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State Power 2.0.Pdf STATE POWER 2.0 Proof Copy 000 Hussain book.indb 1 9/9/2013 2:02:58 PM This collection is dedicated to the international networks of activists, hactivists, and enthusiasts leading the global movement for Internet freedom. Proof Copy 000 Hussain book.indb 2 9/9/2013 2:02:58 PM State Power 2.0 Authoritarian Entrenchment and Political Engagement Worldwide Edited by MUZAMMIL M. HUSSAIN University of Michigan, USA PHILIP N. HOWARD University of Washington, USA Proof Copy 000 Hussain book.indb 3 9/9/2013 2:02:59 PM © Muzammil M. Hussain and Philip N. Howard 2013 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior permission of the publisher. Muzammil M. Hussain and Philip N. Howard have asserted their right under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988, to be identified as the editors of this work. Published by Ashgate Publishing Limited Ashgate Publishing Company Wey Court East 110 Cherry Street Union Road Suite 3-1 Farnham Burlington, VT 05401-3818 Surrey, GU9 7PT USA England www.ashgate.com British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library The Library of Congress has cataloged the printed edition as follows: Howard, Philip N. State Power 2.0 : Authoritarian Entrenchment and Political Engagement Worldwide / by Philip N. Howard and Muzammil M. Hussain. pages cm Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-4094-5469-4 (hardback) -- ISBN 978-1-4094-5470-0 (ebook) -- ISBN 978- 1-4724-0328-5 (epub) 1. Internet--Political aspects. 2. Internet--Government policy. 3. Internet--Censorship. 4. Authoritarianism. 5. Social control. I. Hussain, Muzammil M. II. Title. HM851.H69 2013 303.3'3--dc23 2013020296 ISBN 9781409454694 (hbk) ISBN 9781409454700 (ebk –PDF) ISBN 9781472403285Proof (ebk – ePUB) Copy 000 Hussain book.indb 4 9/9/2013 2:02:59 PM 1 1 2 2 3 Contents 3 4 4 5 5 6 6 7 7 8 List of Figures vii 8 9 Notes on Contributors ix 9 10 Acknowledgments xiii 10 11 11 12 12 13 Introduction: State Power 2.0 1 13 14 Muzammil M. Hussain, Philip N. Howard, 14 15 and Sheetal D. Agarwal 15 16 16 17 PART I INFORMATION INFRASTRUCTURE 17 18 AND SOCIAL CONTROL 18 19 19 20 1 Origins of the Tunisian Internet 19 20 21 Katherine Maher and Jillian C. York 21 22 22 23 2 The State of Digital Exception: 23 24 Censorship and Dissent in Post-Revolutionary Iran 33 24 25 Babak Rahimi 25 26 26 27 3 Information Infrastructure and Anti-Regime 27 28 Protests in Iran and Tunisia 45 28 29 Matthew Carrieri, Ronald J. Deibert, 29 30 and Saad Omar Khan 30 31 31 32 4 Digital Occupation in Gaza’s High-Tech Enclosure 57 32 33 Helga Tawil-Souri 33 34 34 35 5 Leveraged Affordances and the Specter of Structural Violence 69 35 36 David Karpf and Steven Livingston 36 37 Proof Copy 37 38 PART II DIGITAL MEDIA AND POLITICAL ENGAGEMENT 38 39 39 40 6 Technology-Induced Innovation in the Making and 40 41 Consolidation of Arab Democracy 83 41 42 Imad Salamey 42 43 43 44 44 000 Hussain book.indb 5 9/9/2013 2:02:59 PM vi State Power 2.0 1 7 Al-Masry Al-Youm and Egypt’s New Media Ecology 91 1 2 David M. Faris 2 3 3 4 8 Communicating Politics in Kuwait 99 4 5 Fahed Al-Sumait 5 6 6 7 9 Social Media and Soft Political Change in Morocco 113 7 8 Mohammed Ibahrine 8 9 9 10 10 Leninist Lapdogs to Bothersome Bloggers in Vietnam 125 10 11 Catherine McKinley and Anya Schiffrin 11 12 12 13 11 Dynamics of Innovation and the Balance of Power in Russia 139 13 14 Gregory Asmolov 14 15 15 16 12 Anonymous vs. Authoritarianism 153 16 17 Jessica L. Beyer 17 18 18 19 19 20 Bibliography 163 20 21 Index 187 21 22 22 23 23 24 24 25 25 26 26 27 27 28 28 29 29 30 30 31 31 32 32 33 33 34 34 35 35 36 Proof Copy 36 37 37 38 38 39 39 40 40 41 41 42 42 43 43 44 44 000 Hussain book.indb 6 9/9/2013 2:02:59 PM 1 1 2 2 3 List of Figures 3 4 4 5 5 6 6 7 7 8 Figure I.1 Number of major incidents of state intervention 8 9 in digital networks, by regime type, 1995–2011 7 9 10 10 11 Table I.1 How do states disconnect their digital networks? 11 12 Incidents by regime type 9 12 13 Table I.2 Why do states disconnect their digital networks? 13 14 Reasons by regime type 12 14 15 15 16 16 17 17 18 18 19 19 20 20 21 21 22 22 23 23 24 24 25 25 26 26 27 27 28 28 29 29 30 30 31 31 32 32 33 33 34 34 35 35 36 36 37 Proof Copy 37 38 38 39 39 40 40 41 41 42 42 43 43 44 44 000 Hussain book.indb 7 9/9/2013 2:02:59 PM Proof Copy 000 Hussain book.indb 8 9/9/2013 2:02:59 PM 1 1 2 2 3 Notes on Contributors 3 4 4 5 5 6 6 7 7 8 Sheetal D. Agarwal is a doctoral candidate in the Department of Communication 8 9 at the University of Washington, Seattle. Her research interests include the 9 10 intersection of media, technology, and politics from a network perspective. 10 11 Currently, she is evaluating the role of values, resources, and power distribution in 11 12 technology development within networked organizations. 12 13 13 14 Fahed Al-Sumait is Assistant Professor and Department Chair of Communication 14 15 at the Gulf University for Science and Technology in Kuwait. He was recently a 15 16 post-doctoral research fellow at the National University of Singapore’s Middle 16 17 East Institute, and a Fulbright-Hays fellow from 2010–2011. 17 18 18 19 Gregory Asmolov is a doctoral student in the Media and Communications 19 20 Department, at the London School of Economics and Political Science. He is a 20 21 co-founder of HelpMap, a crowdsourcing platform which was used to coordinate 21 22 assistance to victims of wildfires in Russia in 2010. 22 23 23 24 Jessica L. Beyer is a post-doctoral scholar in the Henry M. Jackson School for 24 25 International Studies at the University of Washington, Seattle. 25 26 26 27 Matthew Carrieri is a researcher at the Citizen Lab, Munk School of Global 27 28 Affairs, University of Toronto. He holds a BA in Middle East Studies from McGill 28 29 University and an MA in Near Eastern Studies from New York University. 29 30 30 31 Ronald J. Deibert is Professor of Political Science and Director of the Canada 31 32 Centre for Global Security Studies and the Citizen Lab at the Munk School of 32 33 Global Affairs, University of Toronto. 33 34 34 35 David M. Faris is Assistant Professor of Political Science and Director of 35 36 International Studies at Roosevelt University. He is author of Dissent and 36 37 RevolutionProof in a Digital Age: Social Media, BloggingCopy and Activism in Egypt (I .B. 37 38 Tauris). 38 39 39 40 Philip N. Howard is Professor of Communication, Information and International 40 41 Studies at the University of Washington, Professor of Public Policy at the Central 41 42 European University, and a fellow at the Center for Information Technology Policy 42 43 at Princeton University. 43 44 44 000 Hussain book.indb 9 9/9/2013 2:02:59 PM x State Power 2.0 1 Muzammil M. Hussain is Assistant Professor in International and Comparative 1 2 Media Studies at the University of Michigan’s Department of Communication 2 3 Studies, Faculty Associate at the Institute for Social Research’s Center for 3 4 Political Studies, and directs the project on Comparative Digital Politics and 4 5 Democratization (www.comparative-DPD.org). 5 6 6 7 Mohammed Ibahrine is Assistant Professor of Digital Advertising and Marketing 7 8 Communication at the American University of Sharjah, UAE. He is a contributing 8 9 member of the Open Society Global Project “Mapping Digital Media” and the 9 10 ITU Global Cybersecurity Agenda (GCA). 10 11 11 12 David Karpf is Assistant Professor of Media and Public Affairs at the George 12 13 Washington University. His primary research focus concerns online politics 13 14 in the United States, and is the author of The MoveOn Effect: The Unexpected 14 15 Transformation of American Political Advocacy (Oxford University Press). 15 16 16 17 Saad Omar Khan is a researcher at the Citizen Lab, Munk School of Global 17 18 affairs, University of Toronto. He holds a master’s degree from the London 18 19 School of Economics, and completed his undergraduate studies at the University 19 20 of Toronto. 20 21 21 22 Steven Livingston is Professor of Media and Public Affairs, and International 22 23 Affairs at the George Washington University. 23 24 24 25 Katherine Maher is Director of Strategy and Engagement for the international 25 26 digital rights organization “Access,” and a fellow at the Truman National Security 26 27 Project.
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