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Cddh-Exp(2018)02 CDDH-EXP(2018)02 Latest update 14 March 2019 Dernière mise à jour 14 mars 2019 STEERING COMMITTEE FOR HUMAN RIGHTS COMITE DIRECTEUR POUR LES DROITS DE L'HOMME (CDDH) _________ Drafting Group on freedom of expression and links to other human rights Groupe de rédaction sur la liberte d'expression et liens avec d'autres droits de l'homme (CDDH-EXP) Reconciling freedom of expression with other rights and freedoms, in particular in culturally diverse societies: Compilation of measures and practices in place in the Council of Europe member States Concilier la liberté d’expression et d’autres droits et libertés, en particulier dans des sociétés culturellement diverses : Compilation des mesures et pratiques en place dans les États membres du Conseil de l’Europe CDDH-EXP(2018)02 Introduction 1. The present compilation has been prepared by the CDDH Drafting Group on freedom of expression and links to other human rights (CDDH-EXP) within the framework of its work on the way of reconciling freedom of expression and other human rights and freedoms, notably in the context of culturally diverse societies, which includes also the drafting of a non-binding legal instrument. 1 2. During its first meeting in 2017 the CDDH-EXP elaborated the Analysis of the relevant jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights and other Council of Europe instruments to provide additional guidance on how to reconcile freedom of expression with other rights and freedoms, in particular in culturally diverse societies CDDH(2017)R87 Addendum III) which was adopted by the CDDH at its 87th meeting (6–9 June 2017) and subsequently transmitted to the Committee of Ministers for information. It took note of this Analysis at the 1293rd meeting of the Ministers’ Deputies (13 September 2017). 3. At ist second meeting in 2017, drawing on the Analysis of Court’s jurisprudence and the overview of relevant additional work of the Council of Europe as well as of other European and international bodies, the CDDH-EXP established the structure for a Guide to good practices on the protection and promotion of freedom of expression and decided to focus on specific issues which are of particular relevance for the protection and promotion of human rights rights in culturally diverse societies: freedom of expression in political discourse; information disorder (“fake news”); hate speech; blasphemy, religious insult and incitement to religious hatred. 4. On the basis of the structure of the Guide the CDDH-EXP invited the CDDH representatives to contribute with examples of relevant national practices, which are contained in the present Compilaton. At its 88th CDDH meeting (5–7 December 2017) the CCDH approved the structure for the Guide to good practices and while noting that several member States had already contributed encouraged other States to do the same. 5. At its third meeting in 2018, based on the contributions received2 the CDDH-EXP prepared a first draft text for a Guide to good practices also taking into account the work of other bodies within the Council of Europe, in particular in the field of media and information societies, in relation to combating hate speech, with regard to gender equality as well as on the balancing of rights within the framework of the Venice Commission. [6. At its fourth meeting in 2019 the CDD-EXP finalised the text of the draft Guide taking into account the additional contributions received from member States for the Compilation and moreover took into account the relevant work of the OSCE/ODIHR regarding freedom of expression.] * ** 1 It is recalled that the CDDH-EXP has, inter alia, the following mandate: "On the basis of work conducted in 2016-2017 and the evolving case-law of the European Court of Human Rights, and in close co-operation in particular with CDMSI and ECRI, prepare if appropriate a draft non-binding instrument (e.g. guidelines, guide to good practices, recommendation) on the way of reconciling freedom of expression and other human rights and freedoms, in particular in culturally diverse societies (deadline: 31 December 2019)." 2 Contributions have been submitted by Austria, Belgium, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Latvia, Moldova, Montenegro, Netherlands, North Macedonia, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Serbia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United Kingdom as well as the European Network of National Human Rights Institutions. 2 CDDH-EXP(2018)02 1. Cette compilation a été préparée par le Groupe de rédaction du CDDH sur la liberté d'expression et liens avec d'autres droits de l'homme (CDDH-EXP) dans le cadre de ses travaux sur la manière de concilier la liberté d'expression avec d'autres droits et libertés, notamment dans des sociétés culturellement diverses, qui inclue également un instrument juridique non-contraignant3. 2. Lors de sa première réunion en 2017, le CDDH-EXP a préparé l'Analyse de la jurisprudence pertinente de la Cour européenne des droits de l'homme et d'autres instruments du Conseil de l'Europe en vue de fournir des orientations complémentaires sur la manière de concilier la liberté d'expression avec d'autres droits et libertés, notamment dans les sociétés culturellement diverses (CDDH(2017)R87 Addendum III), qui a été adoptée par le CDDH lors de sa 87e réunion 6–9 juin 2017) puis transmise au Comité des Ministres pour information. Ce dernier a pris note de l'Analyse lors de la 1293e réunion des Délégués des Ministres (13 septembre 2017). 3. Lors de sa seconde réunion en 2017, s'appuyant sur l'Analyse de la jurisprudence de la Cour et l'aperçu d'autres travaux pertinents du Conseil de l'Europe ainsi que d'autres instances européennes et internationales, le CDDH-EXP a préparé la structure d'un Guide de bonnes pratiques sur la protection et la promotion de la liberté d'expression et a décidé de se concentrer sur des questions spécifiques particulièrement pertinentes pour la protection et la promotion des droits de l'homme dans les sociétés culturellement diverses : liberté d'expression dans les discours politiques ; désinformation ("fake news") ; discours de haine ; blasphème ; insultes à caractère religieux et incitation à la haine au motif de la religion. 4. Sur la base de la structure du Guide, le CDDH-EXP a invité les représentants du CDDH à contribuer par des exemples de pratiques nationales pertinentes qui figurent dans cette compilation. Lors de sa 88e réunion (5–7 décembre 2017), le CDDH a approuvé la structure du Guide de bonnes pratiques et en notant que certains États membres avaient déjà contribué il avait encouragé d'autres États à en faire de même. 5. Lors de sa troisième réunion en 2018, le CDDH-EXP a préparé un premier projet de texte pour un Guide de bonnes pratiques sur la base des contributions reçues4 et en tenant également compte des travaux d'autres instances du Conseil de l'Europe, notamment dans le domaine des médias et de la société de l'information, relatifs à la lutte contre le discours de haine, en ce qui concerne l'égalité de genre et le balancement des droits dans le cadre de la Commission de Venise. [6. Lors de sa quatrième réunion en 2019, le CDDH-EXP a finalisé le texte d'un projet de Guide tenant compte de contributions supplémentaires reçues d'Etats membres pour la compilation et a notamment pris en compte les travaux pertinents de l'OSCE/ODIHR concernant la liberté d'expression.] 3 Le mandat suivant du CDDH-EXP est notamment rappelé : "Sur la base des travaux effectués en 2016-2017 et de la jurisprudence évolutive de la Cour européenne des droits de l’homme, et en étroite coopération notamment avec le CDMSI et l’ECRI, préparer, le cas échéant, un projet d’instrument non contraignant (par ex. lignes directrices, guide de bonnes pratiques, recommandation) sur la manière de concilier la liberté d’expression avec d’autres droits de l’homme et libertés, en particulier dans des sociétés culturellement diverses (échéance : 31 décembre 2019)". 4 Des contributions ont été transmises par Allemagne, Autriche, Belgique, Croatie, République tchèque, Danemark, Estonie, Finlande, France, Géorgie, Grèce, Hongrie, Lettonie, Moldova, Monténégro, Macédoine du Nord, Norvège, Pays-Bas, Pologne, Portugal, Serbie, Espagne, Suède, Suisse, Turquie et Royaume-Uni, ainsi que par le Réseau européen des institutions nationales des droits de l'homme. 3 CDDH-EXP(2018)02 Table of contents I. SCOPE AND CONTENT OF THE RIGHT TO FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION ......................... 6 A. Protection of freedom of expression .............................................................................. 6 Maintaining the authority and impartiality of the judiciary ............................................ 26 Access to information, including on the internet .......................................................... 34 a. Access to information in general ............................................................................... 34 b. access to public information and official documents .................................................. 41 B. Specific actors and their relation to freedom of expression ....................................... 49 The role of the media, NGOs and NHRIs ................................................................... 50 The role of the internet intermediaries ....................................................................... 65 i. Specific focus area: Freedom of expression in political discourse ............................ 77 Withdrawal of financial and other forms of support by public bodies to political
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