Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-13021-0 — the Rise of Early Modern Science 3Rd Edition Index More Information

Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-13021-0 — The Rise of Early Modern Science 3rd Edition Index More Information

Index

‘Abduh, Muhammad, 139, 170 Averröes (Ibn Rushd), 66, 92–4, 98n, 137 ‘Ali, 78 Avicenna, see Ibn Sina Abelard, Peter, 88, 103, 106, 174, 245, 301 Awrangzeb, 127 Abu Bakr, 78 al-Azhar, 167 Abu Bishr Matta, 146–7 Accademy dei Linci, 269 Bacon, Francis, 44 Adelard of Bath, 107 Bacon, Roger, 258, 295 advocates, 116–17, 137 Baghdad, 143, 145, 152 al-Afghani, Jamal al-Din, 170 al-Baghadadi, ‘Abd al-Latif, 151 air, weight of, 6 Ibn Bajja, 65 Alfonsine tables, 68 Balazs, Etienne, 234, 246 Alford, William, 219n Bardeen, John, 331 algebra, 176, 261, 263, 295 Basalla, George, 28n Allee, Mark, 227n Basel, 297 Allen, Robert C, 330n al-Battani, 62, 64 Almagest, 63, 64, 71, 176, 177, 264, 271, 295, 303 Bayer, Johann, 281 anatomy, 156–61, 297, 322 Bekar, Clifford, 332 Chinese study of, 242–5, 255 Ben-David, 7, 17, 19–25, 51 Anselm of Canterbury, 174 Bentley, R, 318n Apollonius of Perga, 97 Berkey, Jonathan, 141n, 144n Aquinas, 88, 245 Berman, Harold J., x, 11, 121–2, 132, 233 Arab Spring, xi, 331 Bernard of Chartres, 174 Arab, defined, 55n Bible, 94, 107, 108, 112, 119, 141, 174, 303, 306 Arabic grammar, 83 biology, 35 Arabic science, 53ff al-Bitruji, 64 Arabic-Islamic civilization, 36, 76ff Blue, Gregory, 261 Arabic-Islamic world, 294 Bodde, Derk, 14n, 203, 205, 209n, 214n, 220n, Archimedes, 21, 97 222n, 249, 261 Aristarchus, 97 Bohannan, Paul, 220n, 223n Aristotle, 97f, 102, 104, 166, 176, 179, 180, 181, 182, Bologna, 173, 185, 187, 191, 191 238, 265, 303 university of, 173, 303 Natural Books, 267, 283–4, 294, 300, Book of Changes, 210 Arnzen, Rüdiger, 98n, 103n book of nature, 49, 305 al-Ash’ari, 86–9, book of Revelation, 305 Asian century, 332 Boyle, R., 322, 323 astronomical tests, 274–6 Bradwardine, 59, 214 Atlases, 281–2 Brahe, Tycho, 58, 66, 73, 163, 271, 273, 274, 275, Augustine, 140, 281, 295, 310 auspicious days, 281 Brattain, Walter, 331 autocratic rule, Chinese, 215 Brockey, Liam, 266, 270n autopsy, 323; also see post-mortems Brundage, J, 114n, 186n

376

Index 377

Bucaille, Maurice, 94n Cohen, I. B., 302n, 316n, 317n Bucciantini, M, 304n Coimbra, 265 Buddhism, 38 Columbo, Realdus, 158ff Bulliet, R., 54n comet of 1577, 308 Bullough, V., 186 communalism, 26, 301 bureaucratic feudalism, 39 Conant, James, 324 bureaucratic structures, Chinese, 218 Conches, William of, 103, 105, 107, 109 Bürgel, Christoph, 152n, 155, 160 condemnation of 1277, 182–4 Buridan, Jean, 59, 214, 282 confucian thought, 38, 39, 207, 214, 221, 234 Buringh, Eljo, 330n orthodoxy, 214 Butterfield, Herbert, 299 Conrad, Lawrence, 161 Buxbaum, David, 230n constitutionalism, ix, 3, 112, 113, 114, 119, 123, 127, Byrant, Joseph, 330n 130, 285 Byzantine empire, 140, 225 Copernicus, 34, 45, 46, 61, 62–70, 160, 170, 178, 271, 276, 280, 295, 302–3 Cairo, 143, 148, 152, 157, 192 Commenta-riolius, 61, 71 Calvin, John, 47 De Revolutionibus, 68, 303 Canon law, 112ff coroner’s manual, 297 Canterbury court, 116 corporations, 113, 125–6 capitalism, modern, 294 Coulson, N, j., 131, 132n Carlaw, Kenneth I, 332 cross-questioning, 116, 131, 137 cathedral schools, 173–4 crystalline spheres, 304 catholic Christianity, 43 cultural institutions, 204 catholic Church, 88, 124 catholic culture areas, 45 D’Elia, Pasquale, 266n, 274n, 288, 289 censorial system, 217 Dabashi, Hamid, 166 centrifugal forces, 315ff Dallal, Ahmad, 95n63 Ceruzzi, Paul, 332 Damascus, 9, 143, 152, 157, 192 Ch’ing China, 28, 251 de Bary, William Theodore, 214n, 251 Ch’ü, 221–3 Deane, Thatcher, 267n Ch’ü, T’ung-Tsu, 216 Dear, Peter, 300n Chaffee, John, 215n, 247n demographic change, 173 Chalcidus, 103 Denmark, 296, 303, 310, 311 Chamberlain, Michael, 144 Descartes, R., 58, 296, 310, 313 Chan, Hok-Lam, 271 Di Bono, Mario, 69–70 Chao, Yüan-ling, 256n Diaz, Manuel, 271 Chapman, A., 274n directorate of education, 251, 286 Chartres, 174 disciplinary matrix, 31 Chenu, M. D., 100, 104, 107, 174n discovery machine, 273n, 304 chi’i, 29, 207, 208, 285 disinterestedness, 26, 185, 273n, 301 China, ix, 3, 7, 56, 140, 191, 195, 293, 298 dissection, 156–9, 188–95 Chinese bureau of mathematics and astronomy, forbidden, 192 269–79 divergence, European, 42, 110, 137, 272n Chinese law, x, 40, 121, 219–35 due process of law, 114–36 Chinese mathematics, 55, 56, 57 Chinese, 224 Chinese philosophy, 203 Dunne, John, 266, 268n Christian schools, 140 Durand, William, 115, 127, 131 Christianity, in China, 266f Durkheim, E., 50 Chu Hsi, 205, 212, 214, 221, 236–8, 240, 246 chü-jen (recommended man), 248 ecumenical science, 16 Cicero, 103 education, Chinese 203 circulation of the blood, 158, 297, 321 Confucian, 235 civilizational analysis, x, 204, 264, 265, 285–7, Eickelman, D., 145n 293ff, 299, 320, 325 eight deliberations, Chinese, 222 Clagett, Marshall, 282n, 300n eight-legged essay, 239n, 247–8

378 Index

Einstein, Albert, 333 Galen of Pergamon, 97, 103, 151, 153, 176, 192, Eisenstein, E., 293 295, 297, election by consent, 127 Galileo, 15n, 34, 37, 43, 45, 49, 67, 214, 245, 261, elements, Chinese, 29, 205, 262, 266, 269, 271, 289, 298, 304, 305 284, 287 and law of free fall, 315 five phases of, 207–8; also see wu hsing Dialogue Concerning Two World Systems, ellipse, 312 309–10 and Kepler, 312–13 and falling bodies, 310 Elman, B., 250–1, 279, 283n and rings of Saturn, 305 Elvin, M., 213n, 230 Starry Messenger, 270, 305 embryos, 157 Gardiner, Daniel K., 237n emperor, Chinese, 209, 270, 274, 284 Gassendi, P, 313 and law, 231 gate of ijtihad, 132 Endress, G., 138n geometry, 33, 34, 57, 58, 59, 97, 140, 147, 174, 261, Engelfriet, F., 261n, 266, 283 262, 264, 270, 280, 295, 297, 318 England, 14, 322, 327 Gerard of Cremona, 177 English common law, 133 Germany, 303, 327 epistemé, 95 Gernet, Jacques, 213n Erasistratus, 97 al-Ghazali, 89–92, 101, 146–7 Escarra, Jean, 222n, 259, 260n Gibb, H. A. R., 95n62 ethos of science, 25–7, 300 Gilbert, William, 6, 44, 258, 309, 321 Euclid, 57, 97, 174, 261, 262, 265, 288 On the Magnet, 44, 259 Elements of, 57, 58, 174 Gingerich, Owen, 29, 68, 72, 295, 303, 304, 309, Planetary Hypotheses, 264 311, 313 Eudoxus, 264 god as a geometer, 318 European law vs Chinese, 219 Goiten, S. D., 154, 155 revolution of, 112–29 Goldstein, Bernard, 67 European science, 293ff Goldstone, J, 330 European transformation, 111–29 Graham, A, C., 209n evidence, statistical, 11 Graham, Loren, 329 examination system, Chinese, grammar vs logic, 146–7 215, 236–42, 247, 294 grand councils, 217 inefficiency of, 239n11 Graney, M, 271n and meritocracy, 253–4 Grant, Edward, 173–8, 181, 182, 282n, 300n experimentalism, 319–20 Gratian, 112, 170, 245 eyeglasses, invention of, 295 and Concord of Discordant Canons, 112, 131, 138 Fabrizio, G., 321 gravity, 67, 302, 312, 314–19 Fairbank, J., 214n Graz, Austria, 306 Fakhry, M., 146n Greek education, 140 al-Farabi, 86, 101, 109 Greek natural philosophy, 53, 97ff, 146–7, 153, Febvre, L., 332n 170, 175–9, 265, 294 Fierro, Maribel, 136n Greeks, 15, 96 fiqh, 59 Gregory, Pope, 124 Five Books, 211, 221 Grosseteste, William, 106 five punishments, 222, Gutas, Dimitri, 53n Five teachings (Chu Hsi), 237–8 hadd crimes, 155 Flamsteed, John, 281 hadiths, 59, 79, 82, 192 Florence, 295, 304 Hallaq, Wael, 115 Fowler-Magerl, Linda, 114n Halley, E., 314 France, 303, 322, 327 Hamarneh, Sami, 157n Frauenberg, 303 Han fei-tzu, 222 Freeman, Chris, 332 Hanbali law, 83, 133, 148 French, Roger, 189n, 191 handbooks, astronomical, see zij tables

Index 379

handbooks, 152 (Islamic legal) Iran, 60 Hanifa law, 83, 148 ISIS, xi Hanson, N. R., 43 Islam, 3, 15, 76–102 Hartner, Willy, 67 and creeds, 81ff Hartwell, Robert, 229n, 240, 249 Islamic hospitals, 149–52 Harvey, William, 194, 321, 323, medicine, 149–62 Hashimoto, K., 268n, 272, 273, 288 Islamic law, ix, 79f, 89, 121, 129–38 Haskins, Charles Homer, 11, 103n, 174n five categories of, 88, 138 Hatch, Edwin, 140 isnad (chain of transmitters), 83 Hawksbee, Francis, 6 Istanbul, 162 al-Haytham, Ibn, 37, 54, 59, 74, 176, 262, 294, Italy, 14, 174, 303, 322, 327 298 ius commune, 112, 115, 130 Hebrew University, 194 Hegel, Robert, 232n Jami, Catherine, 261n, 264n Heinen, Anton, 168, Jennings, Ronald, 117n, 137 heliocentrism, see Ptolemy Jesuits, 309 Hellenic schools, 140 in China, 264–79 Henderson, John, 268n Job of Edessa, 145–6 Henry, John, 300n Johansen, Baber, 132–3 Herophilus, 97, 295 Judaic culture, 15, Herren, Judith, 225n Jupiter, 73, 271, 276, 304, 321 Hertz, Heinrich, 331 jurisdiction, 127 Herwart, Georg, 308 al-Jurjani, 166 Hevelius, J., 322 hexagrams, 210–11 kalam, 85–8 Hindu law, 114n Kangxi emperor, 277, 298 Hindu numerals, 55, 56 al-Karaji, 57 Hippocrates, 97, 176, 192, 295 Kashi, Jamshid, 60 Hippocratic oath, 150 Keddie, Nikki, 170n hisba, 156 Kennedy, E. S., 60, 66, 263n Ho, Minghui, 280n Kepler, Johannes, 34, 58, 67, 73, 245, 261, 271, Ho, Ping-ti, 215, 238n 272, 273, 282, 295, 303–13 Holland, 121, 322 Epitome of the Copernican System, 280 Holzman, Donald, 259 laws, 280, 282, 308, 312, 313 Hooke, Robert, 314, 316 and New Astronomy, 308–13 hospitals, 149–52 kharijites, 78, Hourani, Albert, 139 al-Khwarizmi, 176, 263 Howell, K, 305n Kibre, Pearl, 180n Huang, Philip, 225, 226, 227 Kim, Yung Sik, 205, 214n Hucker, Charles O., 214, 217n, 219, 218, 254 al-Kindi, 101, 262 Huff, Toby, 18n, 177n, 193n, 300n, 330n King Rudolph II, 312 Hugh of St Victor, 105, 174 King, D. A., 67, 165n, 168n humanism vs rationalism, 300, 302 Klibansky, Raymond, 104 Koestler, A, 305n Ihsanoglu, Ekmeleddin, 73, 168n Kogan, Barry, 15n ijaza, 144, Krisciunas, Kevin, 164n al-Iji, 166–7 Kuhn, Thomas, x, 13, 14, 21, 27–34, 51, 74, 204 ijtihad, 132 and metaphysical assumptions, 14 ‘ilm (knowledge), 94–5, 140 ‘ilm al-fiqh, 95 Lakatos, Imre, 43 India, Mughal, ix, 3, 293, 326 Latin, 14 inertia, 310 Lattis, James, 265n Innocent III, Pope, 189 laws of nature, absence in China, 205 institutionalized science, 176–85 concept of, 106n94 intellectual curiosity, 195, 299, 302, 326 Lee, Thomas H. C., 240

380 Index

Leff, Gordon, 176 medicine, 149ff, 297 legal autonomy, 125f, 135ff; also see corporations medicine, European, legal code, Chinese, 233 185–95, 297 legal revolution, 7, 8, 110, 111ff, 122, 134, 286, 293, Islamic, 149–62 326, 122 schools of 190 legal secretary (mu-yu), 225 medina, 78 legal transformation, see European Mei Wending, 279 transformation Meijer, M, 223n Leiser, Gary, 154n Melancthon, 306 Leitâo, Henrique, 272n memorization, rote, 203, 250 li (principle), 205 merchant guilds, 113 Li Tianjing, 271 merchant law, 128 Li Yan, 263 Mercury, 72 Li Zhizao, 268 meritocracy, 253–4 libraries, in China, 287 Merton, Robert K., x, 4, 5, 16, 24, 50, 51, 53, 301, licentia docendi, 128, 52 302n, 325, 327–8 Lindberg, David, 174n, 297n Messick, Brinkley, 145 Lipsey, Richard, 332 metaphysical assumptions, 74f, 203, 293 litigation masters, 228–30 Michaud-Quantin, 126 Livingston, John, 169n Middelberg, 304 Lo, Winston, 215 middle ages, 6, 21, 44, 45, 49, 55, 93, 103, 10, logic, and madrasas, 147 110–14, 120, 125–7, 130, 138, 170, 259, 285 Luther, Martin, 9, 287 mihna, 82, Milan, 128 al-Ma’mun, 82 Ming dynasty, 28, 205, 254, 285 Macauley, Melissa, 220n, 226n, 227, 230–1 Miyazaki, Ichisada, 239n MacLachlan, James, 72 modern capitalism, see capitalism Macrobius 103 modernity, 10ff madrasas, 140–9, 172 Mohists, 38 Maestlin, M, 307 Mondino, Luzzi de’, 189, 191 al-Maghribi, 63 monotheism, 203 magistrates, 216–17, 224–35 Montpellier, 185 Magna Carta, 120 Moody, Ernest, 300n magnetism, 297, 308 Morrow, Glenn, 99n Maimonides, 66 mosques schools, 140 Maine, Henry S., 50 muftis, 132–5 Maitland, F., 111 Mughal, India, 326 Makdisi, George, 143, 144n, 148, 151 Muhammad, 78, 79, 120, 138, 193 Malaysia, 331 muhtasib, 156 Malaysian language, 96 mujtahid, 132 Maliki law, 133, 148 Müller, Christian, 136n Malpighi, Marcello, 157, 323 Munkar and Nakir, 84 Mansur ibn Ilyas, 194, 195 Murdoch, John, 58n Mansuri hospital, 152 Muslim Brotherhood, xi Maragha observatory, 58, 61, 63f, 66, 68, 162 mutakallimun, 85 Margoliouth, D. S., 146n mutilation, forbidden in Islam, 161 Marmura, Michael, 147n muwaqqits (timekeepers), 59, 167 Mars, 72, 73, 276 Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy, see al-Nafis, 19, 157–9, 189, 192, 295 Principia Mathematica Nakamura, Hajime, 246n mathematics, in China, 56–7, 262–3 naked-eye observations, 307 McKnight, Brian, 219n, 233n, 240n, 257 al-Nawawi, 137 McLaughlin, Mary, 180n, 182 Needham, Joseph, x, 16, 18, 33, 34, 35–43, 47, 50, Mecca, 143 51, 204, 206, 210–11, 258f, 264, 273n, 274, medical texts, 151 279, 328

Index 381

Nelson, Benjamin, ix, x, 43–50, 51, 106n, 305n, Philoponus, 59 318n philosophical sciences, 147 neo-confucianism, 236ff, 242ff, 260 philosophy of nature, Chinese, 205–12 Neugebauer, Otto, 61n, 68 Islamic, 85ff neutral space, 4–5, 48 photoelectric effect, 332ff newspapers, 294; also see public sphere physical causes, 307–13 Newton, 33, 34, 58, 73, 261, 281, 282, 295, 302, and Kepler, 308–13 310, 313–19 physics, 176 and Principia Mathematica, 33, 302, 315ff Pingyi, Chu, 256 De Motu, 316–17 pious endowment (waqf), 122, 136, 143, 149, 152, synthesis, 313–19 162, 164 North Africa, 140 Pisa, 304 notaries, 115 Plato, 88–100; also see Timaeus notarized documents, 121 Platonic rationalism, 103–9 Notre Name, 174 pneumatics, 6 Novara, Domenico Maria, 303 Poland, 303, 322 Nullus in verba, 46 Pomeranz, Kenneth, 330 Nutton, Vivian, 189n, 190 Pope Clement, 119 Nylan, Michael, 212, 237n Pope, restraints on, 118 Popper, Karl, 4, 17, 43 O’Malley, C. D., 256 Porkert, M, 209n O’Neill, Ynez Violé, 189 post-mortems, Chinese, 242, 255–7 observatories, 162–5 European, 185–95 occasionalism, 86ff Post, Gaines, 114n, 128, 126n, 128n Ocka, Jonathan K., 230 Powers, David, 132n, 136 officers of the court, 117 Prague, 311 optics, 29, 33, 178, 273–4 Price, Derek de Solla, 112 ordo iudiciarius, 114 proctors, 115 Oresme, Nichole d’, 59, 183, 214, 282 Ptolemy, 21, 37, 66, 68, 71, 97, 163, 176, 177, 262, organized skepticism, 26, 301 295, 303 Osler, Margaret, 297n public sphere, 4–5, 204 Ottomans, 120, 132–4, 293 pulmonary circulation, 297; also see al-Nafis Owen, Dorothy, 118 Pythagorus, 97 Oxford, 185 Qadi’s diwan, 115 Padua, 300, 303, 304, 323 qibla, 59 Papal revolution, 123–5 quadrium, 176, 180, 265 paradigms, 18, 27ff quaestio literature, 301 Parè, Ambroise, 284 al-Quff, 157–8, 192, 295 Paris, university of, 128, 174, 180, 181, 185 Quran, 59, 94, 123, 138, 139, 140, 145, 166, 141 Park, Katherine, 189n, 297n exegesis, 140 parliamentary democracy, x, Quranic schools, 140 parliaments, 112, 113, 326 al-Qushji, (d. 1474), 73 partnerships, 121 Pascal, B., 322 Ragep, Jamil, 73n path-dependency, 6 Rahman, F., 98n Peckham, J., 295 Randall, J., 300n Pedersen, Olaf, 177n Rashdall, John, 111 Peking, 9, 261, 264, 278 Rashed, Roshi, 57 penal servitude, 222 Raymond, Joad, 294n Pennington, Kenneth, 219n, 233 al-Razi, 153–4, 295 Peregrinus, 258 Reardon-Anderson, James, 284n Perez, Carlotta, 332 reason, 3, 17, 42, 45, 46, 60, 74, 75, 86, 91, 93n, Peters, F. E., 53n, 97n 99, 100, 102–4, 107 Petersen, Willard, 210n, 236n, 267n, 274 Rechtsstaat, 124

382 Index

Reed, R., 30 comparative, 27, 43, 35f, 326–9 Reformation, 44, 45, 49, 112, 179, 293, 299, 302n basic assumptions of, 328 Regiomontanus, 62, 71–3, 295 Science, Technology and Society in Seventeenth Reid, T, R., 332 Century England,x,18, 24, 44, 50 renaissance, 43, 102, 108, 100 science, as civilizational institution, 13ff of the twelfth century, 37, 111ff, scientific progress, measures of, 279–84 Renan, Ernst, 60n scientific revolution, 294ff, 298ff, 302ff, 326 Revolution of the Heavenly Spheres, see Copernicus scientist, role of, 19ff Rho, James, 273, 274 scientist, word invented, 23 Ricci, Matteo, 57n, 261, 266–8, 271 Serrano, Delfina, 136n Riccioli, 271n, 318n seven liberal arts, 174 al-Ridwan, Ibn, 151, Shafi’i law, 132, 137, 148 Robert of Naples, 119 shahada, 81 role-set, 20ff Shank, Michael, 300n, 320n Roman civil law, 112, 114, 129, 173, 203, 265, 285 Shapin, Steven, 321, 326n Roman College, 281 shari’a, 80, 120 Roman Empire, 102 al-Shatir, Ibn, 66, 68, 69, 295 Roman-canonical procedure, 115, 117 Shen kua, 259, 295 Rome, 268 sheng—yüan (cultivated talent), 248 Rosenthal, Franz, 94–5 al-Shirazi, 163 royal law, 128 Shockley, William, 331 Royal Society of London, 33, 44, 45, 319–20, 326 shu-yang (successful student), 247 Ibn Rushd, see Averröes shura (council), 82 Rushdie, Salmon, 109–10 Sic et non, 301 Russian science, 329 Sicily, 113, 175 Ibn, Sina, 101, 109, 158, 176, 192, 295, 297 Sabra, A. I., 54, 63–5, 67, 70, 74n, 144n, 148, Singer, Charles, 189 165n, 166, 169 Siraisi, Nancy, 186, 188, 297n Sacrobosco, 177, 271 Sivin, Nathan, 36n, 42, 206, 259, 277n55 Saliba, George, 65n, 165n six ministries, 217 Samarqand, 66, 162, 163 Skinner, Wm, 234n Santillana, David, 136 Smith, Emilie, Savage-, 188 Sarton, George, 55n Sorokin, Pitirim A., 53, 325 Saturn, 66, 68, 71–3, 163 Spade, Vincent, 301n rings of, 271, 276, 282, 303, 305 Spain, 174, Saunders, J. J., 60 Spence, Jonathan, 248n, 265n Sayili, Aydin, 65n, 101n, 144n, 151, 152, 162, 163, Steinberg, S. H., 293n, 323n 165n, 168n; also see observatories Stevin, Simon, 321 Schacht, Joseph, 129, 132n, 135, 136, 137, 150 Stiefel, Tina, 104, 180n Schäfer, Dagmar, 29n, 284n studia humanitatis, 302 Schall, Adam von, 269, 273–88 al-Sulami, 154 Schmitt, Charles, 321n sultan, Ottoman, 120 School of Chartres, 180 Sung dynasty, 205, 246, 252, 258, Schreck, Johann, 269, 281, 288 al-Sirafi, Abu Sa’id, 146–7 Schwartz, Benjamin, 209n al-Suyuti, 168 science-based technologies, 332 Swerdlow, Noel, 61, 67, 71, 73 Science, Arabic-Islamic, 76ff Syriac Christians, 145 Chinese 34ff, 56, 203ff, 258ff; science, Arabic, 53ff T’ang dynasty, 213 science, impact on society, 330–3 Taki al-Din, 165 science, institutionalized, 15, 23, 26, 102, 154, 178, Tancred and Ordo iudicale, 115, 131, 170 185, 195, 212, 285, 303, 320, 325, 326 tao, 205 science, rationale for history of, 326–8 taoism, 38 science, sociology of, 3ff, 12n, 14, 17–19, 25, 27, tawhid (unity), 83, 43, 46, 50, 66 technology vs science, 37

Index 383

tekné, 95 Vesalius, 22, 159, 194–5, 284, 297, 323 telescope, 304, 306–7 Fabric of the Human Body, 297, 323 in China, 272–6 Viète, 58 invention of, 304 Vikør, Knut, 134n Tempier, Stephen, 181 Von Berkel, Klaas, 304n ten abominations, 222 Von Guericke, C., 322 textbooks, 32 legal, 131, 132, 138 Walbridge John, 170 Theodoric of Freiberg, 295 Washing Away of Wrongs, 242, 243, 284, 297 theology, 12, 43, 45–7, 49, 59, 79, 88, 90–1, 95, Watt, John, 225n 103, 108, 161, 166, 175, 175, 179, 245, 285 Watt, W, Montgomery, Thierry of Chartres, 102, 105 84n, 145n Ti Tianjing, 274 Weber, Max, ix, 9, 16–17, 18, 35–6, 45, 50, 325 Timaeus, 103–8, 180, 183, 302 Weil der Stadt, 306 Torricelli, E., 321 Weisheipl, James, 177n, 300n Toulmin, Stephen, 43 Westfall, Richard, 304n translation movement, into Arabic, 94–101 Westman, Robert, 297n into Latin, 53, 55, 102, 103 Whewell, William, 23–4, 95 transmitted sciences, 141 White, Lynn Jr., 41n Trigault, Nicholas, 269 Wiederholz, Luz, 134n trigonometry, 57, 261, 263, 279, 280, 295 Will, Pierre-Etienne, 232n, 260n trigrams, 210 William of Champeaux, 174 truth, search for, 182 wireless world, 330–3 Ibn Tufayl, 65 Witelo, 295 Tusi couple, 62ff, 68–74 Wong, Bin, 330 al-Tusi, Nasir al-Din, 62, 70f, 162–3 world machine, 106–7, 178–82, 267, 273, 275, twelfth and 13th centuries, 106–9, 172ff 276, 277, 288 Tyan, Emile, 117n, 137 Wren, Christopher, 314 Tychonic system, 275, 280; see Brahe wu hsing (elements) 29, 205, 211; also see elements (Chinese) Udovitch, Abraham, 136n ‘ulama’, 95, 213 yang and yin, 29, 206, 207 Ulug Beg, 66, 163, 164 Yang Guangxian, 277–8 ‘Umar, 78 Yang Tingyun, 268 universalism, 26, 301 Yergin, Daniel, 333 universities, 172–85, 293ff, 299, 326 Yongli, Jiang, 232 al-’Urdi, Mu’ayyad, 63 Masawih, Yuhana Ibn, 160 al-’Uthman, 78 Zeisel, Hans, 11 Van Dalen, Benno, 164n Zhang Baichun, 280n Van Zander, 330n zij tables, 163n100 Venus, 72, 276, 304–5 Zilsel, Edgar, 106n Verbiest, Ferdinad, 214n, 273–4, 277, 283 Zuckerman, Harriet, 12n