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(ARK-XXVII/3) Edited by Antje Boetius with Co 663 2013 The Expedition of the Research Vessel "Polarstern" to the Arctic in 2012 (ARK-XXVII/3) Edited by Antje Boetius with contributions of the participants Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung D-27570 BREMERHAVEN Bundesrepublik Deutschland ISSN 1866-3192 Hinweis Notice Die Berichte zur Polar- und Meeresforschung The Reports on Polar and Marine Research are werden vom Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz- issued by the Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz- Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung in Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung in Bremerhaven* in unregelmäßiger Abfolge Bremerhaven*, Federal Republic of Germany. herausgegeben. They are published in irregular intervals. Sie enthalten Beschreibungen und Ergebnisse They contain descriptions and results of der vom Institut (AWI) oder mit seiner Unter- investigations in polar regions and in the seas stützung durchgeführten Forschungsarbeiten in either conducted by the Institute (AWI) or with its den Polargebieten und in den Meeren. support. Es werden veröffentlicht: The following items are published: — Expeditionsberichte — expedition reports (inkl. Stationslisten und Routenkarten) (incl. station lists and route maps) — Expeditions- und Forschungsergebnisse — expedition and research results (inkl. Dissertationen) (incl. Ph.D. theses) — wissenschaftliche Berichte der — scientific reports of research stations Forschungsstationen des AWI operated by the AWI — Berichte wissenschaftlicher Tagungen — reports on scientific meetings Die Beiträge geben nicht notwendigerweise die The papers contained in the Reports do not Auffassung des Instituts wieder. necessarily reflect the opinion of the Institute. The „Berichte zur Polar- und Meeresforschung” continue the former „Berichte zur Polarforschung” * Anschrift / Address Editor: Alfred-Wegener-Institut Dr. Horst Bornemann Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung Assistant editor: D-27570 Bremerhaven Birgit Chiaventone Germany www.awi.de Die "Berichte zur Polar- und Meeresforschung" (ISSN 1866-3192) werden ab 2008 als Open-Access-Publikation herausgegeben (URL: http://epic.awi.de). Since 2008 the "Reports on Polar and Marine Research" (ISSN 1866-3192) are available as open-access publications (URL: http://epic.awi.de) The Expedition of the Research Vessel "Polarstern" to the Arctic in 2012 (ARK-XXVII/3) Edited by Antje Boetius with contributions of the participants Please cite or link this publication using the identifier hdl:10013/epic.41622 or http://hdl.handle.net/10013/epic.41622 ISSN 1866-3192 ARK-XXVII/3 2 August - 8 October 2012 Tromsø - Bremerhaven Chief scientist Antje Boetius Coordinators Eberhard Fahrbach Rainer Knust Contents 1. Zusammenfassung und Fahrtverlauf 3 Zusammenfassung 3 Fahrtverlauf 5 Summary and Itinerary 10 Cruise Narrative 11 2. Weather Conditions during ARK-XXVII/3 14 3. Sea Ice Physics 16 3.1 Airborne sea ice surveys 16 3.2 Physical parameters of sea ice 19 3.3 ROV work and optical properties of sea ice 21 3.4 Routine sea ice observations 22 4. Physical Oceanography 24 5. Geochemistry (Geotraces) 30 5.1 Methane cycling in sea-ice 30 5.2 Natural radionuclides 31 5.3 Nutrient and sea-ice trace metal biogeochemistry 34 6. Biology of Sea Ice 37 6.1 Sea-ice algae 37 6.2 Sea-ice microbiology 40 6.3 Sea-ice microbiology 41 6.4 Under-ice zooplankton 44 7. Plankton Ecology 47 8. Benthic Biology and Biogeochemistry 52 8.1 Megafauna surveys and trawling 52 8.2 Benthic communities (meio- and macrofauna) 54 8.3 Benthic microbiology 55 8.4 Benthic respiration rates and biogeochemical fluxes 56 9. Hydrosweep and Parasound 59 1 APPENDIX 62 A.1 Participating Institutions 63 A.2 Cruise Participants 65 A.3 Ship's Crew 67 A.4 Station List 69 A.5 Additional Figures and Tables 77 Figure A1: CTD stations during ARK-XXVII/3 78 Figure A2: XCTD stations from ship and by helicopter during ARK-XXVII/3 79 Figure A3: Moorings recovered and deployed during ARK-XXVII/3 80 Figure A4: Ocean buoy systems deployed on 4 ice floes during ARK-XXVII/3 81 Table A1: List of sea ice measurements during Polarstern cruise ARK-XXVII/3 82 Table A2: Metadata overview Sea Ice Biogeochemistry 131 Table A3: Summary of OFOS and Agassiz trawl stations 143 Table A4: Summary of Meio- and Macrofauna samples 146 Table A5: Multicorer stations during ARK-XXVII/3 148 Table A6: Fixation of samples for microbiological and geochemical analyses 150 Table A7: Multicorer samples retrieved during ARK-XXVII/3 and their distribution to cruise participants for a variety of analyses 151 Table A8: Lander stations performed during IceArc ARK-XXVII/3 166 2 1. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG UND FAHRTVERLAUF Antje Boetius Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung Zusammenfassung Die Expedition ARK-XXVII/3 „IceArc“ (Sea ice - ocean - seafloor interactions in the changing Arctic) begann am 2. August 2012 in Tromsø, Norwegen. Vierundfünfzig internationale Wissenschaftler und technische Teams haben für über 2 Monate die Biologie, Chemie und Physik des Meereises erkundet, um die Auswirkungen seines Rückgangs auf das gesamte Ozeansystem zu erforschen. Mittels interdisziplinärer Prozessstudien wurde die Wechselwirkung zwischen Hydrographie, Eisphysik, Biogeochemie und Biodiversität des arktischen Systems vom Meereis bis zum Tiefseeboden erforscht. Es wurden eine Reihe von neuen Technologien eingesetzt, mit denen erstmals das Leben der Zentralen Arktis in und unter dem Eis bis in 4.400 Meter Wassertiefe dokumentiert werden konnte. Zudem wurden kurz- und langfristige Verankerungen und Eis-Observatorien ausgetauscht, die ganzjährig die Dicke des Meereises, die Zirkulation des Atlantikwassers und die damit verknüpften Partikelflüsse messen. Dabei hat Polarstern rund 12.000 Kilometer zurückgelegt und Untersuchungen an 306 Stationen in Regionen verschiedener Eisbedeckung durchgeführt. Viele Messungen standen im Zeichen des rapiden Rückgangs des Meereises im Sommer 2012 (Fig. 1.0). Die Surveys mit dem EM Bird von ca. 3.500 km Meereis zeigten, dass nicht nur die Eisfläche sondern auch der Anteil des dicken mehrjährigen Meereises im Untersuchungsgebiet noch weiter abgenommen hat. Insbesondere in der Laptewsee vor Sibirien war schon im Juli 2012 kein Eis mehr vorhanden. Entsprechend hat sich der Süßwassergehalt der Meeresoberfläche durch die Eisschmelze weiterhin erhöht. Mit einem neuartigen Untereis-Schleppnetz konnte erstmals die Lebensgemeinschaft direkt an der Unterseite des arktischen Packeises großflächig beprobt werden. Dabei wurden besonders Tiere wie der Polardorsch untersucht, die speziell ans Leben unter dem Eis angepasst sind. Ein Untereis-Roboter wurde genutzt, um die Lichtmenge und Verteilung von Algen an der Unterseite des Eises aufzuzeichnen. Die dichte Untereis-Rasen bildende Kieselalge Melosira arctica wurde erstmals in hohen Konzentrationen auch unter einjährigem Eis in den zentralen Becken gefunden. Bilder aus der Tiefsee zeigten, dass die Algen durch die starke Eisschmelze großflächig zum Meeresboden sanken (Boetius et al. 2013). Atlantikwasser, das in mehreren hundert Meter Tiefe durch die Framstraße in die Arktis einströmt, erhöhte sich weiter in Temperatur und Salzgehalt bis in mehrere tausend Meter Tiefe. Bilder und Messungen vom Meeresboden mit benthischen Freifallgeräten zeigen zum ersten Mal enorme Ansammlungen von Seegurken, Schwämmen, Haarsterne und Seeanemonen, die sich von Meereisalgen ernährten. Die warmen Temperaturen, der Eisrückgang 3 ARK-XXVII/3 und die erhöhte Lichtverfügbarkeit unter dem Eis verschieben dabei auch die Saisonalität der zentralen Arktis. Die Produktion und der Export von Algen hat sich gegenüber vorherigen Jahren verfrüht, wie die Ergebnisse aus einjährig- verankerten Sinkstofffallen zeigen. Durch die außerordentlich geringe Eisbedeckung konnte Polarstern deutlich später im Jahr als üblich noch weit im Norden operieren. Daher konnten auch Daten zu Beginn der Gefrierperiode gesammelt werden. Die Messungen an neuem und dünnem Eis sind wichtig, da es in der Zukunft wesentlich häufiger auftreten wird. Die Ergebnisse der Expedition tragen damit entscheidend dazu bei, die Auswirkungen von Änderungen in der Meereisbedeckung auf den Arktischen Ozean und seine Ökosysteme zu quantifizieren. Die Expedition endete am 8. Oktober 2012 in Bremerhaven. Fig. 1.0: Cruise track of the "Polarstern" expedition IceArc in 2012. The map shows the low sea ice concentration in September as determined by SSMI. The yellow line shows the 2007 September minimum (Source AWI/Uni Bremen) 4 FAHRTVERLAUF Die Expedition „IceArc - Sea ice - Ocean - Seafloor Interactions in the Changing Arctic“ (ARK-XXVII/3) begann am Morgen des 2. August in Tromsø, Norwegen. Von Tromsø aus dampften wir 3 Tage in den Norden von Svalbard und ins Eis. Die Stationsarbeiten begannen am Morgen des 5. August um 8:00 mit der Station PS80/199, bei 81°N und 30°E auf dem Barentssee-Schelf in Wassertiefen von 200 m. Im Laufe des 5. August testeten wir alle größeren Geräte im offenen Wasser, einschließlich der benthischen Freifallgeräte (Kammerlander) an einer Verankerungsleine mit Boje. In Abständen von einem halben Grad setzten wir die CTD-Rosette ein, um die hydrographischen und chemischen Bedingungen sowie Primärproduktion und die Zusammensetzung des Planktons zu erfassen. Am Morgen des 7. August erreichten wir bei etwa 82°30’N und 30°E die Eiskante. Bei 84°0.4’N and 30°20’E identifizierten wir eine ausreichend große und dicke Eis- scholle, welche die erste Eisstation unserer Expedition IceArc sein sollte und vom 9.-11. August dauerte. Autonome
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