ENCYCLOPEDIA of AGROPHYSICS Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF AGROPHYSICS About the Editors: Em. Prof. Jan Gliński, soil scientist, is a full member of the Polish Academy of Sciences. He was Director of the Institute of Agrophysics in Lublin from 1982 to 2003. He was one of the initiators and an active promoter of scientific cooperation between many universities and institutes in Poland and abroad, and organized many international conferences on agrophysics. He has been a member of the ISSS since 1961 and was vice-chairman of the Commission I (Soil Physics) of the ISSS in the period 1986–1990. He is the author or co-author of numerous papers, books, monographs, patents and multilingual dictionaries in the field of agrophysics. He participated actively in eight World ISSS Congresses (1960, 1964, 1974, 1978, 1986, 1990, 1994, and 1998). He serves as the Editor-in-Chief of the journal International Agrophysics (since 1992). Józef Horabik is Director of the Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, in Lublin, Poland. He holds a M.Sc. degree in physics, a Ph.D. in agricultural engineering, and is a professor of Agronomy. He is the Editor-in-Chief of Acta Agrophysica, an Associate Editor of Interna- tional Agrophysics, and a member of the Editorial Board of the Polish Journal of Soil Science. He works together with over 20 scientific institutions in Poland and abroad. Over 260 scientific publications have been published to which he has contributed. His scientific interests are: applied physics, agrophysics, physical properties of agromaterials, modelling of mechanics of granular solids and food powders. Jerzy Lipiec is a Professor of Soil Science and Plant Relations at the Institute of Agrophysics of the Polish Academy of Sciences in Lublin, Poland. He received his M.Sc. (1969), Ph.D. (1977) and D.Sc. (1983) in Soil Science from the Agricultural University of Lublin. He contributed widely in research activities in various European countries, Japan, US and international projects. He serves on the advisory boards of several scien- tific journals and has published over 250 scientific papers. He is author or co-author of several chapters in books, including works as Soil Physical Conditions and Plant Roots (CRC Press).
Editorial Board Winfried E.H. Blum Rainer Horn Institute of Soil Research Institute for Plant Nutrition and Soil Science University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences (BOKU) Christian Albrechts University of Kiel Peter-Jordan-Str. 82 Olshausenstr. 40 1190 Vienna 24118 Kiel Austria Germany Josse De Baerdemaeker Krystyna Konstankiewicz Division of Mechatronics Institute of Agrophysics Biostatistics and Sensors (MeBioS) Polish Academy of Sciences Department of Biosystems, K.U. Leuven ul. Doświadczalna 4 Kasteelpark Arenberg 30 20-290 Lublin 3001 Leuven Poland Belgium Yakov A. Pachepsky Charles W. Finkl Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory Department of Geosciences Animal and Natural Resource Institute Florida Atlantic University Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, USDA-ARS Boca Raton, FL 33431 10300 Baltimore Ave, Bldg. 173, BARC-EAST USA Beltsville, MD 20705 USA Stanisław Grundas Institute of Agrophysics Evgeny V. Shein Polish Academy of Sciences Department of Soil Physics ul. Doświadczalna 4 Moscow State University 20-290 Lublin Moscow 119992 Poland Russia
Aims of the Series The Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series provides comprehensive and authoritative coverage of all the main areas in the Earth Sciences. Each volume comprises a focused and carefully chosen collection of contributions from leading names in the subject, with copious illustrations and reference lists. These books represent one of the world’s leading resources for the Earth Sciences community. Previous volumes are being updated and new works published so that the volumes will continue to be essential reading for all professional earth scientists, geologists, geophysicists, climatolo- gists, and oceanographers as well as for teachers and students. See the dust jacket of this volume for a current list of titles in the Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series. Go to http://www.springerlink.com/reference-works/ to visit the “Earth Sciences Series” on-line. About the Series Editor Professor Charles W. Finkl has edited and/or contributed to more than eight volumes in the Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series. For the past 25 years he has been the Executive Director of the Coastal Education & Research Foundation and Editor-in-Chief of the international Journal of Coastal Research. In addition to these duties, he is Research Professor at Florida Atlantic University in Boca Raton, Florida, USA. He is a graduate of the University of Western Australia (Perth) and previously worked for a wholly owned Australian subsidiary of the International Nickel Company of Canada (INCO). During his career, he acquired field experience in Australia; the Caribbean; South America; SW Pacific islands; southern Africa; Western Europe; and the Pacific Northwest, Midwest, and Southeast USA. Founding Series Editor Professor Rhodes W. Fairbridge (deceased) has edited more than 24 Encyclopedias in the Earth Sciences Series. During his career he has worked as a petroleum geologist in the Middle East, been a WW II intelligence officer in the SW Pacific and led expeditions to the Sahara, Arctic Canada, Arctic Scandinavia, Brazil and New Guinea. He was Emeritus Professor of Geology at Columbia University and was affiliated with the Goddard Institute for Space Studies. ENCYCLOPEDIA OF EARTH SCIENCES SERIES
ENCYCLOPEDIA of AGROPHYSICS
edited by
JAN GLIŃSKI JÓZEF HORABIK JERZY LIPIEC Institute of Agrophysics Polish Academy of Sciences Lublin Poland Library of Congress Control Number: 2011924206
ISBN: 978-90-481-3584-4 This publication is available also as: Electronic publication under ISBN 978-90-481-3585-1 and Print and electronic bundle under ISBN 978-90-481-3586-8
Published by Springer P.O. Box 17, 3300 AA Dordrecht, The Netherlands
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Every effort has been made to contact the copyright holders of the figures and tables which have been reproduced from other sources. Anyone who has not been properly credited is requested to contact the publishers, so that due acknowledgment may be made in subsequent editions.
All Rights Reserved for Contributions on Hardpan Soils: Management; Soil Penetrometers and Penetrability; Stable Isotopes in Evaluation of Green House Gas Emissions © Springer Science þ Business Media B.V. 2011
No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher, with the exception of any material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Contents
Contributors xxi After Harvest Technology 14
Preface xlv Aggregate Stability 14
Absorption 1 Aggregation Indices 14
Absorptivity 1 Agricultural Products 14
Acoustic Emission 1 Agricultural Raw Materials 14
Acoustic Tomography 1 Agriculture and Food Machinery, Application of Physics for Improving 14 Adaptable Tillage 1 Leszek Mieszkalski
Adhesion 1 Agroforestry Systems, Effects on Water Balance in Cropping Zone 26 Adsorption 1 Andrzej Kędziora
Adsorption Complex 2 Agrogeology 29 Ward Chesworth Adsorption Energy and Surface Heterogeneity in Soils 2 Agrophysical Objects (Soils, Plants, Agricultural Zofia Sokołowska and Stefan Sokołowski Products, and Foods) 34 Jan Gliński Adsorption Energy of Water on Biological Materials 5 Jiří Blahovec Agrophysical Properties and Processes 35 Jan Gliński, Józef Horabik and Jerzy Lipiec Advection 7 Agrophysics: Physics Applied to Agriculture 35 Aeration of Agricultural Products 7 Jan Gliński, Józef Horabik and Jerzy Lipiec Marek Molenda Air Entry Value 48 Aeration of Soils and Plants 8 Witold Stępniewski Air Flux (Resistance) in Plants and Agricultural Products 48 Aerodynamics 13 Agnieszka Kaleta and Krzysztof Górnicki
Entries without author names are glossary terms vi CONTENTS
Air Humidity 49 Biofilms in Soil 70 Mette Burmølle, Annelise Kjøller and Air Porosity 49 Søren J. Sørensen
Algae, the Potential Source of Energy 49 Biofilms in the Food Environment 75 Magdalena Frąc Katarzyna Czaczyk and Kamila Myszka
Alkalinity, Physical Effects on Soils 49 Biogas 78 Lajos Blaskó Biomass 78 Alternative Sources of Energy from Agriculture Biomass – A European Perspective 52 Piotr Kowalik Biomass as an Environmentally Benign Energy Source 78 Keith Openshaw Alumino-Silicate Clay Minerals 55 Biomechanics 88 Anaerobiosis 55
Angle of Repose 55 Biomes 88
Anion Exchange Capacity 55 Biospeckle 88 Artur Zdunek Anisotropy of Soil Physical Properties 55 Xinhua Peng Biota 89
Anoxia and Hypoxia 57 Biotechnology, Physical and Chemical Aspects 89 Zdzisław Targoński Anthric Saturation 57 Bound Water 90 Arable Land Use 57 Boussinesq Equation 90 Attenuation 57 Bowen Ratio 91 Atterberg Limits 57 Bragg’s Law 91 Available Water (Capacity) 57 Breads: Physical. Properties 91 Backscattering 59 Renata Rózyło and Janusz Laskowski Bogusław Usowicz Brightness Temperature in Monitoring of Soil Bedrock 60 Wetness 93 Jerzy Usowicz Bending Properties of Plants 60 Jiří Blahovec Bruise 94 Bernoulli’s Principal 62 Buffer Capacity of Soils 94 Mieczysław Hajnos Binding Force (Plants) 62
Biochemical Responses to Soil Management Bulk Density of Soils and Impact on Their Practices 62 Hydraulic Properties 95 Jan Koper and Małgorzata Brzezińska Shmuel Assouline
Biocolloids: Transport and Retention in Soils 66 Burrow 100 Tammo S. Steenhuis, Verónica L. Morales, M. Ekrem Cakmak, Anthony E. Salvucci Bypass Flow in Soil 100 and Wei Zhang Horst H. Gerke CONTENTS vii
Caking 107 Coagulation 138
Caliche (Lime-Pan) 107 Cohesion 138
Canopy Structure 107 Colloids 138
Capillarity 107 Color Composite (Multiband Photography) 138
Capillary Fringe 107 Color in Food Evaluation 138 Seong Pal Kang Carbon Losses Under Dryland Conditions, Tillage Effects 108 Color Indices, Relationship with Soil Félix Moreno, José M. Murillo and Characteristics 141 Engracia Madejón Manuel Sánchez-Marañón
Carbon Nanotube 110 Compactibility 145
Catchment (Catchment Basin) 110 Compaction of Soil 145
Cation Exchange Capacity 110 Compensatory Uptake 145
Cementation 110 Compressibility 145
Cereals, Evaluation of Utility Values 110 Compression Index 145 Dariusz Dziki and Janusz Laskowski Compression Point 145 Chemical Imaging in Agriculture 113 Adam Paweł Kuczyński Compression Test, Triaxial 145 Conditioners, Effect on Soil Physical Properties 145 Chemical Time Bomb, Relation to Soil Physical Ryszard Dębicki Conditions 116 Halina Smal Conductivity 148
Chisel 117 Cone Index 148 Clay Minerals and Organo-Mineral Associates 117 Tatiana Victorovna Alekseeva Confined Compression Test 148 Consistency 148 Claypan and its Environmental Effects 122 Stephen H. Anderson Consolidation 148
Cleavage Plane 125 Contact Area of Agricultural Tyres, Estimation 148 Etienne Diserens and Abdallah Alaoui Climate Change: Environmental Effects 125 Miroslav Kutílek Continuity Equation 153
Climate Risk 135 Contour-Furrow Irrigation 153
Climate Stress Mitigation Tillage 135 Controlled Traffic Farming 153 Thomas Anken and Martin Holpp Clod 135 Conventional Tillage 155 Clusters in Soils 135 David L. Pinskiy Coulomb’s Law 155
Entries without author names are glossary terms viii CONTENTS
Coupled Heat and Water Transfer in Soil 155 Denitrification 200 Joshua L. Heitman and Robert Horton Density 200 Cracking in Soils 162 Pascal Boivin Desertification: Indicators and Thresholds 200 Max Kuderna and Adam Zsolnay Crop Emergence, the Impact of Mechanical Impedance 163 Detachment 207 W. R. Whalley and W. E. Finch-Savage Deterministic Model 207 Crop Responses to Soil Physical Conditions 167 Jerzy Lipiec, Artur Nosalewicz and Dew Point 207 Jacek Pietrusiewicz Dielectric Loss Tangent 207 Crop Rotation 176 Dielectric Properties of Agricultural Products 207 Crop Water Use Efficiency 176 Stuart O. Nelson and Samir Trabelsi
Crop Yield Losses Reduction at Harvest, from Diffuse Double Layer (DDL) 213 Research to Adoption 176 Md. Abdul Mojid Bogusław Szot, Mieczysław Szpryngiel and Jerzy Tys Diffusion in Soils 214 Witold Stępniewski, Henryk Sobczuk and Cropping Systems, Effects on Soil Physical Marcin Widomski Properties 180 Stephen H. Anderson Dilatancy 220
Crushing Strength 184 Discharge 220
Crust 184 Dispersion 220
Cultivation Under Screens, Aerodynamics Dispersivity 220 of Boundary Layers 185 Josef Tanny Diurnal Strains in Plants 220 Paweł Kojs and Tomasz Rusin Cumulative Infiltration 187 DNA in Soils: Mobility by Capillarity 224 Cutan 187 Maria Teresa Ceccherini and Giacomo Pietramellara Cyclic Compressibility 187 Double Layer 228 Darcy’s Law 189 Drainage 228 Databases on Physical Properties of Plants and Agricultural Products 189 Drip Irrigation 228 Agnieszka Kaleta and Krzysztof Górnicki Drought 228 Databases of Soil Physical and Hydraulic Properties 194 Drought Stress, Effect on Soil Mechanical Attila Nemes Impedance and Root (Crop) Growth 228 W. R. Whalley and L. J. Clark Deflation 200 Drying of Agricultural Products 231 Deflocculation 200 Digvir S. Jayas and Chandra B. Singh
Degradation of Soil 200 Duripan 232 CONTENTS ix
Dynamic Load 232 Empirical Model 270
Earthworms as Ecosystem Engineers 233 Energetically Homogenous (Heterogenous) Patrick Lavelle Surface 270
Ecohydrology 235 Energy Balance of Ecosystems 270 Maciej Zalewski Andrzej Kędziora
Ecosystem 237 Energy Balance of a Field 274
Effective Rainfall 237 Enthalpy 274
Elasticity 237 Entropy 274
Elastoplasticity 237 Environmental Conserving Tillage 274
Electrical Conductivity 237 Enzyme 274 Enzymes in Soils 274 Electrical Double Layer (Diffuse Layer, Małgorzata Brzezińska Double Layer) 237
Electrical Permeability 237 Erodibility of Soil 275 Erosion 275 Electrical Properties of Agricultural Products 237 Zuzana Hlaváčová Erosivity 275
Electrical Properties of Soils 242 Estimation of Quartz Content in Mineral Soils 275 Shmulik P. Friedman Vlodek R. Tarnawski, Toshihiko Momose, Wey H. Leong and David J. W. Piper Electrical Resistivity 255 Evaporation 280 Electrical Resistivity to Assess Soil Properties 256 Guy Richard, Maud Séger, Arlène Besson and Evapotranspiration 280 Isabelle Cousin Viliam Novák
Electrical Susceptibility 260 Exchange Complex 284
Electrochemical Measurements in Soils 260 Exchangeable Ions 284 Andrzej Bieganowski and Jolanta Cieśla Extrusion, Effect on Physical and Chemical Electrokinetic (Zeta) Potential of Soils 264 Properties 284 Mieczysław Hajnos and Jolanta Cieśla Leszek Mościcki
Electromagnetic Field 267 Exudate, Root 287
Electromagnetic Fields, Impact on Seed Fabric 289 Germination and Plant Growth 267 Stanisław Pietruszewski Failure 289
Elutriation 269 Fatigue Strength 289
Eluviation 270 Fats: Rheological Characteristics 289 Fernanda Peyronel, Thamara Laredo and Emissivity 270 Alejandro G. Marangoni
Entries without author names are glossary terms x CONTENTS
Fertilizers (Mineral, Organic), Effect on Soil Funnel Flow 321 Physical Properties 296 Kuntal Hati and Kalikinkar Bandyoopadhay Furrow 321
Fick’s Law 299 Furrow Erosion 321
Field Water Capacity 299 Furrow Irrigation 321 Karl Vanderlinden and Juan V. Giráldez Gas Exchange In Soils 323 Fingering 300 Gases Sink 323 Firmness 300 Geologic Erosion 323 Fissures 300 Geostatistics 323
Flexural Strength 301 Gibbs Free Energy 323
Flocculation and Dispersion Phenomena in Soils 301 Grain Physics 323 Emil Chibowski Stanisław Grundas, Agnieszka Nawrocka and Josef Pecen Flooding, Effects on Soil Structure 304 Miguel A. Taboada, Patricia L. Fernández and Grains, Aerodynamic and Geometric Features 327 Maria F. Varela Bronisława Barbara Kram
Flow 308 Grass Fibers, Physical Properties 333 Majda Sfiligoj Smole and Silvo Hribernik Flowability 308 Gravimetric Water Content 334 Fluvial Erosion 308 Gravitational Potential 334 Flux 308 Gravity Head (Gravity Potential) 334 Food Freezing 308 Grazing-Induced Changes of Soil Mechanical Food Machinery 308 and Hydraulic Properties 334 Julia Krümmelbein Fourier’s Law 308 Greenhouse, Climate Control 338 Istvan Farkas Fractal Analysis in Agrophysics 309 Yakov Pachepsky, Fernando San José Martínez and Miguel Angel Martín Greenhouse Effect 339 Greenhouse Gas Fluxes: Effects of Physical Fracture 315 Conditions 339 Ryusuke Hatano Fragipan 315 Greenhouse Gases Sink in Soils 351 Friction 316 Teresa Włodarczyk
Friction Phenomena in Soils 316 Ground-Penetrating Radar, Soil Exploration 354 Rainer Horn Jim Doolittle
Frozen Foods 318 Groundwater 355
Fruits, Mechanical Properties and Bruise Gully (Linear) Erosion 355 Susceptibility 318 Margarita Ruiz-Altisent and Guillermo P. Moreda Hardening 357 CONTENTS xi
Hardpan 357 Hydrophobicity of Soil 378 Paul D. Hallett, Jörg Bachmann, Henryk Czachor, Hardpan Soils: Management 357 Emilia Urbanek and Bin Zhang Warren J. Busscher Hypobaric Storage 384 Hardsetting Soils: Physical Properties 360 Neyde Fabíola Balarezo Giarola, Herdjania Veras Hysteresis in Foods 384 de Lima and Alvaro Pires da Silva Matthew Caurie
Harvest Technology 364 Hysteresis in Soil 385 Cezary Sławiński Heat Advection 364 Ice Erosion (Glacial Erosion, Thermal Erosion) 387 Heat Balance 364 Illuviation 387
Heat Capacity 364 Image Analysis in Agrophysics 387 Magnus Persson Heat Diffusion 364 Imbibition 390 Heat of Condensation 364 Indicator Plants 390 Heat of Sublimation 364 Infiltrability 390 Heat of Vaporization 364 Infiltration Capacity 390 Heat of Wetting 364 Infiltration in Soils 390 Henry’s Law 364 Miroslav Kutílek
Hooke’s Law 364 Insolation 393
Horticulture Substrates, Structure and Institute of Agrophysics in Lublin: Progress in Physical Properties 364 Agrophysics 393 Anna Słowińska-Jurkiewicz and Józef Horabik and Grzegorz Józefaciuk Monika Jaroszuk-Sierocińska Institute of Agrophysics in Saint-Petersburg: Roots of Agrophysics 396 Humus 367 Igor B. Uskov and Victor P. Yakushev Hydraulic Diffusivity 367 Integrated Drainage 399
Hydraulic Gradient 368 Interception 399
Hydraulic Head 368 Interflow 400
Hydraulic Properties of Unsaturated Soils 368 Internal Drainage 400 Martinus Th. van Genuchten and Yakov Pachepsky Interrill Erosion 400 Hydrodynamic Dispersion 376 Intersecting Surfaces Approach (Isa) 400 Hydropedological Processes in Soils 376 Svatopluk Matula Intrinsic Permeability 400
Hydrophobicity 378 Ion Exchange 400
Entries without author names are glossary terms xii CONTENTS
Ion Hydration 400 Liquid Limit (Upper Plastic Limit, Atterberg Limit) 428 Irrigation and Drainage, Advantages and Disadvantages 400 Loading 428 Lajos Blaskó Lodging of Crops 428 Irrigation Water Use Efficiency 402 Lysimeters: A Tool for Measurements of Irrigation with Treated Wastewater, Effects on Soil Fluxes 428 Soil Structure 403 Johann Fank Guy J. Levy Machine Vision 433 Isoelectric Point 407 Machine Vision in Agriculture 433 Isotopes 407 John Billingsley
Isotropy and Anisotropy in Agricultural Products Macropore Flow 436 and Foods 407 Józef Horabik and Marek Molenda Magnetic Properties of Soils 436 Andrey Alekseev Kernel 411 Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Soil Science 439 Kinematic Viscosity 411 Andreas Pohlmeier
Kirchhoff’s Laws 411 Magnetic Treatment of Irrigation Water, Effects on Crops 444 Kriging 411 Basant Maheshwari and Harsharn Grewal
Laminar and Turbulent Flow in Soils 413 Management Effects on Soil Properties and Henryk Czachor Functions 447 Rainer Horn Laminar Flow 413 Mapping of Soil Physical Properties 455 Land Reclamation 414 Jan Gliński and Janusz Ostrowski
Landfill 414 Matric Potential 460
Landslide 414 Matrix of the Soil 460
Laplace Equation 414 Measurements Non-Destructive 460
Latent Heat 414 Mechanical Impacts at Harvest and After Harvest Technologies 460 Layered Soils, Water and Solute Transport 414 Zbigniew Ślipek and Jarosław Frączek H. M. Selim Mechanical Resilience of Degraded Soils 464 Leaching of Chemicals in Relation to Heiner Fleige Soil Structure 421 Tom M. Addiscott Membranes, Role in Water Transport in the Soil–Root–Xylem System 465 Least Limiting Water Range (LLWR) 424 Marian Kargol
Light Interception by Plant Canopies 424 Microbes and Soil Structure 470 Pierre Dutilleul Vadakattu Gupta
Liming, Effects on Soil Properties 425 Microbes, Habitat Space, and Transport in Soil 472 Tadeusz Filipek Karl Ritz CONTENTS xiii
Microcosm 475 Neural Networks in the Modeling of Drying Processes 509 Micro-Irrigation 475 Istvan Farkas
Microstructure of Plant Tissue 476 Nitrification 511 Krystyna Konstankiewicz Nondestructive Measurements in Fruits 511 Mineral Fertilizers 481 Francisco J. García-Ramos
Mineralisation 481 Nondestructive Measurements in Soil 513 Wojciech M. Skierucha Mineral–Organic–Microbial Interactions 481 Małgorzata Dąbek-Szreniawska and Noninvasive Quantification of 3D Pore Space Eugene Balashov Structures in Soils 516 Stephan Peth Mire 483 Non-Limiting Water Range (NLWR) 520 Modeling the Thermal Conductivity of Frozen Foods 483 Non-Thermal Technologies 520 Vlodek R. Tarnawski, Wey H. Leong and Toshihiko Momose Normal Stress 520 ’ Modulus of Elasticity (Young s Modulus) 489 Numerical Methods (Model) 520 Modulus of Rigidity 489 Ohm’s Law 521 Mohre Circle of Stress 489 Online Measurement of Selected Soil Physical Properties 521 Monitoring Physical Conditions in Agriculture Abdul Mounem Mouazen and Environment 489 Wojciech M. Skierucha Organic Carbon in Soil 523 Mualem Equation 492 Organic Dusts, Electrostatic Properties 523 Wiktor Pietrzyk and Marek Horyński Mulching 492
Mulching, Effects on Soil Physical Properties 492 Organic Farming, Effect on the Soil Physical Antonio Jordán, Lorena M. Zavala and Environment 526 Miriam Muñoz-Rojas Apostolos Papadopoulos
Munsell Color System 496 Organic Fertilizers 528
Mycorrhizal Symbiosis and Osmotic Stress 496 Organic Matter 528 Juan M. Ruiz-Lozano Organic Matter, Effects on Soil Physical Nanomaterials in Soil and Food Analysis 499 Properties and Processes 528 Subramanian Viswanathan Rattan Lal
Nature Conservation Management 503 Ornamental Plants, Physical Properties 534 Tadeusz J. Chmielewski Paweł Szot
Neural Networks in Agrophysics 505 Ortstein, Physical Properties 535 Krzysztof Lamorski Jacek Chodorowski
Entries without author names are glossary terms xiv CONTENTS
Osmosis 535 Perched Groundwater 561
Osmotic Potential 536 Percolation 561
Overburden Pressure 536 Permafrost 561
Overland Flow 536 Permanent Charge 561 Elias Dimitriou Permeability 561 Oxidation-Reduction Reactions in the Environment 536 Zofia Stępniewska Photosynthesis 561 Physical Degradation of Soils, Risks and Threats 562 Oxygenology 541 Winfried E. H. Blum Witold Stępniewski Physical Dimensions and Units Use in Agriculture 563 Packing Density 543 Wojciech Skierucha, Marcin Widomski, Witold Stępniewski and Bogusław Usowicz Pan 543 Physical Phenomena and Properties Important for Parent Material and Soil Physical Properties 543 Andrzej Mocek and Wojciech Owczarzak Storage of Agricultural Products 567 Marek Molenda and Józef Horabik Partial Pressure 547 Physical Processes 573 Particle Density 547 Physical Properties 573 Particle Film Technology 547 Michael Glenn Physical Properties as Indicators of Food Quality 573 Martin G. Scanlon Particle-Size Distribution 548 Physical Properties of Raw Materials and Particulate Organic Matter 548 Agricultural Products 579 Bohdan Dobrzański, Jr. and Rafał Rybczyński pe 548 Physical Properties for Soil Classification 589 Peatlands: Environmental Functions 548 Johan Bouma Tadeusz J. Chmielewski and Danuta Urban Physical Protection of Organic Carbon in Soil Peats and Peatlands, Physical Properties 551 Aggregates 592 Lech Wojciech Szajdak, Jan Szatyłowicz and Tiphaine Chevallier Raimo Kõlli Physical Quality, Soil 595 Ped 555 Physical (Mechanical) Weathering of Soil Parent Pedon 555 Material 595 Stefan Skiba Pedotransfer Functions 556 Yakov Pachepsky and Martinus Th. van Genuchten Physico-Chemical Methods for Remediation of Contaminated Soils 596 Penetrability 561 Toshko Raytchev and Svetla Rousseva
Penetration Resistance 561 Physics of Near Ground Atmosphere 597 Evgeny V. Shein and Tatiana A. Arkhangelskaya Penman Equation 561 Physics of Plant Nutrition 600 Penman-Monteith Equation 561 Evgeny V. Shein CONTENTS xv
Piezometer Head 602 Polish Society of Agrophysics 639 Bogusław Szot Planck’s Law 602 Pore Morphology and Soil Functions 640 Plant Bending 602 Marcello Pagliai
Plant Biomechanics 602 Pore Size Distribution 645 Tomasz Rusin and Paweł Kojs Miroslav Kutílek
Plant Disease Symptoms, Identification from Porosimetry 647 Colored Images 605 Mieczysław Hajnos Anyela Valentina Camargo Rodriguez and Jan T. Kim Porosity 650
Plant Drought Stress: Detection by Image Analysis 608 Potential Evapotranspiration 650 Istvan Farkas Power Spectrum 650 Plant. Lodging, Effects, and Control 609 Grazyna Podolska Precision Agriculture: Proximal Soil Sensing 650 Viacheslav I. Adamchuk and Plant Nutrients 610 Raphael A. Viscarra Rossel
Plant Physical Characteristics in Breeding and Pre-Compression Stress 656 Varietal Evaluation 610 Bogusław Szot and Wojciech Rybiński Pre-Compression Test 656 Plant Root Strength and Slope Stability 622 Sekhar Lukose Kuriakose and L. P. H. van Beek Preferential Flow 656
Plant Roots and Soil Structure 628 Pressure Head 656 A. Pierret and C. J. Moran Pressure Potential 656 Plant Temperature 632 Piotr Baranowski Priming Effects in Relation to Soil Conditions – Mechanisms 657 Evgenia Blagodatskaya and Yakov Kuzyakov Plant Tropisms, Physics 633 Fernando Migliaccio, Alessio Fortunati and Paola Tassone Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Relaxometry in Soil Science 667 Plant Wellness 637 Gabriele E. Schaumann Istvan Farkas Proximal Soil Sensing 667 Plant–Soil Interactions, Modeling 637 Tiina Roose Puddling: Effect on Soil Physical Properties and Crops 667 Plastic Limit 639 Gunnar Kirchhof, T. P. Tuong and H. B. So
Plasticity 639 Pugging 668
Plasticity Number 639 Quality of Agricultural Products in Relation to Physical Conditions 669 Plate Sinkage Test 639 Guillermo P. Moreda and Margarita Ruiz-Altisent
Poiseuille’s Law 639 Radiative Properties 679
Entries without author names are glossary terms xvi CONTENTS
Rainfall Interception by Cultivated Plants 679 Seed 729 Józef Kołodziej Seepage 729 Rainfall Water Use Efficiency 681 Self Similarity 730 Raw Materials 681 Sensory Evaluation 730 Redox Potential (Eh) 681 Shear Strength 730 Reflectivity 681 Shear Stress 730 Remote Sensing of Soils and Plants Imagery 681 Ramsis B. Salama Sheet Erosion 730
Representative Elementary Volume 693 Sheet Flow 730 Rheology in Agricultural Products and Foods 693 Jiří Blahovec Shrinkage 730 Shrinkage and Swelling Phenomena in Rheology in Soils 700 Agricultural Products 730 Wibke Markgraf Bohdan Dobrzański, Jr.
Rheopexy 705 Shrinkage and Swelling Phenomena in Soils 733 Pascal Boivin Rhizosphere 705 Jerzy Lipiec and Jan Gliński Slaking 735 Rigidity 709 Slope Stability 736 Rill Erosion 709 Snowmelt Infiltration 736 Yukiyoshi Iwata Root Length Density 709
Root Responses to Soil Physical Limitations 709 Soil Aeration 736 A. Glyn Bengough Soil Aggregates 736 Root Strength 712 Soil Aggregates, Structure, and Stability 736 Apostolos Papadopoulos Root System Architecture: Analysis from Root Systems to Individual Roots 712 Loïc Pagès Soil Aggregation and Evaporation 740 Barbara Witkowska-Walczak Root Water Uptake: Toward 3-D Functional Approaches 717 Soil Biota, Impact on Physical Properties 740 Mathieu Javaux, Xavier Draye, Claude Doussan, Pascal Boivin and Roxane Kohler-Milleret Jan Vanderborght and Harry Vereecken Soil Colour Index 742 Roughness 722 Soil Compactibility and Compressibility 742 Runoff 722 Stephan Peth
Salinity, Physical Effects on Soils 723 Soil Erodibility 746 Lajos Blaskó Soil Erosion Modeling 746 Scale (Dependency, Invariance) 725 John N. Quinton
Scaling of Soil Physical Properties 725 Soil Functions 747 Asim Biswas and Bing Cheng Si Winfried E. H. Blum CONTENTS xvii
Soil Hydraulic Properties Affecting Root Water Soil Water Flow 798 Uptake 748 Miroslav Kutílek Leilah Krounbi and Naftali Lazarovitch Soil Water Management 802 Soil Hydrophobicity and Hydraulic Fluxes 754 Willibald Loiskand and Gerhard Kammerer Peter Hartmann Soil Water Potential (Pressure, Head) 805 Soil Parent Material 754 Soil Welding 805 Soil Penetrability, Effect on Animal Burrowing 754 Petr Heneberg Soil–Plant–Atmosphere Continuum 805 Cezary Sławiński and Henryk Sobczuk Soil Penetrometers and Penetrability 757 Francisco J. Arriaga, Birl Lowery and Soil–Wheel Interactions 810 Randy Raper Hiroshi Nakashima Soilborne Diseases, Control by Physical Methods 813 Soil Phases 760 Jaacov Katan and Abraham Gamliel Jan Gliński Soils and Plants Aeration 816 Soil Physical Degradation: Assessment with the Use of Remote Sensing and GIS 761 Soils and Plants Oxygenation 816 Stanisław Białousz Solar Drying of Biological Materials 816 Soil Physical Quality 770 Istvan Farkas Blair M. McKenzie, Judith M. Tisdall and Wendy H. Vance Solute Transport in Soils 819 Yves Coquet and Valérie Pot Soil Pore 777 Sorption 824 Soil Separates 777 Sorptivity of Soils 824 Soil Structure and Mechanical Strength 777 Budiman Minasny and Freeman Cook Rainer Horn and Heiner Fleige Space Soil Physics 826 Robert Heinse Soil Structure, Intersecting Surface Approach, and its Applications 780 Victor Yakov Chertkov Spatial Variability of Properties and Processes 827
Soil Structure, Visual Assessment 783 Spatial Variability of Soil Physical Properties 827 Lothar Müller Ole Wendroth, Edwin L. Ritchey, Susmitha Nambuthiri, John H. Grove and Robert C. Pearce Soil Surface Sealing and Crusting 786 Shmuel Assouline Specific Surface Area of Soils and Plants 839 Zofia Sokołowska Soil Temperature Effect 791 Stable Isotopes in Evaluation of Greenhouse Gas Soil Texture: Measurement Methods. 791 Emissions 845 Andrzej Bieganowski and Magdalena Ryzak Kurt A. Spokas
Soil Tillage 794 Stable Isotopes, Their Use in Soil Hydrology 849 Peggy Macaigne Soil Tilth: What Every Farmer Understands but no Researcher Can Define 794 Standardization in Agrophysics. 854 Douglas L. Karlen Andrzej Bieganowski and Magdalena Ryzak
Entries without author names are glossary terms xviii CONTENTS
Steady Flow 854 Surface-Water Excess 889
Sticky 854 Suspension 889
Stochastic Model 854 Swelling 889
Stokes’ Law 854 Temperature Effects in Soil 891 Graeme D. Buchan Stomatal Conductance, Photosynthesis, and Transpiration, Modeling 855 Tensile Strength 895 Andrée J. Tuzet Tensiometry 895 Stratification of Soil Porosity and Organic Matter 858 Krzysztof Lamorski Alan J. Franzluebbers Terrestrial Ecosystem 897 Strength 861 Texture 897 Stress Relaxation 861 Thermal Capacity 897 Stress–Strain Relations 862 Stephan Peth and Rainer Horn Thermal Conductivity 897 Stress–Strain Relationships: A Possibility to Quantify Soil Strength Defined as the Thermal Diffusivity 898 Precompression Stress 867 Rainer Horn and Stephan Peth Thermal Imaging 898
Thermal Technologies in Food Processing 898 Subdrainage 869 António A. Vicente and Luís F. Machado Subirrigation 870 Thermosequence 902 Subsoil 870 Thixotropy 903 Subsoil Compaction 870 Rainer Horn and Heiner Fleige Tillage, Impacts on Soil and Environment 903 Márta Birkás Subsurface Water 873 Tillage Erosion 906 Surface and Subsurface Waters 874 Jianhui Zhang Todd C. Rasmussen Tillage Pan 909 Surface Area 877 Tilth 910 Surface Charge 877 Top Soil 910 Surface Properties and Related Phenomena in Soils and Plants 877 Toposequence 910 Grzegorz Józefaciuk Trace Elements in Crops: Effects of Soil Physical Surface Roughness, Effect on Water Transfer 887 and Chemical Properties 910 Frédéric Darboux Holger Kirchmann and Jan Eriksson
Surface Runoff 889 Traffic Farming 912
Surface Storage Capacity 889 Trafficability and Workability of Soils 912 Lothar Müller, Jerzy Lipiec, Ted S. Kornecki and Surface Tension 889 Stephan Gebhardt CONTENTS xix
Transmissivity 924 Visible and Thermal Images for Fruit Detection 944 Duke M. Bulanon, Thomas F. Burks and Transpiration 924 Victor Alchanatis
Transpiration Ratio 924 Visual Assessment 954
Treated Waste Water 924 Vitreosity 954
Triaxial Compression Test 924 Void Ratio 954 Marek Molenda Volumetric Water Content 954 Trickle Irrigation 925 Vughs 954 Tropical Fruits and Vegetables: Physical Properties 925 K. P. Baiyeri and F. D. Ugese Water Application Efficiency 955 Water Balance in Terrestrial Ecosystems 955 Tropical Soils, Physical Properties 934 Joanna Sposób Charles A. Igwe Water Budget in Soil 959 Tropical Watersheds, Hydrological Processes 937 Alberto Pistocchi Juergen Baumann Water Diffusion 964 Tropisms 938 Water Effects on Physical Properties of Turbidity. 938 Ewa A. Czyz and Anthony R. Dexter Raw Materials and Foods 964 Piotr P. Lewicki Turf 940 Water Erosion: Environmental and Economical Hazard 968 Turgor Pressure 940 Jerzy Rejman Two-Phase Flow 940 Water in Forming Agricultural Products 971 Jiří Blahovec Underground Runoff 941
Unsaturated Zone 941 Water Management 973
Unsteady Flow 941 Water Productivity 973
Urban Soils, Functions 941 Water Release Curve 973 Thomas Nehls and Gerd Wessolek Water Reservoirs, Effects on Soil and Groundwater 973 Utility Value of Cereals 942 Waldemar Mioduszewski
Vadose Zone 943 Water Retention Curve 975
Van Der Waals Forces 943 Water Stress 975
Van Genuchten Equation 943 Water Table 975
Vapor Pressure 943 Water Uptake and Transports in Plants Over Long Distances 975 Viscosity 943 Marian Kargol
Entries without author names are glossary terms xx CONTENTS
Water Use Efficiency in Agriculture: Opportunities Wetting Front 996 for Improvement 979 Meni Ben-Hur Wien’s Law 996
Water-Repellent 984 Wildfires, Impact on Soil Physical Properties 996 Henryk Czachor Waterlogged Soil 984 Wilting Point 997 Watershed 984 Wind Erosion 997 Weather, Effects on Plants 984 Christof Gromke and Katrin Burri Vlasta Štekauerová Windbreak and Shelterbelt Functions 1000 Wellness 987 Andrzej Kędziora
Wetlands, Management, Degradation and Workability 1004 Restoration 987 Kathrin Kiehl X-ray Method to Evaluate Grain Quality 1005 Alexander M. Demyanchuk, Leonid P. Velikanov, Wetness 992 Michael V. Arhipov and Stanisław Grundas
Wettability 992 Author Index 1011
Wetting and Drying, Effect on Soil Physical Subject Index 1013 Properties 992 Sudhakar M. Rao Contributors
Viacheslav I. Adamchuk Andrey Alekseev Bioresource Engineering Department Laboratory Geochemistry and Soil Mineralogy McGill University Institute of Physicochemical and Biological Problems 21,111 Lakeshore Road of Soil Science Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9 Russian Academy of Sciences Canada Instituskaya street 2 [email protected] Pushchino, Moscow Region 142290 Russia [email protected]
Tom M. Addiscott Tatiana Victorovna Alekseeva Soil Science Department Laboratory Geochemistry and Soil Mineralogy Rothamsted Research Institute of Physicochemical and Biological Problems West Common of Soil Science Harpenden, Herts AL5 2JQ Russian Academy of Sciences UK Institutskaya street 2 [email protected] Pushchino, Moscow region 142290 Russia [email protected] [email protected] Abdallah Alaoui Hydrology Group Stephen H. Anderson Department of Geography Department of Soil, Environmental, and Atmospheric University of Bern Sciences Hallerstrasse 12 University of Missouri 3012 Bern 302 ABNR Building Switzerland Columbia, MO 65211 [email protected] USA [email protected]
Victor Alchanatis Thomas Anken Agricultural Research Organization Federal Department of Economic Affairs Volcani Center Agroscope Reckenholz-Tänikon Research Station ART Institute of Agricultural Engineering Tänikon Bet Dagan 8356 Ettenhausen Israel Switzerland [email protected] [email protected] xxii CONTRIBUTORS
Michael V. Arhipov Kalikinkar Bandyoopadhay Laboratory of Seed Biophysics Central Institute for Cotton Research Agrophysical Research Institute of Russian Academy Marutha Malai Main Road of Agricultural Sciences Coimbatore 641 003, Tamil Nadu Grazdansky av. 14 India 195220 St. Petersburg [email protected] Russia [email protected] Piotr Baranowski Tatiana A. Arkhangelskaya Institute of Agrophysics Department of Soil Physics Polish Academy of Sciences Moscow State University Doświadczalna 4 Moscow 119991 20-290 Lublin Russia Poland [email protected] [email protected]
Francisco J. Arriaga U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Juergen Baumann Research Service Hydroagricultural Infrastructure (SGIH-GDTT) National Soil Dynamics Laboratory National Water Commission (CONAGUA) 411 S.Donahue Drive Av. Insurgentes Sur 2416, Piso 6 Auburn, AL 36832 Mexico City, Federal District, D.F 4340 USA Mexico [email protected] [email protected]
Shmuel Assouline A. Glyn Bengough Environmental Physics and Irrigation Scottish Crop Research Institute (SCRI) Institute of Soil, Water and Environmental Sciences Dundee DD2 5DA Agricultural Research Organization – Volcani Center UK P.O. Box 6 [email protected] Bet Dagan 50250 Israel [email protected] Meni Ben-Hur Soil Chemistry Jörg Bachmann Institute of Soil, Water, and Environmental Sciences Institute of Soil Science The Volcani Center, ARO Leibniz University of Hannover P.O. Box 6 Herrenhaeuser Str. 2 Bet Dagan 50250 30419 Hannover Israel Germany [email protected] [email protected]
K. P. Baiyeri Arlène Besson Department of Crop Science Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA) University of Nigeria Unité de Science du Sol, Centre de Recherche d’Orléans Nsukka, Enugu State BP 20619 Nigeria 45166 Olivet cedex, Orléans [email protected] France [email protected]
Eugene Balashov Stanisław Białousz Agrophysical Research Institute RAAS Department of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and GIS Russian Academy of Agricultural Sciences Warsaw University of Technology 14 Grazhdansky Prospekt, St. Petersburg Plac Politechniki 1 195220 St. Petersburg 00-661 Warsaw Russia Poland [email protected] [email protected] CONTRIBUTORS xxiii
Andrzej Bieganowski Lajos Blaskó Institute of Agrophysics Karcag Research Institute of Centre for Agricultural Polish Academy of Sciences and Technical Sciences Doświadczalna 4 Debrecen University 20-290 Lublin Kisujszállási út 166 Poland 5300 Karcag [email protected] Hungary [email protected]
John Billingsley University of Southern Queensland Winfried E. H. Blum Darling Heights Institute of Soil Research Toowoomba, QLD 4350 University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Australia Sciences (BOKU) Vienna [email protected] Peter Jordan Str. 82 1190 Vienna Austria [email protected] Márta Birkás Department of Soil Management Institute of Crop Production, Szent István University Gödöllő Pascal Boivin 2103 Gödöllő University of Applied Sciences of Western Switzerland Hungary (HES-SO) [email protected] Rue de la Prairie 4 1202 Geneva Switzerland [email protected] Asim Biswas Department of Soil Science University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8 Johan Bouma Canada Soil Science Department [email protected] Wageningen University Spoorbaanweg 35 CA 3911 Rhenen The Netherlands Evgenia Blagodatskaya [email protected] Department of Agroecosystem Research University of Bayreuth 95440 Bayreuth Germany Małgorzata Brzezińska and Institute of Agrophysics Institute of Physicochemical and Biological Problems Polish Academy of Sciences in Soil Science ul. Doświadczalna 4 Russian Academy of Sciences 20-290 Lublin Pushchino 142290 Poland Russia [email protected] [email protected]
Graeme D. Buchan Jiří Blahovec Soil and Physical Sciences Department and Centre for Soil Department of Physics and Environmental Research Czech University of Life Sciences Lincoln University Kamycka 129 P.O. Box 84, Lincoln University 16521 Prague 6-Suchdol Christchurch, 7647 Canterbury Czech Republic New Zealand [email protected] [email protected] xxiv CONTRIBUTORS
Duke M. Bulanon Matthew Caurie Agricultural and Biological Engineering Department Department of Home Economics Education University of Florida University of Education, Winneba Rogers Hall, Museum Road P.O. Box 25 Gainesville, FL 32601 Winneba USA Ghana [email protected] [email protected]
Thomas F. Burks Maria Teresa Ceccherini Agricultural and Biological Engineering Department Dipartimento Scienza del Suolo e Nutrizione della Pianta University of Florida Università degli Studi di Firenze Rogers Hall, Museum Road P.le delle Cascine, 28 Gainesville, FL 32601 50144 Firenze USA Italy [email protected] [email protected]
Mette Burmølle Victor Yakov Chertkov Section of Microbiology, Department of Biology Division of Environmental, Water, and Agricultural University of Copenhagen Engineering Sølvgade 83H Technion – Israel Institute of Technology 1307 Copenhagen K Haifa 32000 Denmark Israel [email protected] [email protected]
Katrin Burri Ward Chesworth WSL Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research SLF Department of Land Resource Science Flueelastr. 11 University of Guelph 7260 Davos Dorf Guelph, ON NIG 2W1 Switzerland Canada [email protected] [email protected]
Warren J. Busscher Agricultural Research Service Tiphaine Chevallier US Department of Agriculture UMR Eco&Sols, Functional Ecology and Coastal Plain Soil, Water and Plant Research Center Biogeochemistry of Soils and Agro-Ecosystems 2611 W Lucas St. Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD) Florence, SC 29501 BP 64501, 34394 Montpellier USA France [email protected] [email protected]
M. Ekrem Cakmak Emil Chibowski Soil and Water Laboratory Maria Curie-Skłodowska University Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering Pl. Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej 3/130 Cornell University 20-031 Lublin 164 Riley Robb Hall Poland Ithaca, NY 14853 [email protected] USA [email protected] Tadeusz J. Chmielewski Department of Landscape Ecology and Nature Anyela Valentina Camargo Rodriguez Conservation School of Computing University of Life Sciences University of East Anglia Dobrzańskiego 37 St. Norwich NR4 7TJ 20-262 Lublin UK Poland [email protected] [email protected] CONTRIBUTORS xxv
Jacek Chodorowski Katarzyna Czaczyk Department of Soil Science Department of Biotechnology and Food Microbiology Maria Curie-Skłodowska University University of Life Sciences Akademicka 19 ul. Wojska Polskiego 28 20-033 Lublin 60-637 Poznań Poland Poland [email protected] [email protected]
Jolanta Cieśla Ewa A. Czyż Institute of Agrophysics Department of Soil Science Erosion and Land Polish Academy of Sciences Conservation Doświadczalna 4 Str Institute of Soil Science and Plant 20-290 Lublin Cultivation (IUNG–PIB) Poland Czartoryskich 8 [email protected] 24-100 Puławy Poland and L. J. Clark Rzeszów University Department of Soil Science Aleja Rejtana 16c Rothamsted Research 35-959 Rzeszów Harpenden, West Common, Hertfordshire AL5 2JQ Poland UK [email protected]
Freeman Cook Alvaro Pires da Silva CSIRO Land and Water Departamento de Ciência do Solo CSIRO Long Pocket Laboratories - Indooroopilly Escola Superior de Agricultura “Luiz de Queiroz” 120 Meiers Road Universidade de São Paulo Indooroopilly, QLD 4068 Piracicaba – São Paulo Australia Brazil [email protected]
Yves Coquet UMR 1091 INRA/AgroParisTech Environment and Małgorzata Dąbek-Szreniawska Arable Crops Institute of Agrophysics PAN AgroParisTech Polish Academy of Sciences BP 01 ul. Doświadczalna 4 78850 Thiverval-Grignon 20-290 Lublin France Poland [email protected] [email protected]
Isabelle Cousin Frédéric Darboux Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA) UR 0272 Science du sol Unité de Science du Sol, Centre de Recherche d’Orléans INRA, Centre de recherche d’Orléans BP 20619 CS 40001 45166 Olivet cedex, Orléans 45075 Orléans Cedex 2 France France [email protected]
Henryk Czachor Institute of Agrophysics Herdjania Veras de Lima Polish Academy of Sciences Instituto de Ciências Agrárias Doświadczalna 4, P.O. Box 201 Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia 20-290 Lublin Belém – Pará Poland Brazil [email protected] [email protected] xxvi CONTRIBUTORS
Ryszard Dębicki Jim Doolittle Department of Soil Science USDA-NRCS Maria Curie-Skłodowska University National Soil Survey Center Pl. Marii Curie-Sklodowskiej 5 11 Campus Blvd., Suite 200 20-032 Lublin Newtown Square, PA 19073 Poland USA [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Claude Doussan Alexander M. Demyanchuk UMR 1114 EMMAH, INRA/UAPV Laboratory of Seed Biophysics Bat. Sol - Domaine St Paul, Site Agroparc Agrophysical Research Institute of Russian Academy of Avignon cedex 9 Agricultural Sciences 84914 Avignon Grazdansky av. 14 France 195220 St. Petersburg Russia Xavier Draye [email protected] Crop Physiology and Plant Breeding Earth and Life Institute - Agronomy Anthony R. Dexter Université catholique de Louvain Department of Soil Science Erosion and Land Croix du Sud 2-11 Conservation 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve Institute of Soil Science and Plant Belgium Cultivation (IUNG-PIB) Czartoryskich 8 Pierre Dutilleul 24-100 Puławy Department of Plant Science Poland McGill University, Macdonald Campus [email protected] 21,111 Lakeshore Road Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9 Elias Dimitriou Canada Institute of Inland Waters [email protected] Hellenic Centre for Marine Research Sounio Ave. Anavissos, Attika 19013 Dariusz Dziki Greece Department of Equipment Operation and Maintenance [email protected] in the Food Industry University of Life Sciences ś Etienne Diserens Do wiadczalna 44 Agricultural Engineering Systems Group 20-288 Lublin Department of Agricultural Economics and Engineering Poland Agroscope Reckenholz-Tänikon ART [email protected] 8356 Ettenhausen, Thurgovie Switzerland Jan Eriksson [email protected] Department of Soil and Environment Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Bohdan Dobrzański, Jr. Box 7014 Pomology Department 750 07 Uppsala University of Life Sciences Sweden Leszczyńskiego 58 [email protected] 20-068 Lublin Poland Johann Fank and Department of Water Resources Management Institute of Agrophysics RESOURCES - Institute of Water, Energy, and Polish Academy of Sciences Sustainability Doświadczalna 4 Joanneum Research 20-290 Lublin Elisabethstraße 16 / II Poland 8010 Graz, Styria [email protected] Austria [email protected] [email protected] CONTRIBUTORS xxvii
Istvan Farkas Jarosław Frączek Department of Physics and Process Control Department of Mechanical Engineering and Agrophysics Szent Istvan University University of Agriculture Pater K. u. 1 ul. Balicka 120 2103 Gödöllö 30-149 Kraków Hungary Poland [email protected] [email protected]
Alan J. Franzluebbers Patricia L. Fernández United States Department of Agriculture Facultad de Agronomía Agricultural Research Service Universidad de Buenos Aires 1420 Experiment Station Road Av. San Martín 4453 (C1417DSE) Watkinsville, GA 30677 Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires USA Argentina [email protected]
Shmulik P. Friedman Tadeusz Filipek Environmental Physics and Irrigation Department of Agricultural and Environmental Chemistry Institute of Soil, Water and Environmental Sciences University of Life Sciences The Volcani Center Akademicka 15 Agricultural Research Organization 20-950 Lublin 50250 Bet Dagan Poland Israel [email protected] [email protected]
Abraham Gamliel W. E. Finch-Savage The Laboratory for Pest Management Research Warwick HRI Institute of Agricultural Engineering Warwick University The Volcani Center Wellesbourne, Warwick CV35 9EF Agricultural Research Organization UK 50250 Bet Dagan Israel [email protected] Heiner Fleige Institute for Plant Nutrition and Soil Science Christian-Albrechts-University zu Kiel Francisco J. García-Ramos Hermann-Rodewaldstr. 2 Escuela Politécnica Superior 24118 Kiel University of Zaragoza Germany 22071 Huesca [email protected] Spain [email protected]
Alessio Fortunati Stephan Gebhardt Institute of Agro-Environmental and Forest Biology Institute for Plant Nutrition and Soil Science (IBAF) Christian Albrechts University of Kiel National Research Council Hermann-Rodewald-Straße 2 Via Salaria Km 29,300 24118 Kiel Monterotondo, 00016 Rome Germany Italy [email protected]
Horst H. Gerke Magdalena Frąc Institute of Soil Landscape Research Department of Plant and Soil System Leibniz-Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research Institute of Agrophysics Polish Academy of Sciences (ZALF) Müncheberg Doswiadczalna 4 Eberswalder Strasse 84 20-290 Lublin 15374 Müncheberg Poland Germany [email protected] [email protected] xxviii CONTRIBUTORS
Neyde Fabíola Balarezo Giarola John H. Grove Departamento de Ciência do Solo e Engenharia Agrícola Department of Plant and Soil Sciences Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa College of Agriculture Ponta Grossa – Paraná University of Kentucky Brazil Lexington, KY 40546 [email protected] USA [email protected]
Juan V. Giráldez ł Department of Agronomy Stanis aw Grundas University of Córdoba Institute of Agrophysics Polish Academy of Sciences Campus de Rabanales ś 14071 Córdoba ul. Do wiadczalna 4 Spain 20-290 Lublin [email protected] Poland [email protected]
Michael Glenn Vadakattu Gupta USDA-ARS Appalachian Fruit Research Station Entomology 2217 CSIRO Wiltshire Road Kearneysville PMB No. 2 Kearneysville, WV 25430 Glen Osmond, SA 5064 USA Australia [email protected] [email protected]
Jan Gliński Mieczysław Hajnos Institute of Agrophysics Institute of Agrophysics Polish Academy of Sciences Polish Academy of Sciences ul. Doświadczalna 4 Doswiadczalna 4 20-290 Lublin 20-290 Lublin Poland Poland [email protected] [email protected]
Krzysztof Górnicki Paul D. Hallett University of Life Sciences (SGGW) Scottish Crop Research Institute Nowoursynowska 164 Invergowrie 02-787 Warszawa Dundee DD2 5DA Poland UK [email protected] [email protected]
Peter Hartmann Harsharn Grewal Department of Soils and Environment School of Natural Sciences, Hawkesbury Campus Forest Research Institute Baden-Wuerttemberg Building H3 Wonnhalde Str. 4 University of Western Sydney 79100 Freiburg, i. Br. Locked Bag 1797 Germany Penrith South DC, NSW 1797 [email protected] Australia [email protected] Ryusuke Hatano Laboratory of Soil Science Christof Gromke Graduate School of Agriculture WSL Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research SLF Hokkaido University Kita-Ku Flueelastr. 11 Kita-ku, Kita 9, Nishi9 7260 Davos Dorf Sapporo, 060-8589 Hokkaido Switzerland Japan [email protected] [email protected] CONTRIBUTORS xxix
Kuntal Hati Rainer Horn Division of Soil Physics Institute for Plant Nutrition and Soil Science Indian Institute of Soil Science Christian-Albrechts-University zu Kiel Nabibagh, Berasia Road Olshausenstr. 40 Bhopal 462038, Madhya Pradesh 24118 Kiel India Germany [email protected] [email protected]
Robert Heinse Robert Horton Department of Plant, Soil and Entomological Sciences Agronomy Department University of Idaho Iowa State University 875 Perimeter Dr. Moscow Ames, IA 50011 Moscow, ID 83844-2339 USA USA [email protected] [email protected] Marek Horyński Department of Computer and Electrical Engineering Joshua L. Heitman Lublin University of Technology Soil Science Department Nadbystrzycka Street 38A North Carolina State University 20-618 Lublin Raleigh, NC 27695 Poland USA [email protected] [email protected]
Silvo Hribernik Petr Heneberg Department of Textile Materials and Design Charles University in Prague University of Maribor Ruská 87 Smetanova 17 100 00 Prague 10 2000 Maribor Czech Republic Slovenia [email protected] [email protected]
Zuzana Hlaváčová Charles A. Igwe Department of Physics Department of Soil Science Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra University of Nigeria Tr. A. Hlinku 2 Nsukka, Enugu State 460001 Nitra 949 76 Nigeria Slovakia [email protected] [email protected] [email protected]
Yukiyoshi Iwata Martin Holpp Climate and Land-use Change Research Team Federal Department of Economic Affairs National Agricultural Research Center for Hokkaido Agroscope Reckenholz-Tänikon Research Station ART Region, NARO Tänikon Sinsei Memuro, Hokkaido 082-0081 8356 Ettenhausen Japan Switzerland [email protected]
Józef Horabik Monika Jaroszuk-Sierocińska Institute of Agrophysics Institute of Soil Science and Environment Management Polish Academy of Sciences University of Life Sciences ul. Doświadczalna 4 Akademicka 13 20-290 Lublin 20-950 Lublin Poland Poland [email protected] [email protected] xxx CONTRIBUTORS
Mathieu Javaux Seong Pal Kang Agrosphere, ICG-4 Cognitive Robot Research Center Institute of Chemistry and Dynamics of the Geosphere Korea Institute of Science and Technology Forschungszentrum Juelich GmbH 119-801 Samsung Ramian APT Hawalgokdong 52425 Juelich Sung-Buk-gu, Seoul-si Germany Republic of Korea and [email protected] Earth and Life Institute-Environmental Sciences Université catholique de Louvain Marian Kargol Croix du Sud, 2, bte 2 Independent Department of Environment Protection and 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve Modelling Belgium The Jan Kochanowski University of Humanities and [email protected] Sciences ul. Świętokrzyska 15 Digvir S. Jayas 25-406 Kielce Departement of Biosystems Engineering Poland University of Manitoba [email protected] 207 Administration Building Winnipeg, MB R3T 5V6 Douglas L. Karlen Canada National Laboratory for Agriculture and the Environment [email protected] (NLAE) 2110 University Boulevard Ames, IA 50011-3120 Antonio Jordán USA MED_Soil Research Group, Departamento de [email protected] Cristalografía, Mineralogía y Química Agrícola Universidad de Sevilla c/Profesor García González, 1 Jaacov Katan 41012 Sevilla Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology Spain The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Food and [email protected] Environment Rehovot, 76100 Israel Grzegorz Józefaciuk [email protected] Institute of Agrophysics Polish Academy of Sciences ę ul. Doświadczalna 4 Andrzej K dziora 20-290 Lublin Institute for Agricultural and Forest Environment Poland Polish Academy of Sciences [email protected] Bukowska 19 60-809 Poznań Poland Agnieszka Kaleta [email protected] University of Life Sciences (SGGW) Nowoursynowska 164 Kathrin Kiehl 02-787 Warszawa University of Applied Sciences Osnabrück Poland Postfach 1940 [email protected] 49009 Osnabrück Germany [email protected] Gerhard Kammerer Department of Water, Atmosphere and Environment Institute of Hydraulics and Rural Water-Management Jan T. Kim University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences School of Computing Muthgasse 18 University of East Anglia 1190 Vienna Norwich NR4 7TJ Austria UK [email protected] [email protected] CONTRIBUTORS xxxi
Gunnar Kirchhof Krystyna Konstankiewicz School of Land, Crop and Food Sciences Institute of Agrophysics The University of Queensland Polish Academy of Sciences Brisbane, QLD 4072 ul. Doświadczalna 4 Australia 20-290 Lublin [email protected] Poland [email protected] Holger Kirchmann Department of Soil and Environment Jan Koper Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Department of Biochemistry Box 7014 University of Technology and Life Sciences 750 07 Uppsala 6 Bernardyńska Str Sweden 85-029 Bydgoszcz [email protected] Poland [email protected] Annelise Kjøller Section of Microbiology Ted S. Kornecki Department of Biology USDA-ARS, National Soil Dynamics Lab. Research Unit University of Copenhagen 411 S. Donahue Drive Sølvgade 83H Auburn, AL 36832 1307 Copenhagen K USA Denmark [email protected]
Piotr Kowalik Roxane Kohler-Milleret Department of Sanitary Engineering Institute of Biology, Soil & Vegetation Group Gdansk University of Technology University of Neuchâtel Narutowicza 11 Rue Emile-Argand 11, Case postale 158 80-233 Gdansk, Pommerania 2009 Neuchâtel Poland Switzerland [email protected] [email protected] ł Pawe Kojs Bronisława Barbara Kram Polish Academy of Sciences – Institute of Agricultural Engineering Botanical Garden Center for Biological Diversity University of Environmental and Life Sciences Conservation ul. Chełmońskiego 37/41 Warsaw 50-630 Wrocław Poland Poland [email protected] [email protected]
Raimo Kõlli Leilah Krounbi Department of Soil Science and Agrochemistry Wyler Department of Dryland Agriculture Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Estonian University of Life Sciences Biotechnology of Drylands Kreutzwaldi Str. 1a Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research 51014 Tartu Ben-Gurion University of the Negev Estonia Sede Boqer campus 84990 [email protected] Israel
Józef Kołodziej Julia Krümmelbein Department of Agrometeorology Soil Protection and Recultivation University of Life Sciences Brandenburg University of Technology Akademicka 15 Konrad-Wachsmann-Allee 6 20-950 Lublin 03046 Cottbus Poland Germany [email protected] [email protected] xxxii CONTRIBUTORS
Adam Paweł Kuczyński Thamara Laredo Institute of Agrophysics Department of Food Science Polish Academy of Sciences University of Guelph Food and Soft Materials Science ul. Doswiadczalna 4 50 Stone Road East 20-290 Lublin 27 Guelph, ON N1G 2W1 Poland Canada [email protected] [email protected]
Janusz Laskowski Max Kuderna Department of Equipment Operation and Maintenance in wpa Beratende Ingenieure GmbH the Food Industry Lackierergasse 1 University of Life Sciences 1090 Vienna Doświadczalna 44 Austria 20-288 Lublin [email protected] Poland [email protected] Sekhar Lukose Kuriakose United Nations University-ITC School for Disaster Patrick Lavelle Geo-information Management IRD/UPMC Université Paris 6, CIAT University of Twente Cali Hengelosestraat 99, P.O. Box 217 Colombia 7500 AE Enschede [email protected] The Netherlands [email protected] Naftali Lazarovitch [email protected] Wyler Department of Dryland Agriculture French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands Miroslav Kutílek Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research Nad Patankou 34 Ben-Gurion University of the Negev 160 00 Prague 6 Sede Boqer campus 84990 Czech Republic Israel [email protected] Wey H. Leong Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering Yakov Kuzyakov Ryerson University Department of Agroecosystem Research 350 Victoria St. University of Bayreuth Toronto, ON M5B 2K3 95440 Bayreuth Canada Germany Guy J. Levy Rattan Lal Institute of Soil, Water and Environmental Sciences Carbon Management and Sequestration Center, SENR The Volcani Center The Ohio State University Agricultural Research Organization 2021 Coffey Road P.O. Box 6 Columbus, OH 43210 50250 Bet Dagan USA Israel [email protected] [email protected]
Piotr P. Lewicki Krzysztof Lamorski Department of Food Engineering and Process Institute of Agrophysics Management Polish Academy of Sciences University of Life Sciences (SGGW) ul. Doświadczalna 4 Nowoursynowska Str. 159c 20-290 Lublin 02-776 Warszawa Poland Poland [email protected] [email protected] CONTRIBUTORS xxxiii
Jerzy Lipiec Basant Maheshwari Institute of Agrophysics School of Natural Sciences, Hawkesbury Campus, Polish Academy of Sciences Building H3 ul. Doświadczalna 4 University of Western Sydney 20-290 Lublin Locked Bag 1797 Poland Penrith South DC, NSW 1797 [email protected] Australia [email protected]
Willibald Loiskand Department of Water, Atmosphere and Environment Alejandro G. Marangoni Institute of Hydraulics and Rural Water-Management Department of Food Science University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences University of Guelph Food and Soft Materials Science Muthgasse 18 50 Stone Road East 1190 Vienna Guelph, ON N1G 2W1 Austria Canada [email protected] [email protected]
Birl Lowery Wibke Markgraf Department of Soil Science Institute for Plant Nutrition and Soil Science University of Wisconsin-Madison Christian-Albrechts-University zu Kiel 1525 Observatory Drive Hermann-Rodewald-Str. 2 Madison, WI 53706 24118 Kiel USA Germany [email protected] [email protected]
Peggy Macaigne Soil and Water Management and Crop Nutrition Section Miguel Angel Martín Joint FAO/IAEA Division Department of Applied Mathematics in Agricultural International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) Engineering Wagramer Strasse 5, P.O. Box 100 Technical University of Madrid (UPM) 1400 Vienna Avd. de la Complutense Austria 28040 Madrid [email protected] Spain [email protected] [email protected]
Luís F. Machado Svatopluk Matula IBB – Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering Department of Water Resources, Food and Natural Center of Biological Engineering Resources Universidade do Minho Czech University of Life Sciences Campus de Gualtar Kamycka 129 4710-057 Braga 165 21 Prague Portugal Czech Republic [email protected] [email protected] [email protected]
Blair M. McKenzie Engracia Madejón Environment–Plant Interactions Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla Scottish Crop Research Institute (IRNAS-CSIC) Invergowrie P.O. Box 1052 Dundee DD2 5DA 41080 Sevilla UK Spain [email protected] xxxiv CONTRIBUTORS
Leszek Mieszkalski Toshihiko Momose Department of Agricultural Engineering and Natural Raw Bavarian Environment Agency Materials Hans-Högn-Straße 12 University of Varmia and Mazury in Olsztyn 95030 Hof/Saale M. Oczapowskiego 11 Germany 10-719 Olsztyn Poland Verónica L. Morales [email protected] Soil and Water Laboratory Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering Fernando Migliaccio Cornell University Institute of Agro-Environmental and Forest Biology 164 Riley Robb Hall (IBAF) Ithaca, NY 14853 National Research Council USA Via Salaria Km 29,300 [email protected] 00016 Monterotondo, Rome Italy Chris J. Moran [email protected] Sustainable Minerals Institute The University of Queensland Budiman Minasny Cnr Staffhouse and College Roads Food & Natural Resources Brisbane, QLD 4075 The University of Sydney Australia Sydney, NSW 2006 [email protected] Australia [email protected] Guillermo P. Moreda Laboratorio de Propiedades Físicas y Tecnologías Waldemar Mioduszewski Avanzadas en Agro-Alimentación (LPF-TAGRALIA) Department of Water Resources Universidad Politécnica de Madrid Institute of Technology and Life Sciences Avda. Complutense, s/n Al. Hrabska 3 28040 Madrid 05-090 Raszyn Falenty Spain Poland [email protected] [email protected] Félix Moreno Andrzej Mocek Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla Department of Soil Sciences and Land Protection (IRNAS-CSIC) University of Life Sciences P.O. Box 1052 Szydłowska 50 41080 Sevilla 60-656 Poznań Spain Poland [email protected] [email protected] Leszek Mościcki Md. Abdul Mojid Department of Food Process Engineering Irrigation and Water Management University of Life Sciences Agricultural University Doświadczalna str. 44 2202 Mymensingh 20-280 Lublin Bangladesh Poland [email protected] [email protected]
Marek Molenda Abdul Mounem Mouazen Institute of Agrophysics Natural Resources Department Polish Academy of Sciences Natural Soil Resources Institute ul. Doświadczalna 4 Cranfield University 20-290 Lublin Cranfield, Bedfordshire MK43 0AL Poland UK [email protected] [email protected] CONTRIBUTORS xxxv
Lothar Müller Thomas Nehls Leibniz – Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research Department Soil Conservation (ZALF) Technische Universität Berlin Institute of Landscape Hydrology Salzufer 12, Sekr BK-1 Eberswalder Straße 84 10587 Berlin 15374 Müncheberg Germany Germany [email protected] [email protected] Stuart O. Nelson Miriam Muñoz-Rojas U.S. Department of Agriculture Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla Agricultural Research Service, Russell Research Center (CSIC) P.O. Box 5677 Avda. Reina Mercedes, 10 Athens, GA 30604-5677 41012 Sevilla USA Spain [email protected] [email protected] Attila Nemes Crop Systems and Global Change Laboratory José M. Murillo USDA-ARS Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Building 001, BARC-West (IRNAS-CSIC) Beltsville, MD 20705 P.O. Box 1052 USA 41080 Sevilla [email protected] Spain Artur Nosalewicz Kamila Myszka Institute of Agrophysics Department of Biotechnology and Food Microbiology Polish Academy of Sciences University of Life Sciences ul. Doświadczalna 4, P.O. Box 201 ul. Wojska Polskiego 28 20-290 Lublin 60-637 Poznań Poland Poland [email protected] [email protected] Viliam Novák Hiroshi Nakashima Institute of Hydrology Agricultural Systems Engineering Laboratory Slovak Academy of Sciences Division of Environmental Science and Technology Racianska 75 Graduate School of Agriculture Bratislava 85101 Kyoto University Slovakia Oiwake-cho, Kitashirakawa, Sakyo-ku [email protected] Kyoto 606-8502 Japan Keith Openshaw [email protected] Formerly Staff Member of the Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) of the UN Rome Susmitha Nambuthiri Italy Department of Plant and Soil Sciences and College of Agriculture Formerly Staff Member at the World Bank University of Kentucky Washington, DC Lexington, KY 40546 USA USA [email protected] [email protected] [email protected]
Agnieszka Nawrocka Janusz Ostrowski Institute of Agrophysics Institute of Technology and Life Sciences ul. Doświadczalna Al. Hrabska 3 20-290 Lublin 05-099 Raszyn Poland Poland [email protected] [email protected] xxxvi CONTRIBUTORS
Wojciech Owczarzak Xinhua Peng Department of Soil Sciences and Land Protection Institute of Soil Science University of Life Sciences Chinese Academy of Sciences Szydłowska 50 P.O. Box 821 60-656 Poznań Nanjing 210008 Poland PR China [email protected] Yakov A. Pachepsky Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory Magnus Persson Animal and Natural Resource Institute Department of Water Resources Engineering Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, USDA-ARS Lund University 10300 Baltimore Ave, Bldg. 173, BARC-EAST Box 22100 Beltsville, MD 20705 Lund USA Sweden [email protected] [email protected]
Loïc Pagès INRA Centre d’Avignon Stephan Peth UR 1115 PSH Site Agroparc Institute for Plant Nutrition and Soil Science 84914 Avignon cedex 9 Christian-Albrechts-University zu Kiel France Olshausenstr. 40 [email protected] 24118 Kiel Germany [email protected] Marcello Pagliai Agricultural Research Council (CRA) Research Centre for Agrobiology and Fernanda Peyronel Pedology (CRA-ABP) Department of Food Science Piazza M. D’Azeglio, 30 University of Guelph Food and Soft Materials Science 50121 Florence 50 Stone Road East Italy Guelph, ON N1G 2W1 [email protected] Canada [email protected] Apostolos Papadopoulos Research and Development A. Pierret Branston Ltd Institut de Recherche pour le Developpement/ Mere Road International Water Management Institute Branston LN4 1NJ Ban Nongviengkham UK Vientiane [email protected] Lao PDR
Robert C. Pearce Department of Plant and Soil Sciences Giacomo Pietramellara College of Agriculture Dipartimento Scienza del Suolo e Nutrizione della Pianta University of Kentucky Università degli Studi di Firenze Lexington, KY 40546 P.le delle Cascine, 28 USA 50144 Firenze [email protected] Italy [email protected] Josef Pecen Department of Sustainable Technologies Jacek Pietrusiewicz Institute of Tropics and Subtropics Department of Plant Anatomy and Cytology University of Life Sciences Prague Maria Curie-Skłodowska University Kamýcká str. 129 ul. Akademicka 19 165 21 Prague 6 - Suchdol 20-033 Lublin Czech Republic Poland [email protected] [email protected] CONTRIBUTORS xxxvii
Stanisław Pietruszewski Valérie Pot Department of Physics UMR 1091 INRA/AgroParisTech Environment and University of Life Sciences Arable Crops Akademicka 13 AgroParisTech 20-950 Lublin BP 01 Poland 78850 Thiverval-Grignon [email protected] France [email protected] Wiktor Pietrzyk Department of Computer and Electrical Engineering John N. Quinton Lublin University of Technology Lancaster Environment Centre Nadbystrzycka Street 38A Lancaster University 20-618 Lublin Bailrigg Poland Lancaster LA1 4YQUK [email protected] UK [email protected] David L. Pinskiy Institute of Physico-Chemical and Biological Problems Sudhakar M. Rao in Soil Science Department of Civil Engineering Laboratory of Physical-Chemistry of Soils Indian Institute of Science Institutskaya 2, Pushchino Bangalore 560012 Moscow Region 142290 India Russia [email protected] [email protected] Randy Raper David J. W. Piper U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Geological Survey of Canada Service Bedford Institute of Oceanography Dale Bumpers Small Farm Research Center Dartmouth, B2Y 4A2 6883 South State Highway 23 Canada Booneville, AR 72927 USA [email protected] Alberto Pistocchi GECOsistema srl Viale G.Carducci, 15 Todd C. Rasmussen 47023 Cesena (FC) Warnell School of Forestry & Natural Resources Italy The University of Georgia [email protected] Athens, GA 30602-2152 USA [email protected] Grażyna Podolska Department of Cereal Crop Production Institute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivation Toshko Raytchev National Research Institute Nikola Poushkarov Institute of Soil Science Czartoryskich 8 st Shosse Bankya 7 24-100 Puławy Sofia 1080 Poland Bulgaria [email protected] Jerzy Rejman Andreas Pohlmeier Institute of Agrophysics ICG-4, Research Centre Polish Academy of Sciences Wilhelm Johnen Str ul. Doświadczalna 4 52425 Jülich 20-290 Lublin Germany Poland [email protected] [email protected] xxxviii CONTRIBUTORS
Guy Richard Juan M. Ruiz-Lozano Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA) Departamento de Microbiología del Suelo y Sistemas Unité de Science du Sol, Centre de Recherche d’Orléans Simbióticos BP 20619 Estación Experimental del Zaidín (CSIC) 45166 Olivet cedex, Orléans Prof. Albareda, 1 France 18008 Granada, Andalucía [email protected] Spain [email protected] Edwin L. Ritchey Department of Plant and Soil Sciences College of Agriculture Tomasz Rusin University of Kentucky MTS Systems Corporation Lexington, KY 40546 Elhys sp. z.o.o. ul. Naukowa 45 USA 02-463 Warsaw [email protected] Poland [email protected] Karl Ritz Natural Resources Department Rafał Rybczyński National Soil Resources Institute Institute of Agrophysics School of Applied Sciences Polish Academy of Sciences Cranfield University 20-290 Lublin Cranfield MK43 0AL Poland UK [email protected] [email protected]
Tiina Roose Wojciech Rybiński School of Mathematics Institute of Plant Genetics University of Southampton Polish Academy of Sciences University Road Strzeszyńska 34 Southampton SO17 1BJ 60-479 Poznań UK Poland [email protected] ż Svetla Rousseva Magdalena Ry ak Nikola Poushkarov Institute of Soil Science Institute of Agrophysics Polish Academy of Sciences Shosse Bankya 7 ś Sofia 1080 Do wiadczalna 4 Bulgaria 20-290 Lublin [email protected] Poland [email protected] Renata Różyło Department of equipment operation and maintenance Ramsis B. Salama in the food industry Managed Water Resources University of Life Sciences ś 7 Fireball Way Do wiadczalna 44 Ocean Reef 6027 20-280 Lublin Australia Poland [email protected] [email protected]
Margarita Ruiz-Altisent Anthony E. Salvucci Laboratorio de Propiedades Físicas y Tecnologías Soil and Water Laboratory Avanzadas en Agro-Alimentación (LPF-TAGRALIA) Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering Universidad Politécnica de Madrid Cornell University Avda. Complutense, s/n 164 Riley Robb Hall 28040 Madrid Ithaca, NY 14853 Spain USA [email protected] [email protected] CONTRIBUTORS xxxix
Fernando San José Martínez Evgeny V. Shein Department of Applied Mathematics in Agricultural Department of Soil Physics Engineering Moscow State University Technical University of Madrid (UPM) Moscow 119992 Avd. de la Complutense Russia 28040 Madrid [email protected] Spain [email protected] Bing Cheng Si Manuel Sánchez-Marañón Department of Soil Science Departamento de Edafología y Química Agrícola, University of Saskatchewan Facultad de Ciencias Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8 Universidad de Granada Canada Campus Fuentenueva [email protected] 18071 Granada Spain Chandra B. Singh [email protected] Departement of Biosystems Engineering University of Manitoba Martin G. Scanlon E2-376 Engineering Building Department of Food Science Winnipeg, MB R3T 5V6 University of Manitoba Canada Winnipeg, R3T 2N2 Canada [email protected] Stefan Skiba Department of Pedology and Soil Geography Gabriele E. Schaumann Institute of Geography and Spatial Management Department of Environmental and Soil Chemistry Jagiellonian University Institute for Environmental Sciences Gronostajowa 7 University Koblenz-Landau 30-387 Cracow Fortstr. 7 Poland 76829 Landau [email protected] Germany [email protected] Wojciech M. Skierucha Maud Séger Institute of Agrophysics Polish Academy of Sciences Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA) ś Unité de Science du Sol, Centre de Recherche d’Orléans ul. Do wiadczalna 4 BP 20619 20-290 Lublin 45166 Olivet cedex, Orléans Poland France [email protected]
H. M. Selim Cezary Sławiński School of Plant, Environmental and Soil Sciences Institute of Agrophysics (SPESS) Polish Academy of Sciences Agricultural Center ul. Doświadczalna 4 Louisiana State University 20-290 Lublin Baton Rouge, LA 70803-2110 Poland USA [email protected] [email protected]
Majda Sfiligoj Smole Zbigniew Ślipek Department of Textile Materials and Design Department of Mechanical Engineering and Agrophysics University of Maribor University of Agriculture Smetanova 17 ul. Balicka 120 2000 Maribor 30-149 Kraków Slovenia Poland [email protected] [email protected] xl CONTRIBUTORS
Anna Słowińska-Jurkiewicz Kurt A. Spokas Institute of Soil Science and Environment Management United States Department of Agriculture University of Life Sciences Agricultural Research Service Akademicka 13 1991 Upper Buford Circle – 439 Borlaug Hall 20-950 Lublin St. Paul, MN 55108 Poland USA [email protected] [email protected]
Joanna Sposób Halina Smal Department of Hydrography Institute of Soil Science and Environment Management Institute of Earth Sciences University of Life Sciences Maria Curie-Skłodowska University Leszczyńskiego 7 19 Akademicka Str. 20-069 Lublin 20-033 Lublin Poland Poland [email protected] [email protected]
Tammo S. Steenhuis H. B. So Soil and Water Laboratory School of Land, Crop and Food Sciences Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering The University of Queensland Cornell University Brisbane, QLD 4072 206 Riley Robb Hall Australia Ithaca, NY 14853 USA [email protected] Henryk Sobczuk Department of Thermal Techniques Vlasta Štekauerová Lublin University of Technology Institute of Hydrology ul. Nadbystrzycka 40b Slovak Academy of Sciences 20-618 Lublin Račianska 75 Poland 83102 Bratislava 3 [email protected] Slovakia [email protected]
Zofia Sokołowska Zofia Stępniewska Institute of Agrophysics Department of Biochemistry & Environmental Chemistry Polish Academy of Sciences The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin Doświadczalna 4 Kraśnicka 102 20-290 Lublin 20-718 Lublin Poland Poland [email protected] [email protected]
Witold Stępniewski Stefan Sokołowski Department of Land Surface Protection Engineering Department for the Modelling of Physico-Chemical Lublin University of Technology Processes Nadbystrzycka 40B MCS University 20-712 Lublin Lublin Poland Poland [email protected] [email protected] Lech Wojciech Szajdak Department of Environmental Chemistry Søren J. Sørensen Institute for Agricultural and Forest Environment Section of Microbiology, Department of Biology Polish Academy of Sciences University of Copenhagen ul.Bukowska 19 Sølvgade 83H 60-809 Poznań 1307 Copenhagen K Poland Denmark [email protected] CONTRIBUTORS xli
Jan Szatyłowicz Zdzisław Targoński Department of Environmental Improvement Department of Biotechnology University of Life Sciences (SGGW) Human Nutrition and Science of Food Commodities ul. Nowoursynowska 159 University of Life Sciences 02-776 Warsaw Skromna 8 Poland 20-703 Lublin [email protected] Poland [email protected] Bogusław Szot Institute of Agrophysics Vlodek R. Tarnawski Polish Academy of Sciences ś Division of Engineering Do wiadczalna 4 Saint Mary’s University 20-290 Lublin, Lublin 923 Robbie St. Poland Halifax, NS B3H 3C3 [email protected] Canada [email protected] Paweł Szot Institute of Ornamental Plants and Architecture of Landscape Paola Tassone University of Life Sciences Institute of Agro-Environmental and Forest Biology Leszczyńskiego 58 (IBAF) 20-068 Lublin National Research Council Poland Via Salaria Km 29,300 [email protected] 00016 Monterotondo, Rome Italy Mieczysław Szpryngiel University of Life Sciences łę Judith M. Tisdall G boka 28 Department of Agricultural Sciences 20-612 Lublin La Trobe University Poland Bundoora, VIC 3086 Australia Miguel A. Taboada [email protected] INTA, CIRN – CONICET Instituto de Suelos Los Reseros y Las Cabañas S/N, (1688) Hurlingham Samir Trabelsi Villa Udaondo-Castelar, Provincia de Buenos Aires U.S. Department of Agriculture Argentina Agricultural Research Service, Russell Research Center and P.O. Box 5677 CONICET Athens, GA 30604-5677 Av. Rivadavia 1917 (C1033AAJ) USA Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires [email protected] Argentina and Universidad de Buenos Aires T. P. Tuong Av. San Martín 4453 (C1417DSE) International Rice Research Institute Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires DAPO Box 7777 Argentina Metro Manila 1301 [email protected] Philippines [email protected] Josef Tanny Institute of Soil, Water, and Environmental Sciences Andrée J. Tuzet Agricultural Research Organization Unité Mixte de Recherche, Environnement et Grandes The Volcani Center Cultures P.O. Box 6 Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA) Bet Dagan 50250 78850 Thiverval Grignon Israel France [email protected] [email protected] xlii CONTRIBUTORS
Jerzy Tys L. P. H. van Beek Institute of Agrophysics Department of Physical Geography Polish Academy of Sciences Utrecht University Doświadczalna 4 P.O. Box 80. 115 20-290 Lublin, Lublin 3508 TC Utrecht Poland The Netherlands [email protected]
F. D. Ugese Martinus Th. van Genuchten Department of Crop Production Department of Mechanical Engineering, COPPE/LTTC University of Agriculture Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, UFRJ Makurdi, Benue State Rio de Janeiro RJ CEP 21945-970 Nigeria Brazil [email protected] [email protected]
Danuta Urban Wendy H. Vance Institute of Soil Science and Environment Formation School of Environmental Science University of Life Sciences Murdoch University Leszczyńskiego 7 St. Murdoch, WA 6150 20-069 Lublin Australia Poland [email protected] [email protected] Jan Vanderborght Agrosphere, ICG-4, Institute of Chemistry and Dynamics Emilia Urbanek of the Geosphere Department of Geography Forschungszentrum Juelich GmbH Swansea University 52425 Juelich Singleton Park Germany Swansea SA2 8PP UK Karl Vanderlinden [email protected] Centro Las Torres-Tomejil IFAPA Ctra. Sevilla-Cazalla, km 12.2 Igor B. Uskov 41200 Alcalá del Río (Seville) Agrophysical Research Institute Spain Russian Academy of Agricultural Science [email protected] Grazhdansky pr. 14 195220 St. Petersburg Maria F. Varela Russia CONICET [email protected] Av. Rivadavia 1917 (C1033AAJ) Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires Bogusław Usowicz Argentina Institute of Agrophysics and Polish Academy of Sciences Facultad de Agronomía ul. Doświadczalna 4 Universidad de Buenos Aires 20-290 Lublin Av. San Martín 4453 (C1417DSE) Poland Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires [email protected] Argentina Leonid P. Velikanov Jerzy Usowicz Laboratory of Seed Biophysics Torun Centre for Astronomy Agrophysical Research Institute Nicolaus Copernicus University Russian Academy of Agricultural Sciences Gagarina 11 Grazdansky av. 14 87-100 Torun 195220 St. Petersburg Poland Russia [email protected] [email protected] CONTRIBUTORS xliii
Harry Vereecken Marcin Widomski Agrosphere, ICG-4, Institute of Chemistry and Dynamics Department of Land Surface Protection Engineering of the Geosphere Lublin University of Technology Forschungszentrum Juelich GmbH Nadbystrzycka 40B 52425 Juelich 20-712 Lublin Germany Poland [email protected] António A. Vicente IBB – Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering Barbara Witkowska-Walczak Center of Biological Engineering Institute of Agrophysics Universidade do Minho Polish Academy of Sciences Campus de Gualtar Doświadczalna 4 4710-057 Braga 20-290 Lublin Portugal Poland [email protected] [email protected]
Raphael A. Viscarra Rossel Teresa Włodarczyk Division of Land & Water Bruce E. Butler Laboratory Institute of Agrophysics Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Polish Academy of Sciences Organisation (CSIRO) ul. Doświadczalna 4 GPO Box 1666 20-290 Lublin Canberra, ACT 2601 Poland Australia [email protected] [email protected] Victor P. Yakushev Subramanian Viswanathan Agrophysical Institute Requimte, Grupo de Reacções e Análises Químicas Russian Academy of Agricultural Science Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto Grazhdansky pr. 14 Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida 431 195220 St. Petersburg 4200-072 Porto Russia Portugal [email protected] Maciej Zalewski Department of Applied Ecology Ole Wendroth University of Lodz Department of Plant and Soil Sciences Banacha 12/16 College of Agriculture 90-237 Łódź University of Kentucky Poland Lexington, KY 40546 and USA International Institute of Polish Academy of Sciences [email protected] European Regional Centre for Ecohydrology under the auspices of UNESCO Gerd Wessolek Tylna 390-364 Department Soil Conservation Łódź Technische Universität Berlin Poland Salzufer 12, Sekr BK-1 [email protected] 10587 Berlin Germany Lorena M. Zavala [email protected] MED_Soil Research Group Departamento de Cristalografía, Mineralogía y Química W. R. Whalley Agrícola Department of Soil Science Universidad de Sevilla Rothamsted Research Carretera de Utrera, km 1 Harpenden, West Common, Hertfordshire AL5 2JQ 41013 Sevilla UK Spain [email protected] [email protected] xliv CONTRIBUTORS
Artur Zdunek Wei Zhang Institute of Agrophysics Soil and Water Laboratory Polish Academy of Sciences Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering ul. Doświadczalna 4 Cornell University 20-290 Lublin 164 Riley Robb Hall Poland Ithaca, NY 14853 [email protected] USA [email protected] Bin Zhang Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Beijing 100081 Adam Zsolnay PR China German Research Helmholtz Zentrum [email protected] Center for Environmental Health München Germany Jianhui Zhang [email protected] Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water Conservancy P.O. Box 417 Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan PR China [email protected] Preface
Agrophysics is the science that studies physical pro- by B. Dobrzański (1908–1987), whose idea was to extend cesses and properties affecting plant production. The the application of physics not only to soils, but also to agri- fundaments of agrophysical investigations are mass cultural plants and products. Initially the Institute played (water, air, nutrients) and energy (light, heat) transport an important role in the coordination of agrophysical in the soil–plant–atmosphere and soil–plant–machine– research in Poland and in European countries, and later agricultural products–foods continuums and way of their the cooperation was broadened to numerous scientific regulation to acquire biomass of high quantity and quality institutions worldwide. with sustainability to the environment. Agrophysics has The Encyclopedia of Agrophysics has been written been developing dynamically over the past decades, to portray the agrophysical objects in terms of physical filling the gap between disciplines like agrochemistry, processes and physical properties characterising them. agrobiology, agroecology, agroclimatology and linking Interactions between the objects are also included. As them together. Unlike physics of individual objects like agrophysical issues become more and more complicated, soils, plants, agricultural products and food, agrophysics so will the knowledge and vocabulary required for their provides a physical basis to better understand interrela- clear understanding, discussion and study be extended. tions between the objects. Due to the dynamic and rapid growth of agrophysical Understanding physical processes in the agrophysical knowledge, the Encyclopedia considers many new research objects is a pre-requisite for applying new technologies methods and terms that did not even exist a decade ago. in sustainable land use and environment management, The Encyclopedia can be helpful in evaluating and and in the production of healthy agricultural products improving the quality of soils and agricultural products and food. The recognition of physical phenomena in as well as the technological processes. Moreover, the agricultural environment allows more efficient use agrophysical terminology can be applied to soil science, of water and chemicals in agriculture and decreasing agronomy, biophysics, agroecology, agricultural engi- biomass losses during harvest, transport, storage and neering, horticulture, plant science, food science, environ- processing. These result in a growing interest in the appli- mental science, landscape ecology and geography, and cation of physics for improving the quality of the above thereby it can help collaboration and the flow of informa- mentioned objects. It is therefore considered timely to pro- tion between the disciplines. The Encyclopedia can serve duce a key resource across the discipline providing a clear as a reference document for researchers, students of vari- explanation of present knowledge in modern agrophysics ous levels, librarians, policy- and decision-makers, and interfacing with the physical sciences and environmental interested societies working and studying in a range of and food sciences. disciplines related to agrophysics. The roots of agrophysics are based in Saint Petersburg The Encyclopedia of Agrophysics encloses 261 articles (Russia) where A.F. Ioffe (1880–1960) founded the prin- and 400 glossary terms that are arranged in alphabetical ciples of a new branch of natural and agricultural sciences order. Each article includes “cross-references” that direct and was the founder in 1932 of the Institute of Physics and the reader to one or more other articles that may shed more Agriculture, later called the Institute of Agrophysics. Sub- light on the topic. sequently, the Institute of Agrophysics of the Polish Acad- The Encyclopedia of Agrophysics is a result of the emy of Sciences was created in 1968 in Lublin (Poland) efforts of many contributors from throughout the world. xlvi PREFACE
The Editors are very obliged to all Authors who kindly advice and comments. We are indebted to the Publishing accepted the invitation to contribute and who have inspired Editors of Springer for many suggestions and kind the Encyclopedia with their informative contributions. cooperation. We appreciate the assistance of the many friends and col- leagues who have suggested new issues and terms, helped Jan Gliński with definitions as well as provided valuable criticism. Józef Horabik Particular thanks go to the Editorial Board of the Encyclo- Jerzy Lipiec pedia and to the anonymous reviewers for many helpful (Editors-in-Chief)