Armada De Chile

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Armada De Chile MANUAL DE BUCEO ARMADA DE CHILE ÍNDICE PARTE 1 TRATADO 1 : - HISTORIA DEL BUCEO PAG.: 1 TRATADO 2 : - FÍSICA SUBMARINA PAG.: 51 TRATADO 3 : - FISIOLOGÍA SUBMARINA PAG.: 101 TRATADO 4 : - SISTEMAS DE BUCEO PAG.: 186 TRATADO 5 : - OPERACIONES DE BUCEO ASISTIDO CON AIRE PAG.: 199 TRATADO 6 : - OPERACIONES DE BUCEO AUTÓNOMO PAG.: 237 TRATADO 7 : - OPERACIONES DE BUCEO EN AGUAS FRÍAS Y HIELO. PAG.: 271 TRATADO 8 : - DESORDENES DEL BUCEO QUE REQUIEREN TERAPIA DE DESCOMPRESIÓN PAG.: 289 TRATADO 9 : - PRIMEROS AUXILIOS PAG.: 300 TRATADO 10 : - VIDA MARINA PELIGROSA PAG.: 310 TRATADO 1 HISTORIA DEL BUCEO 10101 INTRODUCCIÓN a.- Propósito. Entregar una idea general del desarrollo de las técnicas de buceo en la historia del hombre, haciendo especial énfasis en las operaciones militares. b.- Alcance. Referirse al duro trabajo y dedicación de un gran número de individuos que fueron pioneros en el desarrollo de la tecnología del buceo. Como cualquier empresa, es importante construir sobre los descubrimientos de nuestros predecesores y no repetir los errores del pasado. c.- Rol de la Armada. La Armada es líder en el ámbito Nacional en técnicas de Buceo moderno y en Operaciones Submarinas de Salvataje. Las necesidades actuales de la Marina en operaciones de rescate y salvataje de buques, mantención submarina, construcción, reconocimiento submarino, demolición e investigación, continuamente dan ímpetu al entrenamiento y el desarrollo del buceo. Esta actividad no está sólo limitado a las operaciones tácticas de combate, salvataje en tiempos de guerra y naufragios submarinos. El buceo de mantención a flote de unidades se ha ido incrementando y diversificando, siendo en la actualidad una actividad constante. Una parte principal de las misiones de buceo es inspeccionar y reparar embarcaciones para minimizar el tiempo de baja y la necesidad de acudir a dique. Otros aspectos del buceo incluye la recuperación de torpedos de práctica e investigación, la instalación y reparación de arreglos electrónicos submarinos, construcciones submarinas y la localización y recuperación de elementos extraviados. 10102 BUCEO CON AIRE ALIMENTADO DESDE LA SUPERFICIE Los orígenes del buceo están firmemente enraizados en la necesidad y el deseo del hombre de comprometerse con el comercio marítimo, conducir operaciones militares y de Salvataje, y expandir las fronteras del conocimiento a través de la exploración, la investigación y el desarrollo. 1 El buceo, como profesión, puede remontarse más de 5000 años atrás. Los primeros buzos limitaron sus esfuerzos a aguas con profundidades menores a 100 pies, realizando trabajos de salvataje y recolectando alimentos, esponjas, corales y madreperla. Un historiador griego, Heródoto, Registró la historia de un buzo llamado Scyllis, que fue empleado por el rey persa Jerjes para recobrar tesoros hundidos en el siglo quinto a.C. Desde los primeros tiempos los buzos fueron utilizados en las operaciones militares. Sus misiones incluían cortar las maniobras de fondeo para dejar los buques enemigos a la deriva, romper el casco de los buques, construir defensas portuarias locales y destruir las de los enemigos foráneos. Alejandro el Grande envió nadadores para remover los obstáculos en la bahía de la ciudad de Tiro, en lo que hoy es El Líbano, la cual había tomado bajo su mando en el año 332 a.C. Dentro de los precursores de las actividades de Salvataje se consideran aquellos que desarrollaron una activa industria de salvataje alrededor de los principales puertos comerciales del Este del Mediterráneo. Alrededor del siglo I a.C., las operaciones estaban tan organizadas, que la escala de pagos por este trabajo era establecida por ley, considerando que el esfuerzo y el riesgo aumentan con la profundidad. En 24 pies de agua, los buzos podían reclamar la mitad de todos los bienes recuperados. En 12 pies de agua, se les permitía reclamar un tercio del botín, y en tres pies de agua sólo la décima parte. a.- Tubos de Respiración El paso más obvio y crucial para ampliar la capacidad de los buzos, fue dotarlos de la provisión de aire necesaria para permanecer bajo el agua por mayor tiempo del que permitía el efectuar apnea. Cañas huecas o tubos que se extendían hasta la superficie le permitían a un buzo permanecer bajo el agua por un período prolongado, pero poco podía lograr en forma de trabajo útil. Los tubos de respiración fueron empleados en operaciones militares, permitiéndoles una aproximación indetectable a las plazas enemigas. A primera vista, parecía lógico que un tubo de respiración más largo era el único requisito para aumentar el rango de profundidad de un buzo. De hecho, un gran número de los primeros diseños usaban capas de cuero con largos tubos flexibles mantenidos sobre la superficie con flotadores. No hay registro; sin embargo, de que alguno de estos aparatos fuera realmente construido o probado. El resultado bien puede haber sido el ahogamiento del buzo. A una profundidad de 3 pies, es prácticamente imposible respirar a través de un tubo usando sólo la capacidad natural del cuerpo para respirar, ya que el peso del agua 2 ejerce una fuerza total de casi 100 kilogramos (200 libras) sobre el pecho del buzo. Esta fuerza aumenta proporcionalmente con la profundidad y es uno de los factores más importantes en el buceo. Las operaciones exitosas de buceo requieren, que la presión sea vencida, eliminada o equilibrada. A lo largo de la historia, se diseñaron muchos imaginativos aparatos para superar este problema, pero a pesar de ello, en un principio, el problema de la presión submarina no fue completamente comprendido y los diseños impracticables. b.- Bolsas de respiración Una completa serie de diseños estuvieron basados sobre la idea de una bolsa de respiración llevada por el buceador. Un gráfico Asirio del siglo IX a.C. muestra lo que parecen ser buceadores, usando pieles de animales infladas como sus acumuladores de aire. Sin embargo estos hombres eran probablemente nadadores usando las pieles para flotar, por que, se requeriría un enorme lastre para sumergirse al usar este aparato (Figura 1). Un sistema de buceo practicable puede haber hecho una corta aparición al final de la Edad Media. En 1240, Roger Bacon hizo referencia a “instrumentos con los cuales el hombre puede caminar en el mar o en el lecho de los ríos sin peligro”. Figura 2. Gráfico Asirio (900 a.C.). 3 c.- Campanas de respiración Entre 1500 y 1800 fue desarrollada la campana de buceo, capacitando a los buzos para permanecer bajo el agua por horas en lugar de minutos. La campana de buceo es un aparato con el fondo abierto hacia el mar. Las primeras campanas de buceo fueron tubos grandes y macizos, diseñados para hundirse en posición vertical, atrapando suficiente aire para permitir la respiración del buzo por varias horas. Campanas más tardías eran suspendidas por un cable desde la superficie. No poseían maniobrabilidad submarina significativa, exceptuando la dada por la movilidad de la embarcación de apoyo. El buzo podía permanecer dentro de la campana si esta era posicionada sobre la zona de trabajo, o podía aventurarse fuera de la campana por cortos períodos aguantando la respiración. La primera referencia a una campana de buceo práctica data de 1531 y de esta fecha en adelante, se usaron con regularidad campanas rudimentarias pero efectivas. En los años 1680, un aventurero nacido en Massachussets, llamado William Phipps, mientras intentaba recobrar tesoros por valor de US$ 200.000, modificó la técnica de la campana de buceo, proveyendo a sus buzos de aire a través de una serie de cubetas contrapesadas e invertidas. En 1690, el astrónomo inglés Edmund Halley desarrolló una campana de buceo en la cual la atmósfera era reaprovisionada enviando barriles de aire lastrados desde la superficie (Figura 2). En una temprana demostración de su sistema, él y cuatro personas más se mantuvieron a 60 pies en el río Támesis por casi una hora y media. Casi 25 años después, Halley estuvo más de 4 horas a 66 pies usando una versión mejorada de su campana. 4 Figura 2. Grabado de la campana de buceo de Halley. Figura 3. Traje de buceo de Lethbridge. d.- El diseño de trajes de buceo Con el creciente número de naufragios civiles y militares asolando las costas de gran Bretaña, se produjo un fuerte incentivo para desarrollar un traje de buceo que incrementara la eficiencia de las operaciones de salvataje. 1) El traje de buceo Lethbridge En 1715, el inglés John Lethbridge desarrolló un traje de buceo completamente cerrado que permitía alojar a un hombre (Figura 3). El equipo de Lethbridge consistía de un barril reforzado cubierto con cuero, equipado con una mirilla de vidrio y dos agujeros para los brazos con bisagras estancas. Usando este dispositivo, el ocupante podía trabajar en forma útil. 5 Este aparato era bajado desde un buque y maniobrado de la misma forma que una campana de buceo. Lethbridge tuvo un relativo éxito con su invención y participó en el salvataje de varios naufragios europeos. En una carta al editor de una popular revista en 1749, el inventor describía que su profundidad normal de operación eran 10 fathoms (18 metros), con un máximo de aproximado de 12 fhatoms, y que podía permanecer sumergido por 34 minutos. Se usaron muchos diseños similares al de Lethbridge en los años venideros. Sin embargo, todos tenían la misma limitación básica que la campana de buceo, el buzo tenía poca libertad; ya que, no había una manera práctica de aprovisionarlo continuamente de aire. Un verdadero quiebre tecnológico se produjo con la llegada del siglo 19, cuando se desarrolló una bomba manual capaz de entregar aire a una presión adecuada. 2) El traje de buceo patentado de Deane Muchos hombres produjeron aparatos exitosos al mismo tiempo. En 1823, dos operadores de salvataje, John y Charles Deane patentaron el diseño básico del traje de humo que permitió a los bomberos moverse dentro de edificios en llama.
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