Highrise Building Fire Safety Concept

HG Tay FIFireE B Sc (Hons) M Sc Fire Safety Engineering IFE International President The Institution of Fire Engineers Highrise Building Fire Safety Concept

Introduction Highrise Building Fire Safety Concept Introduction

1.History and Development of Highrise Buildings 2.Fire Hazards of Highrise Buildings 3.Fire Risks of Highrise Buildings 4.Fire Safety Concept and Management of Highrise Buildings Highrise Building Fire Safety Concept History and Development of Highrise Buildings

Growing populations Limited land resources Reflection of high technology in construction industry Reflection of modern city status

Advancement in highrise construction is also accompanied by high fire hazards and fire risks

Highrise fire fighting and mass evacuation becomes a major issue Highrise Building Fire Safety Concept

Development of Highrise Buildings There are three eras where highrise buildings were a trend in the construction industry. The first highrise was a 10 storey building in Chicago back in 1885

The First Wave Starts back in 1931 in New York represented by of 102 storey at 381m height

This record was held for 40 years Highrise Building Fire Safety Concept

The second wave During 20th century from 1960 to 1970 in America.

The representing is New York World Financial Centre of 110 storey and 417m height constructed in 1972

Followed by Chicago Sheers Tower – 1973 of 110 storey at 443m height which holds the record for 23 years Highrise Building Fire Safety Concept

The Third Wave From 20th Century 1990 until now There is migration of the concept from the West to the East

Represented by Kuala Lumpur Twin Tower Malaysia of 98 storey at 452height built in 1996

Followed by 101 built in 2003 of 101 storey and 508m height

Shanghai and Hong Kong of and all Join the race to build the tallest tower in the world

Today in Shanghai there are more than 10,000 highrise buildings Highrise Building Fire Safety Concept

World’s Tallest Highrise Building Highrise Building Fire Safety Concept and Design Two International Finance Centre ‐ 415m 88 Storey Shanghai Jin Mao Building – 421m 88 Storey Chicago – 452m 108 Storey – 450m 89 Storey Kuala Lumpur Petronas Twin Tower – 452m 88 Storey International Commercial center Hong Kong – 484m 118 Storey Shanghai World Finance Centre –492m 101 Storey ‐ 509m 101 Storey Makkah Royal Court Hotel – 601m 120 Storey Dubai – 829.84m 163 Storey Burj Khalifa Dubai Full View

Worlds Tallest

Rank Building[A][4] City Country Height (m) Height (ft) Floors Built

1 Burj Khalifa Dubai UAE 828 m 2,717 ft 163 2010

Makkah Royal 2 Mecca Saudi Arabia 601 m[5] 1,971 ft 120 2012[F] Tower Hotel

3 Taipei 101 Taipei 509 m[6] 1,670 ft 101 2004

Shanghai World 4 Shanghai China 492 m 1,614 ft 101 2008 Financial Center

International 5 Hong Kong Hong Kong 484 m 1,588 ft 118 2010 Commerce Centre

6 Petronas Tower 1 Kuala Lumpur Malaysia 452 m 1,483 ft 88 1998

6 Petronas Tower 2 Kuala Lumpur Malaysia 452 m 1,483 ft 88 1998

8 Zifeng Tower Nanjing China 450 m 1,476 ft 89 2010

9 Willis Tower Chicago USA 442 m 1,450 ft 108 1973 Highrise Building Fire Safety Concept

Definition of Highrise Building Highrise Building Fire Safety Concept

Definition of Highrise Buildings

Most of the countries in the world define Highrise Building as :‐

“Any occupied building with a structure that is more than 30 meters above ground level beyond which internal fire fighting is imminent”

Any building above 10 Storey = Highrise Building Singapore, Hong Kong, Malaysia –30m Canada – 18m USA – 23m Nederlands – 70m Highrise Building Fire Safety Concept

Definition of Highrise Buildings (Cont)

* Available height of water Jet supply * The achievable height of turn table ladder * Fire Engine pump capacity * Fire engine access requirements * Building below 30m fitted with Dry Riser c/w breeching inlet * * Highrise building are fitted with Wet Riser system ‐ pressurized pipework connected to pumpsets and water tank that is self replenishing ‐ breeching inlet connected to water tank Highrise Building Fire Safety Concept

Highrise Building Features Highrise Building Fire Safety Concept

Highrise Building Features

•Multiple Occupancies ‐ City in City

* Tower Block ‐ Office, Hotel Condominium * Podium Block –Shopping Complex, amusement park, restaurants, cineplex, bowling centre, Karaoke, childcare centre, carpark

* Mix occupancy mix fire risk * Maximum travel distance often exceeded * ASET –RSET ???? * Mass evacuation difficulties Highrise Building Fire Safety Concept

Fire Hazard and Fire Risk

* Fire caused by electrical appliances ‐ During construction ‐ After occupancy, during renovation * Cooking facilities ‐ Pantry ‐ Restaurant ‐ Microwave * Machine induced fire * Renovation induced fire * Fire caused by Smoking ‐ Cigarette in the waste bin Highrise Building Fire Safety Concept

Fire Hazard and Fire Risk (Cont.)

* Gas Explosion * Refute chute * Laundry chute * Spontaneous ignition Highrise Building Fire Safety Concept and Design

Fire Propagation Hazard and Risk Highrise Building Fire Safety Concept

Fire Propagation Hazards and Risks

During Construction Storage of building materials that is highly combustible Use of high energy output lamps for illumination and drying Use of highly flammable solvents Ever presence of fuel load and ignition source Lack of fire protection systems Lack of passive compartmentation Completed buildings ‐ Furnishing and finishes ‐ Commercial display combustibles ‐ Telecommunication cables and electrical cab Highrise Building Fire Safety Concept

Fire Propagation Hazards and Risks (Cont)

* Vertical and horizontal access ‐ Riser ducts, wall penetrations, gaps, expansion joints ‐ Air condition ducts, trunkings ‐ Fire escape staircases * Chimney effect ‐ Internally through vertical ducts ‐ Externally through curtain walling system ‐ Through fire escape staircase * From floor to floor ‐ Towering Inferno scenario * Failure of Fire Protection Systems Highrise Building Fire Safety Concept

Fire Propagation Hazards and Risks (Cont)

Building under Renovation Increased of Fuel load and ignition source at site Decrease of passive fire protection system e.g compartmentation wall; fire resistant doorsets Presence of scaffoldings and external netting Presence of third party workers increasing fire risk Hyatt Hotel –Jin Mao Building Towering Inferno Venezuela Caracas

35 Fire Shanghai China Apartment Shanghai China

36 Shanghai China Apartment Fire

37 Shanghai China Apartment Fire

38 Highrise Building Fire Safety Concept

Mass Evacuation Hazard and Risk Highrise Building Fire Safety Concept Mass Evacuation Hazards and Risks

* Difficulty in implementation ‐ Vertical transportation through lift or escalator ‐ Mass evacuation for highrise within ASET is at times not achievable ‐ Human factor needs to be built into the formula for RSET * Crowd Control ‐ need to avoid stampede during mass evacuation * Maximum travel Distance and ASET ‐ Often exceed ‐ The taller and bigger the tower , the total number of evacuees increases and the longer it takes Highrise Building Fire Safety Concept

Mass Evacuation Hazards and Risks (Cont)

* Possible ingress of flame, smoke and toxic fumes at fire escape staircase * Need to cater for sick, disables, pregnant ladies, elderly, and any other emergencies. * Need to cater for those who can not descend from higher floor to lower floor (temporary refuge area) Highrise Building Fire Safety Concept

No of Evacuation Time (min) Floors 240P/Floor 120/Floor 60P/Floor 50 131 66 33 40 105 52 26 30 78 39 20 20 51 25 13 10 38 19 9 Highrise Building Fire Safety Concept

Fire Fighting Hazard and Risk Highrise Building Fire Safety Concept

Fire Fighting Hazards and Risks

* External Fire Fighting ‐ limited by height of turn table ladder ‐ limited by fire and smoke on the facade of the building * Internal fire fighting ‐ Restriction due to layout of the building ‐ Due to accumulation of smoke and toxic fumes ‐ Failure of fireman’s lift ‐ Creates traffic jam within fire escape staircase Highrise Building Fire Safety Concept

Fire Fighting Hazards and Risks (Cont)

* Water supply issue ‐ High demand for water supply ‐ Risk of hoses puncture by broken glasses * Smoke Control and Management ‐ Rapid smoke and toxic fume built‐up ‐ Possible failure of mechanical smoke extract system Highrise Building Fire Safety Concept

Highrise Fire Safety Strategy Highrise Building Fire Safety Concept

Highrise Building Fire Safety Concept

* Fire Safety Engineering Approach * Performance‐based design * Provision for Fire escape staircase * Provision for smoke and fire lobby * Provision for smoke control and management system * Provision for active and passive fire protection systems * Provision for firemen’s lift * Provision for fire fighter’s lobby * Provision for maximum travel distance * Provision for mass evacuation * Provision for emergency response planning and management Highrise Building Fire Safety Concept

Highrise Building Fire Safety Concept

* Provision for temporally refuge area and management * Provision for preventive maintenance * Provision for sustainable fire engineering design * Provision for fire engine access in relation to volume and height of the building * Provision for in house first respondents * Provision for AET through drill * Fire Fighters need to be retrained for understanding of building construction and fire hazards HighriseHighrise BuildingBuilding FireFire SafetySafety StrategyStrategy

4.1 预防火灾发生的对策

Adopt Appropriate Fire Fire Risk Assessment and Engineering Design Management

Accord Active and Passive Fire Prevention Preventive Maintenance FPS Strategies Schedule

In house Fire Fighting ERP and ERM Units Highrise Building Fire Safety Strategy (Cont)

4.2 控御火灾扩大对策Fire resistant Structure •Steel Structure • Reinforcement Concrete

Adopt FR Material Review Fire Hazard/Risk • Interior Decorator • Occupancy Risk • Furnishing • Activities Fire Propagation Strategy • High Risk • Finishes • Low Risk •External cladding

• FP System • FP Installation •Inspection Testing •Preventive Maintenance Adopt Intelligent System Highrise Building Fire Safety Concept

Highrise Building Rescue Strategy

* Automatic Fire Detection Alarm system * Confine Fire and Conduct Mass Evacuate * Adopt various method of fire fighting technology * Automatic smoke extract system * Turn table external rescue * Ground control and security * PR and Medium * ERP and ERM Table top and actual drill * Local council, Fire Service, Building owners, professionals, police coordination meeting Thank You