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Milestones in Rotorcraft Aeromechanics Wayne Johnson Ames Research Center Moffett Field, California

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Milestones in Rotorcraft Aeromechanics Wayne Johnson Ames Research Center Moffett Field, California https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20110014589 2019-08-30T16:49:41+00:00Z NASA/TP–2011-215971 Milestones in Rotorcraft Aeromechanics Wayne Johnson Ames Research Center Moffett Field, California May 2011 The NASA STI Program Office . in Profile Since its founding, NASA has been dedicated to the • CONFERENCE PUBLICATION. Collected advancement of aeronautics and space science. The papers from scientific and technical confer‑ NASA Scientific and Technical Information (STI) ences, symposia, seminars, or other meetings Program Office plays a key part in helping NASA sponsored or cosponsored by NASA. maintain this important role. • SPECIAL PUBLICATION. 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These results Specialized services that complement the STI are published by NASA in the NASA STI Report Program Office’s diverse offerings include creating Series, which includes the following report types: custom thesauri, building customized databases, organizing and publishing research results . even • TECHNICAL PUBLICATION. Reports of providing videos. completed research or a major significant phase of research that present the results of NASA For more information about the NASA STI programs and include extensive data or theoreti‑ Program Office, see the following: cal analysis. Includes compilations of significant scientific and technical data and information • Access the NASA STI Program Home Page at deemed to be of continuing reference value. http://www.sti.nasa.gov NASA’s counterpart of peer‑reviewed formal professional papers but has less stringent limita‑ • E‑mail your question via the Internet to tions on manuscript length and extent [email protected] of graphic presentations. • Fax your question to the NASA Access Help • TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM. Scientific Desk at (301) 621‑0134 and technical findings that are preliminary or of specialized interest, e.g., quick release reports, • Telephone the NASA Access Help Desk at working papers, and bibliographies that contain (301) 621‑0390 minimal annotation. Does not contain extensive analysis. • Write to: NASA Access Help Desk • CONTRACTOR REPORT. Scientific and techni‑ NASA Center for AeroSpace Information cal findings by NASA‑sponsored contractors 7115 Standard Drive and grantees. Hanover, MD 21076‑1320 NASA/TP–2011-215971 Milestones in Rotorcraft Aeromechanics Wayne Johnson Ames Research Center Moffett Field, California National Aeronautics and Space Administration Ames Research Center Moffett Field, California 94035‑1000 May 2011 Acknowledgments This report was the basis for the AHS International 2010 Alexander A. Nikolsky Honorary Lecture, presented at the American Helicopter Society 66th Annual Forum, Phoenix, Arizona, May 2010. The assistance of Eduardo Solis, Susan O, Manikandan Ramasamy, Douglas Boyd, Neal Chaderjian, William Warmbrodt, Barry Lakinsmith, Susan Gorton, David Lundy, and Juliet Johnson in preparing the lecture and this paper is much appreciated. Discussions with Richard Bennett, William Bousman, Francis Caradonna, Earl Dowell, Franklin Harris, Dewey Hodges, Robert Loewy, Robert Ormiston, David Peters, Raymond Piziali, Michael Scully, Chee Tung, Berend van der Wall, and Gloria Yamauchi contributed many important details to this history of rotorcraft aeromechanics. Available from: NASA Center for AeroSpace Information National Technical Information Service 7115 Standard Drive 5285 Port Royal Road Hanover, MD 21076‑1320 Springfield, VA 22161 (301) 621‑0390 (703) 487‑4650 TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES .................................................................................................................................................................. iv LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................................................................................... vi NOMENCLATURE ............................................................................................................................................................... vii SUMMARY .............................................................................................................................................................................. 1 INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................................................................... 1 THE BEGINNING OF AEROMECHANICS ........................................................................................................................... 2 Induced velocity .................................................................................................................................................................... 3 Flapping and hub forces ........................................................................................................................................................ 3 Longitudinal inflow gradient ................................................................................................................................................. 4 Energy losses ......................................................................................................................................................................... 4 Profile power ......................................................................................................................................................................... 4 Rotor lift-to-drag ratio ........................................................................................................................................................... 5 The innovation ....................................................................................................................................................................... 5 The conflict ............................................................................................................................................................................ 6 Inflow curve .......................................................................................................................................................................... 8 Profile power function ........................................................................................................................................................... 8 After Glauert .......................................................................................................................................................................... 9 GROUND RESONANCE ....................................................................................................................................................... 10 AEROMECHANICS BOOKS ................................................................................................................................................ 13 UNSTEADY AERODYNAMICS .......................................................................................................................................... 14 DIGITAL COMPUTERS ........................................................................................................................................................ 17 AIRLOADS AND WAKES .................................................................................................................................................... 17 Miller ................................................................................................................................................................................... 18 Piziali and DuWaldt ............................................................................................................................................................ 20 Parallels ............................................................................................................................................................................... 23 HOVER WAKE GEOMETRY ............................................................................................................................................... 24 LATERAL FLAPPING ........................................................................................................................................................... 27 DYNAMIC INFLOW ............................................................................................................................................................. 28 ROTOR AERODYNAMIC STATE ....................................................................................................................................... 31 BEAM THEORY .................................................................................................................................................................... 33 Houbolt and Brooks ............................................................................................................................................................
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