Notes

1 Transformations of the Public Intellectual

1. E.M. Forster (1972 [1946]) ‘The challenge of our time’ in E.M. Forster (ed.) Two Cheers for Democracy (: Edward Arnold), p. 58. 2. See ‘Hey, Big Thinker’ http://www.nytimes.com/2014/04/27/fashion/ Thomas-Piketty-the-Economist-Behind-Capital-in-the-Twenty-First- Century-sensation.html?_r=3, date accessed 4 January 2015. 3. ‘A 42 ans, celui qui fut pendant trois ans outre-Atlantique l’un des plus jeunes profs du MIT de Cambridge, mais préfère son petit bureau blindé de livres de l’Ecole d’économie de Paris au faste des grandes chaires universitaire made in USA, se dit ‘ravi’. See http://www.liberation.fr/economie/2014/04/25/ piketty-superstar-aux-states_1004593, date accessed 4 January 2015. 4. Die Welt: ‘Franzosen werden selten zu Rockstars in Amerika. Schon gar nicht, wenn sie ein Wirtschaftsbuch schreiben. Aber der bislang unbe- kannte Pariser Ökonom Thomas Piketty hat es in Übersee zu schnellem Ruhm geschafft. Innerhalb weniger Tage ist er zum Gesprächsthema einer ganzen Nation geworden’. See http://www.welt.de/print/die_welt/finanzen/ article127204933/Darum-werden-die-Reichen-immer-reicher.html, date accessed 4 January 2015. 5. The publisher De Bezige Bij paid 125,000 euro to Editions du Seuil, which is exceptional for a book that has already been published. See http://www. nrc.nl/handelsblad/van/2014/mei/07/kapitaal-de-bezige-bij-wint-strijd-om- vertaling-p-1376326, date accessed 4 January 2015. 6. See De Groene Amsterdammer, Special 29 Mei, 2014, and ‘Het ongelijk van Piketty’, 31 mei 2014. 7. ‘Pykettymania in de polder: ik ben boos’. De Volkskrant 6 November 2014. 8. I write about a ‘he’ in the ‘neutral’ form, as this book makes clear there are many female public intellectuals as well. 9. As Stefan Collini (2009, p. 256) has explained, the stress on ‘the universal’ is more French than British meaning ‘an amalgam of the metaphysical and the moral; truth and justice are instances of the universal’. 10. See Heynders and Hou, Transformations of the Public Intellectual in China, forthcoming. 11. These tensions centre around axes: hierarchy versus equality, generality versus expertise, passion versus distance and the individual versus the col- lective. In: Patrick Baert and Josh Booth (2012) ‘Tensions Within the Public Intellectual: Political Interventions from Dreyfus to the New Social Media’, International Journal of Politics, Culture and Society, 25, pp. 111–26. 12. Pierre Bourdieu (1991) ‘Universal Corporatism: The Role of Intellectuals in the Modern World’, Poetics Today, 12, vol.4, pp. 655–69. 13. The description is Said’s in Helen Small, 2002, p. 36. 14. In Habermas, Europe, The Faltering Project, pp. 49–59.

182 Notes 183

15. See ‘How Salman Rushdie Survived the Satanic Verses Fatwa’: http://www. vanityfair.com/online/daily/2014/04/salman-rushdie-fatwa-satanic-verses, date accessed 4 January 2015. 16. In this context, we should also think of the discussions of authenticity that pop up when celebrities donate money for good causes (the ALS bucket chal- lenge, Serious Request etc.). The public cynicism toward philanthropist stars shows just how much self-branding and honest engagement are interwoven. 17. See http://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/14/opinion/my-medical-choice. html?_r=0, date accessed 4 January 2015. 18. See Heynders, 2009. My inaugural lecture was the starting point of the pro- ject on public intellectuals in Europe, from which this book is the outcome. 19. Milan Kundera (2002) De kunst van de roman, Essay, 2nd edition (). 20. Richard Rorty (1989) Contingency, Irony, and Solidarity (Cambridge). In the introduction of this stimulating study Rorty explains his position: ‘This book tries to show how things look if we drop the demand for a theory which unifies the public and the private, and are content to treat the demands of self-creation and of human solidarity as equally valid, yet forever incommensurable’(p. XV). Most interesting are his analyses in part 3 of the works of Nabokov and Orwell. 21. See http://www.theguardian.com/culture/2011/may/08/top-300-british- intellectuals, date accessed 4 January 2015. 22. Among these categories are: Academics, Activists, Critics, Historians, Philosophers, Policy Advisers, and Political Scientists. 23. See among others J. Hillis Miller, On Literature, 2002; Marc Roche, Why Literature Matters in the 21st Century, 2004; Rita Felski, Uses of Literature, 2008.

2 Conscientious Chronicler, H.M. Enzensberger

1. Enzensberger: ‘Der Schlaf der Vernunft wird bis zu dem Tag anhalten, an dem eine Mehrheit der Einwohner unseres Landes am eigenen Leib erfährt, was ihnen widerfahren ist. Vielleicht werden sie sich dann die Augen reiben und fragen, warum sie die Zeit, zu der Gegenwehr noch möglich gewesen wäre, verschlafen haben’. See http://www.faz.net/aktuell/feuilleton/debatten/ enzensbergers-regeln-fuer-die-digitale-welt-wehrt-euch-12826195.html, date accessed 4 January 2015. 2. ‘In der “modernen” digitalen Welt machen sich viele Menschen den Wert des Privaten und der Vertraulichkeit nicht mehr genügend klar. Mit den heutigen technischen Möglichkeiten hätten Gestapo wie Stasi gigantische Möglichkeit zur Bekämpfung des Einzelnen. Und es ist eben nicht so, dass in “demokratischen” Gesellschaften Informationen zum Besten der Menschen eingesetzt werden. Sie werden zum Schaden des Einzelnen und zum Schaden der freiheitlich verfassten Gesellschaft eingesetzt. Deshalb gehen die Hinweise von Enzensberger durchaus in die richtige Richtung. Sie genügen allerd- ings nicht. Der Einzelne kann einem komplexen technischen System nicht die Spielregeln der Freiheit aufzwingen. Nur der Staat, wenn überhaupt, kann milliardenschwere global tätigen Konzerne zum Schutz der Rechte des Einzelnen anhalten.’ 184 Notes

3. Josef Josse, Germano-Google, Das Netzt ist entweder global oder gar nichts. See http://www.zeit.de/2014/11/internet-global-nsa, date accessed 4 January 2015. 4. See http://www.daserste.de/unterhaltung/talk/beckmann/sendung/1209 2013-das-digitale-ich-100.html, date accessed 21 August 2014. 5. Enzensberger’s ideas can be understood in the context of Adorno’s and Horkheimer’s thesis on ‘Kulturindustrie’, drawing on the idea that all cul- tural production is situated in the parameters of the culture industry; popu- lar culture production is standard and manipulates mass society See Dialectic of Enlightenment, 1944. Enzensberger is more optimistic about the critical potential of popular culture. 6. Heteroglossia, as Russian philologist M.M. Bakhtin has stated, is the result of several stylistic interventions: ‘Authorial speech, the speeches of the narrators, inserted genres, the speech of the characters are merely those fundamental compositional unities with whose help heteroglossia can enter the novel; each of them permits a multiplicity of social voices and a wide variety of their links and interrelationships (always more or less dialogized)’ (Bakhtin, 2008, p. 263). 7. See http://www.guardian.co.uk/books/2010/may/15/hans-magnus-enzens berger-interview/, date accessed 13 August 2014. 8. ‘Ich glaube (…) dass die politische Poesie ihr Ziel verfehlt, wenn sie es direkt ansteuert. Die Politik muss gleichsam durch die Ritzen zwischen den Wörtern eindringen, hinter dem Rücken des Autors’. (My Translation, O.H.) 9. A similar point of view was defended by philosopher Jacques Rancière: ‘Literature does a kind of side-politics or meta-politics. The principle of that “politics” is to leave the common stage of the conflict of wills in order to investigate in the underground of society and read the symptoms of history. It takes social situations and characters away from their everyday, earth- bound reality and displays what they truly are, a phantasmagoric fabric of poetic signs, which are historical symptoms as well’ (Rancière, 2010, p. 163). It is in the indirectness of literature that writers can be effective by exposing what is emerging from under the surface, while at the same time throwing light on what is so obvious in the world around us that most of us do not notice it anymore. 10. See http://www.zeit.de/1964/23/bin-ich-ein-deutscher/seite-2, date accessed 4 January 2015. 11. Für einen Bürger von Frankfurt am Main liegt New York vor der Tür, dagegen ist die Reise nach Frankfurt an der Oder psychologisch, politisch und geog- raphisch zur Expedition geworden. Der Fall beweist, daß sich Nationen rein administrativ und von außen, von einem Jahr aufs andere, zunichte machen lassen; er beweist damit die Hinfälligkeit des Prinzips der Nationalität. See Bin ich ein Deutscher?, http://www.zeit.de/1964/23/bin-ich-ein-deutscher/ seite-4, date accessed 4 January 2015. 12. See Enzensberger (2012, p. 129): ‘Ferner schien es uns an der Zeit, die Geschmacksbildung des Publikums mit einer Rubrik zu fördern, die wir “Journal des Luxus und der Moden” nannten; den meisten entging, daß wir damit auf einen ehrwürdigen Titel der Goethezeit Bezug nahmen. Wie sich bald zeigte, faßten die verblüfften Leser eine solche Ankündigung als Provokation auf’. Notes 185

13. See Fritz van Rumler (1970) ‘Cuba Si, Piggies No’, Der Spiegel 25. http://www. spiegel.de/spiegel/print/d-44931197.html, date accessed 4 January 2015. 14. ‘Der Roman als Collage nimmt in sich Reportagen und Reden, Interviews und Proklamationen auf; er speist sich aus Briefen, Reisebeschreibungen, Anekdoten, Flugblättern, Polemiken, Zeitungsnotizen, Autobiografien, Plakaten und Propagandabroschüren. Die Widersprüchlichkeit der Formen kündigt aber nur die Risse an, die sich durch das Material selber ziehen. Die Rekonstruction gleicht einem Puzzle, dessen Stücke nicht nahtlos ineinander sich fügen lassen. Gerade auf den Fugen des Bildes ist zu beharren. Vielleicht steckts in ihnen die Wahrheit, um derentwillen, ohne daß die Erzähler es wüßten, erzählt wird’ My Translation, O.H. 15. See ‘Two Notes on the end of the world’ in Zig Zag: ‘our theorists, chained to the philosophical traditions of German Idealism, refuse to admit even today what every bystander has long since grasped: that there is no world spirit; that we do not know the laws of history, that even class struggle is an ‘indigenous’ process, which no vanguard can consciously plan and lead’ (Enzensberger, 1997, p. 30). 16. Enzensberger: ‘To complete the picture I have taken recourse to the time- honored form of the conversation with the dead. Such posthumous exchanges enable a dialogue between the people of today and those that went before them – an exchange known to be troubled by all kinds of confusion, with survivors often thinking they know better than those who spent their lives in a permanent state of emergency, risking their lives in the process’ (Enzensberger, 2008, p. 287). 17. In an author’s note at the end of the poem it is explained that Druk-Yul is Bhutan, and the Republic of our Savior is the República de El Salvador. The irony of the poem is that names of states get lost (what’s in a name?) and that historical and geographical transformations disappear from memory. These are light (funny) and moral poems, as the title underlines, the morality focusing on the consequences for the inhabitants of the decline of nation states. 18. See http://www.chomsky.info/articles/19670223.htm, date accessed 4 January 2015. Chomsky: ‘it is the responsibility of intellectuals to speak the truth and to expose lies. This, at least, may seem enough of a truism to pass over without comment. Not so, however. For the modern intellectual, it is not at all obvious. Thus we have Martin Heidegger writing, in a pro- Hitler declaration of 1933, that “truth is the revelation of that which makes a people certain, clear, and strong in its action and knowledge”; it is only this kind of “truth” that one has a responsibility to speak. Americans tend to be more forthright. When Arthur Schlesinger was asked by The New York Times in November, 1965, to explain the contradiction between his pub- lished account of the Bay of Pigs incident and the story he had given the press at the time of the attack, he simply remarked that he had lied; and a few days later, he went on to compliment the Times for also having sup- pressed information on the planned invasion, in “the national interest”, as this term was defined by the group of arrogant and deluded men of whom Schlesinger gives such a flattering portrait in his recent account of the Kennedy Administration’. 19. ‘Maastricht wird von innen gesprengt’ in Zu Große Fragen (2007, p. 137). 186 Notes

20. See also the interview on German television 2012 https://www.youtube. com/watch?v=Dp27ADTuENY, date accessed 4 January 2015. 21. See ‘Die Literatur nach dem Tod der Literatur’ in Zu Große Fragen, pp. 302–22. 22. See for instance: ‘Literature as Institution, or The Aspirin Effect’ and ‘In Praise of the Illiterate’ in Zig Zag (1997).

3 Eastern European Voices, Slavenka Drakulić and Dubravka Ugresić

1. She writes: ‘I myself am neither an émigré nor a refugee nor an asylum- seeker. I am a writer who at one point decided not to live in her own country anymore because her country was no longer hers’ (2003, p. 130) 2. See http://www.meredithtax.org/gender-and-censorship/five-women- who-wont-be-silenced and http://womenineuropeanhistory.org/index. php?title=The_Five_Witches, date accessed 4 January 2015. 3. See for more biographical information her website http://www.dubravkau gresic.com/, date accessed 4 January 2015. 4. See for more biographical information her website http://slavenkadrakulic. com/, date accessed 4 January 2015. 5. This we can observe when focusing on the attention they pay to a variety of voices – voice understood as the ‘speaking personality, the speaking con- sciousness’ (Bakhtin, 2008, p. 434) – making up the ideological discourses of communism (or socialist realism), nationalism and democracy. Multiple voiced discourse is the typical feature of the novel, as Bakhtin described, but it is typical for the public intellectual essay as well. An author can create an autonomous voice by manipulating the words of ‘neutral’ authorial speech, as Bakhtin showed, but he can also use and manipulate voice by using free indirect speech, or ventriloquism as imitating idioms, delving into dialects, and echoing the tics and mannerisms of styles of speech (Felski, 2008, p.93). 6. Philosopher Hannah Arendt (1906–1975) definitely was an exilic intel- lectual, who had to flee from to Paris, after having been arrested in January 1933 in the Prussian State Library when collecting material on violence against the Jews, and moving again from Paris to New York in 1941. After having published The Origins of Totalitarianism (1951) and The Human Condition (1958), her book on Eichmann characterized her as a sharp, criti- cal and above all provocative and demanding thinker. The book not only describes Eichmann as an ordinary man who was not willing to reflect on what he was actually doing, it also criticizes the position of the Jews in the European Jewish councils [Judenräte] not capable of resistance. Arendt’s book was more than all other books she wrote easily misread, and her biographer Elisabeth Young-Bruehl thinks this has to do not only with what she is discussing, but how, the style of the book is sometimes ironical and even insensitive (2004, p. 464). 7. See http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/collective-responsibility/, date accessed 4 January 2015. The discussion on ‘collective responsibility’ is often linked to specific political cases, ranging from the extermination of Jews during the Second World War to the atrocities of the Vietnam War to the racist Notes 187

treatment of American blacks. The question is whether particular groups in history can legitimately be considered morally responsible for the suffering that group members have brought about through their faulty actions. 8. Free indirect style: the presentation of thoughts or speech of (fictional) char- acters which seems by various devices to combine the characters feelings with those of the narrator. 9. See James Wood, How Fiction works, p. 11: ‘Thanks to free indirect style, we see things through the character’s eyes and language but also through the author’s eyes and language, too. We inhabit omniscience and partiality at once’. 10. Zur Person, Hannah Arendt im Gesprach mit Gunter Gaus. See http://www. youtube.com/watch?v=dsoImQfVsO4, date accessed 4 January 2015. 11. Annabel Herzog, Hannah Arendt’s Concept of Responsibility. In: Studies in Social and Political Thought, 2004. See https://www.sussex.ac.uk/webteam/ gateway/file.php?name=10-3.pdf&site=412, date accessed 4 January 2015. 12. The photograph was taken by Peter Tumley /CORBIS. 13. Drakulić for instance was invited by the Norwegian newspaper Dagsavisen to comment on the fact that Peter Handke received a prize: ‘Recently Austrian writer Peter Handke was awarded Ibsen Price of 300.00 euro, which caused big controversies in Norway because of his pro-Serbian writing some years ago.’ Slavenka Drakulić, who wrote about Handke’s political statements before, in her interview for Norwegian Dagsavisen expresses her sorrow that Handke, a good writer, in her view remains morally compromised. See http://slavenkadrakulic.com/interview-about-handke-in-norwegian- dagsavisen/, date accessed 4 January 2015. 14. She probably considers Drakulić as an author who is adapting to the mar- ket too much. This at least, could be read between the lines when Ugresić discusses writers sharing in themes of human perversion, in particular a woman writer telling the story of a man-eating female protagonist. There is no explicit reference to The Taste of a Man, Drakulić’s novel about a female Polish student in New York murdering and eating her lover, published in 1997, but the point is clear: shocking books excite the market, while at the same time no one is interested in real victims and criminals, an ‘imaginary crime is more convincing; reality is too real’ (Ugresić, 2003, p. 57). The explicit reference is in the description of the scene from Drakulić’s book, the tone is here typical Ugresić ironic: ‘The modern man-eater will consume her lover like Japanese sushi. That is why she devours not what any “normal” reader would first think of, but something quite different. And if we follow the logic of the lover’s cannibalism which has been imposed on us, then, for that little piece of fresh, sexually indifferent meat – a mere piece from the palm of his hand – it was hardly worth killing a whole man’ (2003, p. 56) 15. See also Heynders (2014a) on literature and photographs on Srebrenica.

4 Public Man as Actor: Bernard-Henri Lévy

1. ARTE = Association Relative à la Télévision Européenne, a Franco-German TV network. 2. See http://www.arte.tv/fr/europe-ou-chaos-une-rencontre-debat-filmee/ 7276002.html, date accessed 4 January 2015. 188 Notes

3. See http://www.spiegel.de/international/europe/paris-summit-proves- europe-needs-new-thinkers-a-881872.html, date accessed 4 January 2015. 4. Collaborative circles are essentially circles of intellectuals, scholars, artists, activists or various cultural, political, scientific innovators who create a new vision for work in the particular field they operate in. They usually consist of three to seven individuals in the inner core of the circle. Farrell points at the creative aspects and dynamics of intellectual rebellion away from power- ful mentors. He distinguishes various stages of development of collaborative friendship circles: formation, rebellion against authority, negotiation of a new vision, collective action, separation and reunion (Farrell, 2001, pp. 17–26). 5. Jon Henley, ‘I think, therefore I am off to Afghanistan’, , 9 February 2002. See http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2002/feb/09/afghani- stan.books, date accessed 4 January 2015. 6. Jason Burke, ‘Has le philosophe been undone?’, The Guardian, 9 April 2006. See http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2006/apr/09/books., date accessed 4 January 2015. 7. See http://www.huffingtonpost.com/bernardhenri-levy/kievs-independence- square_b_4808629.html, date accessed 4 January 2015. 8. As discussed in Chapter 1, a useful definition is one by Graeme Turner: ‘The contemporary celebrity will usually have emerged from the sports or entertainment industries, they will be highly visible through the media, and their private life will attract greater public interest than their professional life’ (Turner, 2014, p. 3). Another definition comes from P. David Marshall: ‘Celebrities are part of a very elaborate media economy which is connected to audience and value (…) Celebrities serve as the lingua franca of identity, and, in some cases, identity politics in the contemporary scene’ (Marshall, 2010, pp. 2–3). 9. See http://www.guardian.co.uk/film/2008/jan/11/france.theatre, date accessed 4 January 2015. 10. Think of the marriage of former president Nicolas Sarkozy and singer Carla Bruni, the marriage (and divorce) of Dominique Strauss Kahn and journalist Anne Sinclair, the affair (and breakup) of president Francois Hollande and Paris Match journalist Valérie Trierweiler replaced by actress Julie Gayet, all openly discussed in the French media. However, Lévy’s marriage with Dombasle, seems to be over, since recently BHL was spotted by celebrity watchers (of the British Telegraph) with a new ‘mistress’: British style icon Daphne Guiness. 11. See http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/spiegel-interview-with-ber- nard-henri-levy-we-lost-a-great-deal-of-time-in-libya-because-of-the-ger- mans-a-753797.html, date accessed 4 January 2015. 12. This observation by Sennett, can be visualised by taking a Thomas Mann novel as illustration. In the sociable community of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries people shared acts of disguise and mask: Mann’s debut Buddenbrooks Verfall einer Familie (1901) offers a magnificent example of the public man encapsulated in his bourgeois family, playing his public role as head of a firm in a provincial Hanse town, and fulfilling all the social and political formalities that belong to his role and position. The family, the firm and an awareness of social ranks and differences within a small city Notes 189

network lead to responsibility fuelled by a Protestant ethic. In the course of time, however, the men of the Buddenbrook family, fathers and sons, are not able to keep up the standard. The last son, Hanno, hides himself in art and turns into an individualist not willing or able to keep up the strict formal codes and dignity. This is precisely what Sennett discusses: bourgeois life collapsed when at the end of the nineteenth century people increasingly disclosed themselves to one other and the social bond became based on psychological openness and intimacy, which connotes artistic expression of feeling, and as such implies the opposite of rigid formal social structures. In this context, the political credibility of the public man became the super- imposition of the private upon the public image. And this development became stronger in the twentieth century. 13. Critique on Sennett, who wrote his book in the 1970s, is that he did not take up the feminist new ideology and strategy claiming that the ‘personal is political’. (See Linke, 2011) Interestingly, he wrote about this ‘tyranny of intimacy’ before the social media opened a space, in which one can be more intimate than ever. 14. It is a game of give and take, as we can read in another passage: ‘He [Sarkozy, O.H] had in fact called me ten days before, early in the morning, a few hours before he was about to give a major speech: he wanted to make sure that I would be “all ears” because he was going to say things that would make people like me feel “authorized” to vote for him’ (Lévy, 2009, p. XVI). 15. In some places in the text the American public is directly addressed: ‘Are you yourself, my American friends, resigned to breaking the pact that united, in a single cause, your own Jewish and black minorities?’ (2009, p. 30). 16. Tri-colon: the three-unit pattern in many prose styles (possibly also related also to the Tricolore, the French Flag, as embodying central values). See Richard A. Lanham (1991) A Handlist of Rhetorical Terms. 17. This is what Lévy writes: ‘I am thinking of Sarkozy’s strange declarations, strange and strangely pervasive, which effectively state that France “didn’t invent the Final Solution” (which, put this way, obviously is not wrong): that it didn’t “give in to the totalitarian temptation” (which, on the other hand, is wrong, and means nothing more and nothing less than exculpat- ing those French policemen who, on the morning of July 17, 1942, went to arrest the Jews in their neighbourhoods taking care “not to forget the little ones”); and that it did not commit crimes against humanity of genocide (wrong again, since arresting and deporting French citizens whose only mis- take was having been born Jewish meets, in and of itself, the definition of genocide as defined not only in the Penal Code but also in the Nuremberg trials)’. (Ibid., p. 27) Sarkozy, the then future president, helps to negate the memory of the Shoah, and this is what kept and keeps Lévy from politically supporting him. This is why he stays on the (new) left, though even there the peril of anti-Semitism is not acknowledged enough either. Moreover, on the left anti-Americanism is equalled with progressivism (Ibid., p. 112), and the market is considered ‘a terrifying biopolitical experiment’ (Ibid., p. 86). 18. In January 2014, the French Interior Minister Manuel Valls tried successfully to persuade the comic to drop off his show ‘Le Mur’ stating that it spread a mechanics of hate. Dieudonné, who openly mocks the commemoration of the Nazi extermination of the Jews, stopped the performance. 190 Notes

19. In French the book is entitled Ce grand cadaver a la renverse (2007) (Paris: Grasset). Halimi published his review in Le Monde Diplomatique, Februari 2008. See http://www.mondediplo.com/2008/02/12bhl#nb3, date accessed 4 January 2015. 20. He writes: ‘The excesses of Lévy’s prose and its repetition on TV and radio no longer prompt any response. His habitual targets – the ‘left of the left’ and the writers least in thrall to the media – must have given up the struggle. Meanwhile his pro-US, free-market ideas are in tune with those of a growing number of socialist leaders. Diminishing resistance goes hand in hand with greater impact. Any cultural scene, and by extension public debate, that can allow a writer to accuse Jacques Derrida, Pierre Bourdieu, Etienne Balibar, Noam Chomsky and Slavoj Žižek of being anti-semitic is in trouble. (…) When the left starts taking its inspiration from Lévy, it further proves that it is dead on its feet.’ See Serge Halimi, The Dom Pérignon socialist manifesto, http://www.mondediplo.com/2008/02/12bhl, date accessed 4 January 2015. 21. See http://www.guardian.co.uk/film/2008/jan/11/france.theatre, date accessed 4 January 2015. 22. ‘We are living in a culture focusing predominantly on what is easy to under- stand’, Sennett explains in an interview in 2010, ‘everything has to be simple and preferably readily consumable. We have no time for issues that require a little more intellectual effort. In our culture, there is no room left for subtle- ties or controversies. Politics mirror this: concentrating one’s attention on people rather than ideas is a simplifying strategy’. See Sennett (2010). 23. ‘Aujourd’hui, l’Histoire recommence’ (2011, p. 15). 24. War without loving it, A writer’s diary from the heart of the Libyan spring. 25. He also made a documentary on this activity: ‘Serment de Tobrouck’ (2012). 26. Diaries or journals can be roughly divided into two categories: the intimate (Mary Godwin; André Gide; L. Tolstoy) and the anecdotal (travel diaries). See Penguin Dictionary of Literary Terms and Literary Theory, pp. 220–1. 27. ‘Respect élémentaire. Considération de l’autre ou, plus exactement, de son monde que je me refuse à considérer comme autre monde et, encore moins, comme un théâtre où il faudrait un costume de scène pour entrer. (…) Etre ici, à Benghazi, comme je serais à Paris. Je sais que cela peut sonner Cocteau 1914 (uniforme griffé Poiret pour aller dans les tranchées)’ (Lévy, 2011, p. 55). (My translation, O.H.) 28. ‘Devant le Bristol, Didier François qui m’invite à venir, à 18 heures, sur Europe 1. Et cette interview, donc, sur Europe 1, où j’essaie, face à l’emballement médiatique, de calmer le jeu, de dire qu’il ne faut pas exagérer et que la France n’a pas l’intention d’aller bombarder Tripoli. On est loin de l’image, répercutée sur toutes les chaînes, de Bernard-Henri-Lévy-qui-s’exprime-au- nom-de-l’Etat-sur-le-perron-de-l’Elysée-pour-annoncer-la-guerre-à-la-Libye. Mais si ça les amuse … Ces piques n’ont aucune importance … La seule chose qui compte c’est que le Président a tenu parole. Le Conseil national de transi- tion est reconnu. Je suis heureux’ (Lévy, 2011, p. 109, my translation, O.H.). 29. For his intriguing critique on the art market in The Map and the Territory. 30. See http://www.huffingtonpost.com/bernardhenri-levy/kievs-independence- square_b_4808629.html, date accessed 4 January 2015. 31. See http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L_K71FRJgmE, date accessed 4 January 2015. Notes 191

5 A Protean Public Figure: Ayaan Hirsi Ali

1. She defended her swing from left-wing to right-wing politics by calling herself a single issue politician focusing on the oppression of women by Islam; her affiliations lay wherever these interests could be served best. She explained that the PvdA was paralyzed by the followers of multiculturalism on the one side, and muslim conservatives on the other, both disregarding the individual and ignoring women oppressive atttitudes. See Ayaan Hirsi Ali, ‘Waarom ik de VVD verkies boven de PvdA’, NRC Handelsblad, 31 October 2002. 2. See http://www.prospectmagazine.co.uk/magazine/what-is-a-public-intellec tual/#.U5gSOf0b5ua, date accessed 4 January 2015. These were the criteria anno 2005: ‘The irony of this thinkers list is that it does not bear thinking about too closely. The problems of definition and judgment that it involves would discourage more rigorous souls. But some criteria must be spelled out. What is a public intellectual? Someone who has shown distinction in their own field along with the ability to communicate ideas and influence debate outside of it. Candidates must have been alive, and still active in public life (though many on this list are past their prime). Such criteria ruled out the likes of Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn and Milton Friedman, who would have been automatic inclusions 20 or so years ago. This list is about public influence, not intrinsic achievement. And that is where things get really tricky. Judging influence is hard enough inside one’s own culture, but when you are peering across cultures and languages, the problem becomes far harder. Obviously our list of 100 has been influenced by where most of us sit, in the English- speaking West.’ 3. This obviously also has to do with the voting procedure, as we read in the comments on the 2008 list: ‘Rankings are an inherently dangerous business. Whether offering a hierarchy of countries, cities, or colleges, any such list … is likely to generate a fair amount of debate. In the last issue, when we asked readers to vote for their picks of the world’s top public intellectuals, we imagined many people would want to make their opinions known. But no one expected the avalanche of voters who came forward. During nearly four weeks of voting, more than 500,000 people came to ForeignPolicy.com to cast ballots. No one spread the word as effectively as the man who tops the list. In early May, the Top 100 list was mentioned on the front page of Zaman, a Turkish daily newspaper closely aligned with Islamic scholar Fethullah Gülen. Within hours, votes in his favour began to pour in. His supporters – typically educated, upwardly mobile Muslims – were eager to cast ballots not only for their champion but for other Muslims in the Top 100. Thanks to this groundswell, the top 10 public intellectuals in this year’s reader poll are all Muslim. The ideas for which they are known, particularly concerning Islam, differ significantly. It’s clear that, in this case, identity politics carried the day. See http://www.infoplease.com/spot/topintellectuals2.html#ixzz3AYJd4HGr, date accessed 4 January 2015. 4. It could be argued that there are two different axes: left-right (concerning economic issues) and liberal-conservative (concerning ethical issues). These don’t necessarily correspond to each other. 5. Life narrative is the umbrella term for personal stories (written, digital, filmed) that represent a life. The concept includes autobiography as a retrospective 192 Notes

narrative and is also used to cover more heterogeneous self-referential and self-reflective practices or to refer to representative narratives of indigenous people or cultures (Smith and Watson, 2010, p. 4). 6. See NOVA special television programme on Hirsi Ali, broadcasted on 26 August 2006. In the ‘Acknowledgements’, a person ‘Ruth’ is thanked ‘for all your help in writing this book’. 7. See for instance the book he published a few weeks before his death, De verweesde samenleving (The orphaned society) in which he describes Dutch society from the golden age to the beginning of the twenty-first century, underlining that a new messianistic leader had to take the Dutch people to the Promised Land. 8. About the Dutch peacekeeping forces standing by while Muslim men were deported from the village of Srebrenica and later killed by Serbian forces. 9. That summer, the other guests were Felix Rottenberg (politician), Heleen van Royen (author of popular novels), Morris Tabaksblatt (captain of industry, CEO of Unilever), Tijs Goldschmidt (biologist, author) and Theo Maassen (cabaret artist). 10. Annelies Moors, ‘Submission’, ISIM Review, 15, 9. See https://openaccess. leidenuniv.nl/bitstream/handle/1887/16986/ISIM_15_Submission. pdf?sequence=1, date accessed 4 January 2015. 11. It is available on YouTube http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aGtQvGGY4S4, date accessed 4 January 2015. 12. Cited from the YouTube clip http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aGtQvG GY4S4, date accessed 4 January 2015. 13. See http://programma.vpro.nl/zomergasten/archief/2004/Ayaan-Hirsi-Ali. html, date accessed 4 January 2015. (My Translation, O.H.) 14. David Carr (2013) ‘Journalism, Even When It’s Tilted’, The New York Times. See http://www.nytimes.com/2013/07/01/business/media/journalism-is- still-at-work-even-when-its-practitioner-has-a-slant.html?pagewanted=all, date accessed 4 January 2015. 15. See http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NGgAAKBAndY, date accessed 4 January 2015. (My Translation, O.H.) 16. In December 2011, Hirsi Ali gave birth to a son. 17. Philosopher Herman Philipse, arabist scholar Hans Jansen, author Leon de Winter, newspaper editor Jaffe Vink and others. 18. Garton Ash (2006). See http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2006/ oct/05/islam-in-Europe, date accessed 4 January 2015. 19. See http://www.signandsight.com/features/1146.html, date accessed 4 January 2015. 20. See also Paul Berman, The Flight of the Intellectuals. 21. Dick Pels (2013) The Intellectual as Stranger, Studies in Spokespersonship (London and New York: Routledge). 22. Interview NOVA television (26 August 2006): ‘Ik was toch niet op mijn plek in de politiek’ [I was not in the right place in politics]. 23. Today Hirsi Ali works as a fellow of the Belfer Center at Harvard’s Kennedy School of Government. Her most recent intervention in the public sphere is on the Boko Haram movement in Nigeria. Again, she pleads for a wake- up call: ‘it is time for Western liberals to wake up. If they choose to regard Boko Haram as an aberration, they do so at their peril. The kidnapping of Notes 193

these schoolgirls is not an isolated tragedy: their fate reflects a new wave of jihadism that extends far beyond Nigeria and poses a mortal threat to the rights of women and girls’ (May 2014). See ‘Boko Haram and the kidnapped schoolgirls’. See http://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052702303 701304579549603782621352, date accessed 4 January 2015.

6 Public Intellectuals from , David van Reybrouck and Geert van Istendael

1. Belgian Radio & television Company. 2. See: http://www.davidvanreybrouck.be/en/content/european-constitution- verse, date accessed 20 April 2015. ‘Het liefst van al zit ik alleen te schrijven. Waarom dan zoveel tijd en energie pompen in een project als de G1000? Omdat het lastig schrijven is terwijl het dak lekt. Welnu, het dak van onze democratie lekt. Doordat ik in Congo zag dat gewone mensen iets te vertel- len hebben over de geschiedenis van hun land geloof ik dat ook bij ons gewone burgers iets zinvols te zeggen hebben over de toekomst van hun samenleving. Daarom ijver ik met de G1000 voor meer burgerinspraak in onze democratie’. (My translation O.H.) 3. The constitution was a 400-plus pages document merging the existing trea- ties into one single text as the EU’s rule book. But is was too much of a formal contract and too less of an inspiring contract between nation states. As The Guardian wrote: ‘The lack of an overriding principle or grand idea to the constitution – which, like all EU treaties, is a contract between nations – is, however, the principal weakness of the yes campaign. Regardless of the merits or otherwise of its contents, it is a difficult text to argue for. A product of summit compromises as much as the convention, it is complex, legalistic and self-referential. One sentence reads: “The European Union established by this treaty shall be the successor to the European Union established by the Treaty on European Union and to the European Community”.’ See: http://www.theguardian.com/world/2005/jun/02/eu.france2, date accessed 20 April 2015. 4. The voted no by 61.6 per cent, in France 55 per cent voted no. 5. The first stanza of the final part reads: ‘Ik was blind als een cryptesteen tot ik op een dag de ware handen in de wereld zag. / Het waren geen handen maar die vorm van samenzijn zonder aan te raken, als / bladeren in het bos.’ (94). 6. Interview with Margot Dijkgraaf, ‘Ik mag alles denken’. In NRC, 21 April 2006. See http://www.nrc.nl, date accessed 20 April 2015. 7. Stephen W. Smith in The Guardian. See http://www.theguardian.com/ books/2014/aug/08/congo-epic-history-stringer-review, date accessed 20 April 2015. 8. In ‘The Other of Democracy’, Jacques Derrida refers to equality according to number, and equality according to value or worth. That seems a relevant analysis of the paradox. See Jacques Derrida, Rogues, Two Essays on Reason, 2005, p. 30. 9. See the final report: http://www.g1000.org/documents/G1000_EN_Website. pdf, date accessed 20 April 2015. 194 Notes

10. See http://www.g1000.org/documents/G1000_EN_Website.pdf, date accessed 20 April 2015. 11. See http://www.g1000.org/documents/G1000_EN_Website.pdf, date accessed 20 April 2015. 12. De Standaard, De Morgen, De Tijd, Le Soir, and La Libre Belgique. 13. See for interesting information on the composition of the citizen panel the short biographies of the people on pp. 81–4 of the final report. 14. See: http://www.g1000.org/documents/G1000_EN_Website.pdf, p. 92, date accessed 20 April 2015. 15. The Cleveringa chair was established in 1970 by University in com- memoration of the liberation of the Netherlands in 1945, and in memory of Cleveringa’s action. The Cleveringa Chair is a rotating professorship, which has since 1975 been held every academic year by a different Dutch or inter- national scholar. It has in the past been held by Ian Buruma, Nasr Abu Zayd, Louise Fresco and Job Cohen. The Cleveringa professor focuses on matters in the area of justice, freedom and responsibility, as stated in the official teach- ing remit. Van Reybrouck held the chair in 2011–12. 16. In Defence of Populism was awarded the Jan Hanlo Essay Prize and the Flemish Culture Prize for Critic and Essay. For his history of the former Belgian colony, Congo. A History, he was awarded three prestigious prizes: the Libris History Prize, the Jan Greshoff Prize and the AKO Literature Prize. He donated part of his prize money to the human rights organisation Human Rights Watch. 17. ‘Ik wil niet meer redelijk zijn en ik kan bijgevolg ook niet meer op zo’n redac- tie werken. Ik deel de elementaire redelijkheid niet meer waarop redactie werk berust, móet berusten’ (Geert van Istendael, Bekentenissen van een reac- tionair, 1994, p. 15; my translation O.H.). This paragraph on Van Istendael is partly based on an excellent BA thesis written under my supervision by Tijs Brinkman 2014–15. 18. See Van Istendael, Huizinga-lecture 2012: De Parochie van Sint-Precarius (2012) and Alfabet van de globalisering (2006). 19. See Van Istendael, Anders is niet beter, 1996, p. 48. 20. See Van Istandael, ‘Liefde voor Europa komt Unie niet toe’ in De Volkskrant, 26 March 1997. See, http://www.volkskrant.nl/binnenland/liefde-voor- europa-komt-unie-niet-toe~a496065, date accessed 20 April 2015. 21. The Stolpersteine are created by artist Gunter Demnig and placed in over 150 German cities. Van Istendael refers to one of them indicating ‘Hier wohnte Abraham Rosenfeld JG 1883 deportiert 1943 ermordet in Auschwitz’. See also http://www.stolpersteine-berlin.de/en, date accessed 15 April 2015. 22. See Benno Barnard and Geert van Istendael, ‘Bericht aan weldenkend links, Waarom wij het hoofddoekenverbod verdedigen’ in De Standaard 3 January 2008: http://www.cie.ugent.be/CIE2/deley_catherine.htm, date accessed 20 April 2015. 23. See Van Istendael, ‘haviken met een sociaal hart’ in Christen Democratische Verkenningen 2001: http://www.tijdschriftcdv.nl/inhoud/tijdschrift_artikel/ CD-32-1-171/Haviken-met-een-sociaal-hart, date accessed 15 April 2015. 24. ‘In Brussel broeit écht een gigantisch integratieprobleem. Jonge migranten verwerpen de strenge, gedeeltelijk islamitische, gedeeltelijk uit eeuwenoude dorpsgewoonten afkomstige leefregels. Jonge migranten worden uit het Notes 195

normale, Belgische leven gestoten door klein, alledaags racisme (1992, pp. 80–1, my translation O.H.). 25. ‘In deze stad wil ik wonen en zwerven, wil ik drinken en eten, zo gulzig als ik maar kan; in deze stad wil ik zingen in al mijn talen en wil ik toehoren hoe zij zingt in al haar andere talen. En bovenal, bovenal, in deze stad, in mijn lieve, kapotte, vertrouwde Brussel wil ik me steeds opnieuw niet thuis voelen’ (1992, p. 248, my translation O.H.).

7 Responsible Satire, Hamed Abdel-Samad

1. ‘Binnen vier weken slaagden de Tunesiërs erin om van hun jarenlang heersende dictator af te komen. De Egyptenaren hadden daar maar 18 dagen voor nodig. Wereldwijd barstte euforie los. Overal in de Arabische wereld was een domino-effect te verwachten. Ik zelf behoorde tot de grootste optimisten en sprak al voor de val van Moebarak, op 1 februari, van een overlijdensakte van alle Arabische dictaturen. Er was een sneeuwbal aan het rollen geraakt en die werd groter en groter; er was geen weg terug’. (My translation, O.H.) 2. Abdel-Samad himself described fatwa in its original meaning as ‘ein religiöses Gutachten und nicht ein Mordurteil, wie viele sie übersetzen’ (2010a, p. 129). 3. ‘Nach einem islamkritischen Vortrag in Kairo Anfang Juni hatten Assem Abdel Maged, ein führendes Mitglied der radikalen ägyptischen Gruppe Al-Gamaa Al-Islamija, und der Salafist Mahmud Schaaban den Autor in einer Sendung des TV-Senders Al-Hafes zum “Ungläubigen“ erklärt. Zahlreiche Internetseiten der Salafisten und Muslimbrüder zeigten nach Verlagsangaben das Bild des Autors mit der Überschrift “Wanted Dead!“. See: Berliner Zeitung, 26 June 2013, http://www.berliner-zeitung.de/politik/todesdrohung-gegen- hamed-abdel-samad-vortragsreise-trotz-fatwa,10808018,23517984.html, date accessed 4 January 2015. See also an interview 25 June 2013: http:// www.youtube.com/watch?v=_V3UD316K_Q, date accessed 4 January 2015. 4. His father was forced to distance himself from his son on Egyptian television. 5. ‘Ich verdränge die Angst, weil ich sonst verstummen muss. 200 Jahre nach Voltaire, 70 Jahre nach dem Ende des Faschismus und 25 Jahre nach dem Fall der Mauer kann es nicht sein, dass ich mich in Europa mit meiner Meinung verstecken muss. Ich will nicht, dass die Leute sagen, Abdel-Samad hat recht. Aber ich habe die Freiheit so verstanden, dass es im Denken keine absoluten Wahrheiten gibt. Ich will nur meine Meinung sagen. Deshalb bin ich nach Europa gekommen. Jetzt erwäge ich, wegzugehen’. See http://www. zeit.de/2014/28/hamed-abdel-samad-islamismus/seite-2, date accessed 4 January 2015. 6. See http://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2014/nov/10/celebrities-whistle- blower-protections-snowden-wikileaks-actors, date accessed 4 January 2015. 7. My Departure from Heaven, Notes on the Life of a Muslim in Germany. In Egypt the book was published as novel to avoid confrontation with authorities. 8. See for instance the discourse used by the murdered Dutch politician Pim Fortuyn, who mixed left- and right-wing positions, but mainly uses a roman- tic, anti-Enlightenment discourse. In his most important work, the treatise De Verweesde Samenleving (The Orphaned Society) he makes a passionate plea 196 Notes

for more attention, love and respect for the basic norms and values of our own culture. See Geertjan de Vugt (2015). 9. ‘This cursed freedom’: In Memoir, Egyptian Recalls Shift from Radicalism to Mainstream in Germany. See http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/ this-cursed-freedom-in-memoir-egyptian-recalls-shift-from-radicalism-to- mainstream-in-germany-a-646589.html, date accessed 4 January 2015. 10. ‘Ich erinnere mich, dass meine Tante aus Kairo uns in unserem Dorf am Nil vor dreissig Jahren im Minirock besuchte und auf der Strasse rauchte, was ich cool fand. Damals störte das kaum jemandem. Heute ist ihre Tochter voll verschleiert. Meine Tante, die mittlerweile auch uniformiert ist, blickt auf diese Zeit zurück und bittet Gott um Verzeihung für ihre grosse Sünde. Sollte eine Frau es heute wagen, ohne Kopftuch durch mein Dorf zu gehen, muss sie damit rechnen, bestenfalls angepöbelt zu werden. Gerade Frauen sorgen dafür, dass keine ihresgleichen aus der Reihe tanzt (2010a, pp. 82–3). 11. ‘Het islamisme biedt heldere antwoorden, een vereenvoudigde indeling van de wereld in gelovigen en ongelovigen. Dat biedt oriëntatie. De Jonge Moslims voelen zich in de schoot van de islamisten als soldaten van God, als een voorhoede van de revolutie’ (p. 157). 12. The programme was produced and written by Joachim Schroeder icw. Tobias Streck and Claudio Schmid. See http://www.amazon.com/Entweder-Broder- Hamed-Abdel-Samad-Henryk/dp/3813504212, date accessed 4 January 2015. 13. In this opinion he is related to the Dutch author and columnist Leon de Winter, who often links his blogs to those written by Broder. Do we observe a network of blogging neo-conservative intellectuals? 14. The episodes are entitled: 1. Von Adolf bis Allah, 2. Von Allah bis Osama, 3. Krieg und Frieden, 4. Frieden oder Freiheit, and 5. Fromm oder Frei. 15. ‘Es gibt Länder in Europa, die uns um dieses Denkmal beneiden’. 16. Shokof was kidnapped in May 2010 in Köln, since then he has been under police protection. He has made his film ‘Iran Zendan’ available on the Internet. See http://vimeo.com/12707973, date accessed 4 January 2015. 17. Episodes are entitled: 1. Guck mal, wer sich da verschwört, 2. Guck mal, wer die Welt durchschaut, 3. Guck mal, wer die Erde rettet, 4. Guck mal, wer wie überleben!, and 5. Guck mal, wie sich Armut lohnt. 18. See https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pvp12KXdqRE, date accessed 4 January 2015. 19. The Holocaust Memorial was built by architect Peter Eisenman and consists of 2,711 concrete slabs or stelae arranged in a grid pattern. 20. ‘Du hast ein Problem, du bist gefangen in der eigenen Rolle, da musst du irgendwann raus’ See http://www.stern.de/kultur/tv/henryk-m-broder- in-der-ard-die-suche-nach-dem-verlorenen-deutschen-1620737.html, date accesssed 4 January 2015. 21. ‘Wenn du nicht in die jüdische Opferrolle schlüpfen würdest, dann würd- est du auch nicht in diese Stele hinein schlüpfen’. See http://www.stern. de/kultur/tv/henryk-m-broder-in-der-ard-die-suche-nach-dem-verlorenen- deutschen-1620737.html, date accessed 4 January 2015. 22. Michael Hanfeld in FAZ: ‘Sie setzen uns ein Licht nach dem anderen auf und zeigen uns ein Deutschland, dessen Bild man vielleicht aus tausendundeiner “Spiegel TV” – Reportage zusammensetzen, es dann aber anzuschauen nicht aushalten könnte. Mit Humor gebrochen aber geht das, der Blick in die Notes 197

Abgründe gleich nebenan; mit einem Humor, der die zivilisatorische Leistung der Moderne hochhält wie eine Monstranz: Dass ein jeder sich von seiner Herkunft distanzieren kann und eben nicht eine Kultur die andere über- wältigt und frisst’. See http://www.faz.net/aktuell/feuilleton/medien/2.1756/ entweder-broder-die-deutschlandsafari-unentbehrlich-unbezahlbar-nicht- zu-schlagen-11069280.html, date accessed 4 January 2015. 23. ‘So entsteht ein Bild vom Leben in Deutschland, wie man es so bisher im Fernsehen nicht gesehen hat. Sämtliche Gesprächspartner äußern sich erstaunlich offen vor der Kamera, und schon allein diese Tatsache spricht für das Konzept der Sendung. Dass der Verkäufer in einer türkischen Bäckerei nicht hinter dem Ladentisch hervorkommt und die Interviewer etwa zehn Meter entfernt in ihrer Kaffeetasse rühren: diese Interviewtechnik widerspricht sämtlichen Fernseh-Regeln. Allerdings kommt so ein phänom- enal lebendiges Gespräch zustande’. See http://www.fr-online.de/medien/- entweder-broder--beutedeutsche-auf-safari,1473342,4805776.html, date accessed 4 January 2015. 24. Das ungewöhnliche Doku-Roadmovie ist eine Mischung aus investigativem Journalismus, schwarzem Humor und amüsanten Einlagen, in denen sich Henryk und Hamed über Deutschland und das Leben im Allgemeinen stre- iten. So intelligent wurde im deutschen Fernsehen schon lange nicht mehr gelästert! See http://www.welt.de/print/wams/vermischtes/article10779026/ Entweder-Broder-Die-Deutschland-Safari.html, date accessed 4 January 2015. 25. See http://www.amazon.com/Entweder-Broder-Hamed-Abdel-Samad- Henryk/dp/3813504212, date accessed 4 January 2015. 26. Abdel-Samad refers to a public discussion he had with the author of Die fremde Braut in Erfurt. She had noticed alarming occurrences, but her conclu- sion that Islam is the only explanation for all abuses is demagogic (2010a, p. 273). 27. ‘Der Osten hat mir eines gezeigt: Integrationsverweigerung ist nicht in erster Linie ein kulturelles, sondern ein strukturelles Problem. Nicht die Religion, sondern die soziale Realität ist dabei entscheidend. Im Osten traf ich viele Ostdeutsche und Spätaussiedler, die mit den gleichen Problemen wie viele türkische Immigranten zu kämpfen hatten: Sprache, Arbeitslosigkeit, Gewalt in der Familie und Misstrauen gegenüber den demokratischen Strukturen. Ein syrischer Arzt muslimischen Glaubens war in vielerlei Hinsicht besser in die deutsche Gesellschaft integriert als viele Ostdeutsche’ (Abdel-Samad, 2010a, pp. 272–3). 28. Episodes are entitled: 1. Auf nach Europa, 2. Im Herzen Europas, 3. Im Osten viel Neues and 4. Europa extrem. 29. ‘Mich erstaunte, wie viele Menschen im vermeintlich aufgeklärten Deutschland auf der Suche nach einen oder anderen Form von Gott waren’ (Abdel-Samad, 2010a, p. 230).

8 Popular Fiction: Elif Shafak

1. See http://www.britishcouncil.org/blog/elif-shafak-writing-english-brings- me-closer-turkey, date accessed 4 January 2015. 198 Notes

2. See http://blogs.eliamep.gr/en/oikonoleon/freedom-of-expression-in- contemporary-turkey-beyond-article-301/, date accessed 4 January 2015. 3. See http://www.ted.com/talks/elif_shafak_the_politics_of_fiction/, date accessed 4 January 2015. 4. See the lecture’s transcript on http://www.ted.com/talks/elif_shafak_the_ politics_of_fiction/transcript?language=en date accessed 4 January 2015. 5. Dozens of writers in Turkey have been charged under 301 of Turkey’s penal code with insulting Turkish identity, often for articles dealing with the kill- ing of Kurds and Ottoman Armenians. Hundreds of thousands of Armenians died in 1915 at the hands of Ottoman Turks. Armenians have campaigned for the killings to be recognized internationally as genocide. More than a dozen countries, various international bodies and many Western histori- ans have done so. Turkey admits that many Armenians were killed but it denies any genocide, saying the deaths were a part of World War I. Turkey and neighbouring Armenia still have no official relations. See BBC, Turkish- Armenian writer shot dead, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6279241. stm, date accessed 4 January 2015. 6. See also Heynders 2009. 7. Michael Skafidas, Turks Look Forward with Amnesia, New Perspectives Quarterly, vol. 31, issue 2. See: http://www.digitalnpq.org/articles/ global/153/02-08-2007/elif_shafak, date accessed 4 August 2015. 8. See http://www.theguardian.com/books/2014/dec/12/pamuk-shafak- turkish-press-campaign, date accessed 4 January 2015. 9. See Interview with Michael Skafidas, ‘Turks look forward with Amnesia’ in: New Perspectives Quarterly, vol.32, issue 2, pp. 29–32. 10. Žižek: ‘the left should get rid of this idea of saying that we must be subversive and go beyond good and evil. No! We have to take over some motives of the so called moral majority’ (2013, p. 78). 11. See for biographical information her official website: http://www.elifshafak. com/biography.php, date accessed 4 January 2015. 12. See http://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2010/jun/19/elif-shafak- turkey-40-rules-of-love, date of access 4 January 2015. 13. See http://www.poetrysociety.org/psa/poetry/crossroads/tributes/fernando_ pessoa_his_heteronyms/, date accessed 4 January 2015. 14. See Alfred Kossmann, De mannen waaruit ik besta, Amsterdam 1999. ‘De oude man die ik ben, drinkt graag een borrel met de andere oude mannen die ik ben. We schenken in, we steken op. Gewone kamer, gewone jenever, gewone sigaretten. Ach, waarom zou het geen herenkamer zijn in een landhuis, Courvoisier, havanna’s. We zitten hartelijk bijeen, ons gesprek is traag en spits. We noemen elkaar bij de achternaam en zeggen soms ‘jongen’. Pikant taalgebruik van ouden van dagen. Wij kijken elkaar nooit aan. Dat zou te persoonlijk zijn. En gênant, want we zijn ijdel en lelijk.’ (p. 25). [‘The old man who I am, likes to have a drink with the other old men I am. We fill, we smoke. Ordinary room, ordinary Dutch gin, ordinary cigarettes. Ah, why not a gentlemen’s room in a country house, Courvoisier, Havanas. We are comfortable together, our conversation is slow and poignant. We call each other by surname and sometimes say ‘chap’. Piquant parole of the elderly. We never look at each other. That would be too personal. And embarrassing, since we are vain and ugly’ (m y translation, O.H.).] Notes 199

15. See http://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2010/jun/19/elif-shafak- turkey-40-rules-of-love, date accessed 4 January 2015. 16. Ulrich Langer, The Cambridge Companion to Montaigne, 2005, pp. 1–2. 17. S. Critchley, The Book of Dead Philosophers, 2008, p. 132. 18. Self-Help books often are often categorised as ‘Mind & Spirit’ books, and offer stories of people who gone through transforming experiences in their lives and who would like to set an example for others. The point is that the ‘helpers’ having written these books, take up a role as educator, a role that can also be performed by public intellectuals. See the Top 100 Self-help Books that changed our Lives, http://www.stellarlearning.co.uk/cms/images/down- loads/life_changers_100_books.pdf, date accessed 4 January 2015. 19. See http://www.elifshafak.com/articles.php, date accessed 4 January 2015. 20. Harry McCracken: ‘The basic idea behind Pinterest – which lets you create and share collections of stuff you like in any category you choose – has been tried before by start-ups that didn’t make much of a mark. This time it might take off. Pinterest makes the process painless by offering a Pin It button that lets you grab pictures of your favorite things as you browse the Web. The site then collects the images on “boards” that other users can follow and comment on. Perusing other folks’ boards, featuring everything from pic- turesque travel scenes to oddly beautiful bacteria, is as enjoyable as building your own’. See 50 websites that make the Web great: http://content.time. com/time/specials/packages/completelist/0,29569,2087815,00.html, date accessed 4 January 2015. 21. See Kevin Roose in the New York Magazine: http://nymag.com/daily/intel- ligencer/2014/05/pinterest-is-sneaking-up-on-twitter-and-facebook.html, date accessed 4 Janauary 2015. 22. See http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/books/9957341/Top-ten-most- prolific-authors-on-Twitter.html, date accessed 4 January 2015. 23. See Elif Shafak, ‘Storytelling, Fake Worlds, and the Internet’ http:// www.worldliteraturetoday.org/2015/january/storytelling-fake-worlds-and- internet-elif-shafak, date accessed 4 January 2015. 24. Twitter is an online communication medium distinguished by its brevity and simplicity, where each message or ‘tweet’ contains a maximum of 140 characters (Tumbridge, 2010). The tweets are automatically sent to ‘follow- ers’, the people who have subscribed to someone’s account. But other people can read the messages on the Internet as well. Twitter users can give each other instant updates about events such as breaking news, emergencies and gossip. Users can copy tweets of others to their own account to spread the original message, which is called ‘retweeting’, and by including shortened hyperlinks, messages can easily be illustrated with pictures or videos. In a tweet, one can use a hashtag which functions as a keyword in search strings. The more people use the same hashtag, the more popular or important a par- ticular topic can become. The popularity of Twitter, since the start in 2006, and its acceptance as a noteworthy communication network can also be demonstrated by its drawbacks. Several tweets have resulted in scandals and negative exposure, when for instance public officials or politicians disclosed compromising or confidential information. Difficulties are caused when the identity of the author of the tweet is anonymous, or when a false name or non-official account is used, as seems for instance the case in the Twitter 200 Notes

account of Hamed Abdel- Samad. In several European countries Twitter users who deliberately post under an anonymous name may be unmasked legally (Tumbridge, 2010). 25. See https://twitter.com/Elif_Safak, date accessed 4 Janaury 2015. 26. See http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/mothers-only-career-should-be- motherhood-turkish-health-minister-says.aspx?pageID=517&nID=76360&N ewsCatID=341, date accessed 4 January 2015. 27. See Mattias Svensson on https://twitter.com/Elif_Safak, date accessed 4 January 2015. 28. See http://www.worldliteraturetoday.org/2015/january/storytelling-fake- worlds-and-internet-elif-shafak, date accessed 4 January 2015. 29. See http://www.worldliteraturetoday.org/2015/january/storytelling-fake- worlds-and-internet-elif-shafak, date accessed 4 January 2015. 30. As James Wood has explained ‘so-called omniscience is almost impossible. As soon as someone tells a story about a character, narrative seems to want to bend itself around that character, wants to merge with that character, to take on his or her way of thinking and speaking. A novelist’s omniscience soon enough becomes a kind of secret sharing, this is called free indirect style, a term novelists have lots of different nicknames for – ‘close third person’, or ‘going into character’ (Wood, 2009, pp. 8–9). 31. See http://www.theguardian.com/uk/2012/apr/30/honour-killings- spreading-alarming-rate, date accessed 4 January 2015. 32. See http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/reviews/the- forty-rules-of-love-by-elif-shafak-2021678.html, again this link can be found on Shafak’s official website. Bibliography

Abdel-Samad, Hamed (2010a), Mein Abschied vom Himmel, Aus dem Leben eines Muslims in Deutschland (Munch: Knaur Taschenbuch Verlag). Abdel-Samad, Hamed (2010b), Der Untergang der Islamischen Welt, Eine Prognose (Munich: Droemer). Abdel-Samad, Hamed (2011), Oorlog of vrede, De Arabische lente en de toekomst van het Westen (Amsterdam/Antwerp: Uitgeverij Contact). Ackermann, Ulrike (2007), ‘In Praise of Dissidence’, 26 February, Signandsight. com. http://www.signandsight.com/features/1225.html. Adil, Alev (2010), ‘The Forty Rules of Love, by Elif Shafak’, The Independent, 9 July. Appadurai, Arjun (2008 [1996]), Modernity at Large, Cultural Dimensions of Globalization, 8th printing (Minneapolis & London: University of Minnesota Press). Apter, Emily (2013), Against World Literature, On the Politics of Untranslatability (London and New York: Verso). Arendt, Hannah (1987), ‘Collective Responsibility’, in James W. Bernauer (ed.), Amor Mundi, Explorations in the Faith and Thought of Hannah Arendt (Dordrecht: Martinus Nijhoff), pp. 43–50. Ahrendt, Hannah (2006 [1963]), Eichmann in Jerusalem, A Report on the Banality of Evil, Introduction Amos Elon (London: Penguin Books). Attridge, Derek (2004), The Singularity of Literature (London and New York: Routledge). Baert, Patrick and Booth, Josh (2012) ‘Tensions Within the Public Intellectual: Political Interventions from Dreyfus to the New Social Media’, International Journal of Politics, Culture, and Society, 25, pp. 111–26, (published online September 2012, doi: Org/10.1007/S10767-012-9123-6). Baert, Patrick and Shipman, Alan (2013), ‘The Rise of the Embedded Intellectual: New Forms of Public Engagement and Critique’, in Peter Thijssen, Walter Weyns, Christiane Timmerman and Sara Mels (eds), New Public Spheres, Recontextualizing the Intellectual (Farnham: Ashgate), pp. 27–51. Bakhtin, M.M. (2008 [1981]), The Dialogic Imagination, Four Essays, Ed. by Michael Holquist, Translated by Caryl Emerson and Michael Holquist (Austin: University of Texas Press). Bal, Mieke (2002), Travelling Concepts in the Humanities, A Rough Guide, Green College Lectures (Toronto: University of Toronto Press). Balibar, Etienne (2004), We, The People of Europe? Reflections on Transnational Citizenship, Translated by James Swenson (Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press). Barthes, Roland (1953), Writing Degree Zero [Le degré zéro de l’écriture] (Paris: Seuil). Bauman, Zygmunt (1989 [1987]), Legislators and Interpreters: On Modernity, Postmodernity, and Intellectuals (Cambridge: Polity Press). Bauman, Zygmunt (1999), In Search of Politics (Stanford: Stanford University Press).

201 202 Bibliography

Benda, Julien (2009) The Treason of the Intellectuals, With a new Introduction by Roger Kimball, Translated by Richard Aldington, 4th printing (New Brunswick and London: Transaction Publishers). Berman, Paul (2010), The Flight of the Intellectuals (New York: Melville House). Bleeker, Maaike (2009), ‘Being Angela Merkel’, in Ernst van Alphen, Mieke Bal and Carel Smith (eds.), The Rhetoric of Sincerity (Stanford: Stanford University Press), pp. 247–63). Blommaert, Jan (2005), Discourse. Key Topics in Sociolinguistics (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press). Blommaert, Jan (2010), The Sociolinguistics of Globalization (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press). Bourdieu, Pierre (1991), ‘Universal Corporatism: The Role of Intellectuals in the Modern World’, Poetics Today, 12, 4, National Literatures / Social Spaces, Winter, pp. 655–69. Bourdieu, Pierre (1998), Acts of Resistance, Against the Tyranny of the Market, Translated by Richard Nice (New York: The New Press). Brighenti, Andrea (2007), ‘Visibility, A Category for the Social Sciences’, Current Sociology, 55, pp. 323–42. Broder, Henryk (2004), A Jew in the New Germany, translated the Broder Translators’ Collective, ed. by Sander L. Gilman and Lilian M. Friedberg (Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press). Bruckner, Pascal (2011), ‘Enlightenment Fundamentalism of Racism of the Anti- Racists?’, SignandSight, 24 January, http://www.signandsight.com/features/ 1146.html Buruma, Ian (2007), Murder in Amsterdam, The Death of Theo van Gogh and the Limits of Tolerance (New York: Atlantic Books). Butler, Judith (2004), Precarious Life, The Powers of Mourning and Violence (London and New York: Verso). Butter, Michael (2010), ‘Caught between Cultural and Literary Studies, Popular Fiction’s Double Otherness’, Journal of Literary Theory online, 4, 2, pp. 199–216. doi: 10.1515/JLT.2010.013. Carr, David (2013) ‘Journalism, Even When It’s Tilted’, The New York Times, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/07/01/business/media/journalism-is-still-at- work-even-when-its-practitioner-has-a-slant.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0 Charle, Christophe (1986), Intellectuelles et élites 1880–1900, These d’Etat (Paris: Panthéon-Sorbonne). Collini, Stefan (2009 [2006]), Absent Minds, Intellectuals in Britain. Reprint (Oxford: Oxford University Press). Collins, Jim (2010), Bring on the Books for Everybody, How Literary Culture became Popular Culture (Durham and London: Duke University Press). Conley, Thomas M. (1990), Rhetoric in the European Tradition (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press). Critchley, Simon (2002), On Humour (London and New York: Routledge). Critchley, Simon (2008), The Book of Dead Philosophers (London: Granta Books). Cuddon, J.A. (1998), The Penguin Dictionary of Literary Terms and Literary Theory (London and New York: Penguin Books). Davies, Norman (1997), Europe, A History (London: Pimlico). De Leeuw, M. and Van Wichelen, S. (2005), ‘Please, go wake up!’. Submission, Hirsi Ali, and the ‘War on Terror’ in the Netherlands’, Feminist Media Studies, 5, 3, p. 325–40. doi: 10.1080/14680770500271487. Bibliography 203

De Vugt, Geertjan (2015), The Polit-Dandy: On the Emergence of a Political Paradigm, Dissertation Tilburg University, June. De Winter, Leon (2012), VSV, roman (Amsterdam: De Bezige Bij). Debray, Régis (1981), Teachers, Writers, Celebrities, The Intellectuals of Modern France, with an Introduction by Francis Mulhern, Translated by David Macey (London: NLB and Verso Editions). Derrida, Jacques (2005), Rogues, Two Essays on Reason, Translated by Pascale-Anne Brault and Michael Naas (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press). Drakulic´, Slavenka (1999), S. A Novel about the Balkans, Translated by Marko Ivic (London: Penguin Books). Drakulic´, Slavenka (2004), They Would Never Hurt a Fly, War Criminals on Trial in The Hague (London: Abacus). Drakulic´, Slavenka (2009 [1997]), The Taste of a Man, Translated by Christina Pribichevich Zoric (London: Abacus). Drakulic´, Slavenka (2011), A Guided Tour Through the Museum of Communism, Fables from a Mouse, a Parrot, a Bear, a Cat, a Mole, a Pig, a Dog, & a Raven (London: Penguin Books). Drakulic´, Slavenka (2014 [1996]), Café Europa, Life after Communism (London: Abacus). Enzensberger, Hans Magnus (1974), The Consciousness Industry, On Literature, Politics and the Media. Selected & with a Postscript by Michael Roloff (New York: The Seabury Press). Enzensberger, Hans Magnus (1977 [1972]), Der kurze Sommer der Anarchie, Buenaventura Durrutis Leben und Tod, Roman (Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp Verlag). Enzensberger, Hans Magnus (1982), Politische Brosamen (Suhrkamp, Frankfurt am Main). Enzensberger, Hans Magnus (1987), Ach Europa!: Wahrnehmungen aus sieben Ländern (Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp Verlag). Enzensberger, Hans Magnus (1989a), Europe, Europe, Forays into a Continent, Translated by Martin Chalmers (New York: Pantheon Books). Enzensberger, Hans Magnus (1989b), Mittelmass und Wahn (Suhrkamp, Frankfurt am Main). Enzensberger, Hans Magnus (1992), Die Grosse Wanderung, Dreiunddreissig Markierungen (Suhrkamp, Frankfurt am Main). Enzensberger, Hans Magnus (1993), Aussichten auf den Bürgerkrieg (Suhrkamp, Frankfurt am Main). Enzensberger, Hans Magnus (1994), Civil Wars, From L.A. to Bosnia (New York: The New Press). Enzensberger, Hans Magnus (1997), Zig Zag, The Politics of Culture and Vice Versa (New York: The New Press). Enzensberger, Hans Magnus (2000), Lighter than Air, Moral Poems, A Bilingual Edition. Translated by Reinhold Grimm (Riverdale-on-Hudson: The Sheep Meadow Press). Enzensberger, Hans Magnus (2007), Zu Große Fragen, Interviews und Gespräche 2005–1970, Herausgegeben von Rainer Barbey (Frankfurt an Main: Suhrkamp). Enzensberger, Hans Magnus (2008), The Silences of Hammerstein, A Germans Story, Translated by Martin Chalmers (London: Seagull). Enzensberger, Hans Magnus (2011), Brussels, The Gentle Monster of the Disenfranchisement of Europe, Translated by Martin Chalmers (London: Seagull). 204 Bibliography

Enzensberger, Hans Magnus (2012), Meine Lieblings-Flops, gefolgt von einem idée- Magazin (Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp Verlag). Etzioni, Amitai and Bowditch, Alissa (eds) (2006), Public Intellectuals, An Endangered Species? (New York and Oxford: Rowman & Littlefield). Eyerman, Ron (2011), ‘Intellectuals and Cultural Trauma’, European Journal of Social Theory, 14, 4, pp. 453–67. doi: 10.1177/1368431011417932. Farrell, Michael P. (2001), Collaborative Circles, Friendship Dynamics & Creative Work (Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press). Felski, Rita (2008), Uses of Literature, (Malden and Oxford: Blackwell Publishing). Finkielkraut, Alain (2009), Un coeur intelligent (Paris: Editions Stock). Forster, E.M. (1972 [1946]), Two Cheers for Democracy (London: Edward Arnold). Foucault, M. (1980 [1972), Language, Counter-Memory, Practice: Selected Essays and Interviews (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press), pp. 205–17. Furedi, Frank (2006), Where Have All the Intellectuals Gone? Including ‘A Reply to My Critics’ 2nd ed. (London and New York: Continuum). Furlanetto, Elena (2013), ‘The ‘Rumi Phenomenon’ between Orientalism and Cosmopolitanism, The Case of Elif Shafak’s The Forty Rules of Love’, European Journal of English Studies, 17, 2, pp. 201–13, doi: 10.1080/13825577.2013. 797210. Galow, Timothy W. (2011), Writing Celebrity, Stein, Fitzgerald, and the Moderni(ist) Art of Self-Fashioning (Basingstoke and New York: Palgrave Macmillan). Garber, Marjorie (2011), The Use and Abuse of Literature (New York: Pantheon Books). Garton Ash, Timothy (1998), History of the Present, Essays, Sketches, and Dispatches from Europe in the 1990s (New York: Vintage Books). Garton Ash, Timothy (2006), ‘Islam in Europe’, The New York Review of Books, October 5, http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2006/oct/05/ islam-in-europe/ Gramsci, Antonio (1971), Selections from the Prison Notebooks, edited and trans- lated by Quintin Hoare and Geoffrey Nowel Smith (New York: International Publishers). Grimm, Erk (2002), ‘The Disappearance of Fury, H.M. Enzensberger’s Diplomatic Poetry of the 1990s’, The Germanic Review: Literature, Culture, Theory, 77, 1, pp. 7–33, doi. 10.1080/00168890209597448. Grøndahl, Jens (2014), ‘News and the Writer’, in Passa Porta, author’s texts, http://www.passaporta.be/assets/upload/auteursteksten/Passa_Porta_Seminar_ Jens_Christian_Grøndahl_PPSeminar_ENGLISH.pdf Guignon, Charles B. (2004), On being Authentic (London and New York: Routledge). Gunter, Barrie (2009), Blogging – Private Becomes Public and Public Becomes Personalised’, Aslib Proceedings, 61, 2, pp. 120–6. Habermas, Jürgen (1991 [1962]), The Structural Transformation of The Public Sphere (Cambridge, MA: Massachusetts Institute of Technology). Habermas, Jürgen (2009), Europe, The Faltering Project, Translated by Ciaran Cronin (Cambridge: Polity). Hall, Stuart (2010 [1996]), ‘Introduction: Who needs Identity?’, in Stuart Hall and Paul du Gay (eds), Questions of Cultural Identity (London: Sage), pp. 1–18. Hanenberg, Peter (1996), ‘Hans Magnus Enzensberger. Ein Versuch über Aporien, Fehler und Krisen’, German Monitor, 38, pp. 156–7. Bibliography 205

Haydari, Nazan (2013), ‘Building Solidarity through Relationships: The Politics of Feminism as an Intellectual Project in Turkey’, in Peter Thijssen, Walter Weyns, Christiane Timmerman and Sara Mels (eds), New Public Spheres, Recontextualizing the Intellectual (Farnham and Burlington: Ashgate), pp. 145–63. Herzog, Annabel (2004), ‘Hannah Arendt’s Concept of Responsibility’, Studies in Social and Political Thought, https://www.sussex.ac.uk/webteam/gateway/file. php?name=10-3.pdf&site=412 Heynders, Odile (2009), Voices of Europe, Literary Writers as Public Intellectuals (Tilburg: Tilburg University Press). Heynders, Odile (2013a), ‘Immigrant Intellectual: The case of Hirsi Ali Hirsi Ali’, in Peter Thijssen, Walter Weyns, Christiane Timmerman and Sara Mels (eds), New Public Spheres, Recontextualizing the Intellectual. (Farnham and Burlington: Ashgate) pp. 125–44. Heynders, Odile (2013b), ‘Individual and Collective Identity – Dutch Public Intellectual Bas Heijne’, Journal of Dutch Literature, 4, 1, http://journalofdutch- literature.org/ Heynders, Odile (2014), ‘Speaking the Self, Narratives on Srebrenica’, European Journal of Life Writing, 3, pp. 1–22, doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.5463/ejlw.3.43. Hillis Miller, J. (2002), On Literature (London and New York: Routledge). Hirsi Ali, Ayaan (2007), Infidel, My Life (London: The Free Press). Hirsi Ali, Ayaan (2010), Nomad, From Islam to America, A Personal Journey Through the Clash of Civilizations (London: Simon & Schuster). Hitchens, Christopher (2008) ‘How to be a Public Intellectual’, Prospect, May, http://www.prospectmagazine.co.uk/magazine/what-is-a-public-intellectual. Hobsbawm, Eric (2013), Fractured Times, Culture and Society in the Twentieth Century (London: Little Brown). Houellebecq, Michel (2010), The Map and the Territory, Translated by Gavin Bowd (London: Vintage Books). Ignatieff, M. (2007), “Getting Iraq Wrong’, New York Times Magazine, June 5, 6, p. 26. Jacoby, R. (1987), The last Intellectuals (New York: Basic Books). Jaffe, Aaron and Goldman, Jonathan (eds) (2010). Modernist Star Maps, Celebrity, Modernity, Culture (Farnham: Ashgate). Jolie, Angelina (2013), ‘My Medical Choice’, The New York Times, 14 May. Judt, Tony (2009), Reappraisals, Reflections on the Forgotten Twentieth Century (London: Vintage Books). Karpinski, Eva C. (2013), ‘Postcards from Europe: Dubravka Ugresic´ as a Transnational Public Intellectual, or Life Writing in Fragments’, The European Journal of Life Writing, II, pp. 42–60. doi:10.5463/ejlw.2.55. Keane, John (2009), The Life and Death of Democracy (London: Simon & Schuster). Kelek, Necla (2009), Bittersüssse Heimat, Bericht aus dem Inneren der Türkei (Munich: Goldmann). King, Alasdair (2007), Hans Magnus Enzensberger, Writing, Media, Democracy (Bern: Peter Lang). Korteweg, Ariejan (2011), ‘Libiers vrij dankzij BHL’, De Volkskrant 19 November, http://www.volkskrant.nl/dossier-archief/libiers-vrij-dankzij-bhl~a3041962/ Kossmann, Alfred (1999), De mannen waaruit ik besta (Amsterdam: Em. Querido’s Uitgeverij b.v.). 206 Bibliography

Kruk, Marijn (2011), ‘Intellectueel op oorlogspad, BHL bouwt verder aan zijn eigen standbeeld’, De Groene Amsterdammer, 7 December, https://www.groene. nl/artikel/intellectueel-op-oorlogspad Kundera, Milan (2002 [1986]), De kunst van de roman (Amsterdam, Ambo). Lacroix, Justine and Nicolaïdis, Kalypso (2010), European Stories, Intellectual Debates on Europe in National Contexts (Oxford: Oxford University Press). Lanham, Richard A. (1991), A Handlist of Rhetorical Terms (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press). Langer, U. (2005), The Cambridge Companion to Montaigne (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press). Lévy, Bernard-Henry (1989 [1988]), De laatste dagen van Charles Baudelaire, vertaald door Sonja Pos en Miep Veenis (Amsterdam: Uitgeverij Bert Bakker). Lévy, Bernard-Henri (2000) (ed), What Good are Intellectuals? 44 Writers Share Their Thoughts (New York: Agora Publishing). Lévy, Bernard-Henri (2003), Who Killed Daniel Pearl?, Translated by James X. Mitchel (London: Duckworth). Lévy, Bernard-Henri (2004a) Sartre, The Philosopher of the Twentieh Century, Translated by Andrew Brown (Cambridge: Polity Press). Lévy, Bernard-Henri (2004b), War, Evil, and the End of History, Translated by Charlotte Mandell (Hoboken NJ: Melville House Publishing). Lévy, Bernard-Henri (2009), Left in Dark Times, A Stand Against the New Barbarism, translated by Benjamin Moser (New York: Random House). Lévy, Bernard-Henri (2011), La Guerre sans l’aimer: Journal d’un écrivain au coeur du printemps libyen (Paris: Bernard Grasset). Lévy, Bernard-Henri and Houellebecq, Michel (2011 [2008]), Public Enemies, Duelling Writers on Each Other and the World, Translated by Miriam Frendo and Frank Wynne (New York: Random House). Lewis, Tania (2001), ‘Embodied Experts: Robert Hughes, Cultural Studies and the Celebrity Intellectual’, Continuum, 15, 2, pp. 233–47, doi. org/10.1080/713657805. Linke, Gabriele (2011), ‘The Public, the Private, and the Intimate: Richard Sennett’s and Pauren Bernalt’s Cultural Criticism in Dialogue’, Biography, 34, 1, Winter, pp. 11–24, doi:10.1353/bio.2011.0013. Lützeler, Paul Michael (2007), Kontinentalisierung, Das Europa der Schriftsteller (Bielefeld, Aisthesis Verlag). Mak, G. (2005), Gedoemd tot kwetsbaarheid (Amsterdam: Atlas). Marcus, Laura (2001), Auto/Biographical Discourses, Theory, Criticism, Practice (Manchester: Manchester University Press). Marshall, P. David (2010 [2006]), The Celebrity Culture Reader (London and New York: Routledge). Marwick, A.E. and boyd, d. (2011), ‘I Tweet Honestly, I Tweet Passionately. Twitter Users, Context Collapse and the Imagined Audience’, Media & Society, 13, 1, pp. 114–32. Marx, William (2008 [2005]), Het afscheid van de literatuur, De geschiedenis van een ontwaarding 1700–2000 (Amsterdam: Querido). McCallum, Richard (2013), ‘Public Intellectuals and Micro-Public Spheres: A British Illustration’, in Peter Thijssen, Walter Weyns, Christiane Timmerman and Sara Mels (eds), New Public Spheres, Recontextualizing the Intellectual (Farnham and Burlington: Ashgate), pp. 163–81. Bibliography 207

McKee, Alan (2005), The Public Sphere, An Introduction (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press). McLaughlin, Neil (2008), ‘Collaborative Circles and Their Discontents, Revisiting Conflict and Creativity in Frankfurt School Critical Theory’, Sociologica, 2, pp. 1–35, doi:10.2383/27714. McLaughlin, Neil and Townsley, Eleanor (2011), ‘Contexts of Cultural Diffusion: A Case Study of “Public Intellectual” Debates in English Canada’, Canadian Review of Sociology, 48, 4, pp. 341–368. McRobbie, Angela (2009), ‘Post Feminism and Popular Culture: Bridget Jones and the New Gender Regime’, in The Aftermath of Feminism: Gender, Culture and Social Change (London: Sage), pp. 11–23. Meizoz, Jerome (2007), Postures littéraires. Mises en scène modernes de l’auteur (Geneva: Slatkine Erudition). Melzer, Arthur M., Weinberger, Jerry and Zinman, M. Richard (eds) (2003), The Public Intellectual, Between Philosophy and Politics (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield). Misztal, Barbara (2007), Intellectuals and the Public Good, Creativity and Civil Courage (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press). Moors, Annelies (2005), ‘Submission’, ISIM Review, 15, pp. 8–9. Nietzsche, Friedrich (1872), The Birth of Tragedy [Die Geburt der Tragödie aus dem Geiste der Musik] (Leipzig: Fritsch). Nussbaum, Martha C. (1995), Poetic Justice, The Literary Imagination and Public Life (Boston: Beacon Press). Oltermann, Philip (2010), ‘A Life in Writing: Hans Magnus Enzensberger’, The Guardian, 15 May. Panizza, Francisco (ed.) (2005), Populism and the Mirror of Democracy (London: Verso). Pels, Dick (2000), The Intellectual as Stranger, Studies in Spokespersonship (London and New York: Routledge). Penguin Dictionary of Literary Terms and Literary Theory, 4th ed., edited by J.A. Cuddon (revised by C.E. Preston) (London: Penguin Books). Pessoa, Fernando (2001), The Book of Disquiet, Edited and Translated by Ricard Zenith (London: Penguin Books). Piketty, Thomas (2014), Capital in the Twenty-First Century, Translated by Arthur Goldhammer (Cambridge MA: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press). Posner, Richard A. (2004 [2001]), Public Intellectuals, A Study of Decline, With a New Preface and Epilogue, 3rd printing (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press). Rancière, Jacques (2010), Dissensus, On Politics and Aesthetics, Edited and Translated by Steven Corcoran (London and New York: Continuum). Redmond, Sean (2014), Celebrity and the Media (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan). Richards, Jennifer (2008), Rhetoric (London and New York: Routledge). Ricoeur, Paul (1973), ‘The Hermeneutical Function of Distanciation’, Philosophy Today, 17, pp. 88–96. Roche, Mark (2004), Why Literature Matters in the 21st Century (New Haven: Yale University Press). Rorty, Richard (1989), Contingency, Irony and Solidarity (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press). Rushdie, Salman (1988), The Satanic Verses (New York: Viking). 208 Bibliography

Said, Edward W. (1996), Representations of the Intellectual, The 1993 Reith Lectures (New York: Vintage Books). Schlösser, Christian (2009), Hans Magnus Enzensberger (Paderborn: Wilhelm Fink). Sennett, Richard (1986 [1974]), The Fall of Public Man (London: Penguin Books). Sennett, Richard (2010), ‘De Tirannie van intimiteit. Richard Sennett over Facebook, populisme en Job Cohen’, De Groene Amsterdammer, 15 December, http://www.groene.nl/artikel/de-tirannie-van-intimiteit Shafak, Elif (2005), ‘Linguistic Cleansing’, New Perspectives Quarterly, 22, 3, pp. 19–25, http://www.digitalnpq.org/archive/2005_summer/05_shafak.html Shafak, Elif (2007a), The Bastard of Istanbul (London: Viking Penguin). Shafak, Elif (2007b), Black Milk, On Writing, Motherhood, and the Harem Within (London Viking Penguin). Shafak, Elif (2010), The Forty Rules of Love (London: Penguin Books). Shafak, Elif (2012), Honour (London: Viking Penguin). Shafak, Elif (2014), The Architect’s Apprentice (London: Viking Penguin). Shelley, P.B. (1966), Selected Poetry and Prose, edited by John Hollander (New York: New American Library). Showalter, E. (2000), ‘Laughing Medusa: Feminist Intellectuals at the Millennium’, Women: A Cultural Review, 11, 1–2, pp. 131–8. Simet, Georg F. (2012), ‘Possibilities and Risks of Influencing Public Knowledge: The Case of Hrant Dink’, in Nikita Basov and Oleksandra Nenko (eds), Understanding Knowledge Creation, Intellectuals in Academia, the Public Sphere and the Arts (Amsterdam & New York: Rodopi), pp. 83–108. Sirinelli, Jean-Francois (1986), ‘La Khagne’, in Pierre Nora (ed), Les Lieux de mémoires: La Nation, 3 vols (Paris: Gallimard). Skafidas, Michael (2007) ‘Turks Look Forward with Amnesia’, New Perspectives Quarterly, 31, 2, pp. 29–32, http://www.digitalnpq.org/articles/ global/153/02-08-2007/elif_shafak Sloterdijk, Peter (2012 [1983]), Critique of Cynical Reason, Foreword by Andreas Huyssen (Minneapolis and London: University of Minnesota Press). Sloterdijk, Peter (2013 [2009]), You Must Change Your Life, Translated by Wieban Hoban (Cambridge: Polity Press). Small, Helen (2002) (ed.), The Public Intellectual (Oxford: Blackwell Publishing). Smith, Sidonie and Watson, Julia (2010), Reading Autobiography, A Guide for Interpreting Life Narratives, 2nd ed. (Minneapolis and London: University of Minnesota Press). Street, John (2010), ‘The Celebrity Politician, Political Style and Popular Culture’, in P. David Marshall (ed.), The Celebrity Culture Reader, (New York and London: Routledge), pp. 359–70. Thijssen, Peter, Weyns, Walter, Timmerman, Christiane and Mels, Sara (eds.) (2013), New Public Spheres, Recontextualizing the Intellectual (Farnham and Burlington: Ashgate). Thompson, John B. (2012), Merchants of Culture, The Publishing Business in the Twenty-First Century, 2nd ed. (Cambridge: Polity). Todorov, Tzvetan (2006), La Littérature en péril (Paris: Flammarion). Tumbidge, James (2010), ‘Twitter: Who’s Really There?’, Journal of Intellectual Property Law & Practice, 5, 2, pp. 116–18, doi: 10.1093/jiplp/jpp223. Turner, Graeme (2014), Understanding Celebrity, 2nd ed. (Los Angeles and London: Sage). Bibliography 209

Ugresic´ Dubravka (1994), Have a Nice Day, From the Balkan War to the American Dream, Translated by Celia Hawkesworth (New York: Viking). Ugresic´, Dubravka (1998), The Culture of Lies, Antipolitical Essays, Translated by Celia Hawkesworth (Pennsylvania: The Pennsylvania State University Press). Ugresic´, Dubravka (1999), The Museum of Unconditional Surrender (London: Phoenix). Ugresic´, Dubravka (2003), Thank You For Not Reading, Essays on Literary Trivia, Translated by Celia Hawkesworth with the assistance of Damion Searles (Dalkey Archive Press). Ugresic´, Dubravka (2005), The Ministry of Pain, a Novel, Translated by Michael Henry Heim (New York: HarperCollins Publishers). Ugresic´, Dubravka (2007), Nobody’s Home, Essays, Translated from the Croatian by Ellen Elias-Bursac (London: Telegram). Ugresic´, Dubravka (2011), Karaoke Culture, Translated by Ellen Elias-Bursac´ (Rochester: Open Letter). Ugresic´, Dubravka (2014), Europe in Sepia, Translated by David Williams (Rochester: Open Letter). van Istendael, Geert (1992), Arm Brussel (Amsterdam / Antwerp: Atlas Contact). van Istendael, Geert (1994), Bekentenissen van een reactionair (Amsterdam and Antwerp: Uitgeverij Atlas). van Istendeal, Geert (1996), Anders is niet beter (Amsterdam and Antwerp: Uitgeverij Atlas). van Istendael, Geert (2003), De zwarte steen, roman (Amsterdam and Antwerp: Uitgeverij Atlas). van Istendael, Geert (2005), Mijn Nederland (Amsterdam and Antwerp: Atlas Contact). van Istendeal, Geert (2006), Alfabet van de globalisering (Amsterdam and Antwerp: Uitgeverij Atlas). van Istendael, Geert (2007), Mijn Duitsland (Amsterdam and Antwerp: Atlas Contact). van Istendael, Geert (2011 [1989]), Het Belgisch labyrint, Een wegwijzer (overgeschilderd natuurlijk) 2nd ed. [1st ed. 1989] (Amsterdam and Antwerp: Uitgeverij Atlas). van Istendael, Geert (2012), De parochie van Sint-Precarius (Amsterdam: Uitgeverij Bert Bakker). Van Loo, Marjet and Heynders, Odile (2014), ‘The Interactive Intellectual. Bas Heijne on Twitter’, Tijdschrift voor Nederlandse Taal- & Letterkunde (TNTL), 130, 1, pp. 96–114. Van Reybrouck, David (2001), De Plaag, Het stille knagen van schrijvers, termieten en Zuid-Afrika (Amsterdam: De Bezige Bij). Van Reybrouck, David (2007), Slagschaduw, roman (Antwerp and Amsterdam: Meulenhoff/Manteau). Van Reybrouck, David (2010), Congo, Een geschiedenis (Amsterdam: De Bezige BIj). Van Reybrouck, David (2011 [2008]), Pleidooi voor Populisme (Amsterdam: De Bezige Bij). Van Reybrouck, David (2013), Tegen verkiezingen (Amsterdam: De Bezige Bij). Van Reybrouck, David and Vermeersch, Peter (2008), de europese grondwet in verzen (Antwerp: Vrijdag, and Brussel: Passa Porta). See http://www.passaporta. be/assets/upload/auteursteksten/cahier_Europese_Grondwet_E_LowRes.pdffor English translation. 210 Bibliography

Van Rumler, Fritz (1970) ‘Cuba Si, Piggies No’, Der Spiegel, 25, http://www.spiegel. de/spiegel/print/d-44931197.html Van Tilborgh, Jolanda (2006), Wij zijn Nederland, Moslima’s over Ayaan Hirsi Ali (Amsterdam: Van Gennep). Velickovic, Vedrane (2014), ‘Europe in Sepia’, Wasafiri, 29, 2, pp. 13–17, doi: 10.1080/02690055.2014.885306. Warner, Michael (2005), Public and Counterpublics (New York: Zone Books). Winter, Tim (2011), ‘Why She Chose America’, Times Literary Supplement, 21 January. Witteveen, Willem (2009), ‘Shelley en een Europese grondwet in verzen’, RegelMaat, 4, 24, pp. 244–52. Wood, James (2009), How Fiction Works. (London: Vintage books). Young-Bruehl, Elisabeth (2004), Hannah Arendt, Leben, Werk und Zeit. Aus dem Amerikanischen von Hans Günther Holl. (Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag). Zenith, Richard (2001), ‘Introduction’, in Fernando Pessoa The Book of Disquiet, Edited and Translated by Ricard Zenith (London: Penguin Books), pp. vii–xxvi). Žižek, Slavoi (2013), Demanding the Impossible, Edited by Yong-June Park (Cambridge: Polity Press) Index

Abdel-Samad, Hamed, v, 24, 118, Bachmann, Ingeborg, 48 139–59, 175, 195–97, 201 Baert, Patrick, 4, 8, 12, 165, 173, Abdeljalil, Mustafa, 86–7 182, 201 Abdulmalik, Mohammed, 86 Bakhtin, M.M., 36, 172, 184, 186, 201 Achebe, Chinua, 18 Bal, Mieke, 95, 201–2 Ackermann, Ulrike, 118, 201 Balibar, E., 122, 137–8, 190, 201 activism, ix, 24, 44, 79–80, 82, 88, Balkenende, Jan Peter, 99 113, 120, 124–25 Balzac, Honoré de, 2 actor, v, 74–7, 79, 81, 83, 85, 87, Barnes, Julian, 16, 18 89–91, 93–6, 98, 187 Barthes, Roland, vii, 31, 201 Adil, Alev, 201 Baudelaire, Charles, 77, 90, 206 Adorno, Theodor, 28, 31, 54, 184 Bauman, Zygmunt, 4–5, 98, 201 American Enterprise Institute (AEI), Beauvoir, Simone de, 6, 166 99, 112, 120 Benda, Julien, 4–5, 7–9, 55, 202 agency, iv, x, 49, 64, 80, 119, 123, 179 Benjamin, Walter, 172, 206 Amazon.com, 70, 196–7 Benn, Gottfried, 30 Amis, Martin, 6, 18 Berlin Wall, 29, 31, 38, 47, 118 Andric, Ivo, 69 Berlusconi, Sylvio, 131 anti-Semitism, 17, 81–2, 84, 89, 113, Berman, Paul, 5, 21–2, 116, 192, 202 149, 189 Bildung, 103, 126 Antunes, Antonio Lobo, 75 Blair, Tony, 98 Appadurai, Arjun, 41–2, 50, 148, 201 Bleeker, Maaike, 155, 202 Apter, Emily, 123, 201 blog, 19, 95, 176, 197 Arafat, Yasser, 155 Blommaert, Jan, xi, 108, 202 Arendt, Hannah, 6, 54, 58–60, 63, Bloom, Allan, 2 186–87, 201, 205, 210 Booth, Josh, 8, 173, 182, 201 Arnold, Matthew, 18, 182, 204 Bourdieu, Pierre, 9–11, 14, 76–7, 102, Arte, 74, 187 182, 190, 202 Assange, Julian, 140 bourgeoisie, 32, 49, 79 asylum-seeker, 55, 68 Bowditch, Alissa, 204 Athens, 75, 96 boyd, d., i, 176, 206 Attridge, Derek, 45, 201 Brecht, Bertolt, 30 Atwood, Margaret, 173 Brighenti, Andrea, 112, 202 Austen, Jane, 2 Broder, Henryk M, .6, 24, 139, authenticity, 20, 80–1, 94–5, 100, 141–2, 149–59, 196–7, 202 178, 183 Bruckner, Pascal, 76–7, 100, 117, 202 autobiography, 65, 67, 103, Bruni, Carla, 188 105, 139–140, 142–4, 158, Brussels, v, 7, 24, 32, 44, 47, 100, 121, 191, 208 123–5, 127, 129, 131, 133, 135–8, autonomy, 9–10, 12–3, 16–7, 155–7, 193, 203 20, 170 Buch, Hans Christoph, 74 avant-garde, i, 161 Burke, Jason, 188

211 212 Index

Buruma, Ian, 18, 108, 114, 117, De Vugt, Geertjan, xi, 196, 203 194, 202 De Winter, Leon, 17, 203 Butler, Judith, 64, 73, 78, 202 Debray, Regis, 4, 20, 203 Butter, Michael, 164, 202 decline, 4, 70–1, 80, 89, 101, 130, Byron, George Gordon, 95 133, 141, 145, 147, 149, 185, 207 Deleuze, Gilles, 76 Caldwell, Christopher, 118 democracy, iii, ix–xi, 10, 24, 26–7, 46, Calvino, Italo, 37 51, 57, 75, 82, 89, 94–5, 106, 118, Cameron, David, 87 121, 124–34, 137–8, 140, 142, Camus, Albert, 16, 90, 101 147, 156, 166, 174–5, 182, 186, Carr, David, 192, 202 193, 204–5, 207 Cebrián, Juan Luis, 74 Derrida, Jacques, viii, 190, 193, 203 Celan, Paul, 170 detachment, 7–8, 10, 100–1, 119, celebrity, iii, ix, 1–2, 4, 12–5, 24, 141, 144 74, 76–8, 80, 83, 88–90, 93–7, dialogism, 29, 32, 36, 50 99–101, 119, 160, 188, 204–8 diary, 57, 65, 74, 84–90, 95, 190 Charle, Christophe, 21, 202 Diderot, Denis, 6, 79 Chirac, Jacques, 77, 84 Dieudonné, 82, 189 Chomsky, Noam, 44, 185, 190 digitalisation, x, 16, 27–8, 65, Christianity, 143 132, 147 Cioran, Emil, 172 Dijkgraaf, Robert, 6, 193 Cisneros, Sandra, 166 Dink, Hrant, 162, 208 civil war, 26, 33, 38–42, 82, 89 discussant, 17, 123, 139, 142, 179 Clavel, Maurice, 76 dissident, xi, 6, 8, 24, 97 Cocteau, 90 diversity, 12, 35–6, 44, 47, 53–4, 75, Coelho, Paulo, 173 117, 121, 123, 127, 133–6, 138, Collini, Stefan, 6–7, 9, 18, 21–2, 75–6, 150, 175 182, 202 documentary, 17, 22, 26, 31, 33, 35, Collins, Jim, 19, 202 37, 46–9, 77, 89, 101, 111, 142, communism, 32, 35, 53, 57, 72, 118, 149, 151, 153, 190 186, 203 Dombasle, Arielle, 77, 84, 188 Conley, Thomas M., 109, 170, 202 Don Quixote, 151 counter-public, 22, 139 Drakulic, Slavenka, 24, 53–4, 56, credibility, 23, 43, 94–5, 101, 58–63, 71, 73 163, 189 Drayer, Elma, 116 credo, 30, 44, 80, 148, 159 Dreyfus, Alfred, 3, 82, 182, 201 Critchley, Simon, 150, 153, 157, 170, Dumas, Marlene, 6 199, 202 Duras, Marguerite, 166 , 55–6, 58–9, 65, 67, 71 Cuba, 32, 185, 210 Eco, Umberto, 18, 74 Cuddon, J.A., 202, 207 educator, 55, 171, 178–9, 199 cultural authority, ix, 7–8, 12, 18, 21, Eichmann, Adolf, 58, 186, 201 29, 38, 48, 75, 94–5, 105, 130, elite, 19, 49, 71, 81, 94, 122–3, 126, 132–3, 150, 172 154, 160 Cunningham, Michael, 172 engagement, ix, 9, 28, 71, 82, 129, 141, 174, 183, 201 Davies, Norman, 38, 202 Enlightenment, vi–vii, 5, 31, 113–6, Dawkins, Richard, 6 118, 120, 143, 145, 149–50, 153, De Leeuw, M., 110, 202 158, 184, 195, 202 Index 213 entertainment, x, 11, 13–4, 188, 200 Foucault, Michel, 5, 31, 101, 158, Enzensberger, H.M., v, 7, 23, 25–51, 172, 204 123, 147, 183–5, 203–5, 207–8 Franzen, Jonathan, 174 essay, 7, 28, 31, 39–44, 64–5, 68, 81, Freud, Sigmund, 19 89, 125–8, 130–1, 142, 146, Friedman, Milton, xi, 6, 191 164–6, 168–172, 183, 186, 194 Fry, Stephen, 173 ethnographer, 29 Furedi, Frank, 4, 204 Etzioni, Amitai, 204 Furlanetto, Elena, 180, 204 EU, ix, 100, 107, 122–4, 129, 131, 133–7, 155, 174, 181, 193 G1000, 121, 124–5, 128–9, 131, Europe, iv, vii–ix, 2, 6–7, 24, 29, 35, 193–4 38, 42, 44–8, 50, 52–4, 56–8, 64, Galow, Timothy W., 16, 20, 204 66, 74–5, 77, 87, 89, 94–6, 98, 101, Garber, Majorie, 18–19, 204 106, 113, 118, 122–3, 129–142, Garton Ash, Timothy, 6, 35, 88, 144, 147, 149–50, 154–60, 163, 116–8, 192, 204 176, 181–3, 187–8, 190, 192, 198, Ghadaffi, Muamar, 7 201–6, 209–10 Glanville, Jo, 163 Eyerman, Ron, 34, 204 globalisation, 19, 127, 134 Glucksmann, André, 76–7 Facebook, 6, 10, 27, 148, 164, Goethe, J.W. von, 16, 75 172–3, 175, 199, 208 Goldman, Jonathan, 15, 205 Fachtan, Axel, 27 Gramsci, Antonio, 5, 7–8, 48, Fallaci, Oriana, 115 172, 204 Farage, Nigel, 131 Grass, Günter, 37, 101, 122 Farrell, Michael, 22, 72, 76, 116, Grillo, Beppe, 131 188, 204 Grimm, Erk, 38, 203–4 fascism, 35, 135, 140, 156 Grøndahl, Jens Christian, ix, 6, 204 Fascislamism, 81–2 Guignon, Charles B., 105, 204 Fatwa, 13, 140, 183, 195 Gunter, Barrie, 172, 187, 194, 204 Felski, Rita, 183, 186, 204 Guzzanti, Sabrina, 6 feuilleton, 183, 197 Fichtner, Ullrich, 75 Habermas, Jürgen, ix, 10–1, 14, 20, fiction, i, v, viii–ix, 10, 17, 19–20, 34, 79, 102, 172, 182, 204 24–5, 32–4, 36–7, 44, 48, 50, 52, Haider, Jörg, 131 56, 65–6, 89, 91, 94, 121, 123–4, Halimi, Serge, 83, 190 160–5, 167–9, 171, 173–7, Hall, Stuart, 108, 131, 204 179–81, 187, 197, 202, 210 Hammerstein, Kurt von, 35–6, 48, 203 collective, 32–34, 37, 123 Handke, Peter, 187 docu-, 44 Hanenberg, Peter, 29, 204 popular, v, ix, 10, 25, 66, 160–1, Hanfeld, Michael, 153, 196 163–5, 167–9, 171, 173–7, Harris, Robert, 18 179–81, 197 Haustein, Clemens, 153 Finkielkraut, Alain, 49, 76–7, 204 Havel, Václav, 6, 8, 54 Fisher, Joschka, 146 Hawking, Stephen, 6 Fitzgerald, Zelda, 166, 204 Haydari, Nazan, 56, 205 Flaubert, Gustave, i, 16, 91 Heine, Heinrich, 6 Foley, James, 41 Henley, Jon, 188 Forster, E.M., 1, 182, 204 Herzog, Annabel, 59, 187, 205 Fortuyn, Pim, 106, 195 Herzog, Werner, 6 214 Index heteroglossia, 122, 184 167–74, 176, 178–82, 185–6, Heynders, Odile, iii–iv, 176, 182–3, 188, 190–2, 201, 205–9 187, 198, 205, 209 celebrity, 1, 13–4, 76, 89, 97, 99, 206 Hillis Miller, J., 183, 205 charismatic, 23, 89 Hirsi Ali, Ayaan, v, 15, 17, 24, 97–120, collective, 9 139, 141, 143, 191–2, 202, exile, 52, 54–5, 57, 68, 72 205, 210 media, 15, 70–71 history of the present, 35, 37, 54, 58, negative, 76 72, 88, 204 organic, 5, 8 Hitchens, Christopher, 101–2, 205 public, v, 1, 3–15, 17–23, 25, 29, 31, Hobsbawm, Eric, 102, 125, 132–3, 33–4, 37, 39–41, 43–4, 48–9, 54, 205 57, 59, 61, 63, 65, 69–70, 72–3, Holocaust, 83, 150, 152, 196 76, 78, 80, 85, 88, 94–6, 98–102, Homerus, 68 106, 119, 123–4, 127, 130, 132–3, Honigmann, Heddy, 6 135, 137, 139–42, 144–5, 154, Horkheimer, Max, 28, 184 159–60, 162–3, 165, 168, 171–3, Houellebecq, Michel, 16, 76–7, 84, 176, 178, 180–2, 186, 191, 201, 90–5, 205–6 205, 207–8 Huffington, Ariana, 24, 88, 95 traditional, 8 humanities, 6, 58, 201 Internet, 2–3, 6, 10–1, 18, 25, 28, 31, 50, 71, 88, 102, 148, 156, 172, idea, vi–vii, 2, 7–8, 11, 15, 18, 20, 174–6, 184, 196, 199–200 23, 29, 32, 39, 42–3, 47, 49–50, interpreter, 5, 106 54–5, 60, 62, 66, 75–6, 78–9, 82, intimacy, 78–81, 83–5, 89, 94, 189 86, 90–1, 95, 101, 103–4, 106, irony, 16, 44, 48, 57, 70–1, 88, 134, 114, 123–6, 129–30, 137, 143, 139, 183, 185, 191, 207 145, 147, 152, 158, 161, 167–8, Islam, 24, 97, 99–100, 103–4, 106–7, 177–178, 184, 193, 198–9 109–10, 112–4, 116, 118–9, 135, identity, 13, 46, 52, 55, 63–4, 67–70, 139–41, 143, 145, 149, 151, 154, 72–3, 79, 90, 93–4, 100, 108, 171, 178, 191–2, 197, 204–5 126–7, 134, 136–8, 148, 160–3, Islamism, 81–82, 102, 140, 147–9 165–6, 168, 171, 178, 188, 191, 198–9, 204–5 Jacoby, R., 4, 205 ideology, 22, 28, 30, 33, 38–9, 59, Jaffe, Aaron, 15, 192, 205 63–4, 76, 80, 120, 160, 189 Joffe, Josef, 28 Ignatieff, M., 205 Jolie, Angelina, 14, 205 imagination, 11, 13, 24, 34, 41, 43, Jones, Bridget, 169–70, 207 52, 57, 72–3, 89, 163, 166, 168, journalism, 9, 28, 34, 52, 77, 124, 201, 207 147, 153, 157, 192, 202 independence, 9, 12, 97, 125, 154, 170 Judt, Tony, 101–2, 131, 136–7, 205 inequality, 2, 109, 127 Juppé, Alain, 88 infotainment, 12, 141 Karpinski, Eva C., 65, 205 intellectual, v, vii, x–xi, 1–15, 17–29, Kaufman, Philip, 66 31–4, 37, 39–41, 43–4, 48–50, Keane, John, 205 54–7, 59–61, 63, 65, 68–78, 80–6, Kelek, Necla, 118, 154, 205 88–90, 93–103, 106–7, 109–110, King, Alasdair, 2, 28, 31–2, 125, 205 112, 114, 116, 118–20, 123–4, Kis, Danilo, 69 127, 130, 132–3, 135, 137–145, Knausgaard, Karl Ove, 17 153–55, 157–60, 162–5, Koestler, Arthur, 101 Index 215

Konrád, Gyorgy, 75 market, 12, 16, 19, 22, 43, 49, Koran, 103, 110–1, 143, 148–9, 180 69–70, 80–1, 131, 133, 147, Korteweg, Ariejan, 88, 205 187, 189–90, 202 Kossmann, Alfred, 168, 198, 205 Marquez, Gabriel Garcia, 172 Kouters, Steffie, 116 Marshall, P. David, 13, 94, 147, 188, Kreisky, Bruno, 10–1 206, 208 Kristéva, Julia, 74 Marwick, A.E., 176, 206 Kroes, Neelie, 107 Marx, Karl, 1, 3, 19 Kruk, Marijn, 206 Marx, William, 16, 206 Kundera, Milan, 16, 37, 54, 183, 206 McCallum, Richard, 12, 206 McEwan, Ian, 16, 18 Lacroix, Justine, 3, 206 McKee, Alan, 56, 207 Langer, U., 199, 206 McLaughlin, Neil, xi, 21–2, 76, 107, Lanham, Richard A., 189, 206–7 116, 207 Lash, Christopher, 2 McRobbie, Angela, 169–170, 207 legislator, 5 media, ix, 2–10, 12–3, 15, 19, 21–3, Lessing, Doris, 18, 166 25–6, 28–9, 31, 39–41, 50, 55–7, Lévi-Strauss, Claude, 31 70–1, 74–81, 83–4, 87–91, 93–4, Lévy, Bernard-Henri, v, 7, 13–5, 24, 99, 101–2, 109, 117, 126–7, 131, 57, 74–96, 100, 140, 187–90, 139, 147–8, 152, 154, 162, 164, 206 172, 174–6, 182, 188–90, 192, Lewis, Tania, 15, 206 201–3, 205–7 liberalism, 65, 69, 91 mediatisation, x, 16, 132 Libya, 7, 24, 77, 85, 88–9, 157, 188 mediator, 21, 88, 124, 137, 139, 141 Linke, Gabriele, 80, 189, 206 Meizoz, Jerome, 20, 23, 207 literature, i–iii, vi–ix, 13, 15, 18–20, Mels, Sara, 201, 205–6, 208 25, 29–31, 33–4, 46, 48–51, 56, Melzer, Arthur M., 3, 8, 100, 207 65, 69–72, 74, 86, 91, 93, 96, 124, memoir, 24, 97–8, 103, 107, 109, 196 129, 136, 161, 163–4, 174, 183–4, migration, x, 35, 38, 41–3, 46, 57, 186–7, 194, 201, 203–5, 207 108, 128, 161, 177 Llosa, Mario Vargas, 8 Milosevic, Slobodan, 56, 59, 73 Lützeler, Paul Michael, 37, 206 Milosz, Czeslaw, 6 Lyotard, Jean-Francois, 76 mind industry, 26, 28 Mistry, Rohinton, 172 Machiavelli, 86 Misztal, Barbara A., 57, 207 Maeterlinck, Maurice, 124 modernity, vii–viii, 5, 11, 41, 99, 115, Magris, Claudio, 75 120, 141, 145–6, 153–4, 168, 179, Maidan square, 77, 79, 95 201, 205 Mak, Geert, 116, 206 late, 11, 41 Malraux, André, 16, 88–9, 95 post-, 5 Mandela, Nelson, 98 Montaigne, Michel de, 170, 199, 206 manifesto, 83, 128, 190 Monti, Mario, 131 Mann, Heinrich, 6 Moors, Annelies, 111, 192, 207 Mann, Thomas, 6, 27, 54, 188 moralist, 179, 181 Manning, Chelsea, 140 Mubarak, Hosni, 139–41 Mantel, Hilary, 18 Mulisch, Harry, 37 Manza, 122 multiculturalism, 97, 103, 118, 165, Marais, Eugene, 124 178, 191 Marcus, Laura, 105, 206 Murakami, Haruki, 16 216 Index

Muslim, 13, 17, 60–2, 72, 82, 99, 160–1, 163, 173, 177, 182, 184, 102–4, 107, 109–114, 117–20, 188, 190–2, 201, 203, 205, 207 140–1, 143, 145–6, 148–9, 154, polyphony, 37, 44, 51, 58, 65, 71 161, 167, 191–2, 195 popularisation, 4, 8, 11, 165 Brotherhood, 64, 73, 82, 143, 145 Posner, Richard A., 4, 20, 22–3, Mussolini, 7 98, 207 post-feminist, 25, 169 Naipaul, V.S., 18 posture, 8, 19–20, 23–4, 72, 93–4, nationalism, x, 5, 35, 52, 56, 63, 65, 100, 117, 158 67, 73, 161–2, 186 Proust, M., 16, 68 neo-liberalism, 65, 69 public, iii, v–vi, ix–xi, 1–25, 27–34, Nicolaïdis, Kalypso, 3, 206 36–44, 46, 48–50, 52, 54–66, Nietzsche, Friedrich, vi, 207 68–124, 126–8, 130–148, 150, Nin, Anais, 166 152–4, 156, 158–166, 168, 170–6, novel, 10, 13, 16–7, 19, 33, 36, 48–50, 178–83, 186–193, 197, 199, 201, 54, 56, 58, 65–7, 77, 89, 124, 132, 204–8, 210 134, 136, 161–3, 176–80, 184, opinion, 70 186–8, 195, 203, 209 sphere, ix–xi, 3, 6–7, 10–3, 15–7, Nussbaum, Martha C., 18, 207 19, 21–3, 25, 57, 64, 76, 79, 82–3, 86, 95, 99, 101, 106, 131, 137, Obama, Barack, 98 139–41, 153, 192, 204, 207–8 Oltermann, Philip, 30–1, 207 Pushkin, Alexander, 75 Ondaatje, Michael, 19 Putin, Vladimir, 96 Orwell, George, 6, 88, 95, 183 Queipo, Xavier, 122 pamphlet, 46, 126, 130, 132 Pamuk, Orhan, 18, 100, 140, Ramadan, Tariq, 5, 82, 102, 118, 149 162–3, 198 Rancière, Jacques, 184, 207 Panizza, Francisco, 126, 207 Rand, Ayn, 166 Papadimos, Loukas, 131 Redmond, Sean, 13, 15, 84, 207 Parks, Tim, 18, 79 responsibility, ix–x, 3, 20, 35, 41, Pels, Dick, 120, 192, 207 43–4, 50, 52, 58–60, 63, 71, 73, performance, 2, 8, 13–5, 19–21, 23, 78, 86, 129–30, 132, 157, 159, 48–9, 52, 70, 72, 76, 92, 94–5, 165, 185–7, 189, 194, 201, 205 133, 149, 154–55, 189 revolution, vii, 33, 74, 82, 85, 89, 141, persona, 5, 12, 15, 17–21, 23, 72, 148, 151–2 76, 85, 89, 100–1, 117, 120, 154, Riace, 156–7 164, 172 Richards, Jennifer, 207 Pessoa, Fernando, 168–169, 207, 210 Ricoeur, Paul, 207 Piketty, Thomas, 1–3, 182, 207 Rilke, R.M., 68, 171 Pinterest, 10, 164, 172–3, 175, Roche, Mark, 183, 207 178, 199 Rodney, David, 6 Pitt, Brad, 14 Rome, 75 Plath, Sylvia, 166 Rorty, Richard, 16, 46, 183, 207 politics, vi, 5, 9, 17, 25, 27, 30, 35, Rose, Flemming, 146–7 37–8, 40, 45, 56, 81, 83–4, 88–9, Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 6, 16 98, 106, 110–3, 116, 118, 120, Roy, Oliver, 118 124–5, 131–2, 137–8, 142, 148, Royal, Ségolene, xi, 12, 98, 176 Index 217

Rushdie, Salman, 13, 15, 18, 75, 97, Snowden, Edward, 27, 140, 195 100, 140, 173, 183, 207 Sotloff, Steven, 41 spectacle, 6, 49, 84 Said, Edward W., vi, 8–9, 15, 21–2, 36, speech, 10, 13, 22, 62, 64, 79, 109, 48, 54–5, 64, 84, 103, 118, 120, 116, 140, 143, 146, 163, 184, 134, 136, 144, 162, 182, 208 186–7, 189 Salim, Nahed, 116 Sperber, Manes, 101 Sancho Panza, 151 stereotype, 78, 101 Sarajevo, 24, 66–7, 77, 92, 95–6 Street, John, iv, 17, 62, 69, 84, 146, 208 Sarkozy, Nicolas, 77, 81–2, 85, 87, Sufi, 160, 180–1 188–9 surveillance, 27, 140 Sartre, Jean-Paul, 18, 77, 90, 96, 101, 206 Tahrir square, 147–8, 151 satire, v, 10, 22, 139, 141, 143, 145, Taksim square, 162, 175 147, 149, 151, 153, 155, 157, Taliban, 77 159, 195 Talmud, 116 scenario, 20, 37, 41, 49, 73, 78, 136 television, 2–3, 6, 9–15, 17, 19, 24, Scheffer, Paul, xi, 118 28, 40–1, 48, 50, 61, 74, 78, 83, Schlösser, Christian, 30, 33, 208 91–3, 99–102, 106–7, 110–2, Schneider, Peter, 75 119–20, 131, 139, 141–2, 149, self-censorship, 147 153–5, 158, 164, 186, 192–3, 195 – fabrication, 12, 72, 85, 89 Thatcher, Margaret, 117 – fashioning, 15, 20, 204 theatre, 33, 74–5, 86, 88, 95–6, 155–7, – promotion, 10–11, 14, 88, 92, 188, 190 102, 173 theatricality, 2, 15, 21, 72, 139, 155, Semprun, Jorge, 88–89 157, 159 Sennett, Richard, 76, 78–81, 83–5, Thijssen, Peter, 201, 205–6, 208 89–90, 93–4, 172, 188–190, think tank, 24, 106 206, 208 Thompson, John B., 16, 208 Serbia, 56, 59, 67 Timmerman, Christiane, 201, 205–6, Shafak, Elif, v, 25, 140, 160–181, 208 197–201, 204, 208 Tito, Josip Broz, 53 Shakespeare, William, 47, 75 Townsley, Eleanor, 21, 207 Shelley, Percy Bysshe, viii, 122–3, transformation, ix, 7, 10, 19, 68, 79, 208, 210 131–2, 204 Shoah, 83, 149, 189 translation, viii, 2, 4, 9, 123, 138, Shokof, Daryush, 196 165, 176, 184–5, 190, 192–5, Showalter, Elaine, 56, 208 198, 209 Siad Barre, Mohamed, 104 Tsvetaeva, Marina, 66 Simet, Georg F., 162, 208 Tumbidge, James, 208 Sinan, Mimar, 176–7 Turner, Graeme, 12–3, 188, 208 sincerity, 20, 22, 91, 95, 105, 202 tweet, 173–4, 176, 199, 206 Sirinelli, Jean-Francois, 21, 208 Twitter, 6, 148, 160, 164, 172–6, 178, Skafidas, Michael, 163, 198, 208 199–200, 206, 208–9 Sloterdijk, Peter, 158, 171, 208 Small, Helen, 18, 182, 208 Ugresić, Dubravka, 24, 52–8, 64–72, Smith, Sidonie, 192, 208 186–7, 205, 209 Smith, Zadie, 6, 16, 18 Ulmer, Bruno, 6 218 Index

Van Gogh, Theo, 17, 99, 103, 107, Westergaard, Kurt, 150–1 109, 111, 117, 147, 202 Weyns, Walter, 201, 205–6, 208 Van Istendeal, Geert, 209 Wiardi Beckmann Institute, 106 Van Loo, Marjet, xi, 176, 209 Wilders, Geert, 131 Van Reybrouck, David, v, 24, 121–33, Winfrey, Oprah, 70 135–8, 193–4, 209 Winter, Tim, 17, 47, 114, 155, 192, Van Rumler, Fritz, 185, 210 196, 202–3, 206, 210 Van Tilborgh, Jolanda, 116, 119, 210 Withuis, Jolande, 116 Van Wichelen, Sonja, 110, 202 Witteveen, W.J., xi, 122, 210 Velickovic, Vedrane, 210 Wood, James, 123, 177, 187, 200, 210 ventriloquism, 57, 186 Woodward, Bob, 88 Verdonk, Rita, 99, 108, 111 Woolf, Virginia, 166–7 Verhofstadt, Guy, 129 Vermeersch, Peter, 122, 209 xenophobia, 5, 38 Vielle, Laurence, 122 visibility, ix, 4–5, 9, 13, 15, 21–3, 25, Yesayan, Zabel, 54 78, 84, 94–5, 101, 112, 116–7, Young-Bruehl, Elisabeth, 186, 210 132, 178, 202 YouTube, 15, 96, 175, 186–7, 190, voice, 8, 14–16, 20, 22, 24, 36–8, 192, 195–6 45–6, 49, 52–3, 57, 64–9, 71–2, Yugoslavia, 24, 35, 52–4, 56–9, 63, 66, 76, 94–5, 100, 104, 109–10, 68, 71 114–5, 119–20, 122, 125, 142, 144, 154, 161, 186 Z private, 52, 57 Zafón, Carlos Ruiz, 172 public, 57, 64, 76, 95, 119 , 56, 60, 66 Voltaire, 75, 97, 140, 195 Zeh, Juli, 16 Warner, Michael, 22, 210 Zembla, 111 Watson, Julia, 192, 208 Zenith, Richard, 168, 207, 210 Weibo, 6 Žižek, Slavoi, 102, 164, 190, 198, welfare state, 103, 105–6, 109, 112, 210 115 Zwagerman, Joost, 110