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D:Int Agrophysics -1Balashov Alashov.Vp
Int.Agrophys.,2011,25,1-5 IINNNTTTEEERRRNNNAAATTTIIIOOONNNAAALL AAgggrrroooppphhhyyysssiiicccss www.international-agrophysics.org Impactofshort-andlong-termagriculturaluseofchernozemonitsqualityindicators E.Balashov*andN.Buchkina AgrophysicalResearchInstituteRAAS,14GrazhdanskyProspekt,St.Petersburg195220,Russia ReceivedMay11,2010;acceptedJune21,2010 A b s t r a c t. The impact of 5, 45, and 75 year agricultural use During the last two decades, particular attention of of a clayey loam Haplic Chernozem on its selected quality indica- scientists has been focused on two directions of multi- tors was determined. Contents of soil organic matter and microbial disciplinary studies of selected quality indicators of soils. biomass carbon were equal to 43.1±2.2 g C kg-1 soil and 480.0± 67.6 mg C kg-1 soil in the fallow land. Soil organic matter content in The first direction of the research was to quantify the thermo- the agricultural soils ranged from 30.2±1.8 (75 year plot) to dynamic characteristics of soil solid phase. The results of 47.5±2.1 g C kg-1 soil (5 year plot), while microbial biomass carbon thosestudiesshowedsignificantdifferencesin: content varied from 340.2±5.9 (75 year plot) to 371.2±10.2 mg C – water vapour and nitrogen adsorption energy of different -1 kg soil (5 year plot). Among the three agricultural treatments, soil clay minerals, soil types (Józefaciuk and Bowanko, only the 75 year one resulted in a significant decline in total 2002), soil organic matter content (Soko³owska et al., amounts of water-stable aggregates (70.8±8.2%) and clay content (26.9±1.0%), compared to those parameters in the fallow land 1993)andsoiltillage(Józefaciuk etal.,2001); (90.1±9.4% and 30.5±1.2%, respectively). -
Equilibrium Thermodynamics
Equilibrium Thermodynamics Instructor: - Clare Yu (e-mail [email protected], phone: 824-6216) - office hours: Wed from 2:30 pm to 3:30 pm in Rowland Hall 210E Textbooks: - primary: Herbert Callen “Thermodynamics and an Introduction to Thermostatistics” - secondary: Frederick Reif “Statistical and Thermal Physics” - secondary: Kittel and Kroemer “Thermal Physics” - secondary: Enrico Fermi “Thermodynamics” Grading: - weekly homework: 25% - discussion problems: 10% - midterm exam: 30% - final exam: 35% Equilibrium Thermodynamics Material Covered: Equilibrium thermodynamics, phase transitions, critical phenomena (~ 10 first chapters of Callen’s textbook) Homework: - Homework assignments posted on course website Exams: - One midterm, 80 minutes, Tuesday, May 8 - Final, 2 hours, Tuesday, June 12, 10:30 am - 12:20 pm - All exams are in this room 210M RH Course website is at http://eiffel.ps.uci.edu/cyu/p115B/class.html The Subject of Thermodynamics Thermodynamics describes average properties of macroscopic matter in equilibrium. - Macroscopic matter: large objects that consist of many atoms and molecules. - Average properties: properties (such as volume, pressure, temperature etc) that do not depend on the detailed positions and velocities of atoms and molecules of macroscopic matter. Such quantities are called thermodynamic coordinates, variables or parameters. - Equilibrium: state of a macroscopic system in which all average properties do not change with time. (System is not driven by external driving force.) Why Study Thermodynamics ? - Thermodynamics predicts that the average macroscopic properties of a system in equilibrium are not independent from each other. Therefore, if we measure a subset of these properties, we can calculate the rest of them using thermodynamic relations. - Thermodynamics not only gives the exact description of the state of equilibrium but also provides an approximate description (to a very high degree of precision!) of relatively slow processes. -
Calcium and Potassium Spectra in the EUV
atoms Review Calcium and Potassium Spectra in the EUV Elmar Träbert Fakultät für Physik und Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, AIRUB, 44780 Bochum, Germany; [email protected]; Tel.: +49-234-322-3451; Fax: +49-234-321-4169 Received: 28 August 2020; Accepted: 2 October 2020; Published: 14 October 2020 Abstract: In online data bases, the entries on extreme ultraviolet (EUV) spectra of Ca are much more sparse than those of neighbouring elements such as Ar, K, Sc and Ti. This may be a result of experimental problems with Ca in the laboratory as well as of the limited role of multiply charged Ca ions in solar observations. Beam-foil EUV spectra of Ca and K are presented that provide survey data of a single element each. Keywords: atomic physics; EUV spectra; beam-foil spectroscopy 1. Introduction Early in the 19th century Wollaston and Fraunhofer detected dark lines in their prism spectra of the Sun, and Fraunhofer labelled the strongest of these lines by capital letters of the alphabet. A few decades later Kirchhoff and Bunsen recognized that those dark lines agreed in position with bright lines in the spectra of a flame seeded with specific materials. Thus it was eventually learned that Fraunhofer’s line ‘G’ (partly) originates from calcium (Ca, atomic number Z = 20) atoms, and his lines ‘H’ and ‘K’ belong to singly charged Ca+ ions. Evidently, Ca is abundant enough in the Sun to feature prominently in the solar visible spectrum. Subsequently, the various spectra of Ca have been studied in flames, arcs, sparks, and whatever plasma discharge light sources seemed appropriate, and the extent of the spectral coverage has expanded from the visible to the infrared (IR), ultraviolet (UV), vacuum ultraviolet (VUV, wavelengths below 200 nm), and extreme ultraviolet (EUV, wavelengths below 110 nm) to the X-ray range (wavelengths shorter than, say, 5 nm). -
Spectroscopy
Chapter 1, page 1 Spectroscopy An Introduction to the Theoretical and Experimental Fundamentals 1 Introduction In the year 1666 at Cambridge, Isaac Newton procured a triangular glass prism and let a ray of sunlight from a small round hole in the window illuminate it. He observed the image created thereby on a paper screen. The white light from the window dissociated into red, yellow, green, blue, and violet. He called the invisible colors in the white sunlight the “spectrum” (lat spectrum = image in the soul) [1]. It was at the end of the 19th century that the observation of spectra was first christened “Spectroscopy”. This word has both a Latin and Greek root (Greek skopein = to look). Arthur Schuster first used the term spectroscopy in 1882 during a lecture at the Royal Institution [2]. Newton led the way from speculation to spectral analysis by making exact measurement and having clear insights. The oldest observation of nature dealing with the properties of invisible light comes to us from the Roman scholar and philosopher Titus Carus Lucretius. Infrared spectroscopists therefore consider him to be their intellectual father. Around 60 B.C. he hypothesized the existence of infrared radiation: [3]: »Forsitan et rosea sol alte lampade lucens possideat multum caecis fervoribus ignem circum se, nullo qui sit fulgore notatus, aestifer ut tantum radiorum exaugeat ictum.« (original Latin) or freely translated into English: »Perhaps the sun, shining above with rosy lamp is surrounded by much fire and invisible heat. Thus the fire may be accompanied by radiance which increases the power of rays.« or translated by Knebel [3] into German: »Mag es auch sein, dass hoch die rosige Fackel der Sonne ringsum Feuer verbirgt in düsteren unscheinbaren Gluten, die beitragen, die Macht so heftiger Strahlen zu mehren«. -
Development of Electrochemical Methods for Detection of Pesticides and Biofuel
Development of Electrochemical Methods for Detection of Pesticides and Biofuel Production Asli Sahin Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY 2012 © 2012 Asli Sahin All Rights Reserved ABSTRACT Development of Electrochemical Methods for Detection of Pesticides and Biofuel Production Asli Sahin Electrochemical methods coupled with biological elements are used in industrial, medical and environmental applications. In this thesis we will discuss two such applications: an electrochemical biosensor for detection of pesticides and biofuel generation using electrochemical methods coupled with microorganisms. Electrochemical biosensors are commonly used as a result of their selectivity, sensitivity, rapid response and portability. A common application for electrochemical biosensors is detection of pesticides and toxins in water samples. In this thesis, we will focus on detection of organosphosphates (OPs), a group of compounds that are commonly used as pesticides and nerve agents. Rapid and sensitive detection of these compounds has been an area of active research due to their high toxicity. Amperometric and potentiometric electrochemical biosensors that use organophosphorus hydrolase (OPH), an enzyme that can hydrolyze a broad class of OPs, have been reported for field detection of OPs. Amperometry is used for detection of electroactive leaving groups and potentiometry is used for detection of pH changes that take place during the hydrolysis reaction. Both these methods have limitations: using amperometric biosensors, very low limits of detection are achieved but this method is limited to the few OPs with electroactive leaving groups, on the other hand potentiometric biosensor can be used for detection of all OPs but they don’t have low enough limits of detection. -
TSCA Inventory Representation for Products Containing Two Or More
mixtures.txt TOXIC SUBSTANCES CONTROL ACT INVENTORY REPRESENTATION FOR PRODUCTS CONTAINING TWO OR MORE SUBSTANCES: FORMULATED AND STATUTORY MIXTURES I. Introduction This paper explains the conventions that are applied to listings of certain mixtures for the Chemical Substance Inventory that is maintained by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) under the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA). This paper discusses the Inventory representation of mixtures of substances that do not react together (i.e., formulated mixtures) as well as those combinations that are formed during certain manufacturing activities and are designated as mixtures by the Agency (i.e., statutory mixtures). Complex reaction products are covered in a separate paper. The Agency's goal in developing this paper is to make it easier for the users of the Inventory to interpret Inventory listings and to understand how new mixtures would be identified for Inventory inclusion. Fundamental to the Inventory as a whole is the principle that entries on the Inventory are identified as precisely as possible for the commercial chemical substance, as reported by the submitter. Substances that are chemically indistinguishable, or even identical, may be listed differently on the Inventory, depending on the degree of knowledge that the submitters possess and report about such substances, as well as how submitters intend to represent the chemical identities to the Agency and to customers. Although these chemically indistinguishable substances are named differently on the Inventory, this is not a "nomenclature" issue, but an issue of substance representation. Submitters should be aware that their choice for substance representation plays an important role in the Agency's determination of how the substance will be listed on the Inventory. -
Introduction to Chemistry
Introduction to Chemistry Author: Tracy Poulsen Digital Proofer Supported by CK-12 Foundation CK-12 Foundation is a non-profit organization with a mission to reduce the cost of textbook Introduction to Chem... materials for the K-12 market both in the U.S. and worldwide. Using an open-content, web-based Authored by Tracy Poulsen collaborative model termed the “FlexBook,” CK-12 intends to pioneer the generation and 8.5" x 11.0" (21.59 x 27.94 cm) distribution of high-quality educational content that will serve both as core text as well as provide Black & White on White paper an adaptive environment for learning. 250 pages ISBN-13: 9781478298601 Copyright © 2010, CK-12 Foundation, www.ck12.org ISBN-10: 147829860X Except as otherwise noted, all CK-12 Content (including CK-12 Curriculum Material) is made Please carefully review your Digital Proof download for formatting, available to Users in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution/Non-Commercial/Share grammar, and design issues that may need to be corrected. Alike 3.0 Unported (CC-by-NC-SA) License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc- sa/3.0/), as amended and updated by Creative Commons from time to time (the “CC License”), We recommend that you review your book three times, with each time focusing on a different aspect. which is incorporated herein by this reference. Specific details can be found at http://about.ck12.org/terms. Check the format, including headers, footers, page 1 numbers, spacing, table of contents, and index. 2 Review any images or graphics and captions if applicable. -
Applied Physics
Physics 1. What is Physics 2. Nature Science 3. Science 4. Scientific Method 5. Branches of Science 6. Branches of Physics Einstein Newton 7. Branches of Applied Physics Bardeen Feynmann 2016-03-05 What is Physics • Meaning of Physics (from Ancient Greek: φυσική (phusikḗ )) is knowledge of nature (from φύσις phúsis "nature"). • Physics is the natural science that involves the study of matter and its motion through space and time, along with related concepts such as energy and force. More broadly, it is the general analysis of nature, conducted in order to understand how the universe behaves. • Physics is one of the oldest academic disciplines, perhaps the oldest through its inclusion of astronomy. Over the last two millennia, physics was a part of natural philosophy along with chemistry, certain branches of mathematics, and biology, but during the scientific revolution in the 17th century, the natural sciences emerged as unique research programs in their own right. Physics intersects with many interdisciplinary areas of research, such as biophysics and quantum chemistry, and the boundaries of physics are not rigidly defined. • New ideas in physics often explain the fundamental mechanisms of other sciences, while opening new avenues of research in areas such as mathematics and philosophy. 2016-03-05 What is Physics • Physics also makes significant contributions through advances in new technologies that arise from theoretical breakthroughs. • For example, advances in the understanding of electromagnetism or nuclear physics led directly to the development of new products that have dramatically transformed modern-day society, such as television, computers, domestic appliances, and nuclear weapons; advances in thermodynamics led to the development of industrialization, and advances in mechanics inspired the development of calculus. -
Relativity in Classical Physics
PHYSICS IV COURSE TOPICS 1 - The Birth of Modern Physics 2 - Special Theory of Relativity 3 - The Experimental Basis of Quantum Physics 4 - Structure of the Atom 5 - Wave Properties of Matter 6 - Quantum Mechanics The Birth of Modern Physics Lecture 1 • The word physics is derived from the Latin word physica, which means «natural thing». • Physics is a branch of science that deals with the properties of matter and energy and the relationship between them. • The scope of physics is very wide and vast. It deals with not only the tinniest particles of atoms, but also natural phenomenon like the galaxy, the milky way, solar and lunar eclipses, and more. Branches of Physics • Classical physics • Modern physics • Nuclear physics This branch is mainly • Atomic physics • Geophysics concerned with the • Biophysics theory of relativity • Mechanics and • Acoustics quantum mechanics. • Optics • Thermodynamics • Astrophysics • The term modern physics generally refers to the study of those facts and theories developed in this century starting around 1900, that concern the ultimate structure and interactions of matter, space and time. • The three main branches of classical physics such as mechanics, heat and electromagnetism – were developed over a period of approximately two centuries prior to 1900. • Newton’s mechanics dealt succesfully with the motions of bodies of macroscopic size moving with low speeds. • This provided a foundation for many of the engineering accomplishments of the 18th and 19th centuries. • Between 1837 – 1901, there were many remarkable achievements occured in physics. • For example, the description and predictions of electromagnetism by Maxwell. Partly responsible for the rapid telecommunications of today. -
Introduction to Solid State Physics
Introduction to Solid State Physics Sonia Haddad Laboratoire de Physique de la Matière Condensée Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, Université Tunis El Manar S. Haddad, ASP2021-23-07-2021 1 Outline Lecture I: Introduction to Solid State Physics • Brief story… • Solid state physics in daily life • Basics of Solid State Physics Lecture II: Electronic band structure and electronic transport • Electronic band structure: Tight binding approach • Applications to graphene: Dirac electrons Lecture III: Introduction to Topological materials • Introduction to topology in Physics • Quantum Hall effect • Haldane model S. Haddad, ASP2021-23-07-2021 2 It’s an online lecture, but…stay focused… there will be Quizzes and Assignments! S. Haddad, ASP2021-23-07-2021 3 References Introduction to Solid State Physics, Charles Kittel Solid State Physics Neil Ashcroft and N. Mermin Band Theory and Electronic Properties of Solids, John Singleton S. Haddad, ASP2021-23-07-2021 4 Outline Lecture I: Introduction to Solid State Physics • A Brief story… • Solid state physics in daily life • Basics of Solid State Physics Lecture II: Electronic band structure and electronic transport • Tight binding approach • Applications to graphene: Dirac electrons Lecture III: Introduction to Topological materials • Introduction to topology in Physics • Quantum Hall effect • Haldane model S. Haddad, ASP2021-23-07-2021 5 Lecture I: Introduction to solid state Physics What is solid state Physics? Condensed Matter Physics (1960) solids Soft liquids Complex Matter systems Optical lattices, Non crystal Polymers, liquid crystal Biological systems (glasses, crystals, colloids s Economic amorphs) systems Neurosystems… S. Haddad, ASP2021-23-07-2021 6 Lecture I: Introduction to solid state Physics What is condensed Matter Physics? "More is different!" P.W. -
BPA Newsletter For
BPA NEWS Board on Physics and Astronomy • National Research Council • Washington, DC • 202-334-3520 • [email protected] • December, 1997 challenges they face. tions was available only to concertgoers. The Physics of Within our lifetimes, improvements in Just a few generations ago, a trip Materials our understanding of materials have across the United States was a great transformed the computer from an exotic adventure. Today, jets whisk us safely by Venkatesh Narayanamurti, tool, used only by scientists, to an essen- across the continent or the oceans in only Chair, Committee on Condensed- tial component of almost every aspect of a few hours. Matter and Materials Physics and our lives. Computers enable us to keep Making these extraordinary accom- Dean of Engineering, UC Santa track of extraordinarily complex data, plishments possible are a wide variety of Barbara from managing financial transactions to polymeric, ceramic, and metallic materi- forecasting weather. They control auto- als, as well as the transistor, the magnetic mobile production lines and guide air- disk, the laser, the light-emitting diode, HE Committee on Condensed- craft around the world. and a host of other solid-state devices. TMatter and Materials Physics, which During the same period, telecommu- The development of these materials and was commissioned by the BPA to prepare nication has evolved from rudimentary devices depended on our ability to predict a volume of the new survey, Physics in a telephone conversations to instantaneous and control the physical properties of New Era, has just completed a short simultaneous worldwide transmission of matter. That ability is the realm of con- preliminary report entitled The Physics of voice, video images, and data. -
Topic720 Composition: Mole Fraction: Molality: Concentration a Solution Comprises at Least Two Different Chemical Substances
Topic720 Composition: Mole Fraction: Molality: Concentration A solution comprises at least two different chemical substances where at least one substance is in vast molar excess. The term ‘solution’ is used to describe both solids and liquids. Nevertheless the term ‘solution’ in the absence of the word ‘solid’ refers to a liquid. Chemists are particularly expert at identifying the number and chemical formulae of chemical substances present in a given closed system. Here we explore how the chemical composition of a given system is expressed. We consider a simple system prepared using water()l and urea(s) at ambient temperature and pressure. We designate water as chemical substance 1 and urea as chemical substance j, so that the closed system contains an aqueous solution. The amounts of the two substances are given by n1 = = ()wM11 and nj ()wMjj where w1 and wj are masses; M1 and Mj are the molar masses of the two chemical substances. In these terms, n1 and nj are extensive variables. = ⋅ + ⋅ Mass of solution, w n1 M1 n j M j (a) = ⋅ Mass of solvent, w1 n1 M1 (b) = -1 For water, M1 0.018 kg mol . However in reviewing the properties of solutions, chemists prefer intensive composition variables. Mole Fraction The mole fractions of the two substances x1 and xj are given by the following two equations: =+ =+ xnnn111()j xnnnjj()1 j (c) += Here x1 x j 10. In general terms for a system comprising i - chemical substances, the mole fraction of substance k is given by equation (d). ji= = xnkk/ ∑ n j (d) j=1 ji= = Hence ∑ x j 10.