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Precursors and Chemicals Frequently Used in the Illicit Manufacture of Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances 2016

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Precursors and Chemicals Frequently Used in the Illicit Manufacture of Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances 2016 INTERNATIONAL NARCOTICS CONTROL BOARD Precursors and chemicals frequently used in the illicit manufacture of narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances 2016 EMBARGO Observe release date: Not to be published or broadcast before Thursday, 2 March 2017, at 1100 hours (CET) UNITED NATIONS CAUTION Reports published by the International Narcotics Control Board in 2016 The Report of the International Narcotics Control Board for 2016 (E/INCB/2016/1) is supplemented by the following reports: Narcotic Drugs: Estimated World Requirements for 2017—Statistics for 2015 (E/INCB/2016/2) Psychotropic Substances: Statistics for 2015—Assessments of Annual Medical and Scientific Requirements for Substances in Schedules II, III and IV of the Convention on Psychotropic Substances of 1971 (E/INCB/2016/3) Precursors and Chemicals Frequently Used in the Illicit Manufacture of Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances: Report of the International Narcotics Control Board for 2016 on the Implementation of Article 12 of the United Nations Convention against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances of 1988 (E/INCB/2016/4) The updated lists of substances under international control, comprising narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances and substances frequently used in the illicit manufacture of narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances, are contained in the latest editions of the annexes to the statistical forms (“Yellow List”, “Green List” and “Red List”), which are also issued by the Board. Contacting the International Narcotics Control Board The secretariat of the Board may be reached at the following address: Vienna International Centre Room E-1339 P.O. Box 500 1400 Vienna Austria In addition, the following may be used to contact the secretariat: Telephone: (+43-1) 26060 Fax: (+43-1) 26060-5867 or 26060-5868 E-mail: [email protected] The text of the present report is also available on the website of the Board (www.incb.org). INTERNATIONAL NARCOTICS CONTROL BOARD Precursors and chemicals frequently used in the illicit manufacture of narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances Report of the International Narcotics Control Board for 2016 on the Implementation of Article 12 of the United Nations Convention against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances of 1988 UNITED NATIONS New York, 2017 E/INCB/2016/4 UNITED NATIONS PUBLICATION Sales No. E.17.XI.4 ISBN: 978-92-1-148290-4 eISBN: 978-92-1-060067-5 © United Nations: International Narcotics Control Board, January 2017. All rights reserved worldwide. Publishing production: English, Publishing and Library Section, United Nations Office at Vienna. Foreword It is my pleasure to present the International Narcotics Control Board’s 2016 report on precursors, its first annual report on precursors following the thirtieth special session of the General Assembly, on the world drug problem. INCB welcomes the joint commitment of Member States, expressed in the outcome document of the special session, to addressing and countering the world drug problem. Specifically, INCB welcomes their commitment to preventing and countering the diversion of precursors and pre-precursors for illicit use. The Board is pleased to see that Member States have extended their commitment to include pre-precursors, substitute and alternative precursors and chemicals used in the illicit manufacture of new psychoactive substances, i.e., chemicals which require cooperation beyond the letter of the United Nations Convention against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances of 1988. The Board is also pleased to note the emphasis on voluntary partnerships and cooperation with relevant industries, an area to which it attaches great importance, as highlighted in the Board’s 2015 report on precursors. Throughout the outcome document, Governments also emphasize the importance of and the need for enhanced information-sharing, multilateral operational cooperation, including joint investigations, and the use of existing tools and cooperation mechanisms, in order to identify, disrupt and dismantle organized criminal groups that are involved in, among other things, the diversion of precursors. The present report provides Governments with the Board’s latest analysis of the functioning of the international precursor control system and a comprehensive overview of the most recent precursor trends and challenges, in accordance with the Board’s mandate under the 1988 Convention. In our conclusions, we address a number of overarching concerns that emerge from our analysis of this year’s data and information. An area previously addressed that has increased in importance is the vulnerability of the global precursor control systems in periods of political instability in a number of countries and entire regions. The present report also picks up on the concerns of the special session’s outcome document and provides a thematic focus on the prevention of chemical diversion beyond regulatory controls, namely the role of law enforcement, and a call to overcome competing interests, compartmentalization and the mentality that considers seizures to be the ultimate goal of an intervention, rather than focusing on identifying and disrupting the sources and criminal groups behind attempts to obtain the necessary chemicals. On behalf of the Board, I therefore wish to invite all Governments and interested international and regional organizations to work with each other, the Board and its secretariat, to maximize the effectiveness of precursor control, encompassing the continuum from regulatory to law enforcement measures, as a preventive element of an integrated and balanced strategy to counter the world drug problem. Werner Sipp President of the International Narcotics Control Board iii Preface The United Nations Convention against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances of 1988 provides that the International Narcotics Control Board shall submit a report annually to the Commission on Narcotic Drugs on the implementation of article 12 of the Convention and that the Commission shall periodically review the adequacy and propriety of Tables I and II of the Convention. In addition to its annual report and other technical publications (on narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances), the Board has prepared its report on the implementation of article 12 of the 1988 Convention in accordance with the following provisions contained in article 23 of the Convention: 1. The Board shall prepare an annual report on its work containing an analysis of the information at its disposal and, in appropriate cases, an account of the explanations, if any, given by or required of Parties, together with any observations and recommendations which the Board desires to make. The Board may make such additional reports as it considers necessary. The reports shall be submitted to the [Economic and Social] Council through the Commission which may make such comments as it sees fit. 2. The reports of the Board shall be communicated to the Parties and subsequently published by the Secretary-General. The Parties shall permit their unrestricted distribution. v Contents Page Foreword .................................................................................... iii Preface ...................................................................................... v Explanatory notes ............................................................................. ix Chapter I. Introduction .................................................................... 1 II. Action taken by Governments and the International Narcotics Control Board ............. 1 A. Scope of control ............................................................. 1 B. Adherence to the 1988 Convention ............................................. 1 C. Reporting to the Board pursuant to article 12 of the 1988 Convention ................ 2 D. Legislation and control measures ............................................... 3 E. Submission of data on licit trade, uses and requirements ........................... 4 F. Annual legitimate requirements for imports of precursors of amphetamine-type stimulants .................................................................. 5 G. Pre-export notifications and utilization of the PEN Online system ................... 6 H. Activities and achievements in international precursor control ...................... 8 III. Extent of licit trade in precursors and the latest trends in precursor trafficking ............ 9 A. Substances used in the illicit manufacture of amphetamine-type stimulants ........... 10 B. Substances used in the illicit manufacture of cocaine .............................. 21 C. Substances used in the illicit manufacture of heroin ............................... 24 D. Substances used in the illicit manufacture of other narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances .................................................................. 27 E. Solvents and acids used in the illicit manufacture of various narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances ...................................................... 28 F. Substances not in Table I or Table II of the 1988 Convention that are used in the illicit manufacture of other narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances or substances of abuse not under international control ............................... 30 IV. Prevention of chemical diversion beyond regulatory controls: the role of law enforcement ... 32 V. Conclusions ....................................................................
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