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ENCYCLOPEDIA of AGROPHYSICS Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series ENCYCLOPEDIA of AGROPHYSICS Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series ENCYCLOPEDIA OF AGROPHYSICS About the Editors: Em. Prof. Jan Gliński, soil scientist, is a full member of the Polish Academy of Sciences. He was Director of the Institute of Agrophysics in Lublin from 1982 to 2003. He was one of the initiators and an active promoter of scientific cooperation between many universities and institutes in Poland and abroad, and organized many international conferences on agrophysics. He has been a member of the ISSS since 1961 and was vice-chairman of the Commission I (Soil Physics) of the ISSS in the period 1986–1990. He is the author or co-author of numerous papers, books, monographs, patents and multilingual dictionaries in the field of agrophysics. He participated actively in eight World ISSS Congresses (1960, 1964, 1974, 1978, 1986, 1990, 1994, and 1998). He serves as the Editor-in-Chief of the journal International Agrophysics (since 1992). Józef Horabik is Director of the Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, in Lublin, Poland. He holds a M.Sc. degree in physics, a Ph.D. in agricultural engineering, and is a professor of Agronomy. He is the Editor-in-Chief of Acta Agrophysica, an Associate Editor of Interna- tional Agrophysics, and a member of the Editorial Board of the Polish Journal of Soil Science. He works together with over 20 scientific institutions in Poland and abroad. Over 260 scientific publications have been published to which he has contributed. His scientific interests are: applied physics, agrophysics, physical properties of agromaterials, modelling of mechanics of granular solids and food powders. Jerzy Lipiec is a Professor of Soil Science and Plant Relations at the Institute of Agrophysics of the Polish Academy of Sciences in Lublin, Poland. He received his M.Sc. (1969), Ph.D. (1977) and D.Sc. (1983) in Soil Science from the Agricultural University of Lublin. He contributed widely in research activities in various European countries, Japan, US and international projects. He serves on the advisory boards of several scien- tific journals and has published over 250 scientific papers. He is author or co-author of several chapters in books, including works as Soil Physical Conditions and Plant Roots (CRC Press). Editorial Board Winfried E.H. Blum Rainer Horn Institute of Soil Research Institute for Plant Nutrition and Soil Science University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences (BOKU) Christian Albrechts University of Kiel Peter-Jordan-Str. 82 Olshausenstr. 40 1190 Vienna 24118 Kiel Austria Germany Josse De Baerdemaeker Krystyna Konstankiewicz Division of Mechatronics Institute of Agrophysics Biostatistics and Sensors (MeBioS) Polish Academy of Sciences Department of Biosystems, K.U. Leuven ul. Doświadczalna 4 Kasteelpark Arenberg 30 20-290 Lublin 3001 Leuven Poland Belgium Yakov A. Pachepsky Charles W. Finkl Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory Department of Geosciences Animal and Natural Resource Institute Florida Atlantic University Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, USDA-ARS Boca Raton, FL 33431 10300 Baltimore Ave, Bldg. 173, BARC-EAST USA Beltsville, MD 20705 USA Stanisław Grundas Institute of Agrophysics Evgeny V. Shein Polish Academy of Sciences Department of Soil Physics ul. Doświadczalna 4 Moscow State University 20-290 Lublin Moscow 119992 Poland Russia Aims of the Series The Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series provides comprehensive and authoritative coverage of all the main areas in the Earth Sciences. Each volume comprises a focused and carefully chosen collection of contributions from leading names in the subject, with copious illustrations and reference lists. These books represent one of the world’s leading resources for the Earth Sciences community. Previous volumes are being updated and new works published so that the volumes will continue to be essential reading for all professional earth scientists, geologists, geophysicists, climatolo- gists, and oceanographers as well as for teachers and students. See the dust jacket of this volume for a current list of titles in the Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series. Go to http://www.springerlink.com/reference-works/ to visit the “Earth Sciences Series” on-line. About the Series Editor Professor Charles W. Finkl has edited and/or contributed to more than eight volumes in the Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series. For the past 25 years he has been the Executive Director of the Coastal Education & Research Foundation and Editor-in-Chief of the international Journal of Coastal Research. In addition to these duties, he is Research Professor at Florida Atlantic University in Boca Raton, Florida, USA. He is a graduate of the University of Western Australia (Perth) and previously worked for a wholly owned Australian subsidiary of the International Nickel Company of Canada (INCO). During his career, he acquired field experience in Australia; the Caribbean; South America; SW Pacific islands; southern Africa; Western Europe; and the Pacific Northwest, Midwest, and Southeast USA. Founding Series Editor Professor Rhodes W. Fairbridge (deceased) has edited more than 24 Encyclopedias in the Earth Sciences Series. During his career he has worked as a petroleum geologist in the Middle East, been a WW II intelligence officer in the SW Pacific and led expeditions to the Sahara, Arctic Canada, Arctic Scandinavia, Brazil and New Guinea. He was Emeritus Professor of Geology at Columbia University and was affiliated with the Goddard Institute for Space Studies. ENCYCLOPEDIA OF EARTH SCIENCES SERIES ENCYCLOPEDIA of AGROPHYSICS edited by JAN GLIŃSKI JÓZEF HORABIK JERZY LIPIEC Institute of Agrophysics Polish Academy of Sciences Lublin Poland Library of Congress Control Number: 2011924206 ISBN: 978-90-481-3584-4 This publication is available also as: Electronic publication under ISBN 978-90-481-3585-1 and Print and electronic bundle under ISBN 978-90-481-3586-8 Published by Springer P.O. Box 17, 3300 AA Dordrecht, The Netherlands Printed on acid-free paper Cover illustration: Photo 26814460 from photos.com. © 2011 photos.com Every effort has been made to contact the copyright holders of the figures and tables which have been reproduced from other sources. Anyone who has not been properly credited is requested to contact the publishers, so that due acknowledgment may be made in subsequent editions. All Rights Reserved for Contributions on Hardpan Soils: Management; Soil Penetrometers and Penetrability; Stable Isotopes in Evaluation of Green House Gas Emissions © Springer Science þ Business Media B.V. 2011 No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher, with the exception of any material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Contents Contributors xxi After Harvest Technology 14 Preface xlv Aggregate Stability 14 Absorption 1 Aggregation Indices 14 Absorptivity 1 Agricultural Products 14 Acoustic Emission 1 Agricultural Raw Materials 14 Acoustic Tomography 1 Agriculture and Food Machinery, Application of Physics for Improving 14 Adaptable Tillage 1 Leszek Mieszkalski Adhesion 1 Agroforestry Systems, Effects on Water Balance in Cropping Zone 26 Adsorption 1 Andrzej Kędziora Adsorption Complex 2 Agrogeology 29 Ward Chesworth Adsorption Energy and Surface Heterogeneity in Soils 2 Agrophysical Objects (Soils, Plants, Agricultural Zofia Sokołowska and Stefan Sokołowski Products, and Foods) 34 Jan Gliński Adsorption Energy of Water on Biological Materials 5 Jiří Blahovec Agrophysical Properties and Processes 35 Jan Gliński, Józef Horabik and Jerzy Lipiec Advection 7 Agrophysics: Physics Applied to Agriculture 35 Aeration of Agricultural Products 7 Jan Gliński, Józef Horabik and Jerzy Lipiec Marek Molenda Air Entry Value 48 Aeration of Soils and Plants 8 Witold Stępniewski Air Flux (Resistance) in Plants and Agricultural Products 48 Aerodynamics 13 Agnieszka Kaleta and Krzysztof Górnicki Entries without author names are glossary terms vi CONTENTS Air Humidity 49 Biofilms in Soil 70 Mette Burmølle, Annelise Kjøller and Air Porosity 49 Søren J. Sørensen Algae, the Potential Source of Energy 49 Biofilms in the Food Environment 75 Magdalena Frąc Katarzyna Czaczyk and Kamila Myszka Alkalinity, Physical Effects on Soils 49 Biogas 78 Lajos Blaskó Biomass 78 Alternative Sources of Energy from Agriculture Biomass – A European Perspective 52 Piotr Kowalik Biomass as an Environmentally Benign Energy Source 78 Keith Openshaw Alumino-Silicate Clay Minerals 55 Biomechanics 88 Anaerobiosis 55 Angle of Repose 55 Biomes 88 Anion Exchange Capacity 55 Biospeckle 88 Artur Zdunek Anisotropy of Soil Physical Properties 55 Xinhua Peng Biota 89 Anoxia and Hypoxia 57 Biotechnology, Physical and Chemical Aspects 89 Zdzisław Targoński Anthric Saturation 57 Bound Water 90 Arable Land Use 57 Boussinesq Equation 90 Attenuation 57 Bowen Ratio 91 Atterberg Limits 57 Bragg’s Law 91 Available Water (Capacity) 57 Breads: Physical. Properties 91 Backscattering 59 Renata Rózyło and Janusz Laskowski Bogusław Usowicz Brightness Temperature in Monitoring of Soil Bedrock 60 Wetness 93 Jerzy Usowicz Bending Properties of Plants 60 Jiří Blahovec Bruise 94 Bernoulli’s Principal 62 Buffer Capacity of Soils 94 Mieczysław Hajnos Binding Force (Plants) 62 Biochemical Responses to Soil Management
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