,000 Battery charging fee: Note R 1,080,000 Balance: + R 924,000 I have no problem regarding with Medical care: expenses because my children work at R 50,000 a garment factory. Each of them receives R 500,000/ month. My Travel expense to the problem is shortage of water for factory farming. R 300,000

The Study on Comprehensive Agricultural Figure C.3.26 Development of Prek Thnot River Basin, The Kingdom of Cambodia Income and Expenditure (Male) Tuol Thnaot Village, Peuk Commune, Angk Japan International Cooperation Agency Snuol District, Kandal Province

CF-38 Income and Expenditure (Female)

Paddy: Total income R 2,400,000 (Yearly)

Vegetables:

Female: 62 (age) Salary from a Children: 2 garment factory (children) R 200,000/ month Total expenditure R 2,352,600 (Yearly)

Supplies to the son Fertilizer: R 800,000 who is a monk at a pagoda: R 900,000

Wage of labor farmers Food: R 365,000 for harvesting: R 500,000 Buying chickens: R 40,000 Note Balance: + R 47,400 Ceremonies in the - I don’t have any problems with money village: R 100,000 because my yearly surplus is R 47,400. Utilities: R 67,600 - I can get financial support from my two children at R 200,000/ month Medical care: - In a certain year, I meet some problems R 300,000 such as lack of water for growing rice for subsistence. The harvest depends on the amount of rain. If there is enough water, I can get some financial surplus, but if not, I cannot.

The Study on Comprehensive Agricultural Figure C.3.27 Development of Prek Thnot River Basin, The Kingdom of Cambodia Income and Expenditure (Female) Tuol Thnaot Village, Peuk Commune, Angk Japan International Cooperation Agency Snuol District, Kandal Province

CF-39 Income and Expenditure (Female)

Selling rice: Total income R 630,000 R 5,030,000 (Yearly)

Pig: Rice mill: R 2,000,000 R 2,400,000 Female: 37 (age) Children: N.A.

Breeding swine: US$ 700 Total expenditure Feed for pigs: R 14,987,800 (Yearly) US$ 1,000

Chemical fertilizer: Food: R 2,880,000 R 312,000 I was not able to get high production in the previous years. I bought 3,000kg fertilizer (150p X Rice: R 1,060,000 20kg) the year before last, but I bought only 600kg (30p X 20kg) in 2004. Ceremonies (wedding etc.): R 1,200,000 Payment for labor farmers (harvest): Children’s education: R 400,000 R 900,000 Clothes: R 400,000 Battery charging fee: Diesel: R 180,000 R 155,800

Note Medical care: Balance: - R 9,957,800 R 700,000 I have no problem regarding with income and When my parents or expenses because I can borrow money from the family member get ill, I have to spend much relatives when it is necessary money. Sometimes, I Pig raising doesn’t produce high output. In have to sell my gold for the treatment 2004, all pigs died The Study on Comprehensive Agricultural Figure C.3.29 Development of Prek Thnot River Basin, The Kingdom of Cambodia Income and Expenditure (Female) Angk Samnang Village, Peuk Commune, Japan International Cooperation Agency Angk Snuol District, Kandal Province

CF-41

Mobility Map

Health Market

- 200m - 3-5 minutes - Asking for - Buying food & utensil Kahaeng medicine -Selling chickens & - Treating any vegetables Commune & kinds of disease - 6 km - Low level of - 20-25 minutes treatment - R 500/Remorque-moto - 200m technique - R 1,500/ Moto taxi - 3-5 minutes - Vaccination for - By moto taxi (R babies 500), walk, bicycle - Maternal checkup - R 500/ moto taxi

Pagoda Ou Veaeng

Well -2km - 5-10 minutes - R 800/Remorque-moto - R 1,000/ Moto taxi Well

Primary & Rice milling Secondary

- 200m Schools - 3-5 minutes - By motorbike (by - 15-20 minutes oneself) - By walk/ bicycle - R 5,000/Remorque-moto - R 1,000/ Moto taxi - Selling rice Equipment - Milling rice - Buying rice enterprise - Buying pigs ACLEDA - Buying animal feed - 150m - 2-3 minutes - Delivered by Providing credit car (R 8,000) or with 3% interest/ truck (R 6,000) month - Selling tables, Legend: cupboards, A rice miller chairs, UNICEF (small) armchairs, windows, doors Digging wells in the village

The Study on Comprehensive Agricultural Figure C.3.30 Development of Prek Thnot River Basin, Mobility Map of Ou Veaeng Village, Kahaeng The Kingdom of Cambodia Commune, Samraong Tong District, Japan International Cooperation Agency Kampong Speu Province

CF-42

Mobility Map

Market

- Taking a truck to bring animals and vegetables for selling at the market - 8km Dealer - 15min. by transportation means -Dealers buy agricultural products in front of the farmers’ gate - Buying price is lower than the market price Tumpung Village

Village Saving

Borrowing Association money from the relatives - It was agreed to establish in March Transportation without interest 2005 among 17 fee from the members villages -Purpose: Poverty nearby: reduction/ sharing and R 2,900/2 km From Vat Chao saving money for Plowing: Village (1km/ agricultural input R 2,500/a by walk) -Foundation: R PRASAC Pulling rice 7,600,000 seedlings: Labor farmer (collection of money R 3,000/day from the members) - Lending money Planting: -The members pay R at 3%/month R 6,000/day 1,300/month interest 8k Legend: A rice miller AMRET Charge: Free: ACLEDA leaving rice bran -Lending money at R 800/10 kg 3%/month interest for rice - Lending money at - None of the villagers milling 3%/month borrow R 400/kg for - Some villagers can - 9km buying rice borrow bran - 18km/ 15 minutes

The Study on Comprehensive Agricultural Figure C.3.31 Development of Prek Thnot River Basin, Mobility Map of Tumpung Village, Kahaeng The Kingdom of Cambodia Commune, Samraong Tong District, Japan International Cooperation Agency Kampong Speu Province

CF-43 Mobility Map

Chomna Kampong Speu Market Market

- Selling - Selling large vegetables and quantity of vegetables Dealers chickens by - R 3,000 for motorbike (R transportation - Villages 1,500) and - 10km sell rice and bicycle - 35 minutes pig - 2km - Vegetables/kg AMRET - 10 minutes is R 1,000 - Vegetables/kg is R 1,200 - Providing loan to the villagers - 10km The villagers leave - 35 minutes for - transplanting in - Paying 3.5%/month Kahaeng Village the neighboring interest PRASAC villages - working as Village Saving - Providing large amount loan to the construction Association villagers Borrowing workers in Phnom money from the Penh and Province - Paying 3%/month relatives without - illagers can borrow (R 2,000/day) interest interest - working for money from the association with 3% factories in Phnom - The villagers learn and interest/ month Penh apply the lessons (US$60/month) Hiring the farmers from the neighboring - Transporting villages products to sell to Transplanting: CEDAC ACLEDA R 3,000/day Labor farmer - R 2,000 for Pulling seedlings: transportation R 3,000/40 bundles of - Located in - Selling lettuce at seedlings Phnom Penh R 2,000/kg - Teaching the Legend: - Selling tomato at villagers on R 1,500/kg A rice miller farming method Charge: - 35 minutes - Telling the Free: leaving rice villagers how to bran save money as a R 800/10 kg for rice milling ACLEDA R 400/kg for No charge if the sellers leave rice bran A rice dealer - Providing Buying products cropping technique from the villagers - Buying products at the same price of - 10km outside dealers R 600/kg and R 500/kg (IR)

The Study on Comprehensive Agricultural Figure C.3.32 Development of Prek Thnot River Basin, Mobility Map of Kahaeng Village, Kahaeng The Kingdom of Cambodia Commune, Samraong Tong District, Japan International Cooperation Agency Kampong Speu Province

CF-44 Mobility Map

Doeum Roka Kampong Market Kantuot Market

- Selling pork: - Selling pork: R 4,300/kg R 4,200/ kg - Selling Vegetables: - Selling rice: R 800/kg R 690/ kg - Road condition is not good - Selling chicken: - 60 minutes by walk R 8,000/kg - 50 minutes by motorbike - 12 km - 10km - By moto taxi: Dealers R 6,000, 30 minutes - By walk Salah Kruas - Dealers come to villagers’ 60 minutes home to buy pigs and chickens - Road condition is bad Informal credit: - Pork/kg: R 4,000 for traveling Borrowing from - Chicken/kg: relatives R 8,000 For transplanting Labor farmer -The organization Agricultural comes to the organization ACLEDA village to teach provides loans agriculture such with interest - The villagers pay as how to raise back to ACLEDA pigs and fish with 2%/ month -20km from Ta interest Kmao Market to - When the the office ACLEDA villagers borrow money, they need to have the Employed as factory residential workers in Phnom Penh certificate from the Village Chief Factory worker and 1 guarantor (Children of the guaranteeing the villagers) borrower’s payback of the debt

The Study on Comprehensive Agricultural Figure C.3.33 Development of Prek Thnot River Basin, Mobility Map of Sala Kruos Village, Preah The Kingdom of Cambodia Nipean Commune, Kong Pisei District, Japan International Cooperation Agency Kampong Speu Province

CF-45 Mibility Map

Doeum Trang Market Tram Khna Market - Selling Rice miller in Wax gourd: Doeum Roka Market R 4,000/kg - Selling rice: Chicken: R 600/ kg R 9,000/kg - 20 km Pig (pork): - Selling rice: - By moto taxi: R 5,300/kg R 8,000, R 600/ kg Vegetables: - 15 km R 1,200/kg 90 minutes - By moto taxi: - 6km R 4,000, - By moto taxi: 30 minutes R 2,000 10 minutes - By bicycle Dealers 90 minutes - By bicycle 30 minutes The road condition - Dealers come for is a little bit bad for Boeng Chram Tabong traveling buying cows, chickens, and pigs Informal credit: - Their buying price is Borrowing from low relatives - Cow: R 800,000/head - Chicken: Transplanting: R 9,000/kg R 7,000/ 40 bundle - Pig (pork) of seedlings Transplanting: R 5,500/kg R 7,000/ 40 bundle of seedlings Labor farmer Employed as factory workers in Phnom Penh

Factory worker Legend: (Children of the A rice miller villagers) (Milling: R 350/kg If the villagers leave bran, the charge is free) Informal credit

The Study on Comprehensive Agricultural Figure C.3.34 Development of Prek Thnot River Basin, Mobility Map of Boeng Chram Tboung The Kingdom of Cambodia Village, Preah Nipean Commune, Kong Pisei Japan International Cooperation Agency District, Kampong Speu Province

CF-46 Mibility Map

Phnom Penh Kantuot Prey Tofeung - Transporting vegetables, Market watermelon, wax gourd, - Buying pumpkin, and chili pepper Wax gourd: clothes, R 3,000/kg - Dealers vegetables, of the Chili pepper: fish, and meats R 3,500/kg market sell - 6km - 72km rice: - 20 minutes by - R 8,000 for one way R 720/ kg motorbike - 90 minutes by motorbike - 2km (Fuel: R 4,000) - 10 minutes by Dealers car Sayav

- Dealers come to buy Informal credit: Pulling seedlings: chickens, and pigs Borrowing from R 2,500/ 40 bundles of - Chicken: relatives seedlings R 9,000/kg Transplanting: Rice dealer - Duck: R 4,000/day R 7,000/kg Harvesting: - Pig (pork) R 5,000/ 40 bundles R 5,000/kg (Far away from the -Providing credit village) with 3% interest/ Employed as month Labor construction -15km workers: R RED VANNA Employed as 7,000/Day garment factory ACLEDA workers: -Provides $40/month rice credit: Construction Villagers worker Factory repay 192kg if they Legend: borrow EMK A rice miller 160kg. (Milling: Buying rice at R 700/kg) -Providing loan with 3% interest/ month -The staff come to village to collect money -30km

The Study on Comprehensive Agricultural Figure C.3.35 Development of Prek Thnot River Basin, Mobility Map of Sayav Village, Preah Nipean The Kingdom of Cambodia Commune, Kong Pisei District, Kampong Japan International Cooperation Agency Speu Province

CF-47 Mibility Map

Phnom Penh World Vision Kg Spue Market For buying motorbikes, pumps (48km and 60 minutes ACLEDA For selling chickens at from the village R 70,000/kg and palm Transportation cost: R Lending big sugar at R 700/kg 7,500) amount of For buying vegetables money and the other food (10km, 30 minutes Credit is available for from the village group at 4%/ month, and Transportation cost: R for individual at 2,000) 3%/month Labor Beng Village Selling labor PRASAC for rice harvest (R 3,000) Lending money at 3%/month 10km, 30minutes

Employed as Hiring for rice harvest construction from Angkor Chea workers (R 7,000/ Villages day) in Kg Spue City (R 2,500) Labor farmer and Phnom Penh

Legend: A rice miller Construction worker (Milling: R 500/ 10 kg If the villagers leave bran, the charge is free) Employed as factory workers (US$ 50/ A grocery shop month) in Phnom Garment Note: A middleman(Buying: R 500- factory The villagers 600/ kg)Interest rate for worker borrowing money from the can borrow middleman: 20%/month money from relatives

The Study on Comprehensive Agricultural Figure C.3.36 Development of Prek Thnot River Basin, Mobility Map of Beng Village, Pneay The Kingdom of Cambodia Commune, Samraong Tong District, Japan International Cooperation Agency Kampong Speu Province

CF-48 Mibility Map

Formal Credit Pen Village World 1 Market Kg. Spue Market - Providing credit - Selling rice: R at 4%/ month 600/ kg - Selling the products: interest - 1 km from the Rice: R 500/ kg - 10km away village Vender Chicken: R 6000/kg from the village - By moto taxi, - Buying some food - 30 minutes by R 1000 - Travel expense: motorbike - From Tun R 2,000 by taxi Lhab Wat - By owned motorbike, Village (3 km 1 litter (R 3,800) is away from the necessary village, 10 - 10km (30 minutes) Angkor Chea minutes by from the village motorbike) - The villagers buy pork at R Informal credit: 4,000/ kg - Borrowing money at Borrowing from 3%/month interest relatives - 10km away from the village Employed as - 30 minutes construction workers (R 5,000/ day) in Transplanting: Phnom Penh and R 6,000/ bundle ACLED Kampong Spue Labor farmer

Employed as factory Construction workers (US$ 70/ month) worker in Cham Bork Pagoda, & Kg Spue, Angk Snuol

Legend: A rice miller Factory (Milling: R 1,000/30kg worker If the villagers leave bran, the charge is free) A grocery shop

The Study on Comprehensive Agricultural Figure C.3.37 Development of Prek Thnot River Basin, Mobility Map of Angkor Chea Village, Pneay The Kingdom of Cambodia Commune, Samraong Tong District, Japan International Cooperation Agency Kampong Speu Province

CF-49 Mibility Map

EMT Middlem Mark

From Kg. Spue Market Group and Key Snar borrowing (5 For buying Village to buy persons/ group) goods For pigs (R 4,200/ 3.5%/month selling rice (R kg) Distance: 650/kg), 6.5 km chickens (R (Kampong . 9,000/ kg) Speu) Transportation Sampov Ngou 30 minutes by fee: motorbike R 2,000/ 30 minutes by motorbike Distance: 6.5 km

Hiring for paddy cultivation Employed as from Beang and Pneay 2 construction workers Villages (R 60,000/ 2000m ) (R 7,000/ day) in Labor farmer Phnom Penh

Legend: Construction A rice miller Employed as worker (Milling: R 500/ 10 kg factory workers If the villagers leave (US$ 50/ month) bran, the charge is free)

A grocery shop Factory worker A middleman

The Study on Comprehensive Agricultural Figure C.3.38 Development of Prek Thnot River Basin, Mobility Map of Sampov Ngo Village, Pneay The Kingdom of Cambodia Commune, Samraong Tong District, Kampong Japan International Cooperation Agency Speu Province

CF-50 Mibility Map

Angkor Rong Roung Company Rice miller (Angk Snuol) - Lending seeds - 1kg seeds → 2kg seeds when - Selling rice payback CRS 1km - Lending money at 20% 1.5km interest

4km

Chamkar Trach

- Borrowing -Installing roads money at 11% VDC -R 5,000/ family - ACLEDA staff Fund comes to the village -Transportation fee = R 1,000 0.5km 0.5km ACLED Health Center School Pagoda Peuk Commune

-Providing health service

The Study on Comprehensive Agricultural Figure C.3.39 Development of Prek Thnot River Basin, Mobility Map of Chamkar Trach Village, The Kingdom of Cambodia Peuk Commune, Angk Snuol District, Kandal Japan International Cooperation Agency Province

CF-51 Mibility Map

Tual Thnot Commune Primary Office Market School

- 500m by foot - Not doing -4km anything for the -Going to buy food village Pagoda Vender Police Office - From Tun Lhab Wat Village (3 km - 300m by foot away from the - Solving all kinds village, 10 minutes of problems in the by motorbike) village Tual Thnot Village - The villagers buy - 2.5km pork at R 4,000/ kg

- Borrowing money at 3%/month interest - ACLEDA staff comes to the village - 3.5km -Transportation fee is charged at emergency -When it is not emergent, ACLED the villagers can travel by themselves -1.5km Secondary School

- 5km by bicycle Health Center

Legend: - Borrowing money at A rice miller 3%/month interest - 35km Christian church PRASAC

The Study on Comprehensive Agricultural Figure C.3.40 Development of Prek Thnot River Basin, Mobility Map of Tuol Thnaot Village, Peuk The Kingdom of Cambodia Commune, Angk Snuol District, Kandal Japan International Cooperation Agency Province

CF-52 Mibility Map

Big rice miller JRS (Private) ACLEDA Providing a cow for drafting. When the - For selling/ milling - Providing credit at cow delivers 2 babies, rice by motorcycle 3%/ month interest FLD the villager can get trailer (1.5km) - Coming to the the cow and give 2 village for their Commune babies back to JRS. operation Office Secondar Solving problems Poor children don’t y School - Providing credit occurring in the village have bikes for at 2%/ month - By motorcycle and bike commuting school. interest (1.5km) They walk to school. Garment & (4km) Primary textile, animal Angk Samnang School feed factory (5km) - By foot (250m) Chambak Workers pay Pagoda $5/month as transportation Well - Festivals fee - Villagers offer food to (20 workers) (2km) monks - By foot (250m) By ox carts for Police transporting Office water (250m) By motorbike By motorbike, bike, Pond near trailer: serious motorbike trailer (1.5km) Solving every the pagoda problems condition happening in the By motorbike: village Villagers collect medium condition Angk Snuol Market water from here By bike (1.5km)

- Buying food and Health vegetables, which are not grown in the village - Selling chickens, pigs There is no available and vegetables Legend: ambulance - Selling paddy to rice A rice miller millers (small)

The Study on Comprehensive Agricultural Figure C.3.41 Development of Prek Thnot River Basin, Mobility Map of Angk Samnang Village, The Kingdom of Cambodia Peuk Commune, Angk Snuol District, Kandal Japan International Cooperation Agency Province

CF-53 Instiutional Diagram

Commune Center & Commune Chief -When the Commune needs force, Police Station Commune Center has the police station gives the solution duty for solving - Solving problems problems and - Keeping the security of the Commune controlling villages - Intervening when accidents and other problems Asking Village Chief Deputy Commune Chief to join the meeting The Commune encourages the villagers to send their children to - Substitute for school for study and goes to school to Commune Chief when give information to the students School he is out - Facilitate the works of - Providing the the Commune knowledge to children Good communication to work for development of the village Village Chief - Pagoda provides the room to - Responsible for solving problems in the children who want to study the village in the pagoda - Sending the request of the villagers to Good Commune communication - Leader of the meeting in the village Pagoda and cooperation and making decision on the works in the village - The place for Buddhism and holding the Buddhism ceremonies Deputy Village Chief

Good communication Substitute for the Village Chief between Village and when he is out Groups to get Contacting to find the villagers who want information from the to borrow money and fill the form villagers

Communicating to find the place to dig ACLEDA Group Leader the wells - Providing loans to the 3 Groups in the village Communicating the Village to villagers at 3% interest/ to provide information find the place for wells month from Village Chief to the because the villagers need villagers clean water for use in the village UNICEF Good communication

- Digging wells for villagers - Already dug 3 wells

The Study on Comprehensive Agricultural Figure C.3.42 Development of Prek Thnot River Basin, Institutional Diagram of Ou Veaeng Village, The Kingdom of Cambodia Kahaeng Commune, Samraong Tong District, Japan International Cooperation Agency Kampong Speu Province

CF-54 Institutional Diagram

Police Commune Chief

Commune Chief Keeping security and works for local Good cooperation solving any problems development in Commune When the When the pagoda holds the villagers hold Buddhism Buddhism ceremony, it has to ceremonies, vet permission form the policemen keep security Good cooperation Commune Pagoda Deputy Commune Chief Informing on the education - Place for Budd hism Deputy Commune Encouraging the villagers to ceremony Chief assists send their children to school - Teaching people to Commune ’s daily do good things work Sharing Providing the information School shelter to children Village Chief Providing the health information Providing Village Chief has the education to responsibilities for the children village development and gets the works from Commune Treating the villagers

Good cooperation Health Center Deputy Village Chief Taking care of and Deputy Village Chief treating the gets the works from villagers Village Chief

Good cooperation Group Leader Children’s Group Leader All eternal associations have Right Program provides information to contact wi th Commune to to the villagers Digging wells for do activities villagers

PRASAC

Lending money at 3-4%/month

CIDSE CEDAC IPM Training the Teaching agriculture villagers to save Teaching agriculture money

The Study on Comprehensive Agricultural Figure C.3.43 Development of Prek Thnot River Basin, Institutional Diagram of Tumpung Village, The Kingdom of Cambodia Kahaeng Commune, Samraong Tong District, Japan International Cooperation Agency Kampong Speu Province

CF-55 Institutional Diagram

Commune Chief Police

Go vern ing the Maintaining the security of Maintaining the villages in the the villages in the commune security of the Commune villages in the Cooperating in promoting the Commune health Working together to solve the Calling for the villagers to problems enroll their children in school Health Center Deputy Commune Chief Providing the Gov ern ing t h e villagers medical villages and the treatments School serves a villagers in the place for meetings Commune just as Maintaining the security and a place where Commune Chief during the festivals/ vaccination is ceremonies given to the Exchanging children information Asking for the permission School Village Chief from Commune Chief before Providing Taking in charge of the celebrating any events educat ion t o villagers children P agoda provides Taking over the the school the Village Chief ’s conceded land wo r k s wh en h e is not in the village Pagoda Deputy Village Chief - Making t he v illages have morals through Taking in charge of the All relevant org anizations the religious sermon villagers need to get approval from and being aware of Commune Chief for what is wron g an d what is righ t Carrying out the implementing any plans activities when they are required by the Village Chief CEDAC - Strengthening local saving Group Leader groups Informing the Group - Promoting agriculture members of the - Obtaining 40 rice stalks by meeting transplanting one seedling without strong chemical Rehabilitati on Center fertilizer Leading the villagers Providing the t o dig and maint ain necessary education Children ’s AMRET canals t o t he dumb, deaf, Right Program FWUC and physically Giving the loans with disabled children and - Protecting the right of children 3.5%/month interest handicapped adults - Taking care of children and Leading the villagers providing food to dig and maintain -Ed ucating the villages on the canals children’s right Development Center - Providing drops and vaccinations to located in the subur of children b -Providingeducationto children Kampong Sp eu Province IPM PRASAC Providing the Promoting the ACLEDA training on how to technique on how to Giv in g the loans with Givin g the loans draft animals and to grow vegetables and 3%/month interest with 3%/month make compost to the the other agricultural interest villages t echnique

The Study on Comprehensive Agricultural Figure C.3.44 Development of Prek Thnot River Basin, Institutional Diagram of Tumpung Village, The Kingdom of Cambodia Kahaeng Commune, Samraong Tong District, Japan International Cooperation Agency Kampong Speu Province

CF-56 Institutional Diagram

- Helping to solve all problems for the villagers Commune - Receiving the order from Commune the Commune to protect the Police Responsible for villagers Helping to solve solving various all problems of the problems for the villagers villagers Helping the village together The Commune can solve all - Helping to get permission from when there are problems that the pagoda Commune for the villagers’ problems faces holding the ceremonies at the pagoda Deputy Commune Chief - Providing the security during the ceremonies Responsible for solving problems Pagoda in the village Worshipping the religion and advising Helping to provide all persons to do good Helping each information to the villagers deeds other when the school starts

Village Chief - Hosting the Responsible for solving ceremonies to raise problems in the village money for building the school Helping to work - Helping to rehabilitate in the village on the road behalf of the Village Chief School Deputy Village Chief Providing education to the Responsible for people at all ages solving problems in the and human village resources to the nation Helping to work in the village All organizations have to AMK (NGO) inform the Commune first Group and before starting activities - Providing loans in the village Informing the to the villagers at villagers 3% interest/ month

ACLEDA - Providing loans Children Right to the villagers at 3% interest/ Program (NGO) month Voso (NGO) Helping to dig wells for - Providing seeds providing clean to the villagers water to poor - Helping the children agricultural sector

The Study on Comprehensive Agricultural Figure C.3.45 Development of Prek Thnot River Basin, Institutional Diagram of Sala Kruos Village, The Kingdom of Cambodia Preah Nipean Commune, Kong Pisei District, Japan International Cooperation Agency Kampong Speu Province

CF-57 Institutional Diagram

Cooperating to protect the Commune villagers in the Commune Police Serving the Protecting the villagers in the villagers village Giving/ taking responsibilities from Commune Commune helps to provide Asking for the help Chief information to the parents of when there is a problem the students Deputy Commune Chief Helping to pass letters/ documents School from the village to Providing the Commune, and knowledge to vice versa students Sharing Pagoda has to register for information getting the permission/ certificates Giving the land to the Village Chief school to build the Helping Commune and school facilities NGOs to work in the village for supporting the village Pagoda Spreading Commune asks the Health -Scriptures Information Center to provide - Religion vaccinations to the villagers Group Informing the Providing the place for villagers to attend health education and meetings training programs

Helping the development of Health Center the village - Serving the villagers - Providing Deputy Village Chief vaccination

Substitute for Village When NGOs come to the Chief village, first, they have to contact the Commune

SCALE (NGO) Providing canals and drain pipes

The Study on Comprehensive Agricultural Figure C.3.46 Development of Prek Thnot River Basin, Institutional Diagram of Boeng Chram The Kingdom of Cambodia Tboung Village, Preah Nipean Commune, Japan International Cooperation Agency Kong Pisei District, Kampong Speu Province

CF-58 Institutional Diagram

Always discussing about Commune providing the security to the villagers Police Providing the security to the Commune villagers Governing all Recommending all villagers Providing villagers in whole to go to Health Center to information commune receive medical treatment on the patients Exchanging tasks and Health work s Center Helping the Deputy Commune Chief Permission of holding the villagers as for ceremonies health care issues Go vern in g t h e villagers on behalf of Commune Chief Providing information each other Pagoda Worshipping the Village Chief religion and advising all persons t o do good -Governing the villagers Telling the villagers to allow deeds -Solving problems for the thechildren to enrollin the villagers school The students help the pagoda whenever it Exchanging holds ceremonies information School DeputyVillage Chief Providing education to the Governing the villagers people at all ages on behalf of the Village All organizations have to and human Chief resources to the inform the Commune first nation and before starting activities Helping the in the village children in the Exchanging ideas school RED VANNA(NGO) Group - Providing capital to the villagers Receiving ideas from the Village Chief to inform villagers

Working together ACLEDA to maintain the Providing loans canals - to the villagers at CEDAC FWUC Children Right 3% interest/ Providing the month - -Managing water Program (NGO) saving service to -Taking care of support agricultural canals activities -P r o v i di n g nutrition to the children Always helping -T a k i n g t h e the villagers children to funny RHAC (NGO) trips Disseminating the information on all kinds of disease

The Study on Comprehensive Agricultural Figure C.3.47 Development of Prek Thnot River Basin, Institutional Diagram of Sayav Village, Preah The Kingdom of Cambodia Nipean Commune, Kong Pisei District, Japan International Cooperation Agency Kampong Speu Province

CF-59 Institutional Diagram

When the villagers meet problems, the commune chief and police cooperate with Police Commune each other to solve the problems Providing the security to the Solving prob lems people

Helping each Encouraging the villagers to Solving problems when other allow their children to school the school has for their studying Deputy Commune Chief Helping the ’s School commune chief Place for works providing the Encour aging the villagers knowledge Having a good to take their children to relationship hospital for taking vaccination When the students are ill, they can go to see Village Chief the doctor timely

Governing the villagers Hospital Helping each other to develop Providing the the village treatment service Deputy Village Chief Pagoda can provide the When there is a place for the doctors to development plan, vaccinate the people he organizes the meeting Helping each Pagoda other Place for the Group For conducting the projects ceremonies Informing the in the villages, it should be villagers when there via Commune is a meeting Cooperating with working in the village PRASAC Helping to make FWUC dikes and canals Controlling and Lending money at looking after the canal World Vision 3%/month interest system in the village Lending money with the contract

Helping villagers in the cooperation ACLEDA ’s Right Prog ram AMK Children Lending money at Lending money at 3%/month interest Digging wells 3%/month interest

The Study on Comprehensive Agricultural Figure C.3.48 Development of Prek Thnot River Basin, Institutional Diagram of Beng Village, Pneay The Kingdom of Cambodia Commune, Samraong Tong District, Japan International Cooperation Agency Kampong Speu Province

CF-60 Institutional Diagram

Cooperating with keeping Commune security for the people Police Work for the Keeping the people in whole security for people village

Sharing works For ceremonies, the people At the ceremonies, have to ask for the keeping the security permission form the Deputy Commune Chief commune Working as commune chief, Pagoda when he is not in Giving Buddhism the commune education for leading the villagers to good Working for the village Encouraging the way without salary villagers to send their children When the pagoda holds Village Chief going to school ceremonies (or busy), the students help - Being responsible for the village problems School Educating the Sharing works children Spreading the news on Deputy Village Chief vaccination to the people Vaccination for the Working as village students chief, when he is not in the village Sharing the information with the people in the Providing work plans of Health Center group the villagers to do Treating the people in whole Group Chief village and Leading the commune villagers to dig a Before coming to the village, dike all organizations should contact with the commune to tell the all activities conducted in the commune PRASAC Lending money at FWUC 3% interest Water management Building roads Providing water CONCERT and making water Control canals jars Digging canals and installing Cooperating each other for pipes village development World Vision ACLEDA Bank Lending money at Lending money at 4% interest VDC 4% interest UNICEF Finding the Building school development way and digging wells for the village

The Study on Comprehensive Agricultural Figure C.3.49 Development of Prek Thnot River Basin, Institutional Diagram of Angkor Chea Village, The Kingdom of Cambodia Pneay Commune, Samraong Tong District, Japan International Cooperation Agency Kampong Speu Province

CF-61 Institutional Diagram

For strengthening the Commune security of the commune, Police Commune chief sharing information Keeping the has security in the responsibilities to village and lead and manage commune people Helping each other to develop When we have ceremonies, At the ceremonies, the commune we have to inform the keeping the security commune first Deputy Commune Chief Helping the commune office Pagoda works Sharing Encouraging the villagers to Place for information and send their children going to Buddhism experience for school ceremonies developing the village The students can attend Village Chief the ceremonies - Controlling the villagers and developing the village - Extension how to grow rice (cultivation technique) School Helping each Encouraging the villagers to Place for studying other to develop have health education and education the village Deputy Village Chief - Sometimes working for In school, teachers have the village chief to explain hygiene and Cooperating each health to the students other, sharing information about village works Health Center Place for treating people in the Group Chief commune and the - Sharing the information village with the people in the Before going to the village, group all organizations should - Assisting the village contact with the commune to chief tell the all activities conducted in the commune Sharing works EMT Lending money at Deputy Group Chief 3.5%/month Helping the work of interest the group chief

UNICEF PRASAC Helping with Supporting the digging wells for establishing of a the villagers can canal system and use clean water lending money at 3%/month interest

The Study on Comprehensive Agricultural Figure C.3.50 Development of Prek Thnot River Basin, Institutional Diagram of Sampov Ngo Village, The Kingdom of Cambodia Pneay Commune, Samraong Tong District, Japan International Cooperation Agency Kampong Speu Province

CF-62 Institutional Diagram

GSC Global Save Community

Commune Chief - Rice Bank - Controlling the - Cow Bank people in whole - Transferring the sick villagers to commune hospital (Providing human Sharing resource) information - Providing the knowledge Village - Digging ponds and canals - Managing the people in ii llff fh the village - Solving the problems in Children’s Right the village - Providing financial source to Assisting the Village Chief’s the villagers works Group Chief - Lending money to villagers at 3%/ month interest - Leading group members (1%→for village development - A substitute for Village Chief 2% → interest to the when he is out of the village organization - Keeping good communication with the villagers

Discussing Health Center each other Angk Snuol Commune

- Treating the villagers - The villagers go - Good cooperation, to the Health Youth Group working for the Center when - Controlling the youth village and commune’s they are sick and giving advice development - Telling the young - Sharing the people not to use illegal information drugs Police Station

- Keeping the Village Development Committee security (VDC)

Complain ⇔ Money

The Study on Comprehensive Agricultural Figure C.3.51 Development of Prek Thnot River Basin, Institutional Diagram of Chamkar Trach The Kingdom of Cambodia Village, Peuk Commune, Angk Snuol District, Japan International Cooperation Agency Kandal Province

CF-63 Institutional Diagram

FWUC Chief Commune Chief Being responsible - Manage all units for providing water - Solving all to the village problems in the village

Deputy FWUC Chief Health Center Deputy Commune Chief When the chief is absent, he/she can Located in Peuk help water Commune distribution Making loan forms

Village Chief

- Receiving working plans from Commune

School Pagoda

- Teachers collect money from the ACLEDA Bank students when the village has Lending money at ceremonies a t the 4% interest pagoda

Church JRS PRASAC - Lending Lending money at money 3%/month - Exchanging cows

The Study on Comprehensive Agricultural Figure C.3.52 Development of Prek Thnot River Basin, Institutional Diagram of Tuol Thnaot Village, The Kingdom of Cambodia Peuk Commune, Angk Snuol District, Kandal Japan International Cooperation Agency Province

CF-64 Institutional Diagram - Villagers can SCALE borrow money JRS for buying draft - Exchange villagers ’ animals ACLEDA labor with drafting - Help the - Coming to the cattle destitute village - Coming to the - Lending money to village Commune Chief villagers at 3%/ month interest - Governing villagers Authorizing the Local rice miller - When the villagers operation lack water, he has to - Providing the complain about it to service to villagers higher authorities Commune Deputy Chief - Inviting Commune Chief to attend meetings Village Chief - Working as a Primary School commune chief when - Having a duty to help For primary with solving the he is absent students problems and disputes of villagers - Pagoda asks the - Having a duty of requiring requesting the demands materials to to higher authorities extend the pagoda - Helping with solving Pagoda problems of the group - The villagers go members to pagoda for cerebrating ceremonies - The core of villagers ’ - Village chief Buddhism faith Deputy Village Chief encourages the - Assisting Village villagers to take Chief vaccination - Having a duty to call on the Health Center villagers to patrol the village - Treatment - Announcing on - Providing medical going to school service to th e villagers - No ambulance (The -Having a duty to solve Group Chief 1 villagers have to go disputes by themselves) among group members - Group Group Chief 2 Chief govern - Villagers ask the his group ’s village chief the families location, time, Secondary School Group Chief 3 method of - The students go building wells by bike - Educating the students for getting more Well: knowledge - The villagers are users - Difficult to use because it doesn ’t have much watre

The Study on Comprehensive Agricultural Figure C.3.53 Development of Prek Thnot River Basin, Institutional Diagram of Angk Samnang The Kingdom of Cambodia Village, Peuk Commune, Angk Snuol District, Japan International Cooperation Agency Kandal Province

CF-65