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PERSONALISASI INSTITUSI DAN KONFLIK PKB (Studi Tentang Kepemimpinan Gus Dur Selama Menjadi Ketua Umum Dewan Syuro)

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PERSONALISASI INSTITUSI DAN KONFLIK PKB (Studi Tentang Kepemimpinan Gus Dur Selama Menjadi Ketua Umum Dewan Syuro) ADLN - Perpustakaan Universitas Airlangga TESIS PERSONALISASI INSTITUSI DAN KONFLIK PKB (Studi Tentang Kepemimpinan Gus Dur Selama Menjadi Ketua Umum Dewan Syuro) Em Mas’ud Adnan PROGRAM PASCASARJANA FAKULTAS ILMU SOSIAL DAN ILMU POLITIK UNIVERSITAS AIRLANGGA SURABAYA 2009 Tesis Personalisasi Institusi.... Em Mas'ud Adnan ADLN - Perpustakaan Universitas Airlangga Lembar Pengesahan TESIS INI TELAH DISETUJUI TANGGAL 11 AGUSTUS 2009 Oleh Pembimbing Ketua Prof. Kacung Marijan, Drs. M.A., Ph.D. NIP: 131 836 623 Pembimbing Drs. Priyatmoko, MA NIP: 130 937 952 Mengetahui, Ketua Program Studi Prof. Kacung Marijan, Drs. M.A., Ph.D. NIP: 131 836 623 iv Tesis Personalisasi Institusi.... Em Mas'ud Adnan ADLN - Perpustakaan Universitas Airlangga LEMBAR PENGESAHAN Judul Tesis : Personalisasi Institusi dan Konflik PKB (Studi Tentang Kepemimpinan Gus Dur Selama Menjadi Ketua Umum Dewan Syuro) Tesis ini telah diuji dan dipertahankan di hadapan Tim Penguji pada : Hari/Tanggal : Rabu, 12 Agustus 2009 Waktu : 07.00 WIB Tempat : Ruang 207 Gedung FISIP Unair Tim Penguji : 1. Ketua : Dr. Dra. Dwi Windyastuti B., MA 2. Anggota 1 : Prof. Kacung Marijan, Drs., MA., PhD 3. Anggota 2 : Drs. Priyatmoko, MA Mengetahui Tim Penguji Ketua, (Dr. Dra. Dwi Windyastuti B., MA) NIP: 131 801 643 Anggota 1, Anggota 2, (Prof. Kacung Marijan, Drs., MA., PhD) (Drs. Priyatmoko, MA) NIP: 131 836 623 NIP: 130 937 952 Tesis Personalisasi Institusi.... Em Mas'ud Adnan ADLN - Perpustakaan Universitas Airlangga ABSTRACT Genealogically, both Kiai Haji Abdurrahman Wahid (Gus Dur)’s Moslem Leadership and meritocrat have convincible superiority not only for those of traditional NU (Nahdlatul Ulama = Association of Traditional Moslem Scholar), but also of rational modern community. In traditional community, Gus Dur is convinced as having supernatural superiority, being sacred, generating sixth-sense, and even trusted as a waliyullah (holy person). Whereas in modern community, Gus Dur is popularly well-known as an icon of democracy, motor of civil society, and defender of those minorities and suppressed groups, and also has higher intellectual intelligence. This background actually refers to an ideal asset for the leadership of Gus Dur’s. This is mean that such developing leadership based on merger of traditional and modern culture, in one side, is serviceable as the protector and articulator of majority traditional group’s interest in Indonesia, while as the bridge of transformative ideas of modern group, in the other side. However, in reality, Gus Dur’s leadership has not fully capable of synergizing such “two worlds”. The strong Gus Dur’s charisma even causes issues in Indonesian contemporary political leadership. At least, it has occurred to Gus Dur’s leadership in Partai Kebangkitan Bangsa (PKB = Nation Awakening Party) during his service as the general chairman of Dewan Syuro (Advisory Board). Gus Dur as a charismatic leader does not only serve as a main party’s policy maker, but also as the most superior and the best man of his fanatic supporters. An axiom merges in NU and PKB that those opposing Gus Dur shall fall, whereas in the contrary, those favorable ones shall have authority promotion. Therefore, there is an institutional personalization occurred to cause the weakening of political institutionalization in PKB. Even, the elites of PKB then compete to obtain Gus Dur’s legitimacy, and undertake to influence his political resolution, as well. Ironically, Gus Dur’s political resolutions are sometimes built based on the information of his surrounding people, in which full of subjective interests. This is understandable that such surrounding people are not santri (Moslem students) in actual meaning, whom are ta’dhim (deeply give respect, and honor as well), and sami’na wa’atha’na (we hear and we adhere) as of those pesantren’s (Traditional Islamic School) culture, but “interested santris” having their own political agenda. Avoidable conflict then incurred, in which actually occurred in a level inter-fraction under Gus Dur’s authority. However, since their existences are determined by Gus Dur’s authority, such conflicts keep involving Gus Dur’s figure. Keyword: personalization, conflict, charismatic, authority xi Tesis Personalisasi Institusi.... Em Mas'ud Adnan ADLN - Perpustakaan Universitas Airlangga DAFTAR ISI Halaman Sampul Depan Halaman Sampul Dalam Halaman Prasyarat Gelar…………………………………………………….. iii Lembar Pengesahan Pembimbing..................................................................... iv Panitia Penguji.................................................................................................. v Lembar Pengesahan Tim Penguji...................................................................... vi Ucapan Terima Kasih........................................................................................ vii Abstrak………………………………………………………........................ xi Daftar Isi……………………………………………………………………. xii BAB 1 PENDAHULUAN 1.1. Latar Belakang Masalah…………………………………… 1 1.2. Rumusan Masalah…………………………………………… 13 1.3. Tujuan Penelitian…………………………………………… 15 1.4. Manfaat Penelitian………………………………………….. 16 1.5 Sistematika Penulisan………………………………………. 17 BAB 2 TINJAUAN PUSTAKA DAN KERANGKA TEORITIK 2.1. Tinjauan Pustaka……………………………………………. 18 2.2. Tradisi Pesantren.…………………………………………… 23 2.3. Pemimpin Kharismatik……………………………………… 29 2.4. Patron-Klien………………………………………………… 37 2.5. Konflik Politik……………………………………………… 41 2.6. Elit………………………………………………………….. 44 2.7. Kerangka Kerja/Teoritik…………………………………… . 50 BAB 3 METODE PENELITIAN 3.1 Desain Penelitian…………………………………………. 52 3.2 Posisi Peneliti…………………………………………….. 53 3.3 Fokus dan Ruang Lingkup……………….. …………….. 55 3.4 Metode Penelitian…………………………………………. 56 3.5 Informan Penelitian……………………………………….. 57 3.6 Koleksi Data………………………………………………. 59 Tesis Personalisasi Institusi.... Em Mas'ud Adnan ADLN - Perpustakaan Universitas Airlangga 3.7 Teknik Pengecekan Keabsahan Data…………………… 60 3.8 Analisis Data……………………………………………. 61 BAB 4 GUS DUR DAN TRADISI POLITIK NU: POTRET AKAR TRADISI POLITIK PKB & KEPEMIMPINAN GUS DUR 4.1. Biografi Gus Dur………………………………….……........ 65 4.1.1. Latar Belakang Keluarga…………………………… 65 4.1.2. Pengalaman Pendidikan Gus Dur…………………… 69 4.1.3. Perjalanan Karir Organisasi………………………… 75 4.1.4 Data Lengkap Pribadi Gus Dur……..………………. 79 4.2. Jam’iyah NU Akar Tradisi Politik PKB……..……………… 84 4.2.1. Background Politik Berdirinya NU…………………. 84 4.2.2. Politik NU pada Masa Penjajahan………………….. 93 4.2.3. Politik NU Bersama Masyumi……………………… 94 4.2.4 Politik NU dengan Partai NU……………………….. 97 4.2.5. Politik NU di Era Orde Baru………………………... 99 4.2.6. Politik NU dalam PPP………………………………. 105 4.2.7. Politik NU dan Dinamika Pengunduran Diri Idham Khalid……………………………………… 108 4.3. Kepemimpinan Gus Dur & Dinamika Khitah NU…..……. 117 4.3.1. Gus Dur pada Muktamar NU ke-27 di Situbondo…… 117 4.3.2. Gus Dur & Implementasi Khittah pada Pemilu 1987…. 122 4.3.3 Gus Dur, Munas Cilacap 1987…………………………. 128 4.3.4. Gus Dur, Muktamar Jogjakarta 1989………………….. 131 4.3.5. Gus Dur & Muktamar Cipasung 1994…………………. 140 4.4. PKB Lahir dari Rahim Politik NU……………………………. 145 4.4.1. Gus Dur & PBNU Membidani Lahirnya PKB…………. 146 4.4.2. Gus Dur & Konflik Seputar Pendirian PKB…………... 148 4.4.3. Gus Dur Jadi Presiden, Puncak Kejayaan Politik NU…. 155 4.4.4. Konflik Gus Dur vs Hasyim Muzadi………………….. 157 4.4.5. Konflik Gus Dur vs Matori Abdul Djalil………………. 164 4.4.6. Konflik Gus Dur vs Saifullah Yusuf…………………... 170 4.4.7. Konflik Gus Dur vs Alwi Shihab………………………. 179 4.4.8. Gus Dur vs Muhaimin Iskandar & Lukman Edy………. 183 BAB 5 KEPEMIMPINAN KHARISMATIK GUS DUR: PERSONALISASI ORGANISASI DAN KONFLIK PKB 5.1. Kharisma Ketokohan Gus Dur & Personalisasi institusi……… 188 5.1.1. Terbentuknya Legitimasi Pribadi Gus Dur……………... 188 5.1.2. Otoritas & Ketokohan Gus Dur…………………………. 195 5.1.3. Dominasi Ketokohan Gus Dur dalam Institusi PKB…… 201 5.1.4. Personalisasi Institusi PKB…………………………….. 204 5.2. Gus Dur dan Konflik PKB…………………………………….. 210 5.2.1. Perlawanan Kiai & Surutnya Kharisma Gus Dur………. 210 xiii Tesis Personalisasi Institusi.... Em Mas'ud Adnan ADLN - Perpustakaan Universitas Airlangga 5.2.2. Mencermati Kasus Saifullah Yusuf & Muhaimin Iskandar…………………………………………………. 217 5.2.2.1. Pemecatan Saifullah Yusuf & Reaksi Para Kiai……………………………………………. 217 5.2.2.2. Pemecatan Muhaimin Iskandar & Tergesernya Gus Dur……………………………………….. 228 5.2.2.3. Kronologis Gugatan Muhaimin………………. 244 5.2.2.4. Perebutan Legitimasi Kharisma Gus Dur…… 247 5.2.2.5. Kader PKB Gagal Menjaga Kharisma Gus Dur.. 251 5.2.2.6. Pembisik dalam Konflik PKB………………… 255 5.2.2.7. Masuknya Orang Luar dalam Jajaran Elit PKB…… 259 BAB 6 PENUTUP 6.1. KESIMPULAN ........................................................................... 263 6.2. IMPLIKASI TEORITIS............................................................... 265 6.3. SARAN-SARAN......................................................................... 267 DAFTAR PUSTAKA………………………………………………………… 271 MAJALAH, TABLOID, SURAT KABAR........................................................ 276 WEBSITE.......................................................................................................... 278 DOKUMEN........................................................................................................ 278 xiv Tesis Personalisasi Institusi.... Em Mas'ud Adnan ADLN - Perpustakaan Universitas Airlangga BAB 1 PENDAHULUAN 1.1 LATAR BELAKANG MASALAH Ketokohan Kiai Haji Abdurrahman Wahid (Gus Dur) yang ditopang oleh kharisma, kecerdasan intelektual dan geneologi kekiaian telah
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