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Universidade De Brasília Instituto De Relações Internacionais Programa De Pós-Graduação Em Relações Internacionais

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Universidade De Brasília Instituto De Relações Internacionais Programa De Pós-Graduação Em Relações Internacionais UNIVERSIDADE DE BRASÍLIA INSTITUTO DE RELAÇÕES INTERNACIONAIS PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM RELAÇÕES INTERNACIONAIS VIVIAN PATRICIA PERON VIEIRA OS EFEITOS DA COMUNICAÇÃO DIGITAL NA DINÂMICA DO ATIVISMO TRANSNACIONAL CONTEMPORÂNEO: UM ESTUDO SOBRE AL-QAEDA, WIKILEAKS E PRIMAVERA ÁRABE Brasília 2016 VIVIAN PATRICIA PERON VIEIRA OS EFEITOS DA COMUNICAÇÃO DIGITAL NA DINÂMICA DO ATIVISMO TRANSNACIONAL CONTEMPORÂNEO: UM ESTUDO SOBRE AL-QAEDA, WIKILEAKS E PRIMAVERA ÁRABE Tese apresentada ao Programa de Pós-graduação em Relações Internacionais, Instituto de Relações Internacionais, Universidade de Brasília, como requisito parcial para obtenção do grau de Doutorado em Relações Internacionais. Orientador: Prof. Dr. Estevão Chaves de Rezende Martins Brasília 2016 Vieira, Vivian Patricia Peron VV658e OS EFEITOS DA COMUNICAÇÃO DIGITAL NA DINÂMICA DO ATIVISMO TRANSNACIONAL CONTEMPORÂNEO: UM ESTUDO SOBRE AL-QAEDA, WIKILEAKS E PRIMAVERA ÁRABE / Vivian Patricia Peron Vieira; orientador Estevão Chaves de Rezende Martins. -- Brasília, 2016. 378 p. Tese (Doutorado - Doutorado em Relações Internacionais) -- Universidade de Brasília, 2016. 1. ativismo transnacional. 2. comunicação digital. 3. Al-Qaeda. 4. WikiLeaks. 5. Primavera Árabe. I. Martins, Estevão Chaves de Rezende, orient. II. Título. VIVIAN PATRICIA PERON VIEIRA OS EFEITOS DA COMUNICAÇÃO DIGITAL NA DINÂMICA DO ATIVISMO TRANSNACIONAL CONTEMPORÂNEO: UM ESTUDO SOBRE AL-QAEDA, WIKILEAKS E PRIMAVERA ÁRABE Tese apresentada ao Programa de Pós-graduação em Relações Internacionais, Instituto de Relações Internacionais, Universidade de Brasília, como requisito parcial para obtenção do grau de Doutorado em Relações Internacionais. Data da aprovação: 11 de março de 2016 BANCA EXAMINADORA: ___________________________________________________ Prof. Dr. Estevão Chaves de Rezende Martins (Orientador) Universidade de Brasília (UnB) ___________________________________________________ Prof. Dra. Elizabete Sanches Rocha (Examinadora) Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho (Unesp) ___________________________________________________ Prof. Dra. Marisa von Bülow (Examinadora) Universidade de Brasília (UnB) ___________________________________________________ Prof. Dra. Giovanna Maria Frisso (Examinadora) Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF) ___________________________________________________ Prof. Dr. Arthur Cezar de Araujo Ituassu Filho (Examinador) Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro (PUC-Rio) A Sivaldo e Carmel, com amor e gratidão. AGRADECIMENTOS Escrever uma tese é um exercício que envolve além da razão, muita paixão, resistência e um ambiente frutífero. Por isso, acredito que a realização de um doutorado vai para além dos esforços acadêmicos individuais. E apesar de ser um exercício em sua maior parte do tempo solitário, envolve uma série de pessoas, instituições e contribuições de diversas naturezas que, sem elas, certamente este projeto não sairia do papel. Por isso, considero tão importante estes agradecimentos que se seguem. Primeiramente, agradeço ao meu orientador, Prof. Estevão Martins, uma pessoa que, pela sua experiência, capacidade e conhecimentos já seria suficiente para pontuar a importância que teve nesta trajetória, ademais, seus ensinamentos e dedicação à vida acadêmica são um exemplo de inspiração que carregarei comigo para a vida. Agradeço ao grande corpo humano da Universidade de Brasília (UnB): professores, colegas, funcionários e alunos das aulas de estágio-docente que ministrei. Todos eles me mostraram como o aprendizado é horizontal e contínuo. Agradeço à minha segunda casa acadêmica: Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Nesta instituição tive oportunidade de dialogar sobre minha pesquisa com uma heterogeneidade de pesquisadores que marcaram profundamente minha forma de entender a multidisciplinaridade e a pluralidade do fazer científico. Sou imensamente grata a Profa. Nazli Choucri, pela supervisão, apoio e frutífero diálogo durante o ano que me recebeu como pesquisadora visitante em seu grupo de pesquisa sobre Cyberpolitics and International Relations. Sem dúvida, este ano foi fundamental para o amadurecimento de minha pesquisa e se delineou como um valioso intercâmbio acadêmico e profissional. Eu não poderia deixar de agradecer a dois grupos acadêmicos que me acolheram no Brasil: Centro de Estudos Avançados em Democracia Digital/UFBA e GPolitics/UFAL – com os quais pude contar com uma importante interlocução acadêmica a partir de outras áreas de estudo. Agradeço àqueles que contribuíram para minha formação mais ampla e compartilharam profícuo diálogo em determinados momentos dessa caminhada: Bete Sanches, Thalia Rubio, Guilherme Canela e Saint-Clair. Importante agradecer a Instituição de fomento CAPES pelos recursos de minha bolsa de doutorado e pela bolsa de estágio doutoral no exterior. Agradeço com alegria aos amigos que estiveram presentes em diferentes momentos desse processo. Grande parte da ajuda e força que obtive veio de pessoas fora do ambiente acadêmico, quando espairecer era necessário, e a vida pedia um pouco mais de calma e cor. Em especial, Clare Jerome, Alice Braga, Ciro Ferreira, Letícia Cortellazzi, Paula Facci, Leandro Scavacini, Luana Gouveia, Fabrício Carrijo, Lucilene Calza, Isabela Ferraioli, Gabriela Sandroni, Yasmine Hoffman, Ana Paula Carrijo, Daniela Becker, Karin Popov e Guilhermetes. Agradeço com muito carinho a minha família, que incondicionalmente me apoiou e cujo amor é minha estrutura mais forte: minha mãe Madeleine Peron, meu pai Aécio Vieira, e minha irmã Vanessa Taciane. Agradeço em especial ao meu marido Sivaldo Pereira, o maior companheiro dessa jornada, que além de me incentivar em cada uma das etapas desse processo, tive a oportunidade de contar com um interlocutor de qualidades raras. Agradeço a nossa filha Carmel, que sendo gestada na etapa final deste extenso e intenso trabalho, acompanhou-me tranquila, compreendendo todos os momentos de cansaço, noites em claro e dias sem sol, trazendo-me em troca muita energia, equilíbrio e luz. Por fim o mais importante: agradeço imensamente a Deus por guiar a minha vida, sempre. RESUMO O início deste século foi marcado por um conjunto significativo de transformações nas relações internacionais. O fortalecimento de movimentos antiglobalização, a maior propagação do terrorismo, o empoderamento de organizações civis e a ocorrência de grandes protestos coordenados em rede são algumas das vinculações deste período. Todos esses eventos possuem algumas características em comum: Envolvem ações ativistas; sustentam algum impacto transnacional; utilizam em alguma medida a comunicação digital para suas ações. Com este cenário de fundo, esta pesquisa de doutorado tem como indagação central o seguinte questionamento: Quais os efeitos da comunicação digital na dinâmica do ativismo transnacional contemporâneo? Para responder tal inquirição, o trabalho buscou integrar diferentes áreas de conhecimento como Relações Internacionais, Comunicação Social e Tecnologia. No tocante à metodologia utilizada, foram adotados a pesquisa qualitativa e o método de estudo de caso como ferramentas basilares. Para operacionalizar e criar linhas- mestras de análise, desenvolveu-se indicadores qualitativos. Estes foram aplicados em três casos de ativismo transnacional contemporâneo considerados representativos e emblemáticos: (a) Al-Qaeda, WikiLeaks e Primavera Árabe. Os resultados identificaram a ocorrência de cinco categorias de efeitos da comunicação digital sobre o ativismo transnacional e seus respectivos indicadores: Estímulo à configuração da causa (articulação, difusão e massificação); Multiplicação do engajamento de indivíduos (coordenação, adesão e colaboração); Flexibilização da estrutura (virtualização, descentralização e transnacionalização); Instrumentalização do planejamento (elaboração, datificação e instrução); e Diversificação da ação (cibereventos e ciberataque). A pesquisa aponta que os efeitos da comunicação digital no ativismo são hoje fenômenos reais, com implicações nos diversos processos que compõem o ativismo em geral e o ativismo transnacional em específico. Os dados e fatos descritos comprovam o lastro das categorias de efeitos e também demonstram a sua complexidade e entrelaçamento, enquadrando o ativismo transnacional como um fenômeno cada vez mais relevante no cenário internacional. Palavras-chave: ativismo transnacional, comunicação digital, Al-Qaeda, WikiLeaks, Primavera Árabe ABSTRACT The beginning of this century was marked by a significant number of changes in international relations. The strengthening of anti-globalization movements, the further spread of terrorism, the empowerment of civil society organizations and coordinated protests are some changes that characterize this period. All these events have some elements in common: activists actions; transboundary impacts; digital communication usage. This doctoral research centers around the following question: What are the effects of digital communication on the dynamics of contemporary transnational activism? To answer this inquiry, the study integrated different areas of knowledge, including International Relations, Social Communication and Technology. Regarding the methodology, qualitative research and the case study method were adopted as basic tools. To operate and create guidelines for analysis, qualitative indicators were developed. These were applied in three cases of contemporary transnational activism considered emblematic of this new century: (a) Al-Qaeda, WikiLeaks and Arab Spring. The results
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