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Media-Elite Interactions in Post-Authoritarian Indonesia

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Media-Elite Interactions in Post-Authoritarian Indonesia Media-elite interactions in post-authoritarian Indonesia Nicole Andres Magister Artium (M.A.) in Southeast Asian Studies (Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany) This thesis is presented for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Murdoch University 2016 I declare that this thesis is my own account of my research. It contains as its main content work which has not previously been submitted for a degree at any tertiary education institution. Nicole Andres Perth, 19 August 2016 i Für Oma, Opa & Ibu Yenny ii Abstract This thesis analyses media-elite interactions in post-authoritarian Indonesia. The introduction of legally guaranteed press freedom and democracy following President Suharto’s fall in 1998 changed the relationship between the media on the one hand and the political and business elite on the other. But what has been the significance of press freedom for elite politics? The argument of this thesis is that the politico-business elites have, to differing degrees, harnessed the concept of press freedom by incorporating the media as a political weapon in their power struggles over key positions in political institutions and over political resources. Crucially, the heterogeneous and mostly privately owned media companies positioned themselves as actors in the intra-elite contestations. Through a set of case studies on intra-elite power struggles that escalated into scandals, this thesis examines the ways in which the elite has integrated the media into those struggles, and analyses the vested interests of the owners and practitioners of the media in those struggles. Ultimately, it establishes two key points. First, the elite has employed scandal as a an opportunity to change the composition of a democratically elected government; and second, during those political scandals the owners or prominent editors of particular media organisations, either consciously or otherwise, have formed temporary coalitions with particular elite factions based on shared interests defined by structural conditions and personal relations. iii The dissertation’s focus on media-elite interactions is prompted by the lingering dominance of elites within Indonesia’s political economy, the domination of the media landscape by a small number of media conglomerates whose owners are either members of the politico-business elite themselves or linked to the latter in various forms, and, further, that the media have become important sites for intra- elite contestation over political power. By placing its analytical focus explicitly on the nature of the relationship between the commercial mainstream news media and the politico-business elite in times of intra-elite power struggles fought out in the public sphere, this approach moves away from media-centred investigations, normative concerns and liberal concepts as the dominant way of thinking about the media’s democratic functions. iv Table of contents Abstract .................................................................................................................................. iii Table of contents .................................................................................................................... v Glossary of terms, abbreviations and acronyms ............................................................ viii List of tables and figures ................................................................................................... xiii Explanatory notes ............................................................................................................... xiv Acknowledgments .............................................................................................................. xv Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 1 Case study selection and approach .................................................................................... 4 Selection of news publications for analysis: Context and reasons for choice ............... 8 Limitations ........................................................................................................................... 19 Chapter outlines .................................................................................................................. 20 1 Democracy and the elite ........................................................................................ 25 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 25 1.1 What kind of democracy? ............................................................................................ 26 1.2 Conceptualising the Indonesian politico-business elite .......................................... 39 1.3 The Indonesian mainstream media: Commercialisation and elite linkages ......... 44 1.4 The commercial mainstream media: Conceptualisation and interests .................. 57 1.5 Conceptualisation of media-elite interactions ........................................................... 65 1.6 Scandal ............................................................................................................................ 68 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................ 73 v 2 Elite-media interaction during the Bulog scandal .................................... 74 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 74 2.1 Buloggate: Development and background ................................................................ 75 2.2 The DPR’s strategies ..................................................................................................... 91 2.3 The government’s strategies ........................................................................................ 99 2.4 The impact of Buloggate on Wahid’s relationship with the media ...................... 112 Conclusion .......................................................................................................................... 123 3 The media’s role in Buloggate and Aryantigate ...................................... 125 Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 125 3.1 The media’s role and interest in Buloggate ............................................................. 127 3.2 Aryantigate ................................................................................................................... 158 Conclusion .......................................................................................................................... 175 4 Elite-media interaction during the Bank Century scandal ................. 178 Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 178 4.1 Centurygate: Development and background .......................................................... 180 4.2 Keeping the scandal alive ........................................................................................... 198 4.3 The government’s strategies ...................................................................................... 215 Conclusion .......................................................................................................................... 232 vi 5 The media’s role in the Bank Century scandal ........................................ 235 Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 235 5.1 Media Indonesia: Anti-bailout and anti-Yudhoyono ................................................ 238 5.2 Kompas: Avoiding conflict and prioritizing stability .............................................. 251 5.3 Koran Tempo: Pro-bailout, pro-Boediono and pro-Sri Mulyani ............................. 264 5.4 Tempo: Pro-bailout, pro-Boediono and pro-Sri Mulyani........................................ 273 5.5 Explaining Koran Tempo’s and Tempo’s coverage .................................................... 283 Conclusion .......................................................................................................................... 291 Conclusion ..................................................................................................................... 294 Appendix ............................................................................................................................ 304 Bibliography ....................................................................................................................... 318 vii Glossary of Terms, Abbreviations and Acronyms AJI Aliansi Jurnalis Independen; Alliance of Independent Journalists angket questionnaire Banser Barisan Serbaguna; civilian militia linked to Nahdlatul Ulama (NU) mass organisation BI Bank Indonesia; Central Bank of the Republic of Indonesia BKP Badan Pemeriksa Keuangan; State Audit Board budaya amplop ‘envelope culture’, refers to cash payments to journalists to influence media coverage budaya telepon ‘telephone culture’, refers to the practice of authorities telephoning editors in order to influence media coverage or prevent the publication of sensitive information buku putih White Paper Bulog Badan Urusan Logistik; State Logistic Agency Bulog Yanatera The State Logistic Agency’s Employee’s Welfare Foundation
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