Highrise Building Fire Safety Concept HG Tay FIFireE B Sc (Hons) M Sc Fire Safety Engineering IFE International President The Institution of Fire Engineers Highrise Building Fire Safety Concept Introduction Highrise Building Fire Safety Concept Introduction 1.History and Development of Highrise Buildings 2.Fire Hazards of Highrise Buildings 3.Fire Risks of Highrise Buildings 4.Fire Safety Concept and Management of Highrise Buildings Highrise Building Fire Safety Concept History and Development of Highrise Buildings Growing populations Limited land resources Reflection of high technology in construction industry Reflection of modern city status Advancement in highrise construction is also accompanied by high fire hazards and fire risks Highrise fire fighting and mass evacuation becomes a major issue Highrise Building Fire Safety Concept Development of Highrise Buildings There are three eras where highrise buildings were a trend in the construction industry. The first highrise was a 10 storey building in Chicago back in 1885 The First Wave Starts back in 1931 in New York represented by Empire State Building of 102 storey at 381m height This record was held for 40 years Highrise Building Fire Safety Concept The second wave During 20th century from 1960 to 1970 in America. The representing skyscraper is New York World Financial Centre of 110 storey and 417m height constructed in 1972 Followed by Chicago Sheers Tower – 1973 of 110 storey at 443m height which holds the record for 23 years Highrise Building Fire Safety Concept The Third Wave From 20th Century 1990 until now There is migration of the concept from the West to the East Represented by Kuala Lumpur Twin Tower Malaysia of 98 storey at 452height built in 1996 Followed by Taipei 101 built in 2003 of 101 storey and 508m height Shanghai and Hong Kong of China and Dubai all Join the race to build the tallest tower in the world Today in Shanghai there are more than 10,000 highrise buildings Highrise Building Fire Safety Concept World’s Tallest Highrise Building Highrise Building Fire Safety Concept and Design Two International Finance Centre ‐ 415m 88 Storey Shanghai Jin Mao Building – 421m 88 Storey Willis Tower Chicago – 452m 108 Storey Zifeng Tower Nanjing – 450m 89 Storey Kuala Lumpur Petronas Twin Tower – 452m 88 Storey International Commercial center Hong Kong – 484m 118 Storey Shanghai World Finance Centre –492m 101 Storey Taipei 101‐ 509m 101 Storey Makkah Royal Court Hotel – 601m 120 Storey Burj Khalifa Dubai – 829.84m 163 Storey Burj Khalifa Dubai Full View Worlds Tallest Skyscrapers Rank Building[A][4] City Country Height (m) Height (ft) Floors Built 1 Burj Khalifa Dubai UAE 828 m 2,717 ft 163 2010 Makkah Royal Clock 2 Mecca Saudi Arabia 601 m[5] 1,971 ft 120 2012[F] Tower Hotel 3 Taipei 101 Taipei Taiwan 509 m[6] 1,670 ft 101 2004 Shanghai World 4 Shanghai China 492 m 1,614 ft 101 2008 Financial Center International 5 Hong Kong Hong Kong 484 m 1,588 ft 118 2010 Commerce Centre 6 Petronas Tower 1 Kuala Lumpur Malaysia 452 m 1,483 ft 88 1998 6 Petronas Tower 2 Kuala Lumpur Malaysia 452 m 1,483 ft 88 1998 8 Zifeng Tower Nanjing China 450 m 1,476 ft 89 2010 9 Willis Tower Chicago USA 442 m 1,450 ft 108 1973 Highrise Building Fire Safety Concept Definition of Highrise Building Highrise Building Fire Safety Concept Definition of Highrise Buildings Most of the countries in the world define Highrise Building as :‐ “Any occupied building with a structure that is more than 30 meters above ground level beyond which internal fire fighting is imminent” Any building above 10 Storey = Highrise Building Singapore, Hong Kong, Malaysia –30m Canada – 18m USA – 23m Nederlands – 70m Highrise Building Fire Safety Concept Definition of Highrise Buildings (Cont) * Available height of water Jet supply * The achievable height of turn table ladder * Fire Engine pump capacity * Fire engine access requirements * Building below 30m fitted with Dry Riser c/w breeching inlet * * Highrise building are fitted with Wet Riser system ‐ pressurized pipework connected to pumpsets and water tank that is self replenishing ‐ breeching inlet connected to water tank Highrise Building Fire Safety Concept Highrise Building Features Highrise Building Fire Safety Concept Highrise Building Features •Multiple Occupancies ‐ City in City * Tower Block ‐ Office, Hotel Condominium * Podium Block –Shopping Complex, amusement park, restaurants, cineplex, bowling centre, Karaoke, childcare centre, carpark * Mix occupancy mix fire risk * Maximum travel distance often exceeded * ASET –RSET ???? * Mass evacuation difficulties Highrise Building Fire Safety Concept Fire Hazard and Fire Risk * Fire caused by electrical appliances ‐ During construction ‐ After occupancy, during renovation * Cooking facilities ‐ Pantry ‐ Restaurant ‐ Microwave * Machine induced fire * Renovation induced fire * Fire caused by Smoking ‐ Cigarette in the waste bin Highrise Building Fire Safety Concept Fire Hazard and Fire Risk (Cont.) * Gas Explosion * Refute chute * Laundry chute * Spontaneous ignition Highrise Building Fire Safety Concept and Design Fire Propagation Hazard and Risk Highrise Building Fire Safety Concept Fire Propagation Hazards and Risks During Construction Storage of building materials that is highly combustible Use of high energy output lamps for illumination and drying Use of highly flammable solvents Ever presence of fuel load and ignition source Lack of fire protection systems Lack of passive compartmentation Completed buildings ‐ Furnishing and finishes ‐ Commercial display combustibles ‐ Telecommunication cables and electrical cab Highrise Building Fire Safety Concept Fire Propagation Hazards and Risks (Cont) * Vertical and horizontal access ‐ Riser ducts, wall penetrations, gaps, expansion joints ‐ Air condition ducts, trunkings ‐ Fire escape staircases * Chimney effect ‐ Internally through vertical ducts ‐ Externally through curtain walling system ‐ Through fire escape staircase * From floor to floor ‐ Towering Inferno scenario * Failure of Fire Protection Systems Highrise Building Fire Safety Concept Fire Propagation Hazards and Risks (Cont) Building under Renovation Increased of Fuel load and ignition source at site Decrease of passive fire protection system e.g compartmentation wall; fire resistant doorsets Presence of scaffoldings and external netting Presence of third party workers increasing fire risk Hyatt Hotel –Jin Mao Building Caracas Venezuela Towering Inferno 35 36 Shanghai China Apartment Fire Shanghai China Apartment Fire 37 Shanghai China Apartment Fire 38 Highrise Building Fire Safety Concept Mass Evacuation Hazard and Risk Highrise Building Fire Safety Concept Mass Evacuation Hazards and Risks * Difficulty in implementation ‐ Vertical transportation through lift or escalator ‐ Mass evacuation for highrise within ASET is at times not achievable ‐ Human factor needs to be built into the formula for RSET * Crowd Control ‐ need to avoid stampede during mass evacuation * Maximum travel Distance and ASET ‐ Often exceed ‐ The taller and bigger the tower , the total number of evacuees increases and the longer it takes Highrise Building Fire Safety Concept Mass Evacuation Hazards and Risks (Cont) * Possible ingress of flame, smoke and toxic fumes at fire escape staircase * Need to cater for sick, disables, pregnant ladies, elderly, and any other emergencies. * Need to cater for those who can not descend from higher floor to lower floor (temporary refuge area) Highrise Building Fire Safety Concept No of Evacuation Time (min) Floors 240P/Floor 120/Floor 60P/Floor 50 131 66 33 40 105 52 26 30 78 39 20 20 51 25 13 10 38 19 9 Highrise Building Fire Safety Concept Fire Fighting Hazard and Risk Highrise Building Fire Safety Concept Fire Fighting Hazards and Risks * External Fire Fighting ‐ limited by height of turn table ladder ‐ limited by fire and smoke on the facade of the building * Internal fire fighting ‐ Restriction due to layout of the building ‐ Due to accumulation of smoke and toxic fumes ‐ Failure of fireman’s lift ‐ Creates traffic jam within fire escape staircase Highrise Building Fire Safety Concept Fire Fighting Hazards and Risks (Cont) * Water supply issue ‐ High demand for water supply ‐ Risk of hoses puncture by broken glasses * Smoke Control and Management ‐ Rapid smoke and toxic fume built‐up ‐ Possible failure of mechanical smoke extract system Highrise Building Fire Safety Concept Highrise Fire Safety Strategy Highrise Building Fire Safety Concept Highrise Building Fire Safety Concept * Fire Safety Engineering Approach * Performance‐based design * Provision for Fire escape staircase * Provision for smoke and fire lobby * Provision for smoke control and management system * Provision for active and passive fire protection systems * Provision for firemen’s lift * Provision for fire fighter’s lobby * Provision for maximum travel distance * Provision for mass evacuation * Provision for emergency response planning and management Highrise Building Fire Safety Concept Highrise Building Fire Safety Concept * Provision for temporally refuge area and management * Provision for preventive maintenance * Provision for sustainable fire engineering design * Provision for fire engine access in relation to volume and height of the building * Provision for in house first respondents * Provision for AET through drill * Fire Fighters need to be retrained for understanding of building construction and fire hazards HighriseHighrise BuildingBuilding FireFire SafetySafety StrategyStrategy 4.1 预防火灾发生的对策 Adopt Appropriate