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Scientific Cruise Report of the Arctic Expedition ARK-XI1112 of RV "Polarstern" in 1997 Wissenschaftlicher Fahrtberich

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Scientific Cruise Report of the Arctic Expedition ARK-XI1112 of RV Scientific Cruise Report of the Arctic Expedition ARK-XI1112 of RV "Polarstern" in 1997 Wissenschaftlicher Fahrtbericht übedie Arktis-Expedition ARK-XIIIl2 von 1997 mit FS "Polarstern" Edited by Ruediger Stein and Kirsten Fahl with contributions of the participants Ber. Polarforsch. 255 (1997) ISSN 0176 - 5027 Scientific Cruise Report of the Arctic Expedition ARK-XIIIl2 of RV "Polarstern" in 1997 Wissenschaftlicher Fahrtbericht Ÿbe die Arktis-Expedition ARK-XIIII2 von 1997 mit FS "Polarstern" Ruediger Stein Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research Columbusstraße Bremerhaven, Germany e-mail: rstein @awi-bremerhaven.de Kirsten Fahl Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research Columbusstraße Bremerhaven, Germany e-mail: [email protected] I Cruise Report ARK-XIIIl2, Content Meteorological Conditions ............................................. 13 (K. Buhlmann, H. Sonnabend) Marine Biology ............................................................... 38 (E. Rachor, H. Thiel, H. Auel, H. BäsemannE. Bauerfeind, S. Denisenko, E. Helrnke, K. V.Juterzenka, M. Klages, U. Klauke, F. Kulescha, K. Kosobokova, S. Lischka, K. Meiners, V. 0. Mokievsky, Y.B. Okolodkov, B. Sablotny, I. Schewe, V. Shevchenko, T. Soltwedel, Q. Zhang) (K. Meiners) Characteristics and Biota of Small Melt Pools .......................... 45 (H. Auel) Meroplankton: Samplinq. - of Zoobenthos Larval Plankton -----------64 (E. ~a'chor) Vertical Particle Flux (E. Bauernfeind, V. Shevchenk0)---------------------- 6 5 Benthos ........................................................................... 6 6 Epifauna/Megafauna........................................................... 6 7 (H. Thiel, K. V. Juterzenka, M. Klages, F. Kulescha, B. Sablotny) Sea-Ice Sedimentology and Water Chemistry----------------9 0 (D. Dethleff, V. Shevchenko) (D. Dethleff) Snow arid Melt Pond Water Chemistry ................................... 97 (V. Shevchenko) Marine Sediment Echosounding using PARASOUND---------------99 (F. Niessen, H.P.Kleiber) Geological Sampling, Description, and Methods Applied -----------I 06 Aerosol Sampling .............................................................. 106 (V. Shevchenko) Sampling of the Water Column for Organic-Geochemical ----------I 06 lnvestigations (K.F~~I) Oxygen and Carbon Isotopes Investigations of Water and --------- 107 ~oiäminifer(U. Volkrnann) Nitrogen and Carbon Isotopes Investigations of Organic ----------- 110 Material (C.J. Schubert) Sea Floor Sediment Sampling and Description------------------------11 1 (M. Behrends, K. Fahl, J. Knies, M. Levitan, M. Mitjajev, E. Musatov, G. Nehrke, U. Volkmann) Physical ProPedies arid Core Logging ................................... 115 (F. ~iessen,H.--P. Kleiber) Lithostratigraphy and Sediment Characteristics------------------------121 (C. ~chuber(J.'~nies, M. Levitan, E. Musatov, U. Stein) Aerosols ........................................................................... 136 (V. Shevchenko) Geochemistry ---------------------------------.--------------------------------138 (M. Rutgers V. d. Loeff, E. Damm, M. KühnA. Maibaum) Station ListÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑà 56 Weather Data----------------------------"----------------------------------------167 Geological Data Tables and Graphical Core Description------------I72 General Guidelines for Data and Sample Distribution arid Publications ÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑà Physical Oceanography ÑÑÑÑÑ-ÑÑÑÑ 225 Marine BiologyÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑ Sea-Ice Sedimentology and Water Chemistry--------------------------228 Marine Geology.................................................................. 229 Sediment Sample Distribution Guidelines for ARK-XI1112 23 1 1 Introduction (R. Stein) Based on the excellent experiences and the success of the international multi- disciplinary scientific expeditions with the ice-breaking RV "Polarstern" into the central Arctic Ocean and adjacent Eurasian continental margin areas in 1986 (ARK-IV/3), 1991 (ARK-VIII/3), 1993 (ARK-IX/4), 1995 (ARK-XIIl), and 1996 (ARK-XII), the expedition ARK-XIII/2 was carried out to the continental margin off Svalbard, the Yermak-Plateau area, and Fram Strait (Fig.l .I). The main components of the multidisciplinary project comprise: (1) oceanographic investigations to understand and quantify both the circulation and water mass transformations; (2) biological investigations in fundamental ecology (pelago-benthic coupling; sea-ice biology) and biogeography; (3) geological investigations including sea-ice research, aerosol measurements, studies of modern particle flux through the water column, and studies of short- and long-term changes in paleoenvironment; and (4) geochemical studies of early diagenesis as well as particle transport and chemical turnover in the benthic nepheloid layer. The research program of this "Polarstern" Expedition will partly contribute to the EU-project "Arctic Ocean System in the Global Environment" (AOSGE). The regional priority of the expedition was a transect east of Svalbard (transect A) and transects from the northern Svalbard continental margin across the Yermak Plateau to the East Greenland continental margin (transects B, C, D, and E) (Fig. 1.2). Alltogether, the ARK-XI1112 Cruise can be regarded as a very successful expedition. A huge amount of new data and samples for oceanographical, sea ice, biological, geochemical, and geological research were obtained. The present report decribes the scientific program and first results of this expedition, DtSTAMCE TOTAL 3585 FAt C"- W.- Bc* l - PFS POLARSTERN U%.- W.- CRUISE ARKXM12 TROMSO-SVALBARD-YFRMAK PLATEAU-TROMSO AJNE 25th T0 AUGUST 11th. 1997 W- M.. E- W. .- ** %"..* M,.'. .-.-mn Fig. 1 .l:Cruise track of RV "Polarstern" during ARK-XIIIl2. 2 Itinerary (R.Stein) On June 25, 1997, 22.30h, RV "Polarstern" left Tromsa, onboard 43 Crew members and 48 scientists. After a short transit of 420 nm we reached our first station 39 of transect A (75' 59.9' N, 32' 59.4' E; Figs. 1.2, 2.1a) in the area east of Svalbard on Friday, June 27, 1997, 09.30 UTC. During the first days, shipboard activities concentrated On oceanographical and biological measurements and sampling of the water column and sampling of near- surface sediments, using CTDIRosette, multinet, bongonet, seafloor imaging (Fotoschaukel), epibenthos sledge, Agassiz trawl, giant box sampler (Großkastengreifer) Van-Veen-Grab, and multicorer, respectively. During transit times, aerosols were routinely collected using a pump installed on the uppermost deck of the vessel. At station 49 (77' 35.2' N, 34O 42.2' E), a sediment trap deployed some weeks ago during Cruise ARK-XIIII1, was recovered on June 28. On July 01, at the last station of transect A (station 55, 80 41.4' N, 29O 24.4' E; water depth of 410m), the OFOS ("Ocean Floor Observation System") was employed, a System which allows a direct observation of the sea floor by means of a video and photo camera. Despite extreme ice condition, this first lest in shallow water depth was very successful. At the Same station, the first sea-ice sampling program also took place on a large ice floe. 0 100 200 Distance (km) 400 500 600 75'N 76'N 77'N 78ON 7g0N 80° 8I0N Latitude Fig. 2.1a: Depth profile of transect A and Course plot with station numbers. For location of transect A See Figures 1.2 and 2.2. 0 100 200 Distance (km) 400 500 l,.',l,,,,l.,,,l~~~.l.,~~l~.,,l 1 82"N Longitude Fig. 2.1b: Depth profile of transect B and Course plot with station numbers. For location of transect B See Figures 1.2 and 2.2. Because transect A had been sampled in detail for geological studies during the 1991 "Polarstern" Cruise ARK-VIIIl3, the geological activities were restricted to a few selected sampling stations of near-surface sediments. I 1 3 5 Longitude W 9 11 13 Fig. 2.1~:Depth profile of transect D and Course plot with station numbers. For location of transect D See Figures 1.2 and 2.2. Due to very strong pack ice, we decided not to proceed farther north to recover an oceanographic mooring system deployed at 81 26.32' N, 30' 54.73' E in 1991, but instead to steam to the West (transect B, Figs. 2.1 b, 2.2) where the sea-ice Cover should be more Open according to satellite photographs (Figs. 2.3a, 2.3b). In the evening of July 02, we reached the first station of transect B (station 56; 81 03.7' N, 20 07.5' E) where only a CTD Cast was taken. On the way to the next station, we stucked in heavy pack ice in the early morning of July 03. This stop of several hours was used for a sea-ice sampling station on an ice floe. In the evening we continued steaming to the West and reached station 57 (80' 58.7' N, 17' 25.1 ' E), the first main station where an intensive oceanographical, biological, and geological sampling program was carried out. During the following days up to July 07, three further main stations were sampled successfully. At station 59, the in-situ pumps for sampling of suspended matter and the metal cast for sampling of water for trace metal determinations were used for the first time during this expedition. Parallel to the station work onboard "Polarstern", a biological and sedimentological sea- ice sampling program was performed. "Dirty sea ice" was sampled on smaller ice floes reached by helicopter. After having finished the 2000 m station 60 at the lower southeastern slope of the Yermak Plateau (80 58.6' N, 11O 46.4' E) we were steaming to the south in the early morning of Sunday July 06. Our goal was to reach the ice edge north of Svalbard, 50 nm ahead of us. This excursion
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