sign in sign up
<<
Home , Argument from miracles, Greedy reductionism

Index

a-theory of time, 113 n. 13, 114, 115, 116, 118 goods of the , 473–4 n. 17, 121, 124, 183–6, 187, 191 moral argument, xii abstract objects, 11, 107, 179, 188 n. 94, 193 mystical perception and sense perception, actual infi nite; see also, kalam cosmological 273, 502–3, 504, 512, 520, 530, 531 argument defense treatment of evil, xii, 473–5 dichotomy paradoxes, 119 Anscombe, Elizabeth, xii, 344, 353, 361–2; see existence of, 106–15 also, formalist defenders of, 105, 183 ambiguity of Lewis’ sense of “explanation”, formation of, 117–24 357–8 impossibility of, 103–6 explanation-types, 356–8, 376 infi nite regress of events and, 115–16 irrational vs. nonrational causes, 353–4 infi nite series, 118, 119, 120, 121, 145 n. 44, paradigm case argument, 354–6 195, 331 unlimited explanatory compatibilism, infi nite set, 104, 105, 109, 111, 112, 115, 120, 358–60 125, 250 Anselm, St., 1, 16, 553 see also ontological modality of, 105–6, 293 argument potential infi nite, 103–4, 112, 113, 114, 115, and, 101 116, 118, 144 modal argument, 572–4, 580–1 successive addition and, 117–20, 124–5 Monologion and Proslogium, 554, 558 Stadium paradoxes, 119 , 554–65 temporal regress of events, 101, 103, 106, Anthropic Principle objection, 276–7; see also 115, 116, 117 Tristram Shandy, 120–1 apologetics, 18, 394, 606, 627, 639; see also Zeno’s paradoxes, 119, 120, 124, 144 natural ; worldview Adams, Marilyn, xii, 468,COPYRIGHTED 485 Aquinas, Thomas; MATERIAL see also Anselm; natural Adams, Robert, xi, xii, 295–6, 414, 479 theology , 20–1, 28, 33, 91, 250–1, 336–7, cosmological argument and, 101, 102 501, 597, 640, 648, 650; see also . dualism, 301, 315 n. 5, 383 al-Ghazali, 101–2; see also kalam cosmological and existence, 274 argument , 25 Albert, David, 222 Gap Problem, 93–4, 98 Albrecht, Andreas, 217 n. 13, 265–71 infi nite regress of past events, 115, 116, Alston, William; see also moral argument, 331–2 argument from religious experience scholastic axiom, 94–5 doxastic practice approach to epistemology, simplicity and perfection, 93–6 502, 528–9 The Third Way of, 582–5 664 INDEX argument from design, see teleological Calvinism and, 457 argument from the fi ne-tuning of the contemporary philosophical orthodoxy and, universe 449–52 arguments for the existence of , xi, 1, 91; defenders vs. theodicists, 453–5, 456, 457, see also natural theology 470–6, 478, 484, 485, 492, 493, 494 argument from evolutionary divine intervention, 480–1 (AEN), 394 , 460, 462 argument from religious experience, 502 evil intended vs. evil foreseen, 476–8 begs the question and the ontological evidential vs. logical problem, 453–4, 472, argument, 561–2 481, 650 cumulative, vii, 19, 283, 408, 498, 510, 595, free will, and it as a defense, 451–2, 455–6, 617–20, 630–7 457, 465, 469–70, 473, 474, 476–7, 478–9, fi ne-tuning and, 202, 209 482, 483, 484, 485, 492, 493, 650 metamodel for philosophical arguments, 346 God’s permission of evil, 455, 457, 469, 470 moral argument, 392 n. 12, 472, 474, 475, 477 n. 18, 478 n. 19, parodies, 563–5 483 n. 25, 484, 486, 494 argument from (AC), xi, 283, , 470 n. 12, 471, 475, 487–9 294, 295–6, 297, 299, 300, 301, 302, 303, horrendous vs. nonhorrendous evil, 456, 457, 304, 307, 308–9, 315, 317, 318, 329–30, 467–8, 482, 485–9 333–4, 336, 337, 339; see also, causation, immortality, 463, 464–5, 473 n. 17 consciousness, dualism, materialism, irreducible teleological explanation and, 452 naturalism, physicalism life plan, 465, 466–7, 479, 480, 488–9 agent causation (AGC), 285, 312–13, 314–18, materialism and, 450–1, 452 319, 324–7, 333 middle knowledge and evil, 478 n. 19 arguments against consciousness as moral evil, 455–8, 469–84, 487, 490, 492–3, emergent, 322–4 577 causal necessitation, 293, 300, 302–8, 314, “mysterian” view of consciousness compared 318, 319–20, 321–2, 324, 328, 335 to, 374–5 deductive form of, 295–9 , 255, 484, 486, 487 emergent properties, 284, 285, 286, 287, pain and pleasure, 449–51, 452, 453, 455, 288–90, 292–4, 297, 299, 300, 301, 302, 458–9, 462, 464, 468–9, 471, 472 n. 15, 303, 304, 305, 307, 308, 309, 310, 311, 312, 475–6, 478 n. 19, 479, 481, 484, 488, 490, 313, 314, 315–24, 325, 335, 340 491, 492–3, 494 emergent necessitation and contingency, Plantinga’s contribution to, 453 n. 2–4, 319–22 455–7, 489–92, 470, 472–3, 478 n. 19, 484, falsifi cation of naturalism, 303–4, 452 489–92 irreducible consciousness, 282, 301, 302, 324, practical problem, 453 435, 436–7, 443, 449, 452 problem of pain, 449–50 Mackie on Locke’s thinking matter, 308–9, 315 purpose of life and perfect happiness, xii, mysterian “naturalism”, 328–30, 336–9, 374, 392, 455, 457–84, 486–94 387, 437–8 retributive justice, 469, 488–9 panpsychism, xi, 298, 315, 316, 318–19, 328, self-forming choice (SFC), 465–7, 469, 472, 329, 337 473, 475, 479–80, 481, 482, 483 n. 24, 25, prephilosophical intuitions, 15, 319, 322, 484, 486–7, 489 324–8 or vice, 457 n. 7, 465, 472, 484, 489, Searle’s contingent correlations and 490–2 biological naturalism, 299–300, 301–2, theoretical problem of, 453 304, 307, 309–11 via negativa , 470–1 theistic dualism and, 329, 330–6, 337 argument from for the resurrection of theory acceptance and, 294–5 Jesus of Nazareth, see also argument from argument from evil, 346, 351, 352, 374, 375, religious experience; Jesus of Nazareth 453, 454, 472, 484; see also moral argument Christianity and, 593–5, 616, 618, 635, animal pain, 492–4 644–8, 650, 658 INDEX 665

collective force of the salient facts (W, D, P), inadequacy objection, 350, 375, 386–8 630–7 indeterminacy, 366, 368–9, 372, 374, 379, 401 concept of a , 596, 637–8 intentionality and, 344, 345, 350, 356, conspiracy hypothesis, 619, 622, 623 363–74, 377, 378, 379, 385, 386, 387 conversion of Paul (P), 595, 615–16, 619, irrational vs. nonrational causes, 353–4 628–30, 631 logicoconceptual gap, 383, 385 death and burial of Jesus of Nazareth, 604–6, mental causation, xii, 344, 351, 363, 373, 611, 619, 621 375–9 deists and, 593, 604, 651, 653 mystery and materialism, 374–5, 387 eyewitness testimony of women at the tomb natural theology and, 347, 384 (W), 595, 597, 606, 607–8, 619, 620–2, paradigm case argument, 354–5, 356 623, 632, 638, 643 problem of interaction, 373, 382–3 goal and scope of, 594–6, 658–9 psychological relevance of logical laws, xii, hallucination hypothesis, 619, 620, 621, 344, 363, 379–81 625–6, 627, 628, 629–30, 636–7, 643 rational inference, 351–2, 353–4, 355–6, Hume against miracles, xiii, 637–44, 651–8 357–8, 360–1, 363, 363, 364–5, 368, 374, independence assumption of each line of 375, 376, 377, 378, 379, 386 argument, 631–7 reasons-explanations vs. causal explanations, martyrdom, 610, 611–15, 624, 629, 634–5 357, 358–9, 360, 376 historical argument and apologetics, 593, summary of the nature and scope, 344–6, 597, 598, 604, 627, 631, 640 n. 38, 639–40, 362–3 644–6, 648 n. 41, 650–2 transcendental impact of, xii, 344, 351, 356 objective vision theory, 626–8, 635, 637 argument from religious experience (ARE), xii, Plantinga’s Principle of Dwindling 11, 498, 501–3, 507, 509, 510, 512, 525, Probabilities (PDP), 644–50 534, 536 n. 17, 537, 547, 548–9; see also probabilistic cumulative case arguments and, argument from miracles; God; Jesus of 617–20, 630–7 Nazareth of Nazareth, 594–6, 607, basic source of justifi cation (BSJ), 508–9, 617–20, 622, 623, 626, 628, 630, 631, 524, 533, 534, 535 632–7, 641–3 confl icting claims objection, 536–8, 539–42, testimony and transformation of disciples 547 (D), 608–15, 619–20, 622–8, 630–3, 635, contributes to cumulative case, xiii, 498 641, 645, 646 n. 39 computer skeptical hypothesis (CSH), 531–2 textual assumption about historical Jesus, critical trust approach (CTA), 508, 509, 515 597–604, 622, 630 n. 7, 524–8, 531, 541, 543, 546, 547, 548 theft hypothesis, 622–3 description of, 498 theism and, 593–5, 645–8, 649, 650, 659 disanalogy objection, 534–6, 547 argument from reason, xi–xii, 344, 346, 347–8, evidence confi rmation and sensory 351, 352–3, 354–6, 358, 360, 361–3, 374, perception, 498 n. 2, 524 375, 381, 386; see also argument from gullibilism objection, 548 consciousness; materialism; naturalism impartiality argument and, 528, 529–34, 548 Anscombe’s objections, xii, 344, 353–8, impossibility of individuation objection, 547 359–60, 361–2, 376 intracoherence, 511–12, 523–4, 527, 540, argument from computers objection, 381–2 543–54 armchair science objection, 383–4 logical gap objection, 503–4, 547 Barefoot’s four corollary argument, 378–9 mystical experience, 513, 519, 538–9, 540–3, best explanatory argument and, 355 546 Bayesian model and, 346 naturalistic explanation objection, 548 error theories, 350–1, 396 no criteria/uncheckability objection, 547–8 explanation-types and, 356–7 personal vs. impersonal ultimate reality, general problem of materialism, 344, 348–50 542–3 God of the gaps objection, 384–6 Principle of Credulity (PC), 502–3, 507–8, history of, 352–62 509 666 INDEX argument from religious experience (cont’d) Bayesian; see also explanation Principle of Critical Trust (PCT), 507, 508, Explanation, 346, 617 509–12, 525, 526, 527, 528–34, 536, 538, Factors, 618, 619 541, 548 Theorem, 618 privacy objection, 504, 506–7, 547 Bayne, Peter, 654 religious experience (RE), 498–503, 503, 505, Bentham, Jeremy; see also moral argument 506, 507, 509, 512–15, 534, 535, 536, hedonist theory of value, 421 537–8, 540, 541, 545, 548 Mill and, 423–4, 425, 432 superreliability requirement, 524, 548 Principle of Utility, 422 Swinburne’s PC, PCT, RE and ARE, 502–3, rights, 421–2, 432 507–9, 512, 528, 530 Bergmann, Michael; see also argument from theistic experience of God (TE), xiii, 498, evil; moral argument 499–501, 505, 508, 510, 512, 513, 515, “defender” response to , 470 516–18, 519–24, 547–8 n. 13., 471 n. 14, 475–6 theory-ladenness objection, 504–6, 547 experience of pleasure and happiness, 476 token vs. type PCT, 510, 511, 529, 534 possible goods, 475 traditional foundationalism, 503, 507 Berkeley, George, 1, 532 twentieth and twenty-fi rst century Beversluis, John, 351, 361, see also C. S. Lewis developments of the ARE, 501–3, 548–9 Bishop, John, 297, 311–12, 325 verifi cationism, 502 Blackmore, Susan, 350, 434 Aristotelianism; see also kalam cosmological Blaiklock, E. M., 600, 603 argument; Leibnizian cosmological Block, Ned, 340 argument; Bohm, David, 183 causal account of modality, 43–5 Bohr, Niels, 211, 213 cosmological argument and, 101 Bojowald, Martin, 149, 169–74 good person, 427 Boltzmann, Ludwig, 205, 266 essentialist account of modality, 39–43 Bonjour, L., 525, 532–3 infi nity, 112 Borde-Vilenkin-Guth (BVG) singularity ontology and, 39 theorem, 142–3, 147–50, 157, 158 see also theism, 39 Hawking-Penrose Theorems Armstrong, D. M., 303–4, 311, 331, 452; see also Brink, David, 406, 408 naturalism; physicalism Broad, C.D., 115 n. 14, 501–2 asymptotically static space-time, 147–50, see Brouwer analogue axiom, 44–5, 66, 72–4 also Borde-Vilenkin-Guth (BVG) Bultmann, Rudolf, 599 singularity theorem Butler, Bishop, 420, 618–19, 659 , ix, x n. 3, 20–1, 28, 186, 226, 346, 347, 375, 395, 627, 640, 655; see also God; Caldwell, Robert R., 219 Christianity; naturalism Calvinist, 45–6, 273, 297, 457 Augustine, 352, 459, 465–6, 487, 499, 601–2; see Campbell, George, 617, 639, 654, 655, 658 also Thomas Aquinas Camus, Albert, 445 Carr, Bernard, 275 B-theory of time, 114–15, 183, 191; see also Carrier, Richard; see also argument from a-theory of time miracles; Jesus of Nazareth; naturalism Bacon, Francis, 659 Barefoot’s four corollary argument, 378–9 Baergen, Ralph, 505–6 Logical laws and physical laws, 380 Bagger, Matthew 5, 13, 18, 502 see also, David Reppert’s armchair science and, 383–6 Hume theft hypothesis and Jesus’ resurrection, 623, Baier, Kurt, 461–2 627 n. 30 Baker, Lynne, 16, 370 Cartwright, Nancy, 505 Barefoot, Derek, 362, 378–9 causation; see also determinism; libertarian Barfi eld, Owen; see C. S. Lewis freedom; naturalism Barrow, John, 123 n. 20, 127, 130, 144, agent, 91–2, 285–6, 312–13, 314–18, 319, 147 n. 45, 174 n. 75, 214, 223, 266 324–7, 333 INDEX 667

asymmetry of, 64 epiphenomenal, 288–9, 290, 329, 335, 340, causing the causing and, 74–7 376, 379, 436 causal necessitation, 293, 302–3, 305–6, 335 error theories, 350–1, 396 circular, 79, 83–4 irreducible, 282, 301, 302, 324, 435, 436–7, deviant causal chain, 498 443, 449, 452 event, 193, 296, 313, 327 intentionality, xii, 5, 300, 307, 344, 345, 350, intermediate vs. nonintermediate, 25, 296, 356, 363–74, 377, 385 307, 424 mental causation, xii, 289, 344, 351, 363, 373, irrefl exive relation, 87–8, 332 375–9, 436, 437 overdetermination, 64–5, 436 modern philosophical orthodoxy and, power, 39, 43–4, 90, 186, 193–4, 211, 290, 449–52 312, 314, 319–20, 323, 332, 335, 409, mysterious, 282, 302, 304, 328–39, 374, 386, 577 n. 25 387, 450–1 realist view of, 292–3, 313, 320 phenomenal, 9, 289, 321–3, 328, 340 n. 8, substantive axioms, 34 350, 385, 409, 450, 493, 522 transitive relation and, 87–8, 331–2 theism and, 8–9, 10, 11 top/down, 287–90, 315, 316, 317, 318 Confucianism, 430, 513 causal principal (CP) consequentialism, 35, 426; see also moral; moral Brouwer analogue, 72–4 arguments causing the causing objection, 74–7 constants of physics, 202, 203 local to nonlocal, 60–3 Copan, Paul, xii, 439–42, 445 modal argument, 63–70 Copp, David, 413 n. 6 PSR and 70, 71 Craig, William, xi, 101 n. 2, 102, 107, 112, 113 states of affairs and, 63 n. 13, 124, 186, 188 n. 94, 95, 189 n. 96, Chalmers, David, 9, 480 n. 21; see also, 196, 258 n. 42, 278 n. 59, 283, 331, 446, argument from evil; natural theology 604 n. 12, 605 n. 14, 659 n. 43; see also Chalmers, Thomas, 631 kalam cosmological argument; argument Chandler, Samuel, 651–2, 653 from miracles Chesterton, G. K., 391, 416, 435, 442, 445–6 creatio ex nihilo, 101, 140 n. 38, 189, 190; see Chignell, Andrew, 473 n. 16, 483 n. 25 also kalam cosmological argument; Chisholm, Roderick, x n. 3, 291, 293, 299, 331, Leibnizian cosmological argument; 485, 487 n. 27, 503; see also argument teleological argument from consciousness; epistemology; Crick, Francis, 433, 451, 484 foundationalism Crisp, Roger, 282, 427 Christianity, 514–15, 593–4, 595, 647–8; Crossan, John Dominic, 601–2, 605–6; see also, see also argument from miracles; Jesus of argument from miracles Nazareth Cudworth, Ralph, 2, 16, 310 Churchland, Paul and Patricia, 305, 369–70, cumulative arguments, 19, 617–20, 630–7; see 371, 387; see also naturalism, physicalism also explanation Clarke, Samuel, 94, 95 cyclic universe model, 150–7, 166–9, see also Closed timelike curves (CTCs), 133–6, see also Hawking-Penrose Theorems, Quantum Hawking-Penrose theorems Cohn-Sherbok, Dan, 479 n. 20 Daniels, Norman , 407–8, 414, 417, 419, 535 Collins, Robin, xi, 202 n. 1, 214, 216 n.12, 223, Danto, Arthur, 12, 434 225, 244 n. 27, 255 n. 39, 272; see also Darwin, Charles, 352, 393, 395, 396–7, 403, 408, teleological argument 409, 413, 442 common-sense realism, see prephilosophical Darwinian evolution; see also naturalism intuitions adaptiveness and truth, 398–9, 404, 408 consciousness, see also argument from argument from evolutionary naturalism consciousness, materialism, naturalism (AEN), 392–404, 407, 408, 415 correlation, xi, 17, 287, 296, 297, 299–300, atheism, 395 302–5, 307, 308, 310, 328, 329, 333, 336, counterfactuals, 409–14 372, 383, 387, 437 Darwinian counterfactual, 403 668 INDEX

Darwinian evolution; see also naturalism (cont’d) Cartesian, 304, 306, 373, 382 emergence of rational inference, 360–1 emergent, 383 moral argument and, 393–404 mind-body, 321, 353, 382, 387, 451 naturalizing content, 368–9 problem of interaction, 373, 382–3 principle of suffi cient reason and, 28–30 property, 300, 301, 333, 436, 437 purposelessness, 348–9 Searle and, 300 “rights” language, 411 science-supporting worldview, 382 Davies, P. 122–3, 130, 215, 220, 251, 266–7 substance, 301, 319–20, 322–3, 325–7, 340 Dawkins, Richard, 2–3, 4, 11–12, 272, 394–5 theism and, 16, 329, 300, 333, 334, 335, 336, Dennett, Daniel; see also argument from 337 consciousness; naturalism; physicalism Dupre, Louis, 546 consciousness, 9, 443 Darwinian notion of “rights”, 411, 423, 442 Earman, John, 638–9, 641, 642, 643, 644, 653, freedom, 451 see also “greedy reductionism”, 399 Edwards, Jonathan, 539–40 indeterminate propositional content, 368–9 Edwards, Paul, 80–2, 460 “”, 435 Edwards, Rem, 502, 504, 506–7 mind’s relation to the brain, 434 egoism, 391, 420–1, 441–2, see also moral morality, 403–4 argument naturalism and, 6 Einstein, Albert, 125, 129, 131, 133–4, 139–40, psychology, 348–9 148–50, 158, 161, 165, 180, 208, 215–16, third-person scientifi c explanation, 434 218 n. 14, 219, 240, 249, 263–5, 352, 366, ultimate explanations, 443 387, 524 unaware of the causes of our choices, 451 ekpyrotic models, see cyclic universe models Denton, Michael, xi, 225 Elgin, Catherine, 503 deontology, 35, 427 eliminative materialism, 369–71; see also Descartes, Rene; see also dualism; epistemology; materialism foundationalism Eliot, G, 391–2 argument from our idea of God, 94, 352, 553 emergent properties, 288–9, 290–1, 292–4; see Caterus and, 570–1 also, argument from consciousness causation, 33, 78 embodied moral agents, xi, 202, 203, 204, 211, cosmological argument and, 101 212, 214, 254, 255, 256, 276; see also moral; “Descartes Revenge”, 304 teleological argument; dualism, 301 empiricism, 504, 507, 535, 536; see also existence and essence, 565–6 naturalism; physicalism foundationalism, 416 epistemic appraisal and justifi cation, 12, 46, indubitability, 9 293, 295, 299, 319, 416, 498, 525; see also mind-brain, 434 epistemology ontological argument and, 553, 565–72, 580 epistemic probability, see also Likelihood design arguments, see teleological argument Principle determinism; see also libertarian freedom account of, 228–33 causal explanations and, 56 Bayesian conception of probability, 243 causal overdetermination, 64 conditional, 203, 204 external vs. internal, 55, 55 n. 11 confi rmation, 242 Laplacian, 275 degrees of , 240 superdeterminism, 275 determining, 233–4 Dodson, Edward, 227 Entailment Principle, 259–61 Dostoevsky, Fyodor, 417, 418, 419 episto-logical probability, 229–30 Draper, Paul, 255 n. 38, 359, 515 introspection/intuition, 231, 233 dualism; see also materialism, naturalism, Keynes (John) and, 226 physicalism natural variable assumption, 236–9 agency and, 14–15, 188 n. 94 need for, 226–8 Aristotelian-Thomistic, 383 noetic conceptions of, 230 INDEX 669

Parsons (Keith) and, 226 rational inference and inferential knowledge, Plantinga’s conditional epistemic probability 351–8, 360–1, 362–5, 368, 374, 375, 376, (CEP), 230–2 377, 378, 378, 379, 386 Principle of Indifference, xi, 32, 207, 228, secondary qualities, 309–10, 385, 450, 522 234–6, 238, 239, 241, 245–6, 251–2, 253, second-order critical principle, 526, 547 256 n. 41, 261 n. 47 skepticism, 41, 148 n. 4, 222, 225, 241 n. 25, Problem of infi nite ranges and, 249–52 284, 322, 355, 393–5, 398, 404, 406, 408, purely logical theory of, 228–9 415, 506, 515, 532. 533 n. 13, 609 Restricted Principle of Indifference, 234–6 warrant, ix, 18, 190, 230, 231–2, 233, 397, scientifi c realism vs. antirealism, 227–8 398, 404, 415, 416, 510, 576, 615 statistical vs., 226, 228, 259–60, 261 n. 47 essentialism; see also Leibnizian cosmological Thesis of Common Ancestry, 226, 227, 233, argument 240 Aristotelian account, 33, 39–43 epistemology, see also foundationalism Kripkean essential property, 43 n. 6, 63 basicality, 294 eternal infl ation, 136–9, see also cognitive adjustment, 528, 540, 541, 545, Hawking-Penrose Theorems 546 asymptotically static space-time, 147–50 emotions and, 444, 522 n. 10 cyclic universe, 134, 150–7, 167, 180 epistemic seeming vs. comparative seeming, cosmic relic and horizon problem, 136–7 508, 509, 510 n. 5, 520, 525, 526, 527, 528, infi nite contraction, 143–7, 170 n. 70, 180 534, 538 models of, 139–43 epistemic values, 295, 336 time deconstruction, 157 expressivism, 412, 415 n. 10 universe fl atness problem, 137 externalism, 407, 509 ethical naturalism vs. nonnaturalism, 409–14; fi tness-aimed vs. truth-aimed belief see also moral argument formation, 404, 407, 408–9, 414, 416–17 Euthyphro, 350, 440, 460, 462; see also moral, Humean skepticism vs. Reidean externalism, moral argument 415–17 evil, see problem of evil inference to the best explanation (IBE), 526, existence vs. actuality, 35, 98 see also modality 532 experience, see also argument from religious internalism, 358, 509 experience memory and experience, 509, 523, 530–1, comparison and confl ict of, 527 532–3, 535, 539, 540, 544 confl icting, 536 naturalist, xi, 284–5, 286, 287, 290, 292, 293, noetic, 509, 510–11, 513, 529, 543–4 303, 307, 328, 337, 373, 404, 405 interpersonal, 522, 545 naturalness, 294–5, 304 intracoherence as a type of, 511–12, 543–4 nonconceptual explanation, 52, 78, 92, 520 moral, 392, 406, 524, 544–5 nonrational vs. irrational loss of knowledge, monistic mystical, 538–9, 544 46–7, 344, 353–4, 359, 382 nonconceptual content, 520 of mathematics, 84 overinterpretation vs. underinterpretation, of religious belief, 18, 20 506 philosophy of and, 549 phenomenology of, 515, 519, 521, 522 presumptive data, 503, 525, 526, 537, 540, presumptive data, 503, 525–6, 537, 540–1 541 propositional content of our epistemic prima facie justifi cation (PFJ), 507–8, 509, seeming, 520–1, 539 510, 511, 512, 515 n. 7, 523–4, 525, 530, religious, 18, 498–503, 503, 505, 506, 507, 534, 546, 548 509, 512–15, 534, 535, 536, 537–8, 540, Principle of Consensus, 526, 527 541, 545, 548 Principle of Critical Trust (PCT), 507–12, sense (SE), 503, 506, 507, 509, 511, 512, 518, 525–34, 536, 538, 541, 548 519 n. 8, 520, 523, 526, 530, 533–5, Principle of Epistemic Enhancement, 527, 536 n. 17, 540, 544, 558 548 sifting presumptive data of, 525–7 Principle of Epistemic Defeat, 526 superreliability requirement, 524, 548 670 INDEX experience (cont’d) epistemically illuminated (EI), 244–9 theistic (TE), xiii, 498, 499–501, 505, 508, constants of physics, 213–20, 239–41, 252–3 510, 512, 513, 515, 516–18, 519–24, 547–8 determinism, 275 unveridical, 504, 505, 508, 548 fi ne-tuning of a constant C of physics, 204 veridical, 498, 501–2, 503, 506, 510, 515 n. 7, electromagnetism, 212 519, 520, 523, 524, 527, 534, 535, 538, 540, embodied moral agents and, 211, 212 541, 542, 547–8, 616 fundamental law objection, 274–5 explanation; see also epistemology General Relativity, 215 best candidate principle, 79 gravity, 211–12, 214–15 causa sui, 78 Higgs fi eld, 216 causal, 5, 44–5, 56, 75, 187, 192, 194 n. 101, initial conditions of the universe, 220–2 285, 288, 293, 296, 299, 300, 304, 305, 357, infl ationary cosmology, 217 358–9, 360 laws of nature and, 211–13 coherence, 532–3 multiple universes, 217 combinatorial modes of explanation, 284–5, Pauli Exclusion Principle, 213 288, 290, 328 phase space, 220 conceptual, 52, 60, 78, 89 problem stated, 216 contrastive, 58–60 quintessence, 174, 216–19, 224 cosmic theistic, 13 statistical mechanics, 221–2 cumulative, 617, 619 Stenger, 217–18, 222–5 foundationalism, 531–3 strong nuclear force, 212 gap, 10, 287, 355, 373 supersymmetry, 218 inference to the best, 30–2 zero-point energies, 217, 218 isomorphic skeptical hypothesis (ISH), 531–2 fi rst philosophy, 284 folk psychological, 13, 370 Fischer, John Martin, 463, 464–5 mechanistic, 386, 387, 443 Flanagan, Owen, 435, 450, 451–2, 459, 465–6 natural, 13, 29, 224–5 Flew, Antony, 501, 503, 536 personal, 192–3, 194 n.101, 208–9, 296, Flint, Thomas, 472 297–8, 335–6 fl ourishing, see happiness philosophical, 12 Fodor, Jerry, 376 power of, 4, 18, 30, 283, 287, 304, 319, 337, foundationalism 527, 531, 536 n. 18, 542, 545, 622, 623, Cartesian, 416 625, 628, 637, 643, 644 explanatory, 531 probalistic, 595 foundherentism and, 503, 527 putative, 89 intercoherence, 527, 544–5 quantum mechanical, 58 moderate, 525 self-explanatory, 26, 55, 57, 71, 78, 86, 93 properly basic, 416 scientifi c nonconceptual, 52 sense experiences (SEs), 503 scientifi c causal, 52, 293, 304 strong, 525, 647 n. 40 simplicity, 209, 532 traditional, 503, 507 statistical relevance theories of, 52, 56 n. 12, 57 weak, 525 teleological, 443, 452 Forgie, J. W., 519, 521 ultimate, 24, 59, 78, 209, 443, 484 Forrest, Peter, 57, 261 n. 47 Extreme Modal Realism (EMR), 35–6 freedom, see libertarian freedom Friedmann-Lemaitre model, see standard Hot Farmer, H. H., 501, 516 Big Bang model Farrer, Austin, 467, 601 Fumerton, Richard, 532 Feser, E., 365, 366–9 functionalism, 321, 411 Findlay, John, 85, 568 fi ne-tuning of the universe, 204, see also Gale, Richard, 25 n. 1, 80–1, 118 n. 17, 502, teleological argument 535–6, 544 anthropic fi ne-tuning, 213–14 Gellman, Jerome, 18, 96–8, 502, 522, 524, 525, Bohr’s rule of quantization, 213 536 n. 16, 548, 548 INDEX 671

Gasperini, Maurizio, 160–5, 169 Guth, Alan, 136–7, 141, 142–3, 150, 157, 168, general relativity (GR), 115 125, 127, 129, 131, 175, 180, 217 132, 133, 134, 137, 148 n. 47, 149, 158, Gutting, G., 502, 503, 504, 510, 524, 525 159, 165, 169, 176, 178, 180, 185, 190, see also standard big bang model Haack, Susan, 503, 527 Gibbard, Alan, 411, 412, 413 Habermas, Gary, 607, 609, 616, 624 n. 23, 626, Ginet, C., 531 627 n. 30 Gladstone, W. E., 641 Hackett, Stuart, x, 102, 431 God, see also, argument from religious Hacking, Ian, 226, 240, 247 experience; ontological argument; problem Hajek, P., 577, 578 of evil; religious experience; sensus Hannay, Alisdair, 8 divinitatis happiness, 421, 426, 427–8, 429–30, 432, 455, aseity and God, 94 457–62, 465, 468, 469, 471–3, 476; see also anthropomorphism and, 4, 5–6, 13, 118 n. argument from evil 17, 274 Harman, Gilbert, 398, 404, 405, 406, 407, 408, attributes of, 25, 91, 347, 519 410, 412 agency of, 12, 14, 15–16, 91–2, 384 Harris, James, 507, 547 commands of, 15, 443–4, 460–2, 610 Harrison, Jonathan, 519, 521, 522 divine concurrence, 45–6 Hartshorne, Charles, 18, 553, 572–4, 589–90; , 474, 521–2 see also, ontological argument essence and existence, 94 Hasker, William First Cause, 24–5, 94, 190–6 argument from computers, 381 goodness, 92–3 complete happiness and evil, 471 great-making properties, xiii, 554, 556, 557, counterfactual argument from mental 558, 559, 562, 564, 565, 568 causation, 376–7 greatest conceivable being, xiii, xiv, 562–3, emergent dualism, 315, 317, 383 572 O’Connor’s (Timothy) view of emergence “who designed God?” objection, 203, 272–4 and, 315, 317 Immaterial, x, 5–6, 25, 39, 192–3, 194, 196 Reppert (Victor) and, 355–6 intervention, 5, 224, 308, 480–1 “Transcendental Refutation of Determinism”, human happiness and, xii, 392, 455, 457–84, 361 486–94 Hawking-Penrose Theorems, 131–3, 136, 138–9, justifi cation for belief in God, xii, 208, 273, 141, 158, 159, 161, 179, see also eternal 392, 498, 512, 549 infl ation, standard Hot Big Bang middle knowledge and evil, 478 n. 19 Chronology Protection Conjecture (CPC), necessarily existent, 1, 26, 84–6 134, 135 omnipotence, 91, 96–8, 274, 308, 573 closed-timelike curves (CTC), 132–6 perfection, 94–5, 571 eternal infl ation, 136–42 personhood, 91, 96, 193, 443, 444–5 quantum gravity cosmologies, 158–79 simplicity, 42, 77, 93–6, 291–2 Hay, D., 501, 513, 514, 515 temporality and, 2 Hengel, Martin, 601, 605 n. 13, 606 Godel, K., xiii, 33, 85, 553, 572, 574–80, 590–2 Hess, Rick, 488 n. 28 Goetz, Stewart, xii, 10, 326, 433, 434, 435, 436, Hesse, Mary, 502 437, 438, 443, 452; see also argument from , 9 consciousness; argument from reason; Hick, John, 502, 508, 515, 528, 539, 543–54, argument from evil 546 n. 21 Gould, Stephen, 401, 414, 442–3 Hilbert, David, 104, 105, 107–11 Greene, Brian, 137–8, 263 Hill, Thomas E., 419, 428–9 Grice, G. R., 419 Hiscock, William, 135, 136 n. 32 Griffi th-Dickson, Gwen, 506, 548 historical Jesus, 597 see also Jesus of Nazareth Grunbaum, 113, 124, 183, 185, 191, 195–6 Hitler, Adolf, 387, 404–5, 409, 410 n. 3, 412, Gott-Li model, 133–6, see also 414, 417, 481, 544 Hawking-Penrose Theorems Horgan, Terrence, 303–4, 373 672 INDEX

Howard-Snyder, Daniel, 478–9, 479 n. 20 initial conditions of the universe, 168, 202, 204, human fl ourishing, see happiness 211, 220, 225, 234, 239, 242, 243, 245, 252, human person 275 dignity, 417–20, 431–2, 438–9, 443 intellectual virtues, 20–1 God compared to, 5–6 intentionality, 307, 363–9, 371–4, see also, ideal observer theory, 439–42, 445 argument from consciousness, argument imago Dei, 442–5 from reason intrinsic value of, 439 determinate content, 365–9 moral agency and, 438–9 mentalistic worldview, 374 nature of, 5 physicalist accounts of, 366–9 purpose of, xiii, 457–6, 471–3 prior intentionality and, 374 Hume, David; see also miracles; natural representation, 364, 366–7, 370 theology intrinsic value, xii, 216, 421, 426, 433, 438, 439, access to mental states vs. access to self, 440, 441, 445 n. 12, 457 n. 6; see also moral 326–37, 434–5 argument anthropomorphism and theism, 5, 13 introspection, 9, 231, 306–7, 318, 323–4, 328, Causal Principle, 190 371, 378, 509, 533, 535; see also causation, 84 epistemology consciousness, 13 Islam, 1, 101, 514 design argument and, 7–8 epistemological moral skepticism, 415–17 Jackson, Frank; see also naturalism; materialism; Hume’s Principle, 85, 104, 109, 120, 122 physicalism Hume-Edwards-Campbell principle, 80–2 account of the mental, 291–2 miracles, xiii, 5, 6–7, 594, 637–44, 651–8 emergent mental properties, 340 modal imagination argument, 47–50 location problem, 286–7, 319 moral properties, 393 logic of mereological hierarchy, 287 objection to theistic natural theology, 2, 5, personal identity, 325 7–8 prescientifi c notion of solidity, 324 parallel miracle claims, 654–8 principle of simplicity, 291–2 Principle of Suffi cient Reason (PSR), 27 serious metaphysics, 291, 319 Reid’s common-sense, 416–17 James, William, 437–8 Regress Problem, 24 Jenkin, Robert, 624 “who designed God?” objection, 272 Jerome, Jerome K., 420 Hursthouse, Rosalin, 427, 429–30 Jesus of Nazareth, see also argument from Husserl, Edmund, 338 miracles; God Huyssteen, J. W. V., 19 archaeology and, 600–1 bodily resurrection of (R), 594, 595, 596 idealism, 344, 347–8, 374 classical scholars and, 603–4 imago Dei, 442, 444; see also human person command to love persons unconditionally, inductive probability, 226, 229; see epistemic 444 probability death and burial of, 605–6 infi nite contraction, 143–7, 151 see also disciples testimony of the empty tomb, Borde-Vilenkin-Guth (BVG) singularity 608–15 theorem general reliability of New Testament infi nite regress, xi, 26, 60, 115–16 cf. Leibnizian accounts, 597–604 cosmological argument literary criticism and, 599–600 infl ationary cosmology, 123, 138–9, 265–71, see miracles, 384, 602, 611, 627 also Hawking-Penrose Theorems Paul’s conversion and, 595, 615–16 Albrecht’s “dominant channel” response, prophetic abilities of, 599, 603 265–9 religious experience of, 499–500, 522 Boltzmann brain (BB), 266–7, 269–72 swoon theory, 605 low-entropy problems, 265 women’s testimony of the empty tomb, megaverse, 269, 270 607–8 INDEX 673

Johnson, Daniel, 46 consciousness and modern philosophical Johnson, Robert N., 427, 428, 429, 431 orthodoxy, 436, 450 Josephus, 598, 604, 605, 608, 614, 615 consciousness “oddly absent”, 434 Joyce, Richard, 396–7, 398, 400 correlations, 310, 436 Judaism, 1, 613, 614, 625, 629, 653 dualism, 325 emergent epiphenomenal dualist, 340 n. 8 kalam cosmological argument; see also epistemological and ontological simplicity, Leibnizian cosmological argument 291–2 a-theory and b-theory of time, 113 n. 13, irreality of the mental, 340 114, 115, 116, 118 n. 17, 121, 124, 183–6, location problem, 292 187, 191 minimal physicalism, 321, 436 al-Ghazali, 101, 102 problem of interaction, 382, 383 beginning of the universe, 101, 103, 122, 125, reductionism, 436–8 130, 131, 135, 180, 181, 184–5, 187 n. 93, supervenient as a label, 286 188, 189, 191 n. 99, 193, 195, 222 supervenience/exclusion argument, 436 beginningless universe, 123,181 Kitcher, Philip, 400, 401, 402 Causal Principle, 186–8, 189, 190, 195 Klausner, Joseph, 621 description and overview of, 101–3 Kolda, Christopher, 219 n. 15 ex nihilo nihil fi t, experiential confi rmation Koons, Robert, x, 28, 68 n. 17, 75, 77, 87, and objection, 182–90 574 n. 20, 578 First Cause of the universe, 190–6 Kripke, S., 36 n. 3, 43 n. 6, 63, 85, 367, 369, 409, formation of an actual infi nite by successive 520 addition and, 117–24 Kruskal, William, 632 impossibility of an actual infi nite, 103–17 Kuhn, Thomas, 339, 505 Leibnizian argument and, 25–6, 101, 372 Kwan, Kai-man, xii, 498 n. 1, 508, 513, 514, 525, mutakallim, 102 545, 547, 547, 548; see also argument from quantum physics, 182–3 religious experience scientifi c problems with the infi nity of the past, 125–82 Laplace, P.S, 634 n. 36, 640 Kane, Robert, 325, 465–7 Larmer, Robert, 384 Kanitscheider, Bernulf, 187–8 Law of Excluded Middle (LEM), 27–8 Kant, Immanuel; see also materialism, moral Lewontin, Richard, 438 conscience, 467 laws of nature, 28, 31–2, 52, 58, 78, 82, 202, consciousness, 338 204, 211–13, 219, 233, 252, 256, 261 n. 47, Descartes-Leibniz ontological argument and, 264, 265, 272, 275, 276, 285–6, 304, 338, 569 596, 637; see also natural theology design argument and, 7 Layman, C. S., 500, 502, 521–2, 529 dignity, 431, 438–9, 442 Leibnizian cosmological argument; see also existence and essence, 569–70 kalam cosmological argument First Antinomy, 102 broadly logical necessity and, 28 materialist account of the mind, 352 causal principle (CP), 25 moral law and, 392, 438–9 description of, 24, 25, 101 objections to theistic natural theology, 2, 7–8, further research and, 98 18, 208 Gap Problem, 25, 90, 91, 93, 98 ontological argument, 570 n. 18 Glendower Problem, 24 Principle of Humanity, 414, 431, 432 mechanistic materialism, 282 virtue and moral duty, 418, 431, 443–4 narrowly logical account of modality, 33 Keim, Theodore, 626–7 ontological argument and Leibniz, 565–72, 580 Kenny, Anthony, 8, 20 principle of suffi cient reason (PSR), 24, 25, Keynes, John Maynard, 226, 228, 229 26–33, 44–59 Kim, Jaegwon; see also argument from principle of good-enough explanation, 54 consciousness, naturalism, physicalism Regress Problem, 24, 76 completeability of physics, 287-8 Taxicab Problem, 24, 86–7 674 INDEX

Leslie, Charles, 653 loop quantum gravity (LQG), 149, 169–74, Leslie, John, xi, 19–20, 79, 202 n. 1, 214 n. 9, 180–1, see also quantum gravity 225, 259, 276, 278, 414, n. 8 Lowder, Jeffrey, 621 Lewis, C. S.; see also argument from reason Lucas, J. R., 361 “an act of knowing”, 358, 360, 361 Lycan, William, 349, 382, 503, 510, 531 Anscombe’s objections, 353–5, 356–8, 360 Lyons, William, 283, 450–1 argument from reason, 352–61 Barfi eld (Owen) and, 347 MacIntyre, Alasdair, 457–8, 503 Beversluis, John, 351, 361 Mackie, J. L.; see also argument from cultivation of character, 444 consciousness; argument from miracles; death and the meaning of human persons, atheism; kalam cosmological argument 435 Causal Principle, 190 emergence of rational inference, 360–1 infi nite past, 119–20 evolutionary naturalism (EN), 394 libertarian agency, 296 happiness, 461 Locke and thinking matter, 308–9 intentionality, 363–4 miracles, 640, 643 materialism’s empty universe, 348 objections to the kalam cosmological problem of pain, 449–50 argument, 189 rational inference, 357, 362–3, 375–6 pleasure and happiness, 468 realism, 351 problem of evil and freely choosing the reasoning process, 362–3 good, 458, 468 truth relation, 364 supervenience of moral properties, 311 Lewis, David, 30, 35–6, 64, 65, 72, 258 “who designed God?” objection, 272 libertarian freedom, 25, 54–6 Madell, Geoffrey, 282, 298 autonomy and naturalism, 436 Malcolm, Norman, xiii, 553, 572, 573, 583, compatibilism, 451–2 588–9 determinism and, 54–5 Manley, David, 74 problem of evil, 451–2 Maritain, J., 546 randomness objection, 54–5 Martin, Michael,439–42, 445, 502, 510, 540–1, life-permitting universe (LPU), 203, 205, 207, 628 n. 31; see also moral argument 209, 210, 225, 230, 232–3, 241, 243, 254, Mascall, Eric, 361 256, 257, 259, 261, 273, 276, 277–8 materialist, see also naturalism; physicalism Likelihood Principle broadly, 345 Bayes’s Theorem, 205 n. 2 causal-closure, 360, 379 conditional epistemic probability, 205–6 consciousness and modern philosophical elaborated innocence hypothesis, 210–11 orthodoxy, 450 Expectation Principle, 206 Darwinian purposelessness, 348–9 Kant’s method of theoretical reason and, 208 eliminative, 345, 369–70, 371 life-permitting universe (LPU), 207, 208 error theories and, 350–1 naturalistic single-universe hypothesis essential features of, 345–6 (NSU), 208 general problem of, 348–50 probabilistic tension, 209–11 mentalist vs., 344–6, 347 restricted Principle of Indifference, 207 mystery and, 374–5 restricted version of, 202, 205 n. 2, 206–7 nonreductive, 360, 371 Swinburne’s personal explanation and, normativity, 349 208–9 problem of interaction, 382–3 Theistic hypothesis (T), 208 reductionism, 346 Linde, Andrei, 139, 142 n. 41, 175, 264 subjectivity, 349 Linville, Mark, xii, 428 n. 16, 439 n. 21; see also mathematics, see also actual infi nite; kalam moral argument cosmological argument Locke, John, 1, 15, 101, 283 n. 1, 308–9, 315, antirealist vs. realist views of mathematical 401, 533 n. 13 objects, 107–8 Lockwood, Michael, 9–10, 437 Cantor and, 111 INDEX 675

existence and, 105 rule utilitarianism, 423, 424–5 fi nitism and, 108 n. 7, 111 “social utility”, 426 Hilbert, 107, 108–9 utility and justice, 423, 424–5 intuitionism, 106, 111 modality; see also kalam cosmological numbers and propositions causally argument ineffi cacious, 84–5 alethic, 33 set theory, 111 Aristotelian-causal account of, 43–5 transfi nite arithmetic, 111, 121 Aristotelian-essentialist account of, 39–43 Zeno’s paradoxes, 108 n. 8 Lewisian account of, 35–6 Zermelo-Fraenkel, 88 medieval Aristotelian, 43 n. 6 Maydole, Robert, xiii, 580 n. 33, 35, 581, 586; modal imagination argument and PSR, see also ontological argument 47–50 McDermott, Drew, 9 modal inference of 2QS5. 588 McGill, A.C., 554–5 n. 2 narrowly local account of, 33–5 McGinn, Colin; see also argument from platonic account of, 36–9 consciousness; consciousness; naturalism; Van Inwagen’s modal fatalism and physicalism probabilistic argument, 50–8 actual infi nite, 331 Moore, G. E., 486 agency theory, 333 moral; see also moral argument antinaturalist solutions, 329 agency, 214, 399, 436, 437, 438, 439 causal necessitation and Searle, 305–8 beliefs, 392, 394, 395–6, 397–8, 400, 402–11, dualism, 329, 336 413–17, 432–3, 441–2 kalam cosmological argument, 338 community, 421, 425 fi nite consciousness, 330 explanations, 404–5, 412–13, 428 mysterian “naturalism”, 328–30, 336–9, 374, faculties, xii, 408 n. 2, 414, 417 387, 437–8 language, 412 noetic faculties, 329 nonmoral, 45, 406, 408, 412–13, 439–40, 458, nonspatiality of the mental, 330, 338 493 panpsychism, 329 moral properties, 311, 393, 397, 400, 405, problem of evil, 334–5 409, 411–12, 413, 414, 415, 428 property/event dualism, 328, 329 standing, 418–27 space as a three-dimensional manifold, subjectivism, 349, 393–4, 396, 415 338–9 moral argument, xii, 350, 392, 416, see also standard naturalist solutions, 328 moral theistic dualism, 330–6 argument from evolutionary naturalism McGrew, Timothy and Lydia, 247 n. 29, 249, (AEN), 392–404, 407, 408, 415 250, 251, 595; see also argument from argument from personal dignity, 392, miracles 417–20, 431–46 Meier, John, 597 description of and scope, 391–2 Mena, Olga, 218 n. 14 Darwinian counterfactuals, 403, 409, 413, 442 mentalism, 344–6, 347, 374 Dependence Thesis and, 404–9, 411, 414 Menuge, Angus, 362, 374 egoism, 391, 420–1, 441, 442 Mersenne, Father, 568 ethical naturalism and nonnaturalism, metaethics, 392, 396, 415, 430 409–14 Midgley, Mary, 400, 401, 419, 429–30, 434 Euthyphro problem, 440 Mill, John Stuart; see also moral argument fi tness-aimed vs. truth-aimed belief Bentham and, 424 formation, 404, 407, 408–9, 414, 416–17 Blackstone’s Formulation, 425 fl ourishing, 421, 426, 427–8, 429, 430, 432 hedonist theory of value, 421 genetic fallacy, 395, 399 Paley and, 425 human morality, 394, 395, 397, 399, 401, 402, pleasure, 426 404, 407, 412, 414 Principle of Utility, 421, 422, 424, 425 human persons, xi, xii, 428, 433–8, 439, 443, Rights, 424, 432 444–5 676 INDEX moral argument (cont’d) existence of rational norms, 349–50 Humean skepticism vs. Reidean externalism, explanatory gap, 10 415–17 panpsychism, 298 Independence Thesis, 395–6 supervenience, 10 instincts, 396–7, 401–4, 409, 445, 467 type reductions, 310 intrinsic value and, xii, 421, 426, 433, Narveson, Jan, 4–5, 8, 12, 18 see also, Matthew 438–42, 445 n. 22, 457 n. 6 Bagger Kant and, 392, 411, 418, 431–2, 438–9, natural theology, see also arguments for the 442–4 ; Christianity; God moral knowledge, 397–8 antitheistic arguments and, 2–7 moral properties, 311, 393, 397, 400, 405, argument from reason and, 347–8 409, 411–12, 413, 414, 415, 428 God of the gaps, 384–6 moral realism and antirealism, 277, 393, 395, historical apologetics, 639–40 398, 406–7, 409, 411, 412, 438, 441–2 nontheistic versions of, 18–20 moral skepticism, 393–4, 395, 398, 404, 408, objections to theistic natural theology, 7–8, 413 n. 6, 415 10–18 Nietzsche, 391–2, 445 and, x, xi, 8–10 reductionism, 398–400, 436–8 project described, x, 1–2 subjectivism, 349, 393–4, 396, 415 renaissance of, ix, x supervenience of moral properties, 311, 405 revealed theology and, 1, 2, 18 Thesis of Moral Objectivity (TMO), 398 status of arguments for God’s existence and, Truth-maker, 395, 396, 398, 404, 410 xi utilitarianism, 421–7, 430, 432 n. 18. theism as a scientifi c thesis, 4, 11 virtue ethics, 427–31 naturalism, see also, Frank Jackson, David moral knowledge, 13, 397–8; see also Papineau, Colin McGinn, Jaegwon Kim, epistemology materialism, physicalism Moreland, J. P., 188 n. 94, 373, 383, 194 n. 101, agent causation (AGC), 285, 312–13, 314–18, 373, 383; see also argument from 319, 324–7, 333 consciousness; argument from reason antitheistic natural theology arguments and, Morgan, Thomas, 652 2–7 Morriston, Wesley, 188–9 argument from evolutionary naturalism Multiverse, 204, 256–8, see also naturalism, (AEN), 392–404, 407, 408, 415 teleological argument argument from reason and, 346, 347–8, chaotic infl ationary models, 263 351–2, 353–4, 356, 359, 362, 368–9, 373, generator, 263 375, 376, 378–9 haecceities, 262 Barefoot’s corollaries of naturalism, 378–9 hypothesis, 203, 204 biological, 299–302, 304, 307, 309 Infl ationary-superstring, 262–72 broad, 436 life-permitting universe (LPU), 203, 204, 207, Cartesian dualism and, 304, 306, 373 208, 252–3, 275–7 causal closure, 287–8, 289, 290, 314, 355, 360, Naturalistic multiverse hypothesis, 204 376, 377, 436 standard infl ationary superstring scenario, causal necessitation, 293–9, 302–3, 305, 335 262 combinatorial modes of explanation, 284–5, superstring/M-theory, 264 288, 290, 292, 328 unrestricted, critique of, 259–62 competitor with theism, 2–3 weak anthropic principle, 257–8 consciousness and, xi, 2, 282–4, 285–9, 294, Murray, Michael J., 477 n. 18, 493 297, 299–300, 302, 305, 307, 308, 309, 310, 316, 329, 337, 339, 340, 437 Nagel, Thomas; see also materialism, described, 2, 284 naturalism, physicalism emergent properties, 284, 285, 286, 287, absurdity and discrepancy, 459–60, 493 288–90, 292–4, 297, 299, 300, 301, 302, causal necessitation and Searle, 302–7 303, 304, 305, 307, 308, 309, 310, 311, 312, conceivability, 310 313, 314, 315–24, 325, 335, 340 INDEX 677 epiphenomenal, 288–9, 290, 329, 335, 340, Nielsen, Kai; see also atheism; moral argument; 376, 379, 436 argument from evil epistemological features of, xi, 284–5, 286, foundationalism and moral realism, 441–2 287, 290, 292, 293, 303, 307, 328, 337, 373, happiness and living forever, 463 404, 405 no logical space for theism argument, 3–4, ethical naturalism and nonnaturalism, 11 409–14 persons and justice, 441 falsifi ed, 295, 303–4, 452 Nietzsche, Frederick, 391–2, 445 fi rst vs. third person perspective, 284, 316, no logical space for theism argument, 3–4, 8, 318, 323–4, 326, 327–8, 333–4, 350, 434 11 fi rst philosophy and, 284 noncognitivism, 395–6, 412 fi tness-aimed vs. truth-aimed belief formation, 404, 407, 408–9, 414, 416–17 O’Connor, Timothy; see also argument from Grand Story of, 284–6, 287, 288, 289, 290, consciousness; consciousness 291, 292, 293, 295, 303–4, 319, 328 agent-causation (AGC), 312–13 hegemony of, 18, 283 agent is not a purely physical particular, irreducible teleology, 285–6, 298, 443, 452 314–18 logical problem, 286–7 Causal Unity of Nature Thesis, 312, 314 logic of the mereological hierarchy, 287–91 conceivability, 320–1 metaphysical, 407, 413 consciousness as emergent, 322–4 mereological hierarchy and, 225, 287–91, Constitution Thesis, 312, 314 313, 316, 319 dualism, 326 , 285, 314, 543, 544 emergent individuals, 316 multiverse hypothesis, 204, 256–8 emergent necessitation, 319–22 mysterian “naturalism”, 328–30, 336–9, 374, emergent properties, 314 387, 437–8 emerging naturalist picture of the world (N), naturalized epistemology, 405 312, 313–14 nonnaturalism, 413 Harmony Thesis, 312, 319 nonreductive, 360, 371 Hasker (William) and, 316–17 O’Connor’s emerging naturalist picture of human, 326, 327 the world (N), 312, 313–14, 317–21, 324–6 immanent universals, 315 ontology of, 286–91 introspection/intuition, 323 persons and, 433, 443 McLaughlin, Brian, 232–4 philosophical, 2–3, 283, 291, 363 368, 452, 599 mereological hierarchy, 313–14 Principle of Causal Exclusion, 436 modal argument for substance dualism, Principle of Naturalist Exemplifi cation 320–222 (PNE), 289–90 panpsychism and, 316, 318–19 and, 284 Persons and Causes, 312, 321 single-universe hypothesis (NSU), 204, 205, prephilosophical intuitions, 324–8 207, 208, 209, 210, 230, 232, 233, 234, 241, substance monism, 314 243, 244 n. 27, 245, 246, 252, 253, 255, strong physicalism, 323 256, 276, 277, 278 thought experiments, 321–1 strict, 12, 434, 435, 436 ontological argument, xiii, 19, 86, 95–6, 553, , 2–3, 5, 6, 13, 32, 147, 268, 277, 650 see also, God; modality 283, 359, 384, 386–8, 437, 438, 498, 612, analytic and synthetic, 85, 98, 106, 177, 558, 626, 640 567, 570, 571–2 supervenience and, 10, 45, 286, 287, 288, 303, Anselm’s argument, 554–65 304, 307, 311, 320, 321, 335, 355, 360, begging the question and, 561–2, 572, 580 371–4, 377–8, 405, 409, 410, 411, 413, 414, conceivability, xiii, 556, 558, 560, 561, 562, 436, 440 563, 572 top/down causation, 287–90, 315, 316, 317, Descartes and Leibniz’s argument, 565–72, 318 580 weak vs. strong, 286, 287, 339 existential propositions, 78, 570 678 INDEX ontological argument (cont’d) Paley, William, 425, 598, 599 n. 8 Gaunilo’s parody, 563–4 Palfrey, John Gorham, 652–3 God-likeness, 574–7 panpsychism, xi, 298, 315, 316, 318–19, 328, Gödel’s argument and theorems, 572, 329, 337 574–80, 590–2 ,18, 19, 344, 347, 374 great-making property, xiii, 554, 556, 557, Papineau, David, 284, 286, 309, 340, 504 558, 559, 562, 564, 565, 568 Parsons, Keith, 226, 358, 382, 386, 387, 627 n. 29 Hartshorne’s argument, 572, 573, 574, 589–90 Peacock, John, 218, 249, 264, 266 existence-in-mind, 560 Penrose, Roger, 131–3, 136, 138–9, 141, 145–6, existence-in-reality, 554–5, 556, 558–9, 560, 179, 158–62, 170, 172–3, 179, 220 562, 564, 565, 572 Phillips, D. Z., 3, 11 existence-in-the-understanding, 554–5, 556, Philo (the journal), ix, 362, 580 n. 33 559, 560 Philoponus, John, 101 existence-the-understanding, 555, 556, 558, Philosophia Christi, 355, 362, 659 n. 43 559 Philosophy, 15, 20–1, 319, 322, 324–8, 346 existing necessarily, 565–6, 567, 568, 570, philosophy of mind, 8–10, 94–5, 300, 363–74, 571, 572, 577 431, 452 logical reconstruction of the ontological , 8, 18, 20–1, 549, 593–4 argument, 553, 556, 566, 569, 572 physicalism, see also materialism; naturalism Malcolm’s argument, 572, 573, 588–9 epiphenomenalism and, 288–9, 290, 329, 335, modal perfection argument (MPA), 572, 340, 376, 379, 436 580–1, 582 intentionality and, 366–9 nonexistential properties, 560, 565 n. 13, 567 minimal, 321, 436 overview of, 553 ontology, 12 parodies and, 562–5, 570, 571–2, 573, 574, Phillips, D. Z. and, 3 578, 579, 581, 586 strong, 285, 299, 300, 308, 311, 324, 328, 340 perfect being, 565–6, 567, 568–9, 570, 571, theism and, 8–9 572, 573, 589 Pitts, James Brian, 182 n. 83 Plantinga’s argument, 573, 580 n. 35, Plantinga, Alvin; see also argument from evil; 589 n. 41 590 epistemology; naturalism; natural Principle of Existential Noninclusion, theology; Platonism; 565 n. 13, 567 n. 17 Anselmian argument, 573 temporal-contingency argument, 572, 582–6 cognitive faculties, 229–30 The Third Way of Aquinas, 582–5, 586 complete happiness and evil, 472–3 twentieth-century developments of, 572–4 conditional epistemic probability, 230 ultrarealism, 555, 557, 559, 560 “Darwin’s Doubt”, 408 Oppy, Graham; see also kalam cosmological Evolutionary Argument Against Naturalism, argument 362, 408 Conway’s surreal numbers, 111 n. 11 as a mode of knowing, 273 cosmological arguments, 103 n. 3 free will defense, 455–6, 470, 473 cumulative arguments, 19 God of the gaps idea, 385 Dretske and, 118 Munchausen argument, 490 infi nity, 108 n. 7, 110, 111, 113 n. 13, 118 n. Newton and, 385 16, 123 Platonic account of modality, 36–8 parodies of Anselm’s ontological argument, Principle of Dwindling Probabilities, 644–50 564–5 Reid’s commonsense epistemology, 416 principle of suffi cient reason (PSR), 123 sensus divinitas, 46 theory-ladenness objection to religious , 453 n. 3, 457, 470, 489–90, 491–2 experience, 504, 505 warranted, 18, 273 Otte, Richard, 230–1 platonism anti-Platonist views, 49, 106–15 Page, Don, 268, 278 n. 59 concrete universe vs. actual world, 37 Pagels, Heinz, 179 cosmological argument and, 101 INDEX 679

imaginability argument against, 49 Principle of Only Explanation (POE), 89 mathematical objects and, 106–8 Principle of Optimality, 79 modality and, 36–9 quantum mechanics and, 58–9 propositions and, 37, 84, 188 n. 94 restricted PSR (R-PSR), 71, 89–90 realism, 274 n. 56 self-evidence and, 26–8, 95 relation of representation, 37 unrestricted PSR, 26 ultrarealism, 559–60 Van Inwagen’s modal fatalism and possibility probabilistic argument, 50–8 actualism, 38 violations of, 28, 32 alethic, 38, 43 probabilistic cumulative case arguments, Aristotelian maxim, 38 617–20, 630–7 broadly logical, 28, 105 problem of evil, x, xii, 255, 334, 352, 375, causal, 43 449–54, 457 n. 7, 458–9, 462, 465, 468, conceivability xiii , 293, 304, 310, 320–1, 338, 470 n. 12, 477 n. 18, 484, 491, 492–3, 556, 558, 560, 561, 562, 563, 572 see also argument from evil Lewis’s indexical criterion, 38 problem of interaction, 382–3, see also, dualism, mere, 43 materialism, naturalism metaphysical, 42, 43, 45, 105–6 propositional attitudes, 37, 369–71 necessarily vs. contingently exemplifi ed propositions, see also Principle of Suffi cient , 42 Reason Platonic approach, 38 basic, 80 principle of variety, 39 contingent and necessary, 26, 29, 45, 50, 51, strict logical, 105–6 56, 57, 58, 59, 71, 77, 78, 80, 81, 83, 86, 96, pre-big bang infl ation (PBBI), 160–6, 168, 179, 594 181, see also, Hawking-Penrose Theorems, contingent existential, 78 Quantum Gravity existential, 78, 80, 90, 570 prephilosophical intuitions, 15, 319, 322, 324–8; false, 50 n. 10 see also epistemology Platonic, 37 Principle of Confi rmation theory, see theoretical abstract entities, 37 Likelihood Principle Pruss, Alexander, x, 44 n. 8, 49, 51, 55 n. 11, Principle of Suffi cient Reason, see also, 64 n. 15, 65 n. 16, 71, 73, 77, 80, 81, 93, Leibnizian cosmological argument 113 n. 13, 123 n. 21; see also Leibnizian ad hominem, 52–3 cosmological argument alethic modality, 33, 34, 42, 43 psychokinesis, 15 ampliative principle, 32 Pullinger, Jackie, 519, 523, 524 Big Conjunctive Contingent Fact (BCCF), purpose of life, see happiness 50–1, 57, 71–2, 77–8, 79–81, 86, 89, 92, 123 quantum physics, 182–3 Brouwer Axiom, 44, 45, 66, 72–4 quantum gravity cosmologies, see also causal principal (CP) and, 25, 26, 70, 71, 72, Hawkings-Penrose Theorems 87–8 General Relativity (GR), 115, 125, 127, 129, contrastive explanation and, 58–60 131, 132, 133, 134, 137, 148 n. 47, 149, explanation and description of, 26, 77–8, 79 158, 159, 165, 169, 176, 178, 180, 185, 190 evolution and, 28–30 ekpyrotic/cyclic models, 166–9 Hume-Edwards-Campbell principle, 80–3 loop quantum gravity (LQG), 149, 169–74, inference to the best explanation, 30–2 180–1 justifi cation and, 45–7 pre-big bang infl ation (PBBI), 160–6, 168, Koons’ epistemological argument, 28 179, 181 material conditional, 44 quantum mechanics (QM), 136, 158, 177, modal imagination argument, 47–50 178, 179, 183 necessary truths, 26, 34, 40, 41, 44, 71, 80 semiclassical creation ex nihilo models, 175–9 philosophical argumentation and, 45 string theory models, 159–69 principle of indifference, xi, 31, 32, 252 Quine, W. V., 368, 369 680 INDEX

Railton, Peter, 408 n. 2 Rowley, H. H., 518, 542 Rashdall, Hastings, 415 n. 9 Rucker, Rudy, 113, 114 Rawcliffe, D. H., 625 n. 24, 27 Rundle, Bede, 6, 8, 14–16, 18 Rea, Michael, 362 Ruse, Michael, 393, 396, 398 reductionism, see also materialism; naturalism Russell, Bertrand, 120–1, 397, 406–7, 413, 437, failure of, 363 438, 445, 520, 531, 561 “greedy”, 399 intertheoretic, 383 Salmon, Wesley, 50, 56, 57, 227 Kim and, 436–8 Santayana, George, 406–7, 414 materialism and, 346 Santiago, Jose, 218 n. 14 mental states and, 10, 302, 310, 345, 365, 368, Saurin, Jacques, 644 383, 437–8 Scaltsas, Theodore, 427 moral properties and, 398–400, 436–8 Schoen, E. L., 521 Nagel-type, 310 Schopenhauer, Arthur, 187 nonreduction and, 37, 360, 371 Scott, Dana, 574, 591 n. 42 platonism and, 37 Scotus, Duns, 1, 101, 331, 332 Swinburne and, 385–6 Searle, John; see also argument from Rees, Martin, 214, 217, 220, 275 consciousness; argument from reason; Regan, Tom, 426 consciousness; naturalism; physicalism Reid, Thomas biological naturalism, 285, 286, 299, 300–2, Hume’s epistemological moral skepticism, 309–11 415–17 conceivability, 293, 304, 310, 320, 338 Plantinga and, 416 contingent correlations, 299–300 self-evident principles of morality, 416–17 dualism and, 300–1 Treatise of Human Nature and, 435 emergent properties, 323 religious experience (RE), 18, 21, 498, 537–8; see epiphenomenalist and, 288–9, 290, 300, 329, also argument from religious experience 335, 340, 376, 379, 436 Reppert, Victor, xi–xii, 354, 355, 356, 358, 362, intentions, 12, 296, 298, 313, 319, 327 375; see also argument from consciousness; introspection and, 306–7 argument from reason McGinn on causal necessitation and, Rescher, Nicholas, 79, 503, 528 305–8 resurrection of Jesus, see Jesus of Nazareth mind-body problem, 321, 353, 382, 451 revealed theology, 1, 18; see also natural naturalizing content, 368 theology Nagel on causal necessitation and, 302–5, Rice, Hugh, 339 307 Rist, John, 603 reductionism, 10, 302, 310, 345, 365, 368, Rose, H. J., 603 383, 437–8 Rosenberg, Alex, 283, 394, 400, 404 secularism, ix, 20, 435, 468, 502, 514, 515 Ross, Glenn, 477 n. 18, 493 semiclassical creation ex nihilo models, 175–9, Ross, James, 50–6, 86, 365–6 see also Quantum Gravity Ross, W. D., 479, 487 n. 27 beginning of the universe, 181 Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 101 n. 1 chaotic infl ation, 175 Routley, Richard, 428–9 Euclidean metric, 177–8 Rowe, William L.; see also argument from evil; Hartle-Hawking’s “no-boundary proposal”, moral argument 177 animal suffering, 493–4 Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle, 178 Anselm’s ontological argument begs the metastable, 178 question, 561–2 quantum gravity, 176 intrinsic vs. extrinsic value of free will, String Landscape, 175 457 n. 6 Seymour, Charles, 473 n. 16, 482 n. 22 modal fatalism argument, 50–6 Shafer-Landau, Russ, 410, 440 suffering and the good, 469, 483 n. 24 Sherlock, Thomas, 638, 651–2 theodicy, 482–3 Sherwin-White, A.N., 601 INDEX 681

Sinclair, James, xi, 171, 173, 268 n. 52; see also causal correlation between mental and kalam cosmological argument; teleological physical entities, 303–4 argument causal relation and, 320 Singer, Marcus, 426 n. 15 emergent, 288, 321, 335 Singer, Peter, 421 n. 11 intentionality, 371–4 Sinnott-Armstrong, Walter, 112 Kim’s exclusion argument, 436, 440 Skinner, B. F., 311 Label or appeal to, 286, 303, 378 Slote, Michael, 427, 531 nonreductionism, 371 Smart, J. J. C., 58, 272, 274, 426, 546 objections to the supervenience relation, Smith, Quentin, ix, 83, 102, 185 n. 88, 186, 331 373 Sobel, Jordan Howard, 107, 110–11, 119–20, Mackie’s moral properties, 311 576–8, 591 n. 42, 641–2 metaphysically necessary truth, 377 Sober, Elliot, 205 n. 2, 233 n. 22, 254 n. 36, moral, 45, 311, 405, 409 277 n. 58, 395–6 Nagel on, 10 Sommers, Tamler, 400, 404 Searle on, 304 Sorabji, Richard, 113–14, 122, 185 n. 92 Sturgeon’s Thesis, 405, 409–11, 413 Sorley, W. R., 406–7 weak vs. strong, 371–2, 377 Spinoza, 1, 18, 101, 344 Swinburne, Richard; see also consciousness; Sproul, R. C., 640 epistemology; experience standard hot big bang model, 126–8, 129–30, argument from consciousness, 295–6 see also, general relativity, kalam argument from religious experience, 502–3, cosmological argument 507–9, 512, 548–9 Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 101 n. 1, C-inductive argument, 595, 596 107, 350, 431 causal explanation types, 192–3 Starkie, Thomas, 598–9 diachronic argument for Christianity, 647–9 Steinhardt, Paul J., 160, 166–9, 219 , 274 Stenger, Victor, 217–18, 219, 222–3, 224–5, 252, dualism, 301 276 emergence of the mental, 311 Strauss, D., 605, 627, 629, 630 epistemic seeming vs. comparative seeming, Strawson, Galen, 314, 387 508 Street, Sharon, 396, 402, 407, 408, 409, 414 evidence and revelation claims, 639 string theory models, 159–69, see also quantum inductive probability, 226, 229, 254 gravity cosmologies, asymptotically static ordinary vs. personal explanation, 208–9 space-time origin of the cosmos, 17 asymptotic past triviality (APT), 161, 162, 165 Principle of Credulity (PC), 502 “brane” cosmology, 159, 166 Principle of Simplicity, 508 Ekpyrotic model, 166–9 Principle of Testimony, 508 Einstein static state (ESS), 148–9, 162, 165, reductionism, 385–6 166, 179, 180 theoretical fi tness, 304 Hawking-Hartle, 163 pre-big bang infl ation (PBBI), 160–6, 168, Talbott, Thomas, 463 179, 181 Taliaferro, Charles, x, xi, 2, 10, 11, 433, 434, string perturbative vacuum (SPV), 161–6 435, 436, 437, 438, 443, 452; see also Stump, Eleonore, 454–5 natural theology Stump, James, 372–3 Tegmark, Max, 258, 277 Sturgeon, Nicholas, 404–6, 407, 408, 409, 411, teleological argument from the fi ne-tuning of 412, 413, 414, 417 the universe; see also Likelihood Principle, Sullivan, Thomas, 63 fi ne-tuning of the universe Summa Theologiae, 25, 93, 115 anthropomorphism, 5–6, 248, 274 supernatural, 3, 5, 6, 13, 32, 147, 268, 277, 283, axiarchic hypothesis, 275, 278 359, 384, 386, 437–8, 498, 612, 626, 640 background information, 203, 204, 205, 207, supervenience; see also materialism, naturalism; 210, 230, 231, 232, 233, 237, 240, 241–7, physicalism 253, 254, 257, 260, 261, 267, 276–7 682 INDEX teleological argument from the fi ne-tuning of summary of project, terms, and premises, the universe (cont’d) 202–5, 252–6, 277–8 constant(s) of physics, 202, 203, 204, 213–20, Theistic hypothesis (T), 204, 205, 207, 208, 222, 225, 234, 235, 239–41, 242, 243, 246, 209, 210, 232–3, 241, 243, 245, 246, 247, 247–9, 252, 256, 257, 263, 264, 265, 272, 254, 257,258, 272–3, 274, 276, 277, 278 274, 275, 276 weak anthropic principle objection, 257, 258, constant C has a life-permitting value (Lpc), 276–7 204, 234, 243, 245, 246, 247, 251, 252, 254, “who designed God?” objection, 203, 272–4 255, 256, 261 temporally infi nite, 62, 114, 472 core fi ne-tuning argument, 202, 203, 205, theism; see also natural theology 207 academic philosophy and, ix–x cosmological constant, 126, 139, 140, agency and, 14–15, 320–1 146,150, 151, 156, 165, 174, 214, 215–20, anthropomorphism and, 5–6 222, 224, 249, 253, 271, 276 argument from miracles, 593–5 embodied moral agents, xi, 202, 203, 204, argument from reason, 375 211, 212, 214, 254, 255, 256, 276 agnosticism and atheism, 20–1, 346, 627, 640 epistemically illuminated (EI) region, 205, Aristotelian-essentialism requires, 33, 39 244–9, 251, 252, 253, 254, 276 “bare” vs. elaborated theism, 209, 210, 211 epistemic probability and, 203, 204, 205–6, Christianity, xiii, 344, 345, 473, 594–5, 645, 207, 208, 221–2, 226–39, 240–1, 245, 246, 646–8 247, 250–1, 255, 257, 259, 260, 275, 276 classical, 2, 13, 274, 278, 338, 347 fi ne-tuning of the universe, 204, 211–26, consciousness and, 8–10, 282–3, 303, 304, 275 307–8, 309, 316, 337 Hume and, 7–8, 272 creatio ex nihilo, 190 initial conditions of the universe, 168, 202, cumulative case argument for, 283 204, 211, 220–2, 225, 234 n. 23, 239, 242, Darwinian counterfactuals and ethical 243, 252, 275 nonnaturalism, 413–4 laws of nature, 28, 31–2, 52, 58, 78, 82, 202, dualism, 319, 320, 383, 387 204, 211–13, 219, 233, 252, 256, 261 n. 47, evidential case for, 3 264, 265, 272, 275, 276 evil and, 334, 375, 477 n. 18 life-permitting laws, 246, 275–6 existence of a life-permitting universe (LPU), life-permitting universe (LPU), 203, 205, 207, 203–4 209, 210, 225, 230, 232–3, 241, 243, 254, explanatory power, 4–5 256, 257, 259, 261, 273, 276, 277–8 hypothesis of or mere theism and (T), xi, Likelihood Principle, 202, 205–11, 226, 227, 204, 594, 646 232, 239, 241, 244, 246, 255, 256, 257, incoherent, 10–11, 523 267–8, 273, 278 material objects, 95 method of probabilistic tension, 202–3, 207 monistic , 540–3 n. 4, 209–10, 243, 246, 255 n. 40, 276 moral properties, faculty, and argument for, more fundamental law objection, 225–6, xii, 394, 414, 417 274–5 natural theology and, 1–2, 3, 20, 347, 348, 645 multiverse hypothesis, 203, 204, 205, 234, naturalism and, xi, xii, 2–7, 12–13, 18, 20, 21, 254, 256–72, 277 294, 303, 307–9, 310, 311, 316, 319, 339, naturalistic single-universe hypothesis 361, 540 (NSU), 204, 205, 207, 208, 209, 210, 230, no logical space for, 3–4, 8, 11 232, 233, 234, 241, 243, 244 n. 27, 245, open, 254 n. 37 246, 252, 253, 255, 256, 276, 277, 278 panpsychism and, 298 other forms of life objection, 276 pantheism, 19–20, 347, 374 other life-permitting laws objection, 275–6 Principle of Suffi cient Reason (PSR), 46 problem of evil, 255–6 relation to religious experience, 537–8, problem of infi nite ranges, 249–52 539–47 Stenger’s (Victor) criticisms, 217–18, 219, resurrection of Jesus, 594–5, 647–8, 649, 650, 222–6, 252, 276 659 INDEX 683

scientifi c thesis, 4–5, 11–12 180, 183–4; see also Hawking-Penrose single universe, xi, 11, 209 Theorums Spinoza and, 1 virtue ethics (VE), 427–32; see also moral teleology, 443, 461 argument theory or everything, 3, 147, 225; see also, Vogel, J., 531–2 naturalism Von Leyden, W., 530–1 Theravada Buddhism, 433 thinking matter, 308, 315 Wald, Robert, 129–30, 131, 142, 248 n. 31 Thomson, Judith, 398, 410 Wall, G., 500–1, 502, 505, 528, 542–3 Thorne, Kip, 134–25 Walls, Jerry, 455–6, 457, 463, 470 Tipler, Frank, 123, 130, 145, 147 n. 45, 214, 223, Ward, Keith, 273 266 warrant, ix, 18, 190, 230, 231–2, 233, 397, 398, Toland, John, 653 404, 415, 416, 510, 576, 615 Turok, Neil, 160, 166, 168 Warren, Mary Anne, 417–19 Tsai, Christiana, 499, 523, 524 Wawrytko, Sandra, 430–1 Weatherford, Roy, 235 utilitarianism, 421–7, see also moral argument Whitrow, G. J., 10, 102 act, 425 n. 13 Wielenberg, Erik, 374 classical, 421 Wieseltier, Leon, 435 divine command moralism and, 15, 425 Williams, Bernard, 426, 463–4, 465, 471 moral community and, 421, 425 Wilson, Edward O., 393, 396, 398, 399 moral standing, 418–27 Wittgenstein, Ludwig, 16, 108 n. 7, 353, 369 pleasure and, 421 Wolterstorff, Nicholas, 416 rule, 423, 424, 425 Worldview; see also epistemology; natural “social utility”, 422–6, 430, 432 theology atheism, 347, 375 van Fraassen, Bas, 59, 230, 240, 387 assessment and personal dignity, 433–9, 444 van Inwagen, Peter coherence, 527, 542, 545 Big Conjunctive Contingent Fact (BCCF), construction, 406 50, 71, 80, 123 doxastic system, 527 causing the causing, 74–5 feedback sifting, 526 evidential vs. logical problem of evil, 454 materialism, 344–6, 371, 375, 378, 379 modal fatalism argument, 50–6, 60, 92 mentalistic, 345, 350 probabilistic version of fatalism argument, naturalism, xi, 3, 283, 288, 293, 304, 337, 346, 57–8 358, 371, 392, 394–5, 537 problem of evil and defense types, 453–4 scientifi c, 114, 300, 382 purpose of particular evils, 477 n. 18 Wright, Crispin, 282–3 , Advaita, 433, 543, 546 n. 21 Wykstra, Stephen, xii, 453 n. 4, 457 Veneziano, Gabriele, 160–1, 163–5; see also pre-big bang infl ation (PBBI) Yandell, David, 112 Venn, John, 596 n. 1, 631 Yandell, Keith, 443, 501, 502, 516, 546, 548 verifi cationism, ix, 502 Vestrup, E., 247 n. 29, 249, 250, 251 Zee, A., 248 n. 30 Vilenkin, Alexander, 133, 136, 141–3, 149, 151, Zeno’s paradoxes, 108 n. 8,113, 119,144; see also 157, 163–4, 168, 175, 176, 177, 178, 179, mathematics