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Always Taking Sides on the Editorial Pages, Or JYVÄSKYLÄ STUDIES IN HUMANITIES 252 Arja Lerssi-Lahdenvesi Aina jonkun asialla, vai…? Sitoutumattomat sanomalehdet yhteiskunnallisina vaikuttajina pääkirjoitussivuillaan JYVÄSKYLÄ STUDIES IN HUMANITIES 252 Arja Lerssi-Lahdenvesi Aina jonkun asialla, vai…? Sitoutumattomat sanomalehdet yhteiskunnallisina vaikuttajina pääkirjoitussivuillaan Esitetään Jyväskylän yliopiston humanistisen tiedekunnan suostumuksella julkisesti tarkastettavaksi yliopiston Athenaeum-rakennuksen salissa A103 toukokuun 9. päivänä 2015 kello 12. Academic dissertation to be publicly discussed, by permission of the Faculty of Humanities of the University of Jyväskylä, in building Athenaeum, hall A103, on May 9, 2015 at 12 o’clock noon. UNIVERSITY OF JYVÄSKYLÄ JYVÄSKYLÄ 2015 Aina jonkun asialla, vai…? Sitoutumattomat sanomalehdet yhteiskunnallisina vaikuttajina pääkirjoitussivuillaan JYVÄSKYLÄ STUDIES IN HUMANITIES 252 Arja Lerssi-Lahdenvesi Aina jonkun asialla, vai…? Sitoutumattomat sanomalehdet yhteiskunnallisina vaikuttajina pääkirjoitussivuillaan UNIVERSITY OF JYVÄSKYLÄ JYVÄSKYLÄ 2015 Editors Raimo Salokangas The Department of Communication, University of Jyväskylä Pekka Olsbo, Timo Hautala Publishing Unit, University Library of Jyväskylä Jyväskylä Studies in Humanities Editorial Board Editor in Chief Heikki Hanka, Department of Art and Culture Studies, University of Jyväskylä Petri Karonen, Department of History and Ethnology, University of Jyväskylä Paula Kalaja, Department of Languages, University of Jyväskylä Petri Toiviainen, Department of Music, University of Jyväskylä Tarja Nikula, Centre for Applied Language Studies, University of Jyväskylä Raimo Salokangas, Department of Communication, University of Jyväskylä URN:ISBN:978-951-39-6183-1 ISBN 978-951-39-6183-1 (PDF) ISSN 1459-4331 ISBN 978-951-39-6182-4 (nid.) ISSN 1459-4323 Copyright © 2015, by University of Jyväskylä Jyväskylä University Printing House, Jyväskylä 2015 ABSTRACT Lerssi-Lahdenvesi, Arja Always taking sides on the editorial pages, or ...? The role of Finnish nonpartisan newspapers as social opinion builders Jyväskylä: University of Jyväskylä, 2015, 27 p. (Jyväskylä Studies in Humanities ISSN 1459-4323; 252 (nid.), ISSN 1459-4331; 252 (PDF)) ISBN 978-951-39-6182-4 (nid.) ISBN 978-951-39-6183-1 (PDF) English summary Diss. This research assesses how eight Finnish nonpartisan newspapers, previously serving as political party voices, acted as opinion builders and attempted to exert influence on social issues and governmental decision-making on the editorial pages during the par- liamentary elections of 2011 in Finland. The primary data consists of editorials and other editorial page articles, cartoons as well as eye-catching photographs published in Aamulehti, Helsingin Sanomat, Ilkka, Kaleva, Karjalainen, Keskisuomalainen, Lapin Kansa and Turun Sanomat during the period between 1 April to 1 May 2011. Two re- search methods are used: quantitative content analysis supported by the qualitative approach. The research suggests that the newspapers’ influence on social issues, particular- ly where the government program was concerned, appeared as a kind of piecemeal approach to opinion building, focusing on single issues and providing no new wider views or initiatives to public debate. The papers were reticent to venture options and weigh alternatives for Finland’s future or the forthcoming government line. However, two government program themes did appear as issues relating to competitiveness and the services of the welfare society. The opinions of the policy-makers on restructuring the key functions of society remained unchallenged though. Thus, social influence ap- peared faint on those policy issues lacking well-founded alternatives on which the pa- pers could base an opinion. But when they could merely choose between the options of “yes” or “no”, taking a position seemed less problematic, as was the case in matters relating to the EU debt crisis and Libyan crisis. The negative tone of argumentation worked for the new government, increasing citizen crisis awareness and creating an atmosphere more conducive to the future reduction of social benefits. The study proposes that the papers themselves assumed a new role as acting watchdogs monitoring the continuity of Finnish foreign policy, even if the challenges and lines of this policy were largely ignored in editorial page coverage. Commitment to the EU and the rest of the Western world and its values as well as to the newspapers’ own regions was apparent. The majority of the newspapers did not seem to represent the aims or ideology of any particular political party. As a result of this research, three influential community profiles, based on the background of the newspapers’ guest writers, were created: the institutionals, the experts and the multivoices. Keywords: journalism, political journalism, editorial page, editorial, guest writer, newspaper, nonpartisan newspaper, cartoon, photograph, content analysis, opinion building Author’s address Arja Lerssi-Lahdenvesi Department of Communication University of Jyväskylä [email protected] Supervisors Raimo Salokangas, Professor Emeritus Department of Communication University of Jyväskylä Epp Lauk, Professor Department of Communication University of Jyväskylä Reviewers Anu Kantola, Docent, University Lecturer University of Helsinki Pertti Suhonen, Professor Emeritus University of Tampere Opponents Anu Kantola, Docent, University Lecturer University of Helsinki ESIPUHE ”Det er en ting som er så rart, sa hemulen. Noen gang synes jeg at alt vi sier og gjør og alt som skjer, har skjedd en gang før, hva? Skjønner dere hva jeg mener. Alt er likt.” (Tove Jansson 1999, 127) Nelisen vuotta sitten, kun aloittelin tätä väitöskirjaprojektiani, pidin itsestään selvänä, että mielipiteenvapaus sekä vapaa ja riippumaton uutismedia ovat sel- laisia demokraattisen yhteiskunnan perusarvoja, joita ei enää nykymaailmassa aseteta kyseenalaiseksi tai joita ei muunnella omien poliittisten tarkoitusperien ajamiseksi. Tänään en ole tästä enää ollenkaan varma, sillä viimeisen vuoden aikana olemme nähneet, että nämä tärkeät perusoikeudet voivat olla uhattuina jopa 2000-luvun Euroopassa. Ukrainan kriisi ja erityisesti Krimin haltuunotto paljastivat ikävän ja pelot- tavan ilmiön, jonka olisi toivonut kaatuneen Berliinin muurin mukana. Median vapaus ja kansalaisten oikeus ilmaista mielipiteitään ovat joissakin maissa muuttuneet valtaapitävienpelinappuloiksi, joita sopivasti siirtelemällä voidaan vaientaa kriittiset äänet yhteiskunnassa. Toimittajia uhkaillaan ja painostetaan ja estetään tekemästä yhteiskunnallista tehtäväänsä. Riippumattomille tiedo- tusvälineille voidaan asettaa valtiollisilla päätöksillä sellaisia ehtoja, että niiden on mahdotonta jatkaa enää toimintaansa. Muu media valjastetaan välittämään yksipuolista valtiollista propagandaa niin omaan maahan kuin ulkomaillekin. Samaan aikaan värvätään uskollinen ”trolliarmeija” käymään kiihkeää propa- gandasotaa Internetissä ja sosiaalisessa mediassa, millä pyritään vaikuttamaan yhteiskunnalliseen ilmapiiriin ja mielipiteisiin myös oman maan rajojen ulko- puolella. Edellä kuvaamani ilmiö on monella tapaa huolestuttava, mutta erityisesti median itsenäisyyden ja sitoutumattomuuden sekä uutisvälityksen riippumat- tomuuden ja objektiivisuuden näkökulmasta. Huolestuttavinta on, että toimitta- jan omiksi mielipiteiksi uskotuissa näkemyksissä kuvastuvat ne kannat, joita valtion ylimmät päättäjät haluavat suuren yleisön omaksuvan, mutta tätähän eivät median käyttäjät itse välttämättä tiedosta. Valtion ja päättäjien ohjaukseen kytketyllä medialla ei ole mahdollisuuksia toimia aidosti kriittisesti suhteessa valtiovaltaan eikä myöskään olla sen vastavoimana. Yhteiskunnallinen keskus- telu köyhtyy ja yksipuolistuu, sillä tällaisissa olosuhteissa ei ole mahdollista saada aikaan eri näkökulmia arvioivaa mielipiteenvaihtoa. Mutta onneksi olemme Suomessa, jonka lehdistönvapaus on arvioitu yh- deksi maailman parhaimmista. Tiedotusvälineemme saavat nauttia lainsäädän- nön turvaamasta vapaudesta, jota voidaan rajoittaa vain poikkeusoloissa. Jotta sanomalehtien toiminta näyttäisi mahdollisimman riippumattomalta ja sitou- tumattomalta, lehdet ovat karistaneet pois taustajoukoistaan sellaiset yhteis- kunnalliset vaikuttajat kuten poliittisen puolueet. Mielipiteensä yhteiskunnalli- siin kysymyksiin lehdet kertovat tekevänsä itse eivätkä ne omien sanojensa mukaan anna muidenkaan tahojen vaikuttaa kantoihinsa. Näin ollen yhteis- kunnallisen keskustelun ja asioihin vaikuttamisen kimmokkeina voidaan olet- taa olevan ne asiat, joihin sanomalehti itse katsoo parhaaksi kiinnittää huomiota ja nostaa esiin. Kunhan vain tiedotusvälineet tohtisivat käyttää tätä arvokasta sanan ja mielipiteen vapauttaan aktiivisesti myös sellaisiin yhteiskunnallisiin kysymyksiin, jotka ovat suuria ja vaikeasti hahmotettavissa. Mielipiteitä var- masti on, mutta onko niiden esittämiseen riittävästi rohkeutta – sen tietävät vain tiedotusvälineet itse. Väitöskirjani keskeisenä teemana on mielipidevaikuttaminen. Tarkastelen nimittäin kahdeksan sitoutumattoman sanomalehden yhteiskunnallista vaikut- tamista pääkirjoitussivuilla vuoden 2011 eduskuntavaalien aikaan. Keskityn tutkimuksessani etupäässä niihin näkemyksiin, joissa otetaan kantaa tutkimus- ajankohtana tärkeisiin yhteiskunta- ja ulkopolitiikan substanssiasioihin. Etäältä näkee kauemmaksi. Tämä jo ehkä kulunutkin klisee pitää omalla kohdallani paikkansa, sillä onnekseni olen saanut mahdollisuuden kirjoittaa tätä väitöskirjaa kahdessa kulttuurissa – Suomessa ja
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