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Basics of International Humanitarian Missions International Humanitarian Affairs Kevin M Basics of International Humanitarian Missions International Humanitarian Affairs Kevin M. Cahill, M.D., series editor 1. Kevin M. Cahill, M.D., ed., Emergency Relief Operations. Basics of International Humanitarian Missions Edited by KEVIN M. CAHILL,M.D. A Joint Publication of FORDHAM UNIVERSITY PRESS and THE CENTER FOR INTERNATIONAL HEALTH AND COOPERATION New York • 2003 Copyright ᭧ 2003 by The Center for International Health and Cooperation All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means—electronic, mechanical, photocopy, recording, or any other—except for brief quotations in printed reviews, without the prior permission of the publisher. International Humanitarian Affairs, No. 2 ISSN 1541–7409 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Basics of international humanitarian missions / edited by Kevin M. Cahill. — 1st ed. p. cm. — (International humanitarian affairs ; no. 2) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-8232-2242-X (hardcover) — ISBN 0-8232-2243-8 (pbk.) 1. Disaster relief. 2. Humanitarian assistance. I. Cahill, Kevin M. II. Series. HV553.B38 2003 363.34Ј8—dc21 2002035324 Printed in the United States of America 030405060754321 First Edition For Larry Hollingworth CONTENTS Acknowledgments ix Abbreviations and Acronyms xi Introduction xv Kevin M. Cahill, M.D. Part 11 1. Humanitarian Action in the Twenty-first Century: The Danger of a Setback 3 Paul Grossrieder 2. Scope of International Humanitarian Crises 18 Ibrahim Osman 3. The Language of Disasters: A Brief Terminology of Disaster Management and Humanitarian Action 35 S. W. A. Gunn, M.D. Part 247 4. Training for Humanitarian Assistance 49 Kevin M. Cahill, M.D. 5. Teamwork in Humanitarian Missions 59 Pamela Lupton-Bowers Part 3 111 6. Humanitarian Ethical and Legal Standards 113 Michel Veuthey 7. Rules of Engagement: An Examination of Relationships and Expectations in the Delivery of Humanitarian Assistance 142 H. Roy Williams viii CONTENTS Part 4 169 8. Humanitarians and the Press 171 Joshua Friedman 9. The Sinews of Humanitarian Assistance: Funding Policies, Practices, and Pitfalls 200 Joelle Tanguy 10. From the Other Side of the Fence: The Problems Behind the Solution 241 Abdulrahim Abby Farah Selected Web Sites 269 Chapter Notes and References 273 Appendixes 329 The Center for International Health and Cooperation and the Institute of International Humanitarian Affairs 337 About the Authors 339 Index 343 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This book is made possible by the generous contributions of many individuals and organizations. All the chapters were written by colleagues who accepted the challenge of contributing to this book on short notice and for no honorarium because they shared my belief in the need to record their vast experience and knowledge for future humanitarian workers. Most authors had participated in the International Diploma in Humanitarian Assis- tance course offered by the Center for International Health and Cooperation (CIHC) in concert with Fordham University, the University of Geneva, and the Royal College of Surgeons in Ire- land. This book was supported, in part, by a generous grant from the Donner Foundation. Special thanks are due to Ms. Phaedra Annan, Rev. Joseph A. O’Hare, S.J., Mr. Saverio Procario, and the staff of Fordham University Press. The Executive Secretary of the CIHC, Renee Cahill, and Ms. Yvette Christofilis helped with edit- ing and made a complex and difficult task a pleasure. Cindy Mc- Ginity graciously volunteered many hours to this cause. ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS AIDS Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome ALNAP Active Learning Network for Accountability and Performance in Humanitarian Action AI Amnesty International CAP Consolidated Appeals Process (UN) CDC Centers for Disease Control CERF Central Emergency Revolving Fund CHAP Common Humanitarian Action Plan CIA Central Intelligence Agency CIHC Center for International Health and Cooperation CIMIC Civilian-military cooperation CMR Crude mortality rate CNN Cable News Network CPJ Committee to Protect Journalists CRED Center for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters CRS Catholic Relief Services CWS Church World Services DAC Development Assistance Committee DFID Department for Foreign International Development (U.K.) ECHO European Community Humanitarian Office ECOSOC Economic and Social Council EM-DAT a comprehensive disaster database EU European Union FAO Food and Agriculture Organization FTS Financial Tracking System HDC Humanitarian Dialogue Center HEWS Humanitarian Early-Warning System HIV Human Immunodeficiency Virus HRW Human Rights Watch IASC Inter-Agency Standing Committee xii ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS ICC International Criminal Court ICJ International Court of Justice ICRC International Committee of the Red Cross ICTR International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda ICTY International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia ICVA International Council of Voluntary Agencies IDHA International Diploma in Humanitarian Assistance IDP Internally displaced person IFJ International Federation of Journalists IFRC International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies IHL International Humanitarian Law IIHA Institute of International Humanitarian Affairs, Fordham University ILO International Labor Organization IMF International Monetary Fund IOM International Organization for Migration IRC International Rescue Committee JDC Joint Distribution Committee MSF Me´decins sans frontie`res—Doctors Without Borders NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization NGO Nongovernmental organization OAS Organization of American States OAU Organization of African Unity OCHA Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (UN) OECD Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development OFDA Office of Foreign Disaster Assistance (U.S.) OSCE Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe POW Prisoner of War PVO Private Voluntary Organization RCSI Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland SCHR Steering Committee for Humanitarian Response SITREP Situation Report SOS Emergency call: Save Our Souls ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS xiii TRC Truth and Reconciliation Commission (South Africa) UNAMIR United Nations Assistance Mission in Rwanda UNDAC United Nations Disaster and Coordination UNDP United Nations Development Program UNEP United Nations Environment Program UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization UNHCR United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees UNICEF United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund UNIENET International Disaster Management Information Network UNPROFOR United Nations Protection Force (in Yugoslavia) UNRWA United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees UNFAO United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization USAID U.S. Agency for International Development VOICE Voluntary Organizations in Cooperation in Emergencies WFP World Food Program / UN World Food Program WHO World Health Organization WCC World Council of Churches WV World Vision INTRODUCTION Fordham University Press’s International Humanitarian Af- fairs series is launched with two practical volumes, Basics of Inter- national Humanitarian Missions and Emergency Relief Operations. The series will issue two to three books per year and will consider various aspects of a discipline that, while in some senses is as ancient as humankind, is nevertheless still in a stage of defini- tion. Only in recent years has humanitarian assistance been ap- preciated to be a potent political and diplomatic tool, and also recognized as big business. What began at the dawn of existence as an individual altruistic undertaking evolved into a charitable vocation and is now recognized as a distinct profession. The purpose or goal of Fordham University’s Institute of Inter- national Humanitarian Affairs is to preserve the traditions and values of this discipline while also providing a framework for ap- propriate training and academic analyses. The book series di- rectly complements, and draws from, the Institute’s other programs and teaching courses. This international humanitarian book series is intended to provide practical volumes for use by professionals in the field as well as by students in a wide variety of academic departments. The multidisciplinary nature of inter- national humanitarian relief will be obvious to any reader. Humanitarian assistance, particularly in the midst of conflicts and disasters, is not a field for amateurs. Good intentions are a common but tragically inadequate substitute for well-planned, efficiently implemented operations that, like a good sentence, must have a beginning, a middle, and an end. Compassion and charity are only elements in humanitarian assistance programs; alone they are self-indulgent emotions that, for a short time, may satisfy the donor, but will always disappoint victims in desperate need. xvi INTRODUCTION The number and severity of humanitarian crises is rapidly esca- lating in our post-cold war era, where the perverse stability of East-West superpower politics can sometimes seem preferable to the chaos that now prevails in ‘‘failed states’’ that dot the world. Civil wars have largely replaced formal conflicts between nations. In World War I, 90 percent of those injured or killed were mili- tary combatants, while in modern conflicts, civilians account for over 90 percent of the victims. International humanitarian laws, which were established to provide rules of war, are rarely recognized and are certainly not observed in civil wars. International
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