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A.C~ Cronıbie the History of Science Trom AUGUSTINE to GALILEO

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A.C~ Cronıbie the History of Science Trom AUGUSTINE to GALILEO .. .' .. 1 1 A.C~ Cronıbie The History of Science trom AUGUSTINE TO GALILEO A. C. Crombie TWO VOLUMES BOUND AS ONE DOVER PUBLICATIONS, INC . .ı . New York .• The History of Science from AUGUSTINE TO GALILEO VOWME I SCIENCE IN THE MIDDLE AGES 5TH TO 13T H CENTURIES Bibliographical Note This Dover edilion, first published in 1995, is an unabridged rcpublication of the second revised and enlarged edition (1959), reprinted with corrections in 1970 and reprinted in one volume in 1979 by 1-lcinemann Educational Books, London, under the title Augustiııe lo Galileo/Volımıe I. Scieııce iıı tlıe Middlt Agcs: 51/ı to 13tlı Ccııtııries; Volume ll. Scieııce in tlıe Later Middle Ages and Early Modenı Times: 131/ı lo 171/ı Ceııturies. (Original publication: Falcon Press Lim­ ited, London, 1952, u nder the title Augusliııe to Galileo: Tlıe History of Scieııce, A.D. 400-1650.) For the Dover edition, the author biography in Volume ll has been moved from page 1 to page 375 and the accompanying blank pages a nd part titles have been deleted. The page numbering "3-7" on the Vol u me II table of contents reflects this change. International Standard Book.Number: 0-486-28850-1 Manufactured in the United States of America Dover Publications, Ine., 31 East2nd Street, Mineola, N. Y. 11501 CONTENTS L IST OF PLATES 13 PREFA CE TO THE SECOND EDITION 17 ACK NOWLEDG E M ENTS 19 I NTRODUCTION 21 I SC I ENCE IN WESTERN CHR I STEN DOM UNTIL THE TWELFTH·CENTURY RENAISSANCE Adelard of Bath (29""30}. The Uıtin encyclop<!!dists: Pliny, Boethius, Cassiodorus, lsidore of Seville (3o-32). Early Christian philosophy of nature: Neoplatonism, symbolism, astrology; Augustine of Hippo (32/). Practical empiricisın : Cassiodorus: Bede's cosmology, calendar; Anglo-Saxon medicine, computus (37-44). Nominalism; Abelard (44). Adelard of Bath; physics at Chartres; the Timreus (H-so). · 2 THE RECEPTION OF GR ECO·A RABIC S C I'E N C E 1 N W E S T E R N C H R 1 S T E N D O M sı The transmission of science from the Greeks to the Arabs and to the Latin West (sı-6s); Hindu mathematics (6s- 7). Power over nature through magic and science; Roger Bacon (6711}. Greek natural philosophy and Christianity : Aristotelianism, Averroes, Augustine, 13th-century schools (71~). 3 THE SYSTEM OF SC I ENT IFI C THOUGHT IN THE THIRTEENTH CENTURY So ı. Explanation of change and canception of substance So Summary of treatment (So-Sı). Conception of substance; Plato and Aristotle; physics, mathematics, metaphysics (Sı -4) . Aristotle's explanııtion of change, ' nature.~ four causes (S4-6). Follr kinds of change; neoplatonic conceptions of 'first matter'; classifications of science, mathematics and physics (S6-9). '9' 1 1 ,) Contents 2. Cosmology and Astronomy Aristotle's cosmology; natural place and natural motion (86-93). Aristotelian and Ptolemaic astronomy (93- 9). Latin ast~onomical theory (99""102). Practical astronomy, instru­ ments, trigonometry (ıo2-1o). 3'· Meteorology and Optics no ' Aristotle's sublunary region; William Merlee (ııo-n). Greek and Arabic optics, Alhazen (112-14). Grosseteste (112-13, ıı4-ı6) . Roger Bacon (ıı6-ı8). Witelo, Summa Philosophire, Pecham (ıı8-ıı). Theodoric of Freiberg, explanation of the rainbow (ı22-4). Arabic optical writers, camera obscura, paint· ing (ı 24-5). 4. Mechanics and Magnetism 125 Aristotelian mechanics; jordanus (125""31). Magnetism: Petrus Peregrinus, john of St Arnand (131""3). S· Geology 133 Greek geology (133-5). Avicenna, Albertus Magnus (135""7). Other Latin geology, tides; Ristoro d'Arezzo, Albert of Saxony 137""9). 6. Chemistry 139 Practical chemistry, Greek alchemy, Aristotelian theory (139""42). Arabic alchemy and chemistry; jabir, Avicenna. Rhazes (142-4). Latin alchemy and chemistry; the Geber tradition (144""9). 7· Biology 149 Aristotle's biology (149). Latin didactic and practical biology; Frederick Il (149""53). Naturalistic carvings and illustrations (153-4). Herbals (•154-6). Albertus Magnus: botany, new species ıs6-00); zoology (ı6o-69). Fourteenth-century biology (ı66- 71). Physiology and anatomy: Galen (171/): Latin surgeons, Mondino, 15th century (177-80). Man's place in nature (ı8o-82). 4 TECHNICS AiND SCIENCE I N THE MIDDLE AGES ı. Technics and Education Latin writers on technology (183-6). Classifications of science: Hugh of St Victor, Dominicus Gundissalinus, Michael Scot, Robert Kilwardby (ı86-8). Practicaı' science in univer­ sides: medicine, anatomy, mathematics (ı88""9I). Music (191-4). Greco-Roman technology (1944». 10 Contents ı. Agriculture Roman and medieval agriculture; plough; agricultural writers; crops; animals. 3· The Mechanization of Industry 203 Early machinery; watermills; windmills (203-6). Textiles (2o6-8). Paper and printing (2o8!)). Building (209-13). Ship­ building, transport (213-14). Cartography (ıı-ı-ı6). Mechanical clocks (217-19). 4. Industrial Chemistry 219 Iron, coal, furnaces (219""21). Metallurgy, bells, cannons, gun­ powder (221-5). Mining (225-6}. Glass (226-7). Dyes and paints (228). s. Medicine 228 Early medieval medicine; treatment and drugs (228-31). Theories of disease; Black Death; quarantine (23o-36). Ophthal­ mology, spectacles (236-7). Surgery, dentistry, anatomy (237-40). Hospitals, mental disorders (24o-43). NOTES TOPLATES BIBLIOGRAPHY l ND E X .
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