Burj Khalifa, the Shard, and Rivals by Eva Bogomil

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Burj Khalifa, the Shard, and Rivals by Eva Bogomil Burj Khalifa, The Shard, and Rivals by Eva Bogomil Introduction From the early days, we have invariably been interested in the world we live in, exploring, analysing, and altering it at our will. Humanity has gone a long way from caves to modern skyscrapers, aiming for ever greater heights. The power of human ingenuity has conquered the elements to reach the sky and beyond. Nowadays technologies allow us to build skyscrapers that totally change our idea of a modern world. Throughout the centuries brilliant engineers have been inventing more advanced and complex technologies, expanding our abilities. The Acropolis, St Paul’s Cathedral, the Eiffel Tower and the Sydney Opera House are all marvellous buildings that have remained objects of admiration for historians, architects, and artists, as well as a source of inspiration for many generations. Even to the general public the structures appear breathtaking. The 21st century saw the dawn of super-skyscraper construction. The Shard, Taipei 101, the Princess Tower, the Abraj Al-Bait Towers, and the Shanghai Tower are just some of the outstanding examples the modern world can be proud of. Burj Khalifa, currently the tallest building in the world, crowns this list of our achievements (Figure 1.0) which keep attracting people, making them wonder how such structures could have been built. Figure 1.0: Height comparison of some of the tallest buildings in the world This essay will focus mainly on London’s Shard and Dubai’s Burj Khalifa. Both of these skyscrapers are unique in their own way, yet similar. The Shard — currently the tallest building in the United Kingdom — dominates London skyline. One cannot ignore this magnificent building, yet Burj Khalifa, currently the tallest building in the world, interests me the most since its construction was a definitive breakthrough in the history of skyscrapers. The skills and technology had to be taken to a completely new level. The very construction of both skyscrapers challenged the forces of nature. Overview The Shard. The magnificent shiny 95-storey-high skyscraper became the tallest building in Europe upon its completion on 30 March 2012 at a height of 309.6 metres (1,016 feet). The project was first envisaged in 2000, but it was not until 19 March 2009 that the works had started. The delay was caused by the Chartered Association of Building Engineers (CABE) and English Heritage who believed that the construction of such a skyscraper would ruin the view onto such historic London places as St Paul’s Cathedral and Westminster (Figure 2.1). ‘Tear through historic London like a shard of glass’, said English "1 Heritage, unintentionally giving the skyscraper its current name [12]. That happened despite the Shard’s designer, Renzo Piano, claiming to have been inspired by the spires of London churches and masts of tall ships [4]. Burj Khalifa. The tallest skyscraper in the world with 160 floors and 828 meters high, located in Dubai, UAE was launched on 4 January 2010 (Figure 2.2). The tower is classified as ‘supertall’ (with a height in excess of 1,000 feet) [3]. After 6 years of combined effort of more than 12,000 workers, the tower Figure 2.1: The ‘view’ planning of the Shard has become the icon of the city. The Image: http://www.shardldn.com/construction-history-html/ design of Burj Khalifa was inspired by local nature — the spider lily. The building also set a number of World Records, including the highest occupied floor, the tallest operational elevator, and the tallest aluminium and glass façade, among others [3]. Foundations The Shard towers above Southwark just a couple of streets away from the river Thames. The hole for its foundation was dug down to the clay layer. To construct a firm foundation for the skyscraper and prevent the structure from sinking into the clay, the latter was removed before filling the concrete [2]. The Shard was planned on the site of the former Southwark Towers, and its piles remained in the ground. Since it was impossible to remove them and because the area was surrounded by the London Bridge Station and other facilities, the engineers had to come up with an alternative way to construct the basement [13]. In order to reduce the cost and the timescale, the top-down construction method was used. It enabled the first three storeys and the underground structure to be built simultaneously: the secant pile wall was built together with the steel columns of the bearing piles. The giant hole in the ground level slab gave access to the piles, while the wall kept them from being flooded. A rig attached to the steel plunge columns was then used for supporting the concrete core, while the excavation of the basement floors was taking place underneath. By the time the thin basement slab had been completed, the Shard already had 20 storeys [1][13][14]. This was, indeed, a truly innovative method Figure 2.2: Burj Khalifa (Figure 3.1). Image: https://www.archdaily.com/882100/burj-khalifa-som "2 Miles away from the Shard, Burj Khalifa is situated in the desert of Dubai. Yet it faced similar problems. Weak and fractured rock, saturated with ground waters was a challenge for the engineers. It could not carry much weight, and to prevent t h e b u i l d i n g f r o m sinking into the sand, 125 piles were made Figure 3.1: The foundation of the Shard out of steel-reinforced Image: http://www.engineersjournal.ie/2016/01/26/engineering-the-shard/ concrete [8]. In order to build a foundation that could support the structure, 50-meter-deep bore holes were dug in the soil and filled with viscous polymer slurry to stop them from caving in. Concrete was then poured in, displacing the lower density slurry and forming foundation piles. High sulphate- rich ground waters posed the danger of corrosion. To minimise potential damage special corrosion inhibitors were added to the concrete [8]. Structure The amazing thing about the construction of the 95 storeys of the Shard and the 160 storeys of Burj Khalifa is that the work was completed in 4 and 6 years, respectively. In construction business, time is money, making the timescale one of the main priorities. A major development in the skyscraper technology took place during the construction of the World Trade Centre in New York City in 1975, when the so- called «kangaroo» cranes were used to deliver pre-fabricated skeleton blocks to the upper floors. Every time each subsequent storey was built, the cranes lifted themselves up the building [8]. Figure 3.2: Foundation diagram of Burj Khalifa The same type of cranes was used in the showing the areas of different load (red for highest, construction of Burj Khalifa. Steel skeleton blue for lowest) parts were made on the ground and lifted Image: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/ File:Burj_Khalifa_foundation_structure.gif up. The resultant shape was then filled with concrete. After it solidified, the shape could «jump up» to the next floor [3][8]. This enabled the workers to complete a storey almost every tree days. Once the building reached its 99th and 159th floors, special ‘recovery’ cranes were used to disassemble the operating cranes. The cranes at the very top, however, did that themselves when moving down level by level [3]. With the Shard, an even more exciting method was developed. A whole floor shape was moved up the building and filled with concrete, so that the core grew up at a rate of 3 meters a day (Figure 4.1) [2]. "3 At greater heights, it becomes progressively harder to bring the concrete up. This was a serious issue when constructing Burj Khalifa. The process was done only at nighttime. Concrete was cooled down and water was replaced with ice. It was a real challenge for the chemists to get the right consistency of the concrete: not thin, yet not too thick, otherwise there was a risk of it hardening inside the tubes. Four different types of concrete mixes were used at different heights [8]. It took longer than 40 minutes to pump up the concrete to the top floors at a pressure of over 80 MPa [3]. Along its length, the pipe had several 180 degree bends to imitate the loss of pressure [15]. Consequently, Burj Khalifa broke the world record for vertical concrete pumping [3]. Figure 4.1: The view on the core construction of the The mixed-use purpose of the Shard led Shard. The concrete mould is moved up for each to the unusual application of the materials level. Image: http://sbi.se/uploads/source/files/SBD/presentationer-12/1530.pdf (Figure 5.1). As the offices needed large open space, those floors were constructed from steel which behaves equally well in both tension and compression. All of the equipment, such as air conditioning and power cables, was hidden between the ceiling and the slab, using I-beams. At the same time, hotel and residential floors had to be sub- divided into smaller rooms, and it was decided to use concrete, because concrete columns could be hidden in the walls, and concrete slabs are thinner so more floors could be built. Moreover, concrete is very sound absorbing, which was a great advantage for the residential space [1]. A buttressed-core system was used in the construction of Burj Khalifa (Figure 5.2) [15]. Its core has a hexagon shape with three wings anchored to it. It makes each wing to be supported by the other two. This system allows us to construct much higher buildings than ever before, and was first tried out on the Tower Palace, Seoul [7][8].
Recommended publications
  • Shanghai Tower Construction & Development Co., Ltd
    Autodesk Customer Success Story Shanghai Tower Construction & Development Co., Ltd. COMPANY Shanghai Tower Rising to new heights with BIM. Construction & Development Co., Ltd. Shanghai Tower owner champions BIM PROJECT TEAM for design and construction of one of the Gensler Thornton Tomasetti Cosentini Associates world’s tallest (and greenest) buildings. Architectural Design and Research Institute of Tongji University Shanghai Xiandai Engineering Consultants Co., Ltd. Shanghai Construction Group Shanghai Installation Engineering Engineering Co., Ltd. Autodesk Consulting SOFTWARE Autodesk® Revit® Autodesk® Navisworks® Manage Autodesk® Ecotect® Analysis AutoCAD® Autodesk BIM solutions enable the different design disciplines to work together in a seamless fashion on a single information platform—improving efficiency, reducing Image courtesy of Shanghai Tower Construction and Development Co., Ltd. Rendering by Gensler. errors, and improving Project summary featuring a public sky garden, together with cafes, both project and building restaurants, and retail space. The double-skinned A striking new addition to the Shanghai skyline is performance. facade creates a thermal buffer zone to minimize currently rising in the heart of the city’s financial heat gain, and the spiraling nature of the outer district. The super high-rise Shanghai Tower will — Jianping Gu facade maximizes daylighting and views while Director and General Manager soon stand as the world’s second tallest building, reducing wind loads and conserving construction Shanghai Tower Construction and adjacent to two other iconic structures, the materials. To save energy, the facility includes & Development Co., Ltd. Jin Mao Tower and the Shanghai World Financial its own wind farm and geothermal system. In Center. The 121-story transparent glass tower will addition, rainwater recovery and gray water twist and taper as it rises, conveying a unique recycling systems reduce water usage.
    [Show full text]
  • CTBUH Journal
    About the Council The Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat, based at the Illinois Institute of Technology in CTBUH Journal Chicago and with a China offi ce at Tongji International Journal on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat University in Shanghai, is an international not-for-profi t organization supported by architecture, engineering, planning, development, and construction professionals. Founded in 1969, the Council’s mission is to disseminate multi- Tall buildings: design, construction, and operation | 2014 Issue IV disciplinary information on tall buildings and sustainable urban environments, to maximize the international interaction of professionals involved Case Study: One Central Park, Sydney in creating the built environment, and to make the latest knowledge available to professionals in High-Rise Housing: The Singapore Experience a useful form. The Emergence of Asian Supertalls The CTBUH disseminates its fi ndings, and facilitates business exchange, through: the Achieving Six Stars in Sydney publication of books, monographs, proceedings, and reports; the organization of world congresses, Ethical Implications of international, regional, and specialty conferences The Skyscraper Race and workshops; the maintaining of an extensive website and tall building databases of built, under Tall Buildings in Numbers: construction, and proposed buildings; the Unfi nished Projects distribution of a monthly international tall building e-newsletter; the maintaining of an Talking Tall: Ben van Berkel international resource center; the bestowing of annual awards for design and construction excellence and individual lifetime achievement; the management of special task forces/working groups; the hosting of technical forums; and the publication of the CTBUH Journal, a professional journal containing refereed papers written by researchers, scholars, and practicing professionals.
    [Show full text]
  • The “International” Skyscraper: Observations 2. Journal Paper
    ctbuh.org/papers Title: The “International” Skyscraper: Observations Author: Georges Binder, Managing Director, Buildings & Data SA Subject: Urban Design Keywords: Density Mixed-Use Urban Design Verticality Publication Date: 2008 Original Publication: CTBUH Journal, 2008 Issue I Paper Type: 1. Book chapter/Part chapter 2. Journal paper 3. Conference proceeding 4. Unpublished conference paper 5. Magazine article 6. Unpublished © Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat / Georges Binder The “International” Skyscraper: Observations While using tall buildings data, the following paper aims to show trends and shifts relating to building use and new locations accommodating high-rise buildings. After decades of the American office building being dominate, in the last twelve years we have observed a gradual but major shift from office use to residential and mixed-use for Tall Buildings, and from North America to Asia. The turn of the millennium has also seen major changes in the use of buildings in cities having the longest experience with Tall Buildings. Chicago is witnessing a series of office buildings being transformed into residential or mixed-use buildings, a phenomenon also occurring on a large scale in New York. In midtown Manhattan of New York City we note the transformation of major hotels into residential projects. The transformation of landmark projects in midtown New York City is making an impact, but it is not at all comparable to the number of new projects being built in Asia. When conceiving new projects, we should perhaps bear in mind that, in due time, these will also experience major shifts in uses and we should plan for this in advance.
    [Show full text]
  • Canopy Urban Heat Island and Its Association with Climate Conditions in Dubai, UAE
    climate Article Canopy Urban Heat Island and Its Association with Climate Conditions in Dubai, UAE Afifa Mohammed 1,*, Gloria Pignatta 1 , Evangelia Topriska 2 and Mattheos Santamouris 1 1 Faculty of Built Environment, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia; [email protected] (G.P.); [email protected] (M.S.) 2 Department of Architectural Engineering, Faculty of Energy, Geoscience, Infrastructure and Society, Heriot-Watt University, Dubai International Academic City, Dubai 294345, UAE; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 25 May 2020; Accepted: 24 June 2020; Published: 26 June 2020 Abstract: The impact that climate change and urbanization are having on the thermal-energy balance of the built environment is a major environmental concern today. Urban heat island (UHI) is another phenomenon that can raise the temperature in cities. This study aims to examine the UHI magnitude and its association with the main meteorological parameters (i.e., temperature, wind speed, and wind direction) in Dubai, United Arab Emirates. Five years of hourly weather data (2014–2018) obtained from weather stations located in an urban, suburban, and rural area, were post-processed by means of a clustering technique. Six clusters characterized by different ranges of wind directions were analyzed. The analysis reveals that UHI is affected by the synoptic weather conditions (i.e., sea breeze and hot air coming from the desert) and is larger at night. In the urban area, air temperature and night-time UHI intensity, averaged on the five year period, are 1.3 ◦C and 3.3 ◦C higher with respect to the rural area, respectively, and the UHI and air temperature are independent of each other only when the wind comes from the desert.
    [Show full text]
  • Dwelling on Courtyards
    18 2014 Dwelling on Courtyards Exploring the energy efficiency and comfort potential of courtyards for dwellings in the Netherlands Mohammad Taleghani Dwelling on Courtyards Exploring the energy efficiency and comfort potential of courtyards for dwellings in the Netherlands Mohammad Taleghani Delft University of Technology, Faculty of Architecture and the Built Environment, Department of Architectural Engineering + Technology i i Dwelling on Courtyards Exploring the energy efficiency and comfort potential of courtyards for dwellings in the Netherlands Proefschrift ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor aan de Technische Universiteit Delft, op gezag van de Rector Magnificus prof.ir. K.C.A.M. Luyben, voorzitter van het College voor Promoties, in het openbaar te verdedigen op 3 december 2014 om 12.30 uur door Mohammad TALEGHANI Master of Science in Architecture Engineering University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran geboren te Shahrood, Iran i Dit proefschrift is goedgekeurd door de promotor: Prof.dr.ir. A.A.J.F. van den Dobbelsteen Copromotor Dr.ir. M.J. Tenpierik Samenstelling promotiecommissie: Rector Magnificus, voorzitter Prof.dr.ir. A.A.J.F. van den Dobbelsteen, Technische Universiteit Delft, promotor Dr.ir. M.J. Tenpierik, Technische Universiteit Delft, copromotor Prof. Dr. D.J. Sailor, Portland State University, USA Prof. Dr. K. Steemers, MPhil PhD RIBA University of Cambridge, UK Prof.dr.ir. L. Schrijver, University of Antwerp, Belgium Prof.dr.ir. B.J.E. Blocken, Technische Universiteit Eindhoven Prof.dr.ir. P.M. Bluyssen, Technische Universiteit
    [Show full text]
  • JAKO201834663385082.Pdf
    International Journal of High-Rise Buildings International Journal of September 2018, Vol 7, No 3, 197-214 High-Rise Buildings https://doi.org/10.21022/IJHRB.2018.7.3.197 www.ctbuh-korea.org/ijhrb/index.php Developments of Structural Systems Toward Mile-High Towers Kyoung Sun Moon† Yale University School of Architecture, 180 York Street, New Haven, CT 06511, USA Abstract Tall buildings which began from about 40 m tall office towers in the late 19th century have evolved into mixed-use megatall towers over 800 m. It is expected that even mile-high towers will soon no longer be a dream. Structural systems have always been one of the most fundamental technologies for the dramatic developments of tall buildings. This paper presents structural systems employed for the world’s tallest buildings of different periods since the emergence of supertall buildings in the early 1930s. Further, structural systems used for today’s extremely tall buildings over 500 m, such as core-outrigger, braced mega- tube, mixed, and buttressed core systems, are reviewed and their performances are studied. Finally, this paper investigates the potential of superframed conjoined towers as a viable structural and architectural solution for mile-high and even taller towers in the future. Keywords: Tall buildings, Tallest buildings, Core-outrigger systems, Braced megatubes, Mixed systems, Buttressed core systems, Superframed conjoined towers, Mile-high towers 1. Introduction and the height race was culminated with the 381 m tall 102-story Empire State Building of 1931 also in New York. Tall buildings emerged in the late 19th century in New Due to the Great Depression and Second World War, dev- York and Chicago.
    [Show full text]
  • Evaluating Skyscraper Design and Construction Technologies on an International Basis
    EVALUATING SKYSCRAPER DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGIES ON AN INTERNATIONAL BASIS by Saad Allah Fathy Abo Moslim B.Sc., Mansoura University, Egypt, 1984 M.Eng., The University of British Columbia, Canada, 2000 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE AND POSTDOCTORAL STUDIES (Civil Engineering) THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA (Vancouver) November 2017 © Saad Allah Fathy Abo Moslim, 2017 Abstract Design and construction functions of skyscrapers tend to draw from the best practices and technologies available worldwide in order to meet their development, design, construction, and performance challenges. Given the availability of many alternative solutions for different facets of a building’s design and construction systems, the need exists for an evaluation framework that is comprehensive in scope, transparent as to the basis for decisions made, reliable in result, and practical in application. Findings from the literature reviewed combined with a deep understanding of the evaluation process of skyscraper systems were used to identify the components and their properties of such a framework, with emphasis on selection of categories, perspectives, criteria, and sub-criteria, completeness of these categories and perspectives, and clarity in the language, expression and level of detail used. The developed framework divided the evaluation process for candidate solutions into the application of three integrated filters. The first filter screens alternative solutions using two-comprehensive checklists of stakeholder acceptance and local feasibility criteria/sub-criteria on a pass-fail basis to eliminate the solutions that do not fit with local cultural norms, delivery capabilities, etc. The second filter treats criteria related to design, quality, production, logistics, installation, and in-use perspectives for assessing the technical performance of the first filter survivors in order to rank them.
    [Show full text]
  • Implementing Sustainable Construction Practices in Dubai – a Policy Instrument Assessment
    Master Thesis in Built Environment (15 credits) Implementing Sustainable Construction Practices in Dubai – a policy instrument assessment Marco Maguina Academic Supervisor: Catarina Thormark Spring Semester 2011 Master Thesis in Built Environment Implementing Sustainable Construction Practices in Dubai – a policy instrument assessment Author: Marco Maguina Faculty: Culture and Society School: Malmö University Master Thesis: 15 credits Academic Supervisor: Catarina Thormark Examiner: Johnny Kronvall Maguina, Marco 2 Master Thesis in Built Environment SUMMARY Recognized as one of the main obstacles to sustainable development, climate change is caused and accelerated by the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions generated from all energy end-user sectors. The building sector alone consumes around 40% of all produced energy worldwide. Reducing this sector’s energy consumption has therefore come into focus as one of the key issues to address in order to meet the climate change challenge. Implementing sustainable construction practices, such as LEED, can significantly reduce the building’s energy and water consumption. Prescribing these practices may however encounter several barriers that can produce other than intended results. Since the beginning of 2008 Dubai mandates a LEED certification for the better part of all new constructions developed within the emirate, nevertheless the success of this regulation is debatable. This thesis identifies the barriers the introduction of the sustainable construction practices in Dubai faced and analyses the reasons why the regulatory and voluntary policy instruments were not effective in dealing with these barriers. Understanding these barriers as well as the merits and weaknesses of the policy instruments will help future attempts to introduce sustainable construction practices. To put the research into context a literature review of relevant printed and internet sources has been performed.
    [Show full text]
  • Entuitive Tall Buildings
    TALL BUILDINGS HIGH PERFORMANCE ENTUITIVE IS COLLABORATING WITH DEVELOPERS, ARCHITECTS AND BUILDERS TO DESIGN AND ENGINEER HIGH PERFORMANCE TALL BUILDINGS THAT ARE DEFINING CITY SKYLINES Urban centres around the globe are experiencing unprecedented growth. With limited land resources, cities are increasingly building towers – both for commercial and residential developments. Entuitive’s Tall Buildings team consists of structural engineers, building envelope specialists and technologists with decades of experience in delivering high-rise buildings through innovative and value driven solutions. DELIVERING VALUE It’s our ambition to help clients realize the best performing buildings that support their vision and commercial objectives. Through a holistic, integrated and highly collaborative approach, we draw on the wide-range of expertise wielded by Entuitive’s professionals to develop advanced structural and envelope solutions that deliver multiple dimensions of building performance with greater life-cycle economies. OPTIMIZING PERFORMANCE With extensive experience in tall buildings, deep knowledge of the latest building materials and construction methods, and sophisticated modeling techniques, our engineers and building envelope specialists focusing on solutions that enhance building performance. We strive to deliver a high degree of occupant comfort by mitigating the effects of wind-induced vibration. Our designs consider building resilience to natural and man-made events including seismic, extreme weather and blast. And we consistently optimize our structural and envelope solutions with an eye to improving efficiency at every stage while minimizing costs. AN ADVANCED APPROACH We use BIM and the latest technologies to enhance collaboration and coordination in order to deliver projects on-time and on- budget. We also go beyond BIM and utilize computational design and parametric modelling to assist architects in unleashing their creativity while optimizing the building structure – affording greater constructability, cost-savings and reduced time to market.
    [Show full text]
  • Jeddah Tower for Web.Indd
    Jeddah Tower Jeddah, Saudi Arabia Jeddah Tower Jeddah, Saudi Arabia At over 1,000 meters (3,280 feet) and a total construction area of 530,000 square meters (5.7 million square feet), Jeddah Tower— formerly known as Kingdom Tower—will be the centerpiece and first construction phase of the $20 billion Kingdom City development in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, near the Red Sea. SERVICES Expected to cost $1.2 billion to construct, Jeddah Tower will be a mixed-use building featuring a luxury hotel, office Architecture space, serviced apartments, luxury condominiums and the world’s highest observatory. Jeddah Tower’s height will be Interior Design at least 173 meters (568 feet) taller than Burj Khalifa, which was designed by Adrian Smith while at Skidmore, Owings Master Planning & Merrill. CLIENT AS+GG’s design for Jeddah Tower is both highly technological and distinctly organic. With its slender, subtly Jeddah Economic Company asymmetrical massing, the tower evokes a bundle of leaves shooting up from the ground—a burst of new life that FUNCTION heralds more growth all around it. This symbolizes the tower as a catalyst for increased development around it. Mixed use The sleek, streamlined form of the tower can be interpreted as a reference to the folded fronds of young desert plant FACTS growth. The way the fronds sprout upward from the ground as a single form, then start separating from each other at 1,000+ m height the top, is an analogy of new growth fused with technology. 530,000 sm area While the design is contextual to Saudi Arabia, it also represents an evolution and a refinement of an architectural continuum of skyscraper design.
    [Show full text]
  • The UAE Power Cable Market
    The UAE Power Cable Market Edmund O’Sullivan Chairman, MEED Events Good morning, Thank you very much for inviting me to come here today to share some facts, information and perspectives on the cable markets of the UAE and a little bit on the region as well. I am Ed O’Sullivan, I am the chairman of MEED Events and I will now take you through a presentation on the UAE power cable market. I will talk about: • Review of trends 2003-08 • Key factors affecting the Middle East region to 2012 • Forecast for the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) • A look at the UAE power and energy market • A look at the UAE cable market The UAE Power Cable Market – Edmund O’Sullivan – page 15 Middle East growth 2003-07 (%) 25 IMF, June 2008 Current prices Constant prices 20 15 10 5 0 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Bahrain, Egypt, Iran, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syria, UAE, Yemen On this chart from the IMF the black line shows the real growth in the Middle East as a whole. All these countries listed on the bottom have been in excess of 5% in real terms in the last 5 years. This made the Middle East one of the fastest growing regions in the world on average. The UAE Power Cable Market – Edmund O’Sullivan – page 16 Current account and external debt 2003-2007 ($ million) 400 Current account 350 International debt 300 250 200 150 Regional indebtedness 100 still growing 50 0 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 IMF, June 2008 The black line again, shows that the balance of payments, the financial services in the Middle East as a whole, not just the Gulf corporations, have been heavily in surplus.
    [Show full text]
  • CTBUH Journal
    CTBUH Journal Tall buildings: design, construction and operation | 2009 Issue II Nakheel Harbour & Tower - The Vertical City Condenser Typology Seismic Evaluation: Nanjing Greenland Tower 40 years of the CTBUH: Publications World's Tallest 50 Urban Agglomerations SEI/ASCE Structures Congress 2009 Report Fire & Safety Working Group Meeting Report Inside News and Events Features 3E7+FG6K&3=:77>,AI7DN,:7.7DF;53>;FK 04 Message from the Chairman 47 Letters 16 ! Architecture !>A43>67E;9@BD35F;57/AA6E39AFI7D7 David Scott, CTBUH Chairman Feedback and Comments 3BBA;@F763EF:7D5:;F75FE8ADF:7&3=:77> ,AI7D3@6%3EF7DB>3@@7D8ADF:7:3D4AGD '# BD75;@5F;@ " G;>6;@9A@F:7F:7AD;7EA8B3EFH;E;A@3D;7E EG5:3E$7AD4GE;7D D3@=$>AK6/D;9:F3@6 %3D=%;F5:7EA@ $AI (3A>A+A>7D; F:7&3=:77>,AI7D;EF:78;DEF FDG7 D73>;E3F;A@A83H7DF;53>5;FK 'H7D ;@:34;F3@FEI;>>>;H7 IAD=3@6EA5;3>;E73>> & I;F:;@38AAFBD;@FE?3>>7DF:3@3&7I0AD=;FK 05 CTBUH News and Events 48 Tall Buildings in Numbers 4>A5= /;F:F:77H7D 5:3@9;@99>A43> 7@H;DA@?7@F3>5>;?3F738875F;@9@AFA@>K G43; 4GFF:7IAD>63E3I:A>7 ,:7&3=:77> ,AI7DE77=EFAD76G57F:7:G?3@;?B35FA@ :?36*3:;?;3@ 7@@;E'MD;7@ Nakheel Harbour & Tower, Dubai’s new experience centre and observation F:77@H;DA@?7@F4K47;@934735A@A8B3EE;H7 Antony Wood, World's Tallest 50 Urban capital, will be a beacon of inspiration for facilities along with a special sky Authors the region and the world, incorporating function space – creating a vertical 1Mark Mitcheson-Low, *79;A@3>%3@39;@9;D75FAD elements from Islamic culture.
    [Show full text]