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Whoexpertcommittee Ondrugdependence Thisreportcontainsthecollectiveviewsof an international groupof expertsanddoesnotnecessarilyrepresentthedecisions Tile World 1lealth Organization is a specialized agcncyof the United Nations with orthestatedpolicyof theWorldHealthOrganization primary responsibility for international health'matters anti public health. Through this organization, which was created in 1948, the health professions of' some I65 countries exchange their knowledge and experience with the aim of making possible will permit them lo lead a socially and ccommlically productive lil_. WHOExpertCommittee By means of direct technical cooperation whh its Membcr Stales, and by stimt,- hhensiveding suchhealthcooperationservices, tamonghe preventionthem, WllOprornotesthcdevclopmcntorcomprc-anti control of diseascs, thc improvement o[ environmental conditions, tile development of health manpower, the coordination onDrugDependence anti development of biomedical and health services research, and thc planning and implementation of health programmes. These broad fiekls of endeavour encompass a wide variety of activities, such as developing systems of primary health cltre that reach the whole population of Mem- ber countries; promoting tile health of`mothers and children; combating malnutrition; controlling malaria and other communicable diseases including tuberculosis and leprosy; having achieved tile eradication or smallpox, promoting mass immunization against a numbcr of other preventable diseases; improving mental health; providing safe water supplies: anti training health personnel of all categories. Progress towards better health throughout the world a)so demands international cooperation in such matters as establishing international standards for biological Twenty-second Report substances, pesticides, and pharmaceuticals; formulating environmcntal health cfi- teria; recommending international nonproprietary names for drugs; administering the International I!ealth Regulations; revising the Internatiomd Classification of Dis- eases, injuries, and Causes of Death; and collecting and disseminating health statisti- cal information. Further information on many aspects of WllO's work is presented in thc Organ- ization's publications. Ik The WI10 D,ch,ical Report Series makes available the lindings of various inter- national groups of cxperts that provide W1IO with the latest scientific and technical advice on a broad range of medical and public health subjects. Members of such expert groups serve without remuneration in their personal capacilics rather than as representatives of governments or other bodies. An annual subscription to this series, comprising 15 to 20 st,ch reports, costs Sw. fr. 80.-. World Health Organization Summaries of these reports and of all other WllO publications arc included Technical Report Series regularly in the WIIO Chronicle, a periodical review of the Organization's activities, 729 published in Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian, and Spanish: annual sub- ! scription Sw. Ir. 20.-. ':_ World Health Organization, Geneva 1985 CONTENTS Page Introduction ....................................................................................................... 5 I. General considerations .................................................................................. 5 t 2, Assessment of 28 phenethylamines ............................................................... 8 2.1 Carbine .................................................................................................. 8 2.2 Cathinone .............................................................................................. 8 2.3 Clobenzorex .......................................................................................... 9 2.4 2,5-Dimethoxyamphetamine ................................................................. I0 2.5 2,5-Oimethoxy-4-bromoamphetamine .................................................. 10 2.6 N-ethylamphetamine ............................................................................. 1I 2.7 Fenbutrazate ......................................................................................... I I 2.8 Fencamfamin ........................................................................................ 12 2.9 Fenetylline ............................................................................................. !2 2.10 Fenproporex .......................................................................................... 13 2.11 Furfenorex ............................................................................................ 14 2.12 (-)-Isomer of amphetamine ................................................................. 14 2.13 Levomethamphetamine ......................................................................... ! 5 ISBN 92 4 1207299 2.14 Mefenorex............................................................................................. 15 2.15 3,4-Methylenedioxyanlphetamine .......................................................... 16 2.16 Morazone .............................................................................................. 17 © World Health Organization 1985 2.17 4-Methoxyamphetamine ........................................................................ 18 2.18 1!ydroxyamphetamine ........................................................................... 18 2.19 Pemoline ................................................................................................ 19 Publications of the World Health Organization enjoy copyright protection in 2.20 Propylhexedrine .................................................................................... 20 accordance with the provisions of Protocol 2 of the Universal Copyright Convention. 2.21 Pyrovaleronc ......................................................................................... 21 For rights of reproduction or translation of WHO publications, in part or itl toto, 2.22 3,4,5-Trimethoxyamphetamine .............................................................. 21 application should be made to the Office of Publications, World Health Orga- 2.23 4-Bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine ............................................... 22 nization, Geneva, Switzerland. The World Health Organization welcomes such appli- 2.24 2,5-Dimethoxy-4-ethylamphetamine ..................................................... 22 cations. 2.25Dimethylamphetamine..........................................................................23 The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publica_ 2.26 N-ethyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine ............................................. 23 tion do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the 2.27 5-Methoxy-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine ........................................ 24 Secretariat of the World Health Organization concerning the legal status of any 2.28 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine .................................................. 24 country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of 3. Recommendations for exempt preparations ................................................. 26 its frontiersor boundaries. 3.1 Chile......................................................................................................26 The mention of specific companies or of certain manufacturers' products does not 3.2 Finland .................................................................................................. 27 imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the World Health Organization in 3.3 France ................................................................................................... 27 preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. Errors and omissions 3.4 Hungary ................................................................................................ 28 excepted, the names of proprietary products are distinguished by initial capital 3.5 United States of America ...................................................................... 29 letters. 4. Recommendations ......................................................................................... 30 Acknowledgements ............................................................................................. 31 ISBN 0512-3054 t PRINTED tN SWITZERLAND 85/6470 - Schiller S.A. - 6800 3 WHO EXPERT COMMITFEE ON DRUG DEPENDENCE WHO EXPERT COMMITTEE ON DRUG DEPENDENCE Geneva, 22-27 April 1985 Members Twenty-second Report Professor E.A. Carlini, Department of Psychobiology, Paulista School of Medicine, S_,o Paulo, Brazil Dr A.S. EImi, Department of Morphology and Pathology, Division of INTRODUCTION Pharmacology, Somali National University, Mogadishu, Somalia ProfessOntario,or P. CanadaGrof, Department(Chairman)of Psychiatry, McMaster University, Hamilton, The WHO Expert Committee on Drug Dependence met in Professor L. Harris, Department of Pharmacology, Medical College of Virginia, Geneva from 22 to 27 April 1985. The meeting was opened on behalf Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA (Rapporteur) Of the Director-General by Dr Lu Rushan, Assistant Director- Professor N. Chowdhury, Institute ofPostgraduateMedicine, Dhaka, Bangladesh General, who drew attention to the important work of the Expert Professor W. Keup, Puchheim, Federal Republic of Germany Committee in making recommendations for the international ProfessorMedicine,J. Knoll,Budapest,DepartmentHungary of Pharmacology, Semmelweis University of control of narcotic drugs
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