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The Royal House of Portugal Historical and Biographical Works by Francis Gribble

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The Royal House of Portugal Historical and Biographical Works by Francis Gribble I I ■ — /J>7 . THE ROYAL HOUSE OF PORTUGAL HISTORICAL AND BIOGRAPHICAL WORKS BY FRANCIS GRIBBLE MADAME DE STAEL AND HER LOVERS. •GEORGE SAND AND HER LOVERS. ROUSSEAU AND THE WOMEN HE LOVED. CHATEAUBRIAND AND HIS COURT OF WOMEN. THE PASSIONS OF THE FRENCH ROMANTICS. THE LOVE AFFAIRS OF LO RD BYRON. RACHEL: HER ST AGE LIFE AND HER REAL LIFE. THE ROMANTIC LIFE OF SHELLEY. THE COMEDY OF CATHERINE THE GREAT. ROMANCES OF THE FRENCH THEATRE. THE TRAGEDY OF ISABELLA II. THE COURT OF CHRISTINA OF SWEDEN AND THE LATER ADVENTURES OF THE QUEEN IN EXILE. THE LIFE OF THE EMPEROR FRANCIS JOSEPH. * Popular Edition at as. net. THE ROYAL HOUSE OF PORTUGAL BY FRANCIS GRIBBLE LONDON EVELEIGH NASH i9J5 iwtttuto hf aita nunm (COLfcCÇAO GfaJWot *5» 286029 PREFACE Portuguese history may be very dull or very amusing, as one prefers. It depends upon the line of approach, and the scenes which one stops to contemplate. One could easily bore the general reader to tears by leaning too heavily upon the Methuen Treaty or taking too much trouble to define the precise points at issue between the Chartists and the Septembrists. On the other hand, the history of the fortunes of that House of Braganza which, until the other day, controlled— or, at least, tried and affected to control—the destinies of Portugal, is sometimes diverting, and sometimes dramatic. And that whether one sees the picture as one of good men struggling with ad- versity or one of incompetent men aghast at the demand that they should accept the consequences of their incapacity and retire into private life. It will be the purpose of the present work to consider which of these pictures is the true one, or whether there is not, perhaps, an element of truth in both pictures. The process of the Decline and Fali of the House of Braganza will, that is to say, PREFACE be reviewed in the light, not only of public events, but also of the private lives of Kings and Queens. The writer is perfectly well aware that some of his critics regard an interest in this branch of the inquiry as an indication of a frivolous mind; but he does not agree with them. National institutions are the product of national character; and the efficient working of those institutions depends upon the characters of individuais. Monarchical institutions furnish no exception to that rule. Where they fail, the causes of their failure are to be found, not only in the matters nominally at issue between Kings and Parliaments, but also in the inadequacy or in- adaptability of the Kings themselves. Which is to say that their private proceedings, being the causes of their public misfortunes, are matters of public concern. The misfortunes of the House of Braganza will here be studied upon that assumption. It failed flagrantly before the eyes of an astonished Europe, which could see no particular harm in its later Kings, but was disposed to attribute their overthrow to a double dose of original sin inherent in the bosoms of their Republican opponents. Those later Kings belonged, not only to the House of Braganza, but also to the House of Coburg; and the Coburgs were professional Kings who always did their best. What then, Europe demanded, except that double dose of original sin in Republican bosoms, could account for the assassination of one Coburg and the summary eviction of another? That is our problem. The desire to solve it is the natural outcome of a serious vi PREFACE curiosity; and the matters which have to be inquired into for the satisfaction of that curiosity—down to and including the sowing of Dom ManoePs wild oats—are serious in substance though sometimes entertaining in detail. Such matters, it is obvious, cannot be reviewed without comment on the proceedings of persons still living prominently in the public eye; and the writer has discovered that the passing of such comments on such persons is apt to be reproved by some severe reviewers as an outrage on the proprieties. He ventures to rejoin that he would be more affected by such reproaches if he were conscious of having violated any rule, written or unwritten, which is normally observed by the editors of the very news- papers which sometimes exclaim against his can- dour. It is his habit, however, to read those news- papers; and as he sometimes remembers what he has read, he could quote precedents for his own freedom of criticism on living personages from the columns of any one of them. A few examples will not be out of place. Charles Stewart Parnell was no more dead than Dom Manoel at the time when our leading journals gave, for political purposes, a publicity to the sowing of his wild oats which he himself would assuredly have preferred to avoid. Mr. Lloyd George and Mr. H. G. Wells are only two among many of our more valuable contemporaries who have been aspersed with poisonous oil by the editor who is always claiming that his opinions are those of “ all right-minded persons.” One of the newspapers vii PREFACE which admonished the present writer for discussing the vie intime of the Emperor Francis Joseph had himself, only a little while previously, been constrained by the stress of legal proceedings to apologise for publishing as “exclusive informa- tion” an unsupported charge of immorality against a Cabinet Minister. As for the commentaries which contemporary newspapers permit themselves to pass on the investments of the Chancellor of the Ex- chequer, and his trips in the motor-cars of his millionaire friends—but why continue? Enough has been said to show that a good many of the houses from which stones are apt to be thrown are built of glass. The author gratefully acknowledges his indebted- ness to the work of previous labourers in the field, and more particularly to A Bride of Two Kings, by Mr. E. B. d’Auvergne, La Ré publique Por- tuguaise, by M. Phileas Lebesgue, La Révolution Portugaise, by M. Alcide Guiffard, and Souvenirs sur la Reine Amélie, by M. Lucien Corpechot. Francis Gribble. viu CONTENTS CHAPTER I PAGE The reason why the House of Braganza “ ceased to reign ’’ —The reasons why it is unlikely to be restored—The King and the Dancing Girl—The pleasures of immorality —Their cost and the reluctance of the Portuguese to pay for them . CHAPTER II The beginnings of Portugal—Henry of Burgundy—Relations between the three Royal Houses of Burgundy, Avis, and Braganza—The story of Inez de Castro—The Newdigate Prize Poem on the subject . io CHAPTER III The Golden Age of Portugal—Henry the Navigator, Vasco da Gama, and others—The reasons why the rot set in— Dom Sebastiam and his Crusade against the Moors— Defeat and death of Dom Sebastiam at Alcacer-Kebir —Refusal of the Portuguese to believe that Dom Sebas¬ tiam was really dead—Importance of the legend of his survival in keeping the Portuguese spirit of nationality alive . 17 CHAPTER IV The tragic life of Camoens—The contrasts in it—His early opportunities and his unfortunate love affairs—His enrol- ment in the Colonial Service—His difficulties with his official superiors—Imprisonment and shipwreck—“The Lusiads ” saved from the sea-—Return to Portugal— Poor reward for his Services—Destitution of his last CHAPTER V Genealogy of the House of Braganza—Conquest of Portugal by Philip II. of Spain—His corruption of the Portuguese notables—Disgust of the common people at foreign rule —Growth of the legend that Dom Sebastiam was still alive “ biding his time Rise and overthrow of the four “false Dom Sebastiams” . 34 IX CONTENTS CHAPTER VI Claimants to the Portuguese throne—The Duchess of PAGB Braganza and Dom Antonio o Crato—Refusal of the Duchess to marry Philip II.—English expedition, under Drake and Norris, on behalf of Dom Antonio—Assertion of the claims of John Duke of Braganza—His great position in Portugal—His timidity—His wife’s insistence that he should—Revolution which raised John Duke of Braganza to the throne . 44 CHAPTER VII Portugal in decadence—John the Mediocre—Affonso the 111- conditioned—Pedro the Glum—Affonso’s insane and violent proceedings—His grotesque appearance—His marriage—Conspiracy of his wife and brother to depose him—His long imprisonment at Cintra—His death in prison—The gleam of reason which carne to him on his death-bed . 56 CHAPTER VIII Affonso’s sister Catherine of Braganza—Her marriage to Charles II.—Her dowry and the haggling about it—Her resentment at the favour shown to Lady Castlemaine— Her reconciliation to Charles—Discomfort of her position after the accession of William of Orange—Her return to Portugal—Her proclamation as Queen Regent of Portugal . yi CHAPTER IX Continued decadence of Portugal—Disastrous reign of John the Dilettante—His passion for building, for endowing monasteries, and for embracing nuns—Voltaire’s esti- mate of his character—Accession of Dom Joseph—The Lisbon earthquake—Success of Pombal in repairing the effects of that disaster—Quarrel of Pombal with the Jesuits . 80 CHAPTER X Dom Joseph and Pombal—The philosopher King and his Minister—Attempt to assassinate Dom Joseph—The complicity .of the Jesuits—Execution of the conspirators —The anti-clerical campaign—The justification for it— Pombal’s other reforms—His fali on the death of Dom Joseph—Dom Joseph’s successor—her incestuous mar¬ riage and her weak mind—Dom John VI. becomes Regent—Approach of the French Revolution and its problems . 87 X CONTENTS CHAPTER XI P AGE John VI.—Reasons for calling him John the Runaway—His weak mind and his superstitions—Invasion of Portugal by Junot—French scheme for partition of Portugal— Flight of Dom John to Brazil—Southey’s description of the Scene—The House of Braganza disgraced.
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