50 Years Since Structure: Towards a History of the History of Science,” Held in Berlin in October 2012

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

50 Years Since Structure: Towards a History of the History of Science,” Held in Berlin in October 2012 Shifting Paradigms Thomas S. Kuhn and the History of Science Edition Open Access Series Editors Ian T. Baldwin, Gerd Graßhoff, Jürgen Renn, Dagmar Schäfer, Robert Schlögl, Bernard F. Schutz Edition Open Access Development Team Lindy Divarci, Georg Pflanz, Klaus Thoden, Dirk Wintergrün The Edition Open Access (EOA) platform was founded to bring together publi- cation initiatives seeking to disseminate the results of scholarly work in a format that combines traditional publications with the digital medium. It currently hosts the open-access publications of the “Max Planck Research Library for the History and Development of Knowledge” (MPRL) and “Edition Open Sources” (EOS). EOA is open to host other open access initiatives similar in conception and spirit, in accordance with the Berlin Declaration on Open Access to Knowledge in the sciences and humanities, which was launched by the Max Planck Society in 2003. By combining the advantages of traditional publications and the digital medium, the platform offers a new way of publishing research and of studying historical topics or current issues in relation to primary materials that are otherwise not easily available. The volumes are available both as printed books and as online open access publications. They are directed at scholars and students of various disciplines, as well as at a broader public interested in how science shapes our world. Shifting Paradigms Thomas S. Kuhn and the History of Science A. Blum, K. Gavroglu, C. Joas, J. Renn (eds.) Proceedings 8 Proceedings 8 Proceedings of the conference “50 Years Since Structure: Towards a History of the History of Science,” held in Berlin in October 2012 Communicated by Rivka Feldhay Editorial Team: Lindy Divarci, Caroline Frank, Georg Pflanz, Nina Ruge, Chandhan Srinivasamurthy Cover Image: Thomas S. Kuhn being interviewed November 1989 in his office at MIT. Photo: Skúli Sigurdsson ISBN 978-3-945561-11-9 First published 2016 by Edition Open Access, Max Planck Institute for the History of Science http://www.edition-open-access.de Printed in Germany by epubli GmbH, Prinzessinnenstraße 20, 10969 Berlin http://www.epubli.de Published under Creative Commons by-nc-sa 3.0 Germany Licence http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/de/ The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available in the Internet at http://dnb.d-nb.de. Max Planck Research Library for the History and Development of Knowledge The Max Planck Research Library for the History and Development of Knowledge comprises the subseries, Studies, Proceedings and Textbooks. They present original scientific work submitted un- der the scholarly responsibility of members of the Scientific Board and their academic peers. The initiative is currently supported by research departments of three Max Planck Institutes: the MPI for the History of Science, the Fritz Haber Institute of the MPG and the MPI for Gravitational Physics (Albert Einstein Institute). The publications of the Studies series are dedicated to key subjects in the history and development of knowledge, bringing together perspectives from different fields and com- bining source-based empirical research with theoretically guided approaches. The Proceedings series presents the results of scientific meetings on current issues and supports, at the same time, further cooperation on these issues by offering an electronic platform with further resources and the possi- bility for comments and interactions. The Textbooks volumes are prepared by leading experts in the relevant fields. Scientific Board Markus Antonietti, Antonio Becchi, Fabio Bevilacqua, William G. Boltz, Jens Braarvik, Horst Bredekamp, Jed Z. Buchwald, Olivier Darrigol, Thomas Duve, Mike Edmunds, Fynn Ole Engler, Robert K. Englund, Mordechai Feingold, Rivka Feldhay, Gideon Freudenthal, Paolo Galluzzi, Kostas Gavroglu, Mark Geller, Domenico Giulini, Günther Görz, Gerd Graßhoff, James Hough, Manfred Laubichler, Glenn Most, Klaus Müllen, Pier Daniele Napolitani, Alessandro Nova, Hermann Parzinger, Dan Potts, Sabine Schmidtke, Circe Silva da Silva, Ana Simões, Dieter Stein, Richard Stephenson, Mark Stitt, Noel M. Swerdlow, Liba Taub, Martin Vingron, Scott Walter, Norton Wise, Gerhard Wolf, Rüdiger Wolfrum, Gereon Wolters, Zhang Baichun. Contents Introduction Alexander Blum, Kostas Gavroglu, Christian Joas and Jürgen Renn ................................ 1 Where to Start? John L. Heilbron .............................................. 3 Part 1: Personal Recollections 15 1 The Nature of Scientific Knowledge: An Interview with Thomas S. Kuhn Skúli Sigurdsson .............................................. 17 2 Steve’s Question and Tom’s Last Lecture: A Personal Perspective Gerald Holton ................................................ 31 3 Thomas Kuhn: A Man of Many Parts William Shea ................................................. 37 Part 2: Historicizing Kuhn 41 4 An Episode from the History of History and Philosophy of Science: The Phenomenal Publishing Success of Kuhn’s Structure Kostas Gavroglu .............................................. 43 5 Kuhn’s Paradigm of Paradigms: Historical and Epistemological Coordinates of The Copernican Revolution Pietro Daniel Omodeo......................................... 71 6 Contemporary Science and the History and Philosophy of Science Olival Freire Jr................................................ 105 viii Contents 7 Kuhn in the Cold War Ursula Klein ................................................. 115 8 Science, Criticism and the Search for Truth: Philosophical Footnotes to Kuhn’s Historiography Stefano Gattei ................................................ 123 9 Two Encounters Fynn Ole Engler and Jürgen Renn .............................. 139 Part 3: Kuhn’s Legacy 149 10 Thomas Kuhn Jed Z. Buchwald .............................................. 151 11 Thomas Kuhn and the Dialogue Between Historians and Philosophers of Science William Shea ................................................. 163 12 Constructive Controversy and the Growth of Knowledge Martin J. S. Rudwick .......................................... 181 13 The Structure of Scientific Revolutions and History and Philosophy of Science in Historical Perspective Theodore Arabatzis ........................................... 191 14 On Reading Kuhn’s Black-Body Theory and the Quantum Discontinuity, 1894–1912 Richard Staley ................................................ 203 15 Science, Politics, Economics and Kuhn’s Paradigms José M. Sánchez-Ron .......................................... 211 16 Abgesang on Kuhn’s “Revolutions” Ursula Klein ................................................. 223 Part 4: Reinterpreting Kuhn 233 17 The Pendulum as a Social Institution: T. S. Kuhn and the Sociology of Science David Bloor .................................................. 235 Contents ix 18 The Notion of Incommensurability Harry Collins................................................. 253 19 Kuhn, Meritocracy, and Excellence Michael Segre ................................................ 259 20 From Structures and Tensions in Science to Configurational Histories of the Practices of Knowledge John Pickstone ............................................... 265 Part 5: Beyond Kuhn 285 21 Kuhnian and Post-Kuhnian Views on How Science Evolves Mary Jo Nye ................................................. 287 22 Experimental Turnaround, 360°: The Essential Kuhn Circle Carsten Reinhardt ............................................ 295 23 History of Science: The French Connection John Stachel ................................................. 301 24 The Professionalization of Research on the History of Science in China and the Influence of Eurocentrism on Chinese Histo- rians of Science Baichun Zhang ............................................... 329 25 On Kuhnian and Hacking-Type Revolutions Silvan S. Schweber ............................................ 337 26 Goethe Was Right: ‘The History of Science Is Science Itself’ M. Norton Wise ............................................... 347 27 History of Science and Technology in Portugal: Networking in the European Periphery Ana Simões................................................... 361 List of Contributors.......................................... 379 Name Index Introduction Alexander Blum, Kostas Gavroglu, Christian Joas and Jürgen Renn Thomas S. Kuhn’s The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (“Structure” in the following) was first published in 1962 and became the most widely read book on the history of science. Since then, philosophers, historians, sociologists, edu- cationalists, anthropologists, psychologists, economists, cultural commentators, journalists and readers belonging to many more academic and non-academic areas have been discussing this book. In scholarly journals, seminars, popular writings, monographs, public lectures and conferences, the book has been analyzed, com- mented upon, (often) criticized, (sometimes) praised, its impact assessed, and, in various instances, dismissed as trivial. The appearance of Structure was perhaps the second major milestone, after the first publication of the journal Isis in 1912, to mark the rise of the history of science to a field enjoying broad recognition beyond the narrow community of its practitioners. On the occasion of the 50th anniversary of the publication of Structure, the Max Planck Institute for the History of Science organized an international conference, inviting scholars from
Recommended publications
  • Thomas Kuhn on Paradigms
    Vol. 29, No. 7, July 2020, pp. 1650–1657 DOI 10.1111/poms.13188 ISSN 1059-1478|EISSN 1937-5956|20|2907|1650 © 2020 Production and Operations Management Society Thomas Kuhn on Paradigms Gopesh Anand Department of Business Administration, Gies College of Business, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 469 Wohlers Hall, 1206 South Sixth Street, Champaign, Illinois 61820, USA, [email protected] Eric C. Larson Department of Business Administration, Gies College of Business, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 8 Wohlers Hall, 1206 S. Sixth, Champaign, Illinois 61820, USA, [email protected] Joseph T. Mahoney* Department of Business Administration, Gies College of Business, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 140C Wohlers Hall, 1206 South Sixth Street, Champaign, Illinois 61820, USA, [email protected] his study provides key arguments and contributions of Kuhn (1970) concerning paradigms, paradigm shifts, and sci- T entific revolutions. We provide interpretations of Kuhn’s (1970) key ideas and concepts, especially as they relate to business management research. We conclude by considering the practical implications of paradigms and paradigm shifts for contemporary business management researchers and suggest that ethical rules of conversation are at least as critical for the health of a scientific community as methodological rules (e.g., the rules of logical positivism) derived from the phi- losophy of science. Key words: Paradigms; paradigm shifts; scientific revolutions; normal science History: Received: February 2019; Accepted: March 2020 by Kalyan Singhal, after 3 revisions. The Structure of Scientific Revolutions the rich descriptions of the process of advancing this theory. SSR showed that science primarily advances Thomas S.
    [Show full text]
  • Thomas Kuhn and Perspectival Realism a Thesis Presented to The
    Thomas Kuhn and Perspectival Realism A thesis presented to the faculty of the College of Arts and Sciences of Ohio University In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Master of Arts Ryan J. O'Loughlin April 2017 © 2017 Ryan J. O'Loughlin. All Rights Reserved. 2 This thesis titled Thomas Kuhn and Perspectival Realism by RYAN J. O'LOUGHLIN has been approved for the Department of Philosophy and the College of Arts and Sciences by Philip Ehrlich Professor of Philosophy Robert Frank Dean, College of Arts and Sciences 3 ABSTRACT O'LOUGHLIN, RYAN J., M.A., April 2017, Philosophy Thomas Kuhn and Perspectival Realism Director of Thesis: Philip Ehrlich In this paper I discuss Giere’s reading of Kuhn as affirming perspectival realism and I present evidence demonstrating that this reading of Kuhn is correct. I consider several scientific realist theses that Kuhn rejects and discuss whether and to what extent perspectival realism may be regarded as a scientific realist position. I suggest adding Kuhn’s account of incommensurability, understood in its later form, to Giere’s account of perspectival realism. I conclude by providing a definition of perspectival realism that incorporates Kuhn’s incommensurability thesis as well as the specific claims of scientific realism that are compatible with perspectival realism. Perspectival realism thus understood is, at most, a weak form of scientific realism. 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Abstract ..............................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • NIEUWE RELEASES KLIK OP DE HOES VOOR DE SINGLE (Mits Beschikbaar)
    NIEUWE RELEASES KLIK OP DE HOES VOOR DE SINGLE (mits beschikbaar) LEONARD COHEN – You Want It Darker CD/LP 'You Want It Darker', een paar weken geleden werd deze titeltrack vrijgegeven online en ik was meteen verkocht. Ik vond de vorige plaat 'Populair Problems' al fantastisch maar 'You Want It Darker' overtreft het op alle vlakken. Donkere plaat met veel verwijzingen naar de dood bijvoorbeeld wat op zich niet vreemd is gezien zijn leeftijd (82). Prachtig en ontroerend meesterwerk van deze levende legende! Het wordt druk boven in de top tien albums van het jaar.... KENSINGTON – Control CD/LP ‘Control’ is het nieuwe album van Kensington, het Utrechtse viertal dat zich de afgelopen jaren heeft ontwikkeld tot één van de grootste bands van het land. Niet alleen door het succesvolle album ‘Rivals’ maar ook door hun live reputatie waarmee ze de festival- en live podia (én maar liefst 4x in onze winkel!) hebben veroverd. Eerste single van het album ‘Control’ is ‘Do I Ever’. Het album is gelimiteerd verkrijgbaar als cd digipack inclusief een 20 pagina booklet én op vinyl (eerste oplage is genummerd en gekleurd vinyl). KORN – Serenity of Suffering CD/CD-Deluxe/LP/LP-Deluxe 'Serenity of Suffering' is het 12e studio album van de nu-metal band Korn. Volgens gitarist Brian Welch is deze plaat een stuk zwaarder en steviger dan dat iemand in een lange tijd heeft gehoord. Het album is de opvolger van 'The Paradigm Shift' uit 2013 en werd geproduceerd door Grammy-award winnende producer Nick Raskulinecsz (Foo Fighters, Deftones, Mastodon). Op de deluxe versie staan twee extra tracks.
    [Show full text]
  • Friedrich Stadler, Leslie Topp, Chair: William Johnston
    1 Workshop VIENNA 1900: CURRENT DISCOURSES ON FIN-DE-SIECLE VIENNA International Center, University of New Orleans (UNO), October 24-25, 2016 SLIDE 1 Roundtable IV: Interdisciplinary Models Friedrich Stadler, Leslie Topp, Chair: William Johnston Friedrich Stadler (University of Vienna): “The Sciences and Humanities as Culture” SLIDE 2 INTRODUCTION Based on William Johnston’s path breaking trilogy of books on Austrian-Hungarian intellectual history I will focus mainly on the role of philosophy, the sciences and humanities from a trans- and interdisciplinary point of view. (Of course, the publications of Carl Schorske, Allan Janik/Stephen Toulmin, Edward Timms, David Luft, and Steven Beller and many others are to be mentioned as essential background knowledge). SLIDES 3-4: Constructive Unrest. Austrian Conference on Contemporary History Graz 2016 According to the new model of the “Long 20th Century” in Austrian history (from Habsburg Monarchy to the Republic) in general, and as applied to the history of the University of Vienna, specifically, I make a plea for this conception more or less also regarding Vienna 1900 / Fin-de-Siécle Vienna. This can be illustrated by a short report on a panel dealing with the “Paradigmenwechsel zum langen 20. Jahrhundert” (paradigm shift on the long 20th century) at the last “Österreichischer Zeitgeschichtetag” (ÖZT) in Graz, June 2016. SLIDE 5: “Wissenschaft als Kultur” (Frankfurt 1995) Following this perspective, I will argue for the need to cover all sciences (including humanities) under the umbrella of (Austro-Hungarian) culture, which seems to me the main deficit in the related historiography. Instead, the image of all sciences as an essential part of culture (Wissenschaft als Kultur) is leading up to transgressing disciplinary boundaries.
    [Show full text]
  • Popper and Kuhn: Where They Clash, How They Compliment Each Other, and Drawing Conclusions
    Popper and Kuhn: Where they Clash, How They Compliment Each Other, and Drawing Conclusions It has been said that the epistemological premises of Thomas Kuhn and Karl Popper have every reason to negate one another. For the last half century, these men have had to withstand the onslaught of intellectual and ideological attacks for their claims of scientific development and evolution. Popper, a follower of Charles Pierce, developed his unique theory of falsification as a form of natural selection in the scientific sphere. Kuhn, a graduate student during Popper‟s time, formulated his own ideas about science as a social development defined by the presence or absence of a paradigm. Pat Hutcheon in her essay “Popper and Kuhn on the Evolution of Science” lays out an argument for the “promising complimentarity” the science community can gain from the comparison of these two men‟s claims. Hutcheon she is able to identify specific instances of similarity, undeniable differentiation, as well as areas of “promising complimentarity” between Popper and Kuhn. In an analysis of a 1965 debate between Popper and Kuhn sponsored by Imre Lakatos, M. G. Narasimhan outlines just how different the two philosophers are. Hutcheon and Narasimhan share an understanding of the contrasting views between Kuhn and Popper however, Hutcheon‟s argument for the agreeability of their theories is overlooked by Narasimhan and what undercuts his analysis. Thomas Kuhn and Karl Popper contributed valuable insights about the “nature of science and the way in which scientific knowledge evolves (Hutcheon 1).” Generally speaking, a theory‟s “unfitness” and falsification, Popper‟s and Kuhn‟s ideas, respectively, share a common perspective on the growth of scientific knowledge.
    [Show full text]
  • What's So Bad About Scientism? Moti Mizrahi Florida Institute Of
    What’s so bad about Scientism? Moti Mizrahi Florida Institute of Technology Abstract: In their attempt to defend philosophy from accusations of uselessness made by prominent scientists, such as Stephen Hawking, some philosophers respond with the charge of “scientism.” This charge makes endorsing a scientistic stance a mistake by definition. For this reason, it begs the question against these critics of philosophy, or anyone who is inclined to endorse a scientistic stance, and turns the scientism debate into a verbal dispute. In this paper, I propose a different definition of scientism, and thus a new way of looking at the scientism debate. Those philosophers who seek to defend philosophy against accusations of uselessness would do philosophy a much better service, I submit, if they were to engage with the definition of scientism put forth in this paper, rather than simply make it analytic that scientism is a mistake. Keywords: inference to the best explanation; epistemological scientism; scientistic stance; success of science 1. Introduction In their attempt to defend philosophy from accusations of uselessness made by prominent scientists, such as Hawking and Mlodinow (2010, p. 5), who write that “philosophy is dead,”1 some philosophers accuse these scientists of “scientism.” According to Pigliucci (2010, p. 235), the term ‘scientism’ “is in fact only used as an insult.” By “scientism,” Pigliucci (2010, p. 235) means, “the intellectual arrogance of some scientists who think that, given enough time and especially financial resources, science will be able to answer whatever meaningful questions we may wish to pose—from a cure for cancer to the elusive equation that will tell us how the laws of nature themselves came about” (emphasis added).2 And Sorell (2013, p.
    [Show full text]
  • Gerald Holton: Worlds Within Worlds by Barbara Delman Wolfson
    NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR THE HUMANITIES • VOLUME 2 NUMBER 2 • APRIL 1981 Humanities Gerald Holton: Worlds within worlds by b a r b a r a d e l m a n w o l f s o n PROLOGUE: It is January 1934 in the city of Par­ working nature, of the style and life of the sci­ is. A husband and wife are at work in a university entist, and of the power of the human mind." laboratory. They are exposing a piece of ordinary alu­ Hundreds of thousands of students in this minum to a stream of tiny charged bits of matter country in secondary schools and colleges have called alpha particles. Stated so simply, this hardly used the course, now in the third edition since sounds like an important event. But look more Close­ its commercial publication in 1970, and millions ly, for it is important indeed. Later you will look at more around the world have used the materials the technical details, but for now they will not get in in French, Arabic, Japanese, Hebrew, Italian the way of the story. and other language adaptations. Although few The story is something of a family affair. The will ever become scientists, they will have a husband and wife are the French physicists Frederic chance to "see physics as the wonderfully Joliot and Irene Curie. The alpha particles they are many-sided human activity that it really is." using in their experiment are shooting from a piece of Throughout his career as physicist, histori­ naturally radioactive metal. This metal is polonium, an, editor, and educator, Holton has been a lu­ first identified 36 years before by Irene's parents, cid interpreter of the complexity of the scientific Pierre and Marie Curie, the discoverers of radium.
    [Show full text]
  • Reexamining the Problem of Demarcating Science and Pseudoscience by Evan Westre B.A., Vancouver Island University, 2010 a Thesis
    Reexamining the Problem of Demarcating Science and Pseudoscience By Evan Westre B.A., Vancouver Island University, 2010 A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS ©Evan Westre, 2014 All Rights Reserved. This thesis may not be reproduced in whole or in part, by photocopy or other means, without the permission of the author. Supervisory Committee Reexamining the Problem of Demarcating Science and Pseudoscience By Evan Westre B.A., Vancouver Island University, 2010 Dr. Audrey Yap: Supervisor (Department of Philosophy) Dr. Jeffrey Foss: Departmental Member (Department of Philosophy) ii Abstract Supervisory Committee Dr. Audrey Yap: Supervisor (Department of Philosophy) Dr. Jeffrey Foss: Departmental Member (Department of Philosophy) The demarcation problem aims to articulate the boundary between science and pseudoscience. Solutions to the problem have been notably raised by the logical positivists (verificationism), Karl Popper (falsificationism), and Imre Lakatos (methodology of research programmes). Due, largely, to the conclusions drawn by Larry Laudan, in a pivotal 1981 paper which dismissed the problem of demarcation as a “pseudo-problem”, the issue was brushed aside for years. Recently, however, there has been a revival of attempts to reexamine the demarcation problem and synthesize new solutions. My aim is to survey two of the contemporary attempts and to assess these approaches over and against the broader historical trajectory of the demarcation problem. These are the efforts of Nicholas Maxwell (aim-oriented empiricism), and Paul Hoyningen-Huene (systematicity). I suggest that the main virtue of the new attempts is that they promote a self-reflexive character within the sciences.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 Carnap, Kuhn , and the History of Science J.C. Pinto De Oliveira IFCH
    1 Carnap, Kuhn , and the history of science J.C. Pinto de Oliveira IFCH - Department of Philosophy State University of Campinas - Brazil [email protected] Abstract The purpose of this article is to respond to Thomas Uebel´s criticisms of my comments regarding the current revisionism of Carnap´s work and its relations to Kuhn. I begin by pointing out some misunderstandings in the interpretation of my article. I then discuss some aspects related to Carnap´s view of the history of science. First, I emphasize that it was not due to a supposed affinity between Kuhn´s conceptions and those of logical positivism that Kuhn was invited to write the monograph on the history of science for the Encyclopedia. Three other authors had been invited first, including George Sarton whose conception was entirely different from Kuhn´s. In addition, I try to show that Carnap attributes little importance to history of science. He seldom refers to it and, when he does, he clearly defends (like Sarton) a Whig or an “old” historiography of science, to which Kuhn opposes his “new historiography of science”. It is argued that this raises serious difficulties for those, like Uebel, who hold the view that Carnap includes the historical or the social within the rational. Keywords: Carnap, History of science, Kuhn, Logical positivism, New historiography of science, Philosophy of science, Revisionism, Sarton 1. Introduction In his article “Carnap and Kuhn: On the Relation between the Logic of Science and the History of Science”, published in 2011 in the Journal for General Philosophy of Science, Thomas Uebel responds to my criticism of what I call the revisionism of the logical positivist work, particularly its thesis regarding the compatibility or intimate relation between the philosophies of science of Carnap and Kuhn.
    [Show full text]
  • SYRIZA, Bloco and Podemos
    Transnational networking and cooperation among neo-reformist left parties in Southern Europe during the Eurozone crisis: SYRIZA, Bloco and Podemos Vladimir Bortun The thesis is submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy of the University of Portsmouth. March 2019 Abstract European parties to the left of social democracy have always lagged behind the main political families in terms of transnational cooperation at the level of the EU. However, the markedly transnational character of the Eurozone crisis and of the management of that crisis has arguably provided a uniquely propitious context for these parties to reduce that gap. This research project aims to establish whether they achieved that by focusing on three parties that were particularly prone to seeking an increase in their transnational cooperation: SYRIZA from Greece, Bloco de Esquerda from Portugal and Podemos from Spain. For these parties not only come from the member states most affected by the crisis, both economically and politically, but they also share several programmatic and strategic features favouring such an increase. By using a mix of document analysis, semi-structured interviews and non-participatory observation, the thesis discusses both the informal and formal transnational networking and cooperation among the three parties. This discussion reveals four key findings, with potentially useful insights for wider transnational party cooperation that are to be pursued in future research. Firstly, the transnational networking and cooperation among SYRIZA, Bloco and Podemos did increase at some point during the crisis, particularly around SYRIZA’s electoral victory in January 2015. Secondly, since the U-turn of that government in July 2015, SYRIZA’s relationship with both Bloco and Podemos has declined significantly, as reflected in their diverging views of the EU.
    [Show full text]
  • Einstein, History, and Other Passions : the Rebellion Against Science at the End of the Twentieth Century
    Einstein, history, and other passions : the rebellion against science at the end of the twentieth century The Harvard community has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters Citation Holton, Gerald James. 2000. Einstein, history, and other passions : the rebellion against science at the end of the twentieth century. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Published Version http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674004337 Citable link http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:23975375 Terms of Use This article was downloaded from Harvard University’s DASH repository, and is made available under the terms and conditions applicable to Other Posted Material, as set forth at http:// nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:dash.current.terms-of- use#LAA EINSTEIN, HISTORY, ANDOTHER PASSIONS ;/S*6 ? ? / ? L EINSTEIN, HISTORY, ANDOTHER PASSIONS E?3^ 0/" Cf72fM?y GERALD HOLTON A HARVARD UNIVERSITY PRESS C%772^r?<%gf, AizziMc^zzyeZZy LozzJozz, E?zg/%??J Q AOOO Many of the designations used by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book and Addison-Wesley was aware of a trademark claim, the designations have been printed in capital letters. PHYSICS RESEARCH LIBRARY NOV 0 4 1008 Copyright @ 1996 by Gerald Holton All rights reserved HARVARD UNIVERSITY Printed in the United States of America An earlier version of this book was published by the American Institute of Physics Press in 1995. First Harvard University Press paperback edition, 2000 o/ CoMgre.w C%t%/og;Hg-zM-PMMt'%tz'c7t Dzztzz Holton, Gerald James.
    [Show full text]
  • Ethernet: an Engineering Paradigm
    Ethernet: An Engineering Paradigm Mark Huang Eden Miller Peter Sun Charles Oji 6.933J/STS.420J Structure, Practice, and Innovation in EE/CS Fall 1998 1.0 Acknowledgements 1 2.0 A Model for Engineering 1 2.1 The Engineering Paradigm 3 2.1.1 Concept 5 2.1.2 Standard 6 2.1.3 Implementation 6 3.0 Phase I: Conceptualization and Early Implementation 7 3.1 Historical Framework: Definition of the Old Paradigm 7 3.1.1 Time-sharing 8 3.1.2 WANs: ARPAnet and ALOHAnet 8 3.2 Anomalies: Definition of the Crisis 10 3.2.1 From Mainframes to Minicomputers: A Parallel Paradigm Shift 10 3.2.2 From WAN to LAN 11 3.2.3 Xerox: From Xerography to Office Automation 11 3.2.4 Metcalfe and Boggs: Professional Crisis 12 3.3 Ethernet: The New Paradigm 13 3.3.1 Invention Background 14 3.3.2 Basic Technical Description 15 3.3.3 How Ethernet Addresses the Crisis 15 4.0 Phase II: Standardization 17 4.1 Crisis II: Building Vendor Support (1978-1983) 17 4.1.1 Forming the DIX Consortium 18 4.1.2 Within DEC 19 4.1.3 Within Intel 22 4.1.4 The Marketplace 23 4.2 Crisis III: Establishing Widespread Compatibility (1979-1984) 25 4.3 The Committee 26 5.0 Implementation and the Crisis of Domination 28 5.1 The Game of Growth 28 5.2 The Grindley Effect in Action 28 5.3 The Rise of 3Com, a Networking Giant 29 6.0 Conclusion 30 A.0 References A-1 i of ii ii of ii December 11, 1998 Ethernet: An Engineering Paradigm Mark Huang Eden Miller Charles Oji Peter Sun 6.933J/STS.420J Structure, Practice, and Innovation in EE/CS Fall 1998 1.0 Acknowledgements The authors would like to thank the following individuals for contributing to this project.
    [Show full text]