U.S.U.S. DrugDrug EnforcementEnforcement AdministrationAdministration METHAMPHETAMINE:METHAMPHETAMINE: ““METHMETH 101101””
DEA Chemical Industry Conference September 17-18, 2008 Atlanta, GA OUTLINEOUTLINE
WHAT IS METHAMPHETAMINE?
WHAT IS A CLANDESTINE LABORATORY?
DANGERS OF CLANDESTINE LABORATORIES.
U.S. HISTORY OF CLANDESTINE METHAMPHETAMINE LAB EXPERIENCE.
METHAMPHETAMINE PRODUCTION METHODS.
CURRENT SITUATION. THETHE THREATTHREAT
GlobalGlobal inin naturenature Est.Est. useruser populationpopulation ofof AmphetamineAmphetamine--typetype substances,substances, incl.incl. methamphetamine:methamphetamine: 26+26+ millionmillion SouthSouth EastEast Asia,Asia, Oceania,Oceania, EuropeEurope AllAll points…Africa,points…Africa, MiddleMiddle--East,East, SubSub-- Continent,Continent, etcetc UNITEDUNITED STATES…consumerSTATES…consumer andand producerproducer METHMETH--EFFECTSEFFECTS
CentralCentral nervousnervous systemsystem stimulant,stimulant, likelike cocaine,cocaine, butbut stronger.stronger. CanCan bebe injected,injected, smoked,smoked, snorted,snorted, oror takentaken orally.orally. IncreasesIncreases heartheart rate,rate, bloodblood pressure,pressure, bodybody temperature,temperature, respiration,respiration, andand alertness.alertness. DilatesDilates pupilspupils andand producesproduces euphoriaeuphoria andand aa sensesense ofof increasedincreased energyenergy andand tremors.tremors. METHMETH--EFFECTSEFFECTS
IrritabilityIrritability AggressiveAggressive behaviorbehavior AnxietyAnxiety ForgetfulForgetful AuditoryAuditory hallucinationshallucinations ParanoidParanoid delusionsdelusions WithdrawalWithdrawal producesproduces depressiondepression METHMETH-- EFFECTSEFFECTS BrainBrain andand CentralCentral NervousNervous SystemSystem Effects:Effects: RushRush HighHigh PleasurePleasure
ShortShort TermTerm Effects:Effects: IncreasedIncreased pulsepulse raterate && bloodblood pressurepressure InsomniaInsomnia DecreasedDecreased appetiteappetite METHMETH-- EFFECTSEFFECTS
LongLong TermTerm Effects:Effects: Agitation Increased body temperature Hallucinations, convulsions
PregnancyPregnancy Effects:Effects: (Crank(Crank Babies)Babies) Premature delivery Skeletal, physical, and developmental abnormalities Learning and growth delays, including coordination problems METHMETH ANDAND THETHE BRAIN:BRAIN:
METH releases neurotransmitters into the brain--DOPAMINE and SEROTIN. Vital to brain functions that control MOOD MEMORY, SLEEP, MOVEMENT, DECISION MAKING and APPETITE. Brain neurons that release DOPAMINE and SEROTIN become damaged. PHYSICALPHYSICAL EFFECTSEFFECTS
WeightWeight lossloss SweatingSweating BodyBody OdorOdor BadBad TeethTeeth OpenOpen SoresSores TWOTWO MONTHSMONTHS OFOF ABUSEABUSE EIGHTEIGHT YEARSYEARS OFOF ABUSEABUSE STREETSTREET FORMSFORMS OFOF METHMETH
Rock Methamphetamine CLANDESTINECLANDESTINE LABORATORYLABORATORY
WHATWHAT ?? AnAn illicitillicit operationoperation consistingconsisting ofof aa sufficientsufficient combinationcombination ofof apparatusapparatus andand chemicalschemicals thatthat eithereither hashas beenbeen oror couldcould bebe usedused inin thethe manufacturemanufacture oror synthesissynthesis ofof controlledcontrolled substances.substances. METHMETH CLANCLAN LABSLABS METHMETH SUPERSUPER LABLAB 10+10+ LBSLBS PERPER CYCLECYCLE SMALLSMALL TOXICTOXIC LABSLABS (STL)(STL) OunceOunce // gramgram quantitiesquantities HeatingHeating MantleMantle andand 33--neckneck ReactionReaction FlaskFlask ElectricElectric SkilletSkillet andand CanningCanning JarJar METHMETH CLANCLAN LABSLABS
WHERE?WHERE? -- RESIDENTIALRESIDENTIAL –– Single,Single, multimulti--unitunit -- COMMERCIALCOMMERCIAL –– LargeLarge // smallsmall -- RENTALRENTAL // LEASEDLEASED –– Motels,Motels, hotelshotels -- MOBILEMOBILE –– Autos,Autos, trucks,trucks, boatsboats -- URBANURBAN // RURALRURAL –– Farms,Farms, woods,woods, desert,desert, groves,groves, nationalnational parksparks -- BOTTOMBOTTOM--LINELINE…………ANYWHEREANYWHERE METHMETH CLANCLAN LABSLABS WHO?WHO? ANYONEANYONE FROMFROM GRADEGRADE SCHOOLSCHOOL DROPDROP--OUTSOUTS TOTO PhDPhD’’SS,, ORGANIZATIONALORGANIZATIONAL OROR INDEPENDENT,INDEPENDENT, USERSUSERS && NONNON-- USERS.USERS. CHEMICALSCHEMICALS
PrecursorsPrecursors ReagentsReagents SolventsSolvents CatalystsCatalysts PRECURSORPRECURSOR
AA chemicalchemical thatthat isis essentialessential toto thethe productionproduction ofof aa controlledcontrolled substance.substance. PartPart ofof itsits chemicalchemical structurestructure appearsappears inin thethe controlledcontrolled substancesubstance structurestructure.. METHMETH PRECURSORSPRECURSORS
PSEUDOEPHEDRINEPSEUDOEPHEDRINE//EPHEDRINEEPHEDRINE – direct-immediate precursor to Methamphetamine
PHENYLACETICPHENYLACETIC ACIDACID – precursor to P-2-P (intermediate) PRODUCT EPHEDRINEEPHEDRINE RAW POWDER, OTC and EPHEDRA PSEUDOEPHEDRINEPSEUDOEPHEDRINE OTC PREPARATIONS PREPPREP EXTRACTIONEXTRACTION OtherOther FormsForms ofof OTCOTC PseudoephedrinePseudoephedrine
Blister packs and syrups
Gel caps found in lab in Oregon EPHEDRINEEPHEDRINE // PSEUDOEPHEDRINEPSEUDOEPHEDRINE
GERMANY
CHINA
INDIA
Source Countries (Raw Precursors) REDRED PHOSPHORUSPHOSPHORUS IODINEIODINE
Tincture of Iodine
Iodine crystals SOLVENTS
FREONFREON
HOUSEHOLDHOUSEHOLD SOURCESSOURCES
ALCOHOLALCOHOL
PropertyProperty EffectsEffects METHAMPHETAMINEMETHAMPHETAMINE IMPACTIMPACT Innocent victims
Environmental damage
Hotel room Apartment fire Dumpsite Forest pond waste site laboratory DRUGDRUG ENDANGEREDENDANGERED CHILDRENCHILDREN ABUSEABUSE ANDAND NEGLECTNEGLECT ENVIRONMENTALENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTSEFFECTS
CONTAMINATIONCONTAMINATION OFOF AIR,AIR, WATER,WATER, SOIL,SOIL, STRUCTURESSTRUCTURES ANDAND SURROUNDINGSURROUNDING AREAS.AREAS. TOXICTOXIC EFFECTSEFFECTS ONON PEOPLE,PEOPLE, ANIMALS,ANIMALS, PLANTSPLANTS LIFETIMELIFETIME DISABILITIES,DISABILITIES, CHRONICCHRONIC ILLNESS…DEATHILLNESS…DEATH COSTS!!!COSTS!!! STATESTATE LEGISLATIONLEGISLATION ANDAND COMBATCOMBAT METHMETH EPIDEMICEPIDEMIC ACTACT OFOF 20052005
CMEACMEA nationalnational – Domestic sales / purchases – International component AtAt leastleast 4242 StatesStates havehave OTCOTC legislationlegislation – Most stringent Schedule III – Prescription – Pharmacy only – Behind the Counter STATESTATE PRECURSORPRECURSOR LEGISLATIONLEGISLATION
OklahomaOklahoma modelmodel Impose Schedule V-type controls on precursor chemicals
Behind the Counter
OregonOregon modelmodel Impose Schedule III-type controls requiring prescription COMBATCOMBAT METHAMPHETAMINEMETHAMPHETAMINE EPIDEMICEPIDEMIC ACTACT OFOF 20052005 March 2006. legislation was passed by Congress and signed into law to address the methamphetamine issue at the federal level.
RETAIL COMPONENT: Placed sales and purchase limits on OTC products containing phenylpropanolamine, ephedrine and pseudoephedrine.
INTERNATIONAL COMPONENT: Requires the Department of State to identify the five largest exporting and importing countries of pseudoephedrine and ephedrine with the goal of certifying the countries’ efforts to insure that diversion is kept to a minimum. IMPORTIMPORT // EXPORTEXPORT CONTROLSCONTROLS (QUOTAS)(QUOTAS) METHMETH CLANCLAN LABSLABS ININ MEXICOMEXICO
San Diego Tucson
El Paso Baja California Sonora Chihuahua Coahuila Laredo
McAllen
Nuevo Sinaloa Leon Nayarit Jalisco
Michoacan MOREMORE ISSUESISSUES
TRAINTRAIN -- LAWLAW ENFORCEMENTENFORCEMENT
TRAINTRAIN -- FORENSICFORENSIC PERSONNELPERSONNEL
EDUCATEEDUCATE -- LEGISLATORSLEGISLATORS
EDUCATEEDUCATE –– EMERGENCYEMERGENCY PERSONNEL,PERSONNEL, HEALTHHEALTH PROFESSIONALSPROFESSIONALS && SOCIALSOCIAL SERVICESSERVICES
EDUCATEEDUCATE –– THETHE PUBLICPUBLIC !! TRAININGTRAINING ANDAND PERSONALPERSONAL PROTECTIVEPROTECTIVE EQUIPMENTEQUIPMENT
Training is critical to keep law enforcement safe
SCBA worn to protect from dangerous chemical fumes
Chem suit worn to protect from potential exposure to dangerous chemicals METHMETH LABLAB RECOGNITIONRECOGNITION REFERENCEREFERENCE MATERIALSMATERIALS Common items necessary for manufacturing include:
Acetone Salt – Table/Rock Alcohol – Gasoline Batteries Additives or – Lithium Rubbing Propane Tank Toluene – Anhydrous – Brake Ammonia Cleaner Lye Engine Starter – Sodium – Ether Hydroxide Drain Cleaner Matches – Sulfuric Acid – Red Phosphorus Coffee Filters Dishes Iodine – Pyrex / – Veterinarian Visions Products Muriatic Acid RESOURCESRESOURCES ISSUEISSUE
ProblemProblem consumesconsumes lawlaw enforcement,enforcement, healthhealth department,department, medicalmedical services,services, socialsocial servicesservices andand environmentalenvironmental departmentdepartment resources.resources. UserUser populationpopulation ReductionReduction inin productivityproductivity CriminalCriminal activityactivity NationalNational ClanClan LabLab RegistryRegistry
• Found on DEA’s website: www.DEA.gov • Site contains addresses reported by a variety of law enforcement agencies where chemicals or other items related to methamphetamine production were found or dumped. Thank you
Scott Masumoto Special Agent/Staff Coordinator Office of Diversion Control Synthetic Drugs and Chemicals Section