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The Expedition ANT-XXIII/8 of the Research Vessel "Polarstern" to the Antarctic in 2006/2007

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The Expedition ANT-XXIII/8 of the Research Vessel 569 2008 The Expedition ANT-XXIII/8 of the Research Vessel "Polarstern" to the Antarctic in 2006/2007 Edited by Julian Gutt with contributions of the participants ALFRED-WEGENER-INSTITUT FÜR POLAR- UND MEERESFORSCHUNG In der Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft D-27570 BREMERHAVEN Bundesrepublik Deutschland ISSN 1866-3192 Hinweis Notice Die Berichte zur Polar- und Meeresforschung The Reports on Polar and Marine Research are issued werden vom Alfred-Wegener-Institut für Polar-und by the Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Meeresforschung in Bremerhaven* in Research in Bremerhaven*, Federal Republic of unregelmäßiger Abfolge herausgegeben. Germany. They appear in irregular intervals. Sie enthalten Beschreibungen und Ergebnisse der They contain descriptions and results of investigations in vom Institut (AWI) oder mit seiner Unterstützung polar regions and in the seas either conducted by the durchgeführten Forschungsarbeiten in den Institute (AWI) or with its support. Polargebieten und in den Meeren. The following items are published: Es werden veröffentlicht: — expedition reports (incl. station lists and — Expeditionsberichte (inkl. Stationslisten route maps) und Routenkarten) — expedition results (incl. — Expeditionsergebnisse Ph.D. theses) (inkl. Dissertationen) — scientific results of the Antarctic stations and of — wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der other AWI research stations Antarktis-Stationen und anderer Forschungs-Stationen des AWI — reports on scientific meetings — Berichte wissenschaftlicher Tagungen Die Beiträge geben nicht notwendigerweise die The papers contained in the Reports do not necessarily Auffassung des Instituts wieder. reflect the opinion of the Institute. The „Berichte zur Polar- und Meeresforschung” continue the former „Berichte zur Polarforschung” * Anschrift / Address Alfred-Wegener-Institut Editor in charge: Für Polar- und Meeresforschung Dr. Franz Riemann D-27570 Bremerhaven Germany www.awi.de Die "Berichte zur Polar- und Meeresforschung" (ISSN 1866-3192) werden ab 2008 aus- schließlich als Open-Access-Publikation herausgegeben (URL: http://epic.awi.de). Since 2008 the "Reports on Polar and Marine Research" (ISSN 1866-3192) are only available as web based open-access-publications (URL: http://epic.awi.de) The Expedition ANT-XXIII/8 of the Research Vessel "Polarstern" to the Antarctic in 2006/2007 Edited by Julian Gutt with contributions of the participants Please cite or link this item using the identifier hdl: 10013/epic.28679 or http://hdl.handle.net/10013/epic.28679 ISSN 1866-3192 ANT-XXIII/8 23 November 2006 – 30 January 2007 Cape Town – Punta Arenas Fahrtleiter / Chief Scientist Dr. J. Gutt 5 6 CONTENTS 1 Introduction 1.1 Fahrtverlauf und Zusammenfassung 9 Itinerary and summary 13 1.2 Objectives of the cruise 16 1.3 Weather and ice conditions 19 1.4 Outreach 24 2 Scientific reports 2.1 “Census of Antarctic Marine Life (CAML)” and related topics 2.1.1 Megabenthic community ecology – life under ice-shelves 27 2.1.2 Macrobenthic communities - asteroid and polychaete diversity 30 2.1.3 Benthic-pelagic coupling in poorly known polar environments 35 2.1.4 Ecological diversity of Antarctic echinoids 37 2.1.5 Diversity of sponges west and east of the Antarctic Peninsula 41 2.1.6 Systematic and ecological diversity of amphipods 48 2.1.7 Diversity of anthozoans and pycnogonids 57 2.1.8 Genetic variability of Antarctic benthic crustaceans (Isopoda & 64 Decapoda) 2.1.9 Recruitment in peracarid crustaceans 66 2.1.10 The demersal fish fauna of the western Weddell Sea 67 2.1.11 Meiofaunal communities from the Larsen A/B area and west of 69 the Antarctic Peninsula 2.1.12 A comparison of benthic respiration rates 75 2.1.13 Food web and energy flow 77 2.1.14 Cold seep bivalves 80 2.1.15 Biogeochemistry of a cold seep in the Larsen B area and of 81 marine shelf sediments 2.1.16 Bathymetry 87 2.1.17 Adaptive competence of Teleostei 97 7 2.2 “Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic Living Resources (CCAMLR)” and related topics 2.2.1 The composition, demography and biology of the demersal fish 101 fauna in the Elephant Island – South Shetland region and at the tip of the Antarctic Peninsula 2.2.2 Antarctic fish parasite fauna: Life-cycle patterns, distribution and 106 genetic species characterization 2.2.3 Population genetics of Antarctic notothenioid fish 110 2.2.4 Age and growth of Antarctic notothenioid fish 111 2.2.5 Response of Antarctic fishes to Quaternary climatic changes 113 2.2.6 Studies on eggs and ovaries of Antarctic fishes 116 2.2.7 Persistent organic pollutants in Antarctic biota 118 2.2.8 Cephalopod diversity and ecology 120 2.2.9 Habitat use of marine mammals in Antarctic waters 127 3 Appendix 3.1 Participating institutions 133 3.2 Cruise participants 136 3.3 Ship’s crew 138 3.4 List of gears and investigation areas 139 3.5 Station list 140 8 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 FAHRTVERLAUF UND ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Julian Gutt1, Karl-Hermann Kock2 1 Alfred Wegener Institute, Bremerhaven, Germany 2 Bundesforschungsanstalt für Fischerei, Hamburg, Germany ANT-XXIII/8 (PS-69) begann am 23.11.2006 um 18:00 Uhr Ortszeit in Kapstadt (Abb. 1.1). Die Hauptvorhaben der 52 Wissenschaftler aus 14 Ländern waren Beiträge zum "Census of Antarctic Marine Life" (CAML) und zur "Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources" (CCAMLR). Die Forschungsobjekte reichten von Mikroben über die Meiofauna, größere wirbellose Tiere und Fische bis zu Robben und Walen. Nach dem Auslaufen wurde die Internet-Standleitung erfolgreich getestet und am 27./28.11. das Hydrosweep-Fächerlot nach einer Reparatur neu geeicht. Bei 58° stieß Polarstern auf erste Packeisfelder. Bereits auf der Anfahrt nach Neumayer, auf der Transitstrecke Neumayer – Elephant Island, in einer Box um Elephant Island und die South Shetland Inseln, in der Bransfield Straße und anschlißend im nordwestlichen Weddellmeer, einschließlich des Larsen A/B Gebietes, erfolgten systematische Walzählungen. Die Passage bis in die Nähe der Neumayerstation verlief bis zum 6.12. problemlos bei unterschiedlichen Windstärken und leicht zu durchfahrendem Eis. Wegen schwieriger Eisbedingungen erfolgte die Brennstoffversorgung der Neumayerstation an einer ca. 40m hohen Schelfeiskante westlich des sogenannten Nordanlegers am 8.12., die des Stückguts am 10.12. über das Meereis am Ausgang der Atkabucht. Mit fünf-tägiger Verspätung begann Polarstern die Überfahrt durch leichtes Eis nach Elephant Island, wo am 19.12. die CCAMLR-bezogenen fischereibiologischen Untersuchungen begannen (Abb. 1.2). Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die Biomassen des Marmorbarsches (Notothenia rossii) und der Gelbbauchnotothenia (N. coriiceps) gegenüber 2003 angestiegen sind, während der Bändereisfisch (Chaempsocephalus gunnari), der Scotiasee- Eisfisch (Chaenocephalus aceratus) und die Gelbe Notothenia (Gobionotothen gibberifrons) in ihrem Bestand zurückgegangen sind. Polarstern setzte die Fischerei bei den South Shetland Inseln am 27.12. fort, wo die Gelbbauchnotothenia die häufigste Fischart war. Das CCAMLR- Programm wurde mit 13 Hols an der Spitze der Antarktischen Halbinsel am 6.1.2007 beendet. Mit 85 Hols ist der Surveyplan vollständig abgearbeitet worden. Während tagsüber die Fischerei stattfand, wurden nachts Proben für zusätzliche Einzelvorhaben (Taxonomie, Physiologie, Genetik, Schadstoffe, Nahrungsbeziehungen) überwiegend im Rahmen des "Census of Antarctic Marine Life", mit einer Vielzahl verschiedener Geräten genommen. 9 ANT-XXIII/8, Introduction Abb. 1.1 Vollständiger Fahrtverlauf, ANT-XXIII/8. Fig. 1.1 Complete cruise track, ANT-XXIII/8. Am Abend des 6.1. fuhr Polarstern durch den Antarctic Sound in das norwestliche Weddellmeer. Auf dem Weg nach Süden blockierte eine Eisbarriere Verankerungsarbeiten im Larsen A Gebiet und das Weiterkommen Richtung Süden für 2,5 Tage. Am 9.1. begannen die Arbeiten zur Ökosystemforschung im Larsen B Gebiet. Sie konzentrierten sich auf die Fragen: • Was für ein Leben gibt es unter dem Schelfeis? • Welchen Einfluss hatte der Kollaps der Schelfeisgebiete? • Was ist die Zukunft der dortigen Fauna? • Können Berichte der Arbeitsgruppe E. Domack über eine Methanquelle mit chemotropher Lebensgemeinschaft bestätigt werden? Auf vier Kernstationen ("B_South", "B_West", "B_Seep" und "B_North", Abb. 1.3) wurden fast alle Probennahmegeräte, geschleppte, stationäre, sedimentologische, benthologische und ozeanographische, teils mehrfach eingesetzt, um einen synoptischen, transdisziplinären Ansatz so weit wie möglich zu realisieren. Auffällig waren die großen Unterschiede in der Sedimentbeschaffenheit. Sie reichte von anliegendem Gestein, insbesondere bei "B_South", über Geröllfelder und sandige Böden bis zu sehr geringen 10 Korngrößen. Drop-stones waren überall vorhanden. Diese Merkmale waren nicht mit der Entfernung, bzw. Nähe zur Küste korreliert. Entsprechende Unterschiede gab es auch in der Epifauna, obwohl sie sehr viel geringere Abundanzen aufwies als z.B. im östlichen Weddellmeer. Unter der Epifauna war die große Anzahl verschiedener Seescheiden, insbesondere bei "B_North" sehr auffällig. Da diese sehr schnellwüchsig sind, kann vermutet werden, dass sie erst seit dem Aufbrechen des Schelfeises dort gewachsen sind. Begleitend zu der biologischen Probennahme wurde der Meeresboden in den Kerngebieten vermessen, einerseits, um den Geräteeinsatz zu optimieren und andererseits, um Informationen zu einem zusätzlichen wichtigen ökologisch relevanten Umweltparameter zu gewinnen. Mit demselben Hintergrund wurde eine Sedimentfalle mit Strömungsmesser bei der Kernstation "B_South" ausgebracht
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